BREEDING STATUS AND POPULATION TRENDS OF SEABIRDS IN ALASKA, 2016

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE AMNWR 2017/06

BREEDING STATUS AND POPULATION TRENDS OF SEABIRDS IN ALASKA, 2016

Compiled By:

Donald E. Dragoo, Heather M. Renner and Robb S. A. Kalera

Key words: Aethia, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, ancient murrelet, Bering Sea, black-legged kittiwake, Cepphus, Cerorhinca, Chukchi Sea, common murre, crested auklet, fork-tailed storm-petrel, Fratercula, Fulmarus, glaucous-winged gull, Gulf of Alaska, hatching chronology, horned puffin, Larus, Leach’s storm-petrel, least auklet, long-term monitoring, northern fulmar, Oceanodroma, parakeet auklet, pelagic cormorant, Phalacrocorax, pigeon guillemot, Prince William Sound, productivity, red-faced cormorant, red-legged kittiwake, rhinoceros auklet, Rissa, seabirds, Synthliboramphus, thick-billed murre, tufted puffin, Uria, whiskered auklet.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Migratory Bird Management 95 Sterling Highway, Suite 1 1011 East Tudor Road Homer, Alaska, USA 99603 Anchorage, Alaska USA 99503

February 2017

Cite as: Dragoo, D. E., H. M. Renner, and R. S. A. Kaler. 2017. Breeding status and population trends of seabirds in Alaska, 2016. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report AMNWR 2017/06. Homer, Alaska. aDragoo ([email protected]) and Renner ([email protected]), Alaska Maritime NWR, Homer; Kaler ([email protected]), U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage. When using information from this report, data, results, or conclusions specific to a location(s) should not be used in other publications without first obtaining permission from the original contributor(s). Results and conclusions general to large geographic areas may be cited without permission. This report updates previous reports.

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the Department of the Interior. Executive Summary Data are collected annually for selected species of marine birds at breeding colonies on the far-flung Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), and at other areas in Alaska, to monitor the condition of the marine ecosystem and to evaluate the conservation status of species under the trust of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The strategy for colony monitoring includes estimating timing of nesting events, rates of reproductive success, and population trends of representative species of various foraging guilds (e.g., offshore diving fish-feeders, diving plankton-feeders) at geographically dispersed breeding sites. This information enables managers to better understand ecosystem processes and respond appropriately to resource issues. It also provides a basis for researchers to test hypotheses about ecosystem change. The value of the marine bird monitoring program is enhanced by having sufficiently long time-series to describe patterns for these long-lived species. During the summer of 2016, seabird data were gathered at nine annual monitoring sites on the Alaska Maritime NWR. The species monitored were murres, pigeon guillemots, ancient murrelets, auklets, puffins, kittiwakes, glaucous-winged gulls, northern fulmars, storm-petrels, and cormorants. In addition, data were gathered at other locations which are visited intermittently, or were part of a research or monitoring program outside the refuge. Timing of breeding (Table A) l Statewide, in 2016 mean hatch date was early in 44% and average in 50% of monitored species. Only thick-billed murres hatched later than average this year (6%). l Murre and kittiwake eggs failed to hatch on study plots at several monitored colonies in 2016 (e. g., common murres at St. Paul, St. George, and E. Amatuli islands; black-legged kittiwakes at E. Amatuli Island; red- legged kittiwakes at St. Paul Island).

Table A. Regional and statewide seabird breeding chronologya compared to averages for past years within regions and the state of Alaska as a whole. Only regions for which there were data from 2016 are included.

Region COMUb TBMU ANMU PAAU LEAU WHAU CRAU RHAU HOPU TUPU BLKI RLKI GWGU FTSP LHSP RFCO SE Bering L E E A A A A E A A A SW Bering L A A E E L E E E E N. GOAc L L A E E L E Southeast A A E L E Alaska A L E A E E E E A E A A A E A A aCodes: “E” and red cell color indicate hatching chronology was > 3 days earlier than the average for sites in this region. “A” and yellow cell color indicate hatching chronology was within 3 days of average. “L” and green cell color indicate hatching chronology was > 3 days later than the average for sites in this region. bCOMU=common murre, TBMU=thick-billed murre, ANMU=ancient murrelet, PAAU=parakeet auklet, LEAU=least auklet, WHAU=whiskered auklet, CRAU=crested auklet, RHAU=rhinoceros auklet, HOPU=horned puffin, TUPU=tufted puffin, BLKI=black-legged kittiwake, RLKI=red- legged kittiwake, GWGU=glaucous-winged gull, FTSP=fork-tailed storm-petrel, LHSP=Leach’s storm-petrel, RFCO=red-faced cormorant. cGOA=Gulf of Alaska.

