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NASA's Artemis Missions NASA’s Artemis Missions: Science and Exploration of the Lunar South Pole Dr. Michael Evans NASA/Johnson Space Center (JSC) Astromaterials Reseach and Exploration Science (ARES) Planetary Scientist 1 ARTEMIS PROGRAM: NASA Space Policy Directive 1 “Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations” (Trump, 12/11/17) National Space Council VP Pence outlines goals for NASA (3/26/19) • NASA landing on the Moon’s South Pole by 2024 (with a female astronaut) • Fly Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1) with Orion on the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket in 2020 and send the first crewed mission to the lunar vicinity by 2022 • NASA will continue to ‘use all means necessary’ to ensure mission success in moving us forward to the Moon (using commercial resources as available). LRO Flies Over Shackleton Crater Near South Pole 2 From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 3 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 4 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf NASA’S PAST DECADE OF HUMAN PLANETARY EXPLORATION STUDIES 5 Brief History of NASA Human Exploration Studies From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 6 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf Constellation Program to the Moon (2005-2009) Altair Lander 7 Post-Constellation Lunar Plans Deep Space Habitat (2012) http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/technology/deep_space_habitat/constructing-demonstrators.html 8 https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nextstep-partnerships-develop-ground-prototypes NextSTEP Concepts (2016) Lockheed Martin concept Sierra Nevada concept Boeing concept Bigelow concept, https://observer.com/2019/09/ nasa-bigelow-b330-space- Orbital ATK (Cygnus) concept habitat-lunar-gateway/ 9 NEXTSTEP HABITATION PROTOTYPE TESTING (2018-2019) From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 10 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf Deep Space Gateway (2017) http://www.russianspaceweb.com/imp-2017.html 11 Lunar Orbital Platform – Gateway (2018) http://thespacereview.com/article/3529/1 12 Bigger Gateway (2019) https://www.nasa.gov/feature/multilateral-coordination-board-joint-statement 13 Smaller MiniHab Gateway (2019) https://spacenews.com/industry-wants-nasa-to- http://www.parabolicarc.com/tag/lunar-gateway/ move-ahead-quickly-on-gateway-module/ 14 HALO Gateway (2020) From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf 15 COMPONENTS OF ARTEMIS 16 Space Launch System (SLS) 17 SLS Booster 18 SLS Engines from Shuttle SSME design 19 SLS x x 20 ORION CREW MODULE Orion Website: http://spaceflight101.com/spacecraft/orion/ Best guess of schedule (from Houston Chronicle, 10/10/18) • EFT1 12/5/14, launched atop Delta IV Heavy rocket, unmanned • EM1 (mid-2020?, unmanned capsule on SLS) • EM2 (2022), SLS launch crew to moon, deliver Gateway PPE node 21 ESA PARTICIPATION • European Service Module (ESM) • Main Engine from Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) (bipropellant: hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide) • Too little ∆V for both delivery to and from Low Lunar Orbit (LLO) 22 Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) by MAXAR http://www.russianspaceweb.com/imp-ppb.html http://www.satnews.com/story.php?number=1232377005 http://www.parabolicarc.com/2019/05/23/maxar-teams-blue- origin-draper-lunar-gateway-power-propulsion-element/ 23 From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 24 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf HALO (modified Cygnus Module) by Northrop Grumman Proposed HALO for Gateway (without docking ports) Cygnus Module on ISS: https://spacenews.com/nasa-to-sole-source-gateway- http://cdn.parabolicarc.com/wp- habitation-module-to-northrop-grumman/ content/uploads/2019/04/ISS_april192019.jpg 25 From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 26 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 27 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 28 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf NASA Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) • Initial CLPS announcement of 9 companies on 11/29/18 • More CLPS Providers added 11/18/19 (Blue Origin and SpaceX) • Current list of CLPS Providers: Astrobotic Technology | Blue Origin | Ceres Robotics | Deep Space Systems | Draper | Firefly Aerospace | Intuitive Machines | Lockheed Martin