Productivity (Table B) l Statewide, 2016 productivity was above average in 24% of monitored species, average in 41% and below average in 35%. l In 2016, kittiwakes and murres exhibited widespread breeding failures, and in many cases, those that did breed initiated fewer nests than usual (e.g., more than 20,000 black-legged kittiwake nests were monitored in Prince William Sound in 2015, whereas just over 6,000 nests were found in colonies there this year).

i l However, there were exceptions, with some species doing well at certain colonies in 2016 (e.g., black- legged kittiwakes at C. Lisburne, Buldir Island, and Chowiet Island; as well as auklets, puffins, and gulls at numerous sites).

Table B. Regional and statewide seabird breeding productivity levelsa compared to averages for past years within regions and the state of Alaska as a whole. Only regions for which there were data from 2016 are included.

Regionb COMUc TBMU ANMU PAAU LEAU WHAU CRAU RHAU HOPU TUPU BLKI RLKI GWGU FTSP LHSP RFCO PECO N. BS/CS H SE Bering L L A L A H L L H A A L L SW Bering L H A A H H A H H H H H N. GOA A A H A H H L H H L Southeast L L H L A A L Alaska L L A H L A H A H H L L A A A A L aCodes: “L” and red cell color indicate productivity was > 20% below the average for the region. “A” and yellow cell color indicate productivity was within 20% of average. “H” and green cell color indicate productivity was > 20% above the average for the region. bBS=Bering Sea, CS=Chukchi Sea, GOA=Gulf of Alaska. cCOMU=common murre, TBMU=thick-billed murre, ANMU=ancient murrelet, PAAU=parakeet auklet, LEAU=least auklet, WHAU=whiskered auklet, CRAU=crested auklet, RHAU=rhinoceros auklet, HOPU=horned puffin, TUPU=tufted puffin, BLKI=black-legged kittiwake, RLKI=red- legged kittiwake, GWGU=glaucous-winged gull, FTSP=fork-tailed storm-petrel, LHSP=Leach’s storm-petrel, RFCO=red-faced cormorant, PECO=pelagic cormorant.

Population trends during 2007-2016 (Table C)

l Statewide, 13% of species showed increasing population trends, 56% were stable and 31% declined between 2007 and 2016 (compared to just 13% of species exhibiting declining trends between 2006 and 2015).

l Recent declining population trends likely are a consequence of poor localized habitat conditions, which also may have contributed to the large seabird die off during the winter of 2015-2016.

Table C. Regional and statewide seabird population trendsa between 2007 and 2016 within regions and the state of Alaska as a whole. Only sites for which there were data from at least two years (at least 5 years apart) within the target decade are included.

Regionb COMUc TBMU UNMU PIGU LEAU RHAU TUPU BLKI RLKI GWGU NOFU FTSP STPE RFCO PECO UNCO N. BS/CS h h SE Bering i 1 i 1 1 1 h i h 1 i i SW Bering 1 h h i i N. GOA i 1 1 i i 1 1 1 Southeast 1 i 1 h 1 h Alaska i 1 i 1 1 1 i 1 h 1 h 1 1 i 1 i aCodes: i and red cell color indicate a negative population trend of ≥3% per annum for this site or region. 1 and yellow cell color indicate no population trend. h and green cell color indicate a positive population trend of ≥3% per annum for this site or region. bBS=Bering Sea, CS=Chukchi Sea, GOA=Gulf of Alaska. cCOMU=common murre, TBMU=thick-billed murre, UNMU=unspecified murre, PIGU=pigeon guillemot, LEAU=least auklet, RHAU=rhinoceros auklet, TUPU=tufted puffin, BLKI=black-legged kittiwake, RLKI=red-legged kittiwake, GWGU=glaucous-winged gull, NOFU=northern fulmar, FTSP=fork-tailed storm-petrel, STPE=unspecified storm-petrel, RFCO=red-faced cormorant, PECO=pelagic cormorant, UNCO=unspecified cormorant.