Space | Masten Space Systems | Moon Express | Orbit Beyond | Sierra Nevada Corporation | SpaceX | Tyvak Nano- Satellite Systems • 12 NASA payloads and experiments selected on 2/21/19 • 12 additional NASA Payloads and experiments selected on 7/1/19 • First two deliveries to Moon planned for July 2021 Peregrine by Astrobotic Technology Nova-C by Intuitive Machines 29 Transport Systems on the Lunar Surface Lunar Surface Science Mobility System (LSSMS-1) • Science Mission Directorate (SMD) RFI issued 2/5/20, due 3/6/20 • https://beta.sam.gov/opp/14d4f43f22d94fd7b003e98b8e253c95/view?keywords =NASA&sort=-modifiedDate&index=&is_active=true&page=1 • UNCREWED robotic system to transport and operate scientific and exploration instruments on the lunar surface. Range of payload mass from 10’s to 1000’s kg. Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV) • Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) RFI issued 2/5/20, due 2/26/20 • https://beta.sam.gov/opp/46cd587dcba34a8e96792f26d3c7a8d8/view • Human-class rover to carry 2 EVA suited astronauts in excess of 2 km using electric propulsion. It will be delivered to the Moon on a CLPS lander and must carry 500kgs and survive in a South Pole night. 30 COMMERCIAL LAUNCH VEHICLES • SpaceX • Falcon 9 (Earth) 2010-2018, partially reusable • Falcon Heavy (Lunar) 2018, partially reusable • StarShip/Super Heavy (Mars) >2020?, fully reusable? • Initial tests in 2019 completed • United Launch Alliance (ULA) • Vulcan (Lunar) 2021?, partially reusable • Blue Origin • New Shepard (Suborbital), partially reusable • New Glenn (Lunar?) 2021?, partially reusable • New Armstrong (Lunar)? • Tourism? • 2001-2009, Russian Soyuz capsule delivered 7 space tourists to ISS via company “Space Adventures” • In September, 2018 SpaceX contracted to fly 6-8 private passengers around the moon in 2023 31 COMMERCIAL ISS PARTNERS (2020?) • SpaceX Dragon • Boeing Starliner https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/assets/38594.0/1206920.jpg 32 THE LUNAR SOUTH POLE 33 ARTEMIS PROGRAM: Exploration of the lunar South Pole region has a number of unique challenges: • Very steep slopes in large craters (Shackleton Crater at the South Pole) • Persistently Illuminated Regions (PIRs) provide regions of nearly constant sunlight • Deep Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) are very cold and never sunlight, and may contain volatiles and water ice (some are very close to the PIRs) YOUTUBE Videos regarding illumination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1OIDCXd2v8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbjbH-LOPtk LRO Flies Over Shackleton Crater Near South Pole 34 From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 35 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf Geologic Map of the Lunar South Pole Region Relative Age Youngest Copernican Eratosthenian Imbrian Nectarian Oldest Pre-Nectarian Subscripts: c, crater materials; p, plains materials; m, massif Geology of Shackleton Crater and the south pole of material; pl, platform massif material; and sc, satellitic crater (i.e., basin secondary) material [1, Imbrium basin; 2, Orientale the Moon basin secondaries]; and t, terra material. P.D. Spudis et al., 2008 Geophysical Research Letters 35: L14201, doi:10.1029/2008GL034468 36 Water Ice Inferred by Orbital Detection Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) of Hydrogen on the Lunar Surface Lunar South Pole WEH = Water Equivalent Hydrogen Hydrogen distribution in the lunar polar regions A.B. Sanin et al., 2017, Icarus 283:20-30 37 From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 38 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 39 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf CISLUNAR ORBITS: NRHO vs. LLO From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf 40 From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 41 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 42 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf THE SCHEDULE FOR ARTEMIS 43 NASA EXPLORATION PLANS https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/09/nasa-lunar-gateway-plans/ 44 NASA Artemis Program (2019) https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-administrator-to-make-artemis-moon-program-announcement-media-teleconference-set 45 From NASA Advisory Council meeting at KSC (Oct 2019), see 46 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20191030-nac-heoc-smith-v3.pdf.
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