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Executive Summary...... i Table of Contents...... iii Introduction ...... 1 Methods ...... 1 Results...... 4 Common murre (Uria aalge)...... 4 Breeding chronology...... 4 Productivity...... 4 Populations...... 7 Thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia)...... 10 Breeding chronology...... 10 Productivity...... 10 Populations...... 7 Pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba)...... 13 Populations...... 13 Ancient murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus)...... 14 Breeding chronology...... 14 Productivity...... 14 Parakeet auklet (Aethia psittacula)...... 15 Breeding chronology...... 15 Productivity...... 15 Least auklet (Aethia pusilla)...... 18 Breeding chronology...... 18 Productivity...... 18 Populations...... 18 Whiskered auklet (Aethia pygmaea)...... 21 Breeding chronology...... 21 Productivity...... 21 Crested auklet (Aethia cristatella)...... 22 Breeding chronology...... 22 Productivity...... 22 Rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata)...... 23 Breeding chronology...... 23 Productivity...... 23 Populations...... 23 Horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata)...... 25 Breeding chronology...... 25 Productivity...... 25 Tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata)...... 28 Breeding chronology...... 28 Productivity...... 28 Populations...... 31

iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page

Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)...... 32 Breeding chronology...... 32 Productivity...... 32 Populations...... 35 Red-legged kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris)...... 37 Breeding chronology...... 37 Productivity...... 37 Populations...... 40 Glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens)...... 41 Breeding chronology...... 41 Productivity...... 41 Populations...... 44 Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)...... 45 Populations...... 45 Fork-tailed storm-petrel (Oceanodroma furcata)...... 46 Breeding chronology...... 46 Productivity...... 46 Populations...... 49 Leach’s storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa)...... 50 Breeding chronology...... 50 Productivity...... 50 Populations...... 49 Red-faced cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile)...... 53 Productivity...... 53 Populations...... 55 Pelagic cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus)...... 57 Productivity...... 57 Populations...... 55 Summary tables...... 59 Acknowledgments...... 62 References ...... 62

iv Introduction

This report is the latest in a series of annual reports summarizing the results of seabird monitoring efforts at breeding colonies on the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) and elsewhere in Alaska (see Byrd and Dragoo 1997, Byrd et al. 1998 and 1999, Dragoo et al. 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2006-2016 for compilations of previous years’ data). The seabird monitoring program in Alaska is designed to keep track of selected species of marine birds that indicate changes in the ocean environment. Furthermore, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service has the responsibility to conserve seabirds, and monitoring data are used to identify conservation problems. The objective is to provide long-term, time-series data from which biologically significant changes may be detected and from which hypotheses about causes of changes may be tested. The Alaska Maritime NWR was established specifically to conserve marine bird populations and habitats in their natural diversity and the marine resources upon which they rely and to provide for an international program for research on marine resources (Alaska National Interests Land Conservation Act of 1982). The monitoring program is an integral part of the management of this refuge and provides data that can be used to define “normal” variability in demographic parameters and identify patterns that fall outside norms and thereby constitute potential conservation issues. Although approximately 80% of the seabird nesting colonies in Alaska occur on the Alaska Maritime NWR, marine bird nesting colonies occur on other public lands (e.g., national and state refuges) and on private lands as well. The strategy for colony monitoring includes estimating timing of nesting events, reproductive success, population trends, and prey used by representative species of various foraging guilds (e.g., murres are offshore diving fish-feeders, kittiwakes are surface-feeding fish-feeders, auklets are diving plankton- feeders, etc.) at geographically dispersed breeding sites along the entire coastline of Alaska (Figure 1). A total of nine sites on the Alaska Maritime NWR, located roughly 300-500 km apart, are scheduled for annual surveys (Byrd 2007), and at least some data were available from all of these in 2016. Furthermore, data are recorded annually or semiannually at other sites in Alaska (e.g., Cape Peirce, Togiak NWR; Round and Middleton islands; Prince William Sound). In addition, colonies near the annual sites are identified for less frequent surveys to “calibrate” the information at the annual sites. Data provided from other research projects (e.g., those associated with evaluating the impacts of invasive rodents on marine birds) also supplement the monitoring database. In this report, we summarize information from 2016 for each species; i.e., tables with estimates of average hatch dates and reproductive success, and maps with symbols indicating the relative timing of hatching and reproductive success at various sites. In addition, historical patterns of hatching chronology and productivity are illustrated for those sites for which we have sufficient data. Population trend information is included for sites where adequate data are available.

Methods

Data collection methods followed standardized protocols (e.g., AMNWR 2016). Timing of nesting events and productivity usually were based on periodic checks of samples of nests (usually in plots) throughout the breeding season, but a few estimates of productivity were based on single visits to colonies late in the breeding season (as noted in tables). Hatch dates were used to describe nesting chronology. Productivity typically was expressed as chicks fledged per egg, but occasionally other variables were used (Table 1). Population surveys were conducted for ledge-nesting species at times of the day and breeding season when variability in attendance was reduced. Most burrow-nester counts were made early in the season before vegetation obscured burrow entrances. Deviations from standard methods are indicated in reports from individual sites which are referenced herein.

1 St. Lazaria I. Prince William Sound Southwestern Bering Northern Bering/Chukchi Southeast Alaska Southeastern Bering Northern Gulf of Alaska Northern Gulf of Middleton I. E. Amatuli I. Puale Bay Chowiet I. Round I. Aiktak I. Cape Lisburne Cape Peirce Hall I. St. Paul I. Ulak I. St. George I. N 500 KM Buldir I.

Figure 1. Map of Alaska showing the locations of seabird monitoring sites summarized in this report. Text color indicates geographic regions.

2 Table 1. Productivity parameters used in this report (see AMNWR 2016). Species Productivity Value Murres Chicks Fledged/Nest Site (Total chicks fledged/Total sites where egg was laid) Ancient murrelet Chicks Fledged/Egg (Total chicks fledged/Total eggs) Auklets (except RHAU) Chicks Fledged/Nest Site (Total chicks fledged/Total sites where egg was laid) Rhinoceros auklet Overall Residency Index (Late apparent occupancy/Early apparent occupancy) Horned puffin Chicks Fledged/Egg (Total chicks fledged/Total eggs) Tufted puffin Overall Residency Index (Late apparent occupancy/Early apparent occupancy) Kittiwakes Chicks Fledged/Nest (Total chicks fledged/Total nests) Glaucous-winged gull Hatching Success (Total chicks/Total eggs) Storm-petrels Chicks Fledged/Egg (Total chicks fledged/Total eggs) Cormorants Chicks Fledged/Nest (Total chicks fledged/Total nests)

This report summarizes monitoring data for 2016, and compares 2016 results with previous years. For sites with at least two years of data prior to 2016, site averages were used for comparisons. For chronology, we considered dates within 3 days of the long-term average to be “normal”; larger deviations represented relatively early or late dates. For productivity, we defined significant deviations from “normal” as any that differed by more than 20% from the site average. Population trends were analyzed using linear regression models on log-transformed data (ln) to calculate the slope of the line. The resultant slope is equivalent to the annual rate of population change. A trend was defined as any change greater than or equal to a three percent per annum increase or decline (≥3% p.a.). Population counts were analyzed using two time frames: 1) data from all available years, and 2) data from the last decade (2007-2016 for this report). A percent per annum change was calculated for each data set during both time periods, if sufficient data were available. We also summarized seabird phenology and productivity, as well as recent population trends (from 2007-2016), by region and for the entire state. Chronology was calculated for each species in a region using data from all colonies. Each colony was weighted equally within each region. The chronology was averaged for all sites within each region resulting in a value for each species, thus producing one statewide value for each species. Productivity was calculated for each species in a region using data from all colonies. Each colony was weighted equally within each region. The productivity was averaged for all sites within each region resulting in a value for each species. Species productivities were then averaged to calculate a statewide value for each species. Population trends were calculated for each species in a region using data from all colonies. Each colony was weighted equally within each region. Trends (line slopes) were averaged for all sites within each region resulting in a regional value for each species. Only sites for which there were data from at least two years (at least 5 years apart) between 2007 and 2016 were included.

3 Results

Common murre (Uria aalge)

Table 2. Hatching chronology of common murres at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference Chowiet I. 25 Jul (107)a 22 Jul (19)a Pollom et al. 2017 St. Lazaria I. 11 Aug (21) 13 Aug (22) Eby et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 3. Reproductive performance of common murres at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks Fledged/ No. of Long-term Site Nest Sitea Plots Average Reference St. Paul I. 0.00 5 (11)b 0.50 (29)b Mong and Romano 2016 St. George I. 0.00 9 (0) 0.50 (32) Tappa and Romano 2016 Round I. 0.00 3 (6) 0.19 (14) E. Weiss Unpubl. Data Chowiet I. 0.48 11 (253) 0.49 (21) Pollom et al. 2017 St. Lazaria I. 0.00 1 (32) 0.50 (22) Eby et al. 2017 aSince murres do not build nests, nest sites were defined as sites where eggs were laid. bSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

4 1 5 1 0 0 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 St. Lazaria (13 Aug) St. Lazaria (13 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 = 1 5 1 0 Late Average Early No Hatch 2016 COMU 0 5 Hatching N - = + Chronology 0 1 5 9 5 1 0 9 0 0 5 8 5 0 8 0 9 5 E. Amatuli E. (12 Aug) 7 5 9 0 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 8 5 8 0 N Puale Bay (21 Aug) Puale Bay (21 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 + 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 N N 8 0 Chowiet (22 Jul) 1 5 0 7 5 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 1 5 8 5 1 0 St. Paul (3 Aug) St. Paul (3 8 0 0 5 0 7 5 1 5 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 1 0 9 5 0 0 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 Aiktak (13 Aug) 9 5 8 0 9 0 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 8 5 8 0 St. George (3 Aug) St. George (3 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0

Figure 2. Hatching chronology of common murres at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

5 6 0 1 1 1 6 0 1 0 6 9 1 9 6 8 1 8 St. Lazaria (0.50) 6 7 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1 6 1 1 N 1 6 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 2016 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 0 COMU 1 N 0 Productivity 6 9 1 6 9 1 0 6 1 8 1 1 6 0 6 8 1 0 Puale Bay (0.51) 6 1 1 7 1 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 6 1 6 0 9 1 1 0 9 6 6 9 8 1 1 9 Chowiet (0.49) 8 6 6 8 N 7 0 5 0 5 0 1 Round (0.19) 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 8 1 6 7 0 5 0 5 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1 6 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 N 0 6 N 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 1 0 6 9 1 1 1 9 6 0 6 8 1 0 Aiktak (0.23) 1 8 6 9 6 7 1 5 0 5 0 0 9 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1 6 8 1 St. Paul (0.50) 8 6 6 7 1 5 0 5 0 0 0 7 5 2 0 0 6 . . . . . 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 6 1 0 6 0 1 0 1 0 6 9 6 9 1 9 1 9 6 8 6 Buldir (0.42) 8 1 8 1 8 6 7 6 St. George (0.50) 0 7 5 0 5 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 5 0 5 0 0 1 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1

Figure 3. Productivity of common murres (chicks fledged/nest site) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

6 Murres, Cape Lisburne Common murre, Hall I. +2.7% p.a. (+3.0% p.a.) -1.8% p.a. (N/A)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (3957 birds) Percent of Maximum (3875 birds) 0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Thick-billed murre, Hall I. Common murre, St. Paul I. -2.6% p.a. (N/A) -2.7% p.a. (5.9% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (3014 birds) 0 Percent of Maximum (3903 birds) 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Thick-billed murre, St. Paul I. Common murre, St. George I. -1.3% p.a. (+1.1% p.a.) -0.4% p.a. (+4.9% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (3239 birds) Percent of Maximum (10,223 birds) 0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Figure 4. Trends in populations of murres at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses). “NA” indicates that insufficient data were available.

7 Thick-billed murre, St. George I. Common murre, Cape Peirce +0.6% p.a. (+1.6% p.a.) -4.9% p.a. (-29.1% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (4490 birds)

Percent of Maximum (23,890 birds) 0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Common murre, Round I. Murres, Buldir I. -3.5% p.a. (-15.7% p.a.) +8.6% p.a. (+3.9% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (3203 birds) Percent of Maximum (1432 birds) 0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Murres, Ulak I. Murres, Aiktak I. -0.3% p.a. (-8.3% p.a.) -5.4% p.a. (-15.0% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (3771 birds) 0 Percent of Maximum (3101 birds) 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Figure 4 (continued). Trends in populations of murres at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses).

8 Murres, Chowiet I. Murres, Puale Bay -0.7% p.a. (-22.2 p.a.) +3.6% p.a. (N/A)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (4283 birds) 0 Percent of Maximum (1907 birds) 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Murres, St. Lazaria I. -0.7% p.a. (-0.6% p.a.)

100 Percent of Maximum (975 birds) 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year

Figure 4 (continued). Trends in populations of murres at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses). “NA” indicates that insufficient data were available.

9 Thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia)

Table 4. Hatching chronology of thick-billed murres at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference St. Paul I. 18 Aug (10)a 5 Aug (31)a Mong and Romano 2016 Buldir I. 25 Jul (148) 19 Jul (28) Mudge et al. 2016 Chowiet I. 31 Jul (53) 20 Jul (18) Pollom et al. 2017 St. Lazaria I. 9 Aug (18) 11 Aug (21) Eby et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 5. Reproductive performance of thick-billed murres at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks Fledged/ No. of Long-term Site Nest Sitea Plots Average Reference St. Paul I. 0.08 10 (108)b 0.46 (31)b Mong and Romano 2016 St. George I. 0.00 14 (62) 0.51 (35) Tappa and Romano 2016 Buldir I. 0.49 9 (313) 0.66 (28) Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 0.45 2 (20) 0.25 (15) Youngren et al. 2017 Chowiet I. 0.42 6 (146) 0.39 (21) Pollom et al. 2017 St. Lazaria I. 0.00 1 (30) 0.46 (22) Eby et al. 2017 aSince murres do not build nests, nest sites were defined as sites where eggs were laid. bSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

10 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 St. Lazaria (11 Aug) St. Lazaria (11 = 7 5 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5 Late Average Early No Hatch 2016 TBMU Hatching 1 5 N - = + Chronology 1 0 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 Puale Bay (20 Aug) Puale Bay (20 7 5 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5 1 5 0 + 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 Chowiet (20 Jul) 7 5 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5 + 1 5 1 5 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 9 5 9 5 9 0 9 0 1 5 8 5 8 5 Aiktak (8 Aug) 1 0 8 0 8 0 St. Paul (5 Aug) St. Paul (5 0 5 7 5 7 5 0 8 0 8 0 8 - 8 - 1 5 0 1 5 1 5 - 1 5 - 9 5 0 + 9 0 8 5 1 5 8 0 St. George (1 Aug) St. George (1 1 0 7 5 8 0 0 5 - 8 1 5 - 1 5 0 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 Buldir (19 Jul) 8 0 7 5 8 0 8 - 1 5 1 5 -

Figure 5. Hatching chronology of thick-billed murres at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

11 6 0 1 1 1 6 0 1 0 6 9 1 9 6 8 1 8 St. Lazaria (0.46) 6 7 0 0 0 0 9 6 3 0 . . . . 1 6 1 0 6 N 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 2016 0 1 TBMU N 9 6 Productivity 6 1 0 9 1 1 1 8 6 6 0 8 1 Puale Bay (0.48) 1 0 7 6 6 9 . 9 0 . 6 0 . 3 0 . 0 1 9 6 8 1 Chowiet (0.39) 8 6 7 0 0 0 0 9 6 3 0 . . . . 6 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 1 N 0 0 1 1 6 9 6 0 1 9 1 0 6 8 6 Aiktak (0.25) 9 1 8 1 9 6 7 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 9 6 3 0 . . . . 8 1 1 St. Paul (0.46) 1 8 6 0 6 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 6 3 0 . . . . 6 1 6 9 1 1 1 9 6 0 6 8 1 0 1 8 St. George (0.51) 6 9 6 7 0 0 0 0 1 9 6 3 0 9 . . . . 6 8 Buldir (0.66) 1 8 6 7 0 0 0 0 9 6 3 0 . . . .

Figure 6. Productivity of thick-billed murres (chicks fledged/nest site) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

12 Pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba)

Pigeon guillemot, Pr. William Snd. Pigeon guillemot, St. Lazaria I. -3.3% p.a. (+1.6% p.a.) -0.7% p.a. (-3.4% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (134 birds) Percent of Maximum (6625 birds) 0 0 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 Year Year

Figure 7. Trends in populations of pigeon guillemots at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses).

13 Ancient murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus)

Table 6. Hatching chronology of ancient murrelets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference Aiktak I. 28 Jun (89)a 3 Jul (19)a Youngren et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 7. Reproductive performance of ancient murrelets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks No. of Long-term Site Fledged/Egga Plots Average Reference Aiktak I. 0.86 NAb (192)c 0.79 (19)c Youngren et al. 2017 aTotal chicks fledged/Total eggs. bNot applicable or not reported. cSample size in parentheses represents the number of eggs used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

14 Parakeet auklet (Aethia psittacula)

Table 8. Hatching chronology of parakeet auklets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference Buldir I. 2 Jul (12)a 4 Jul (24)a Mudge et al. 2016 Chowiet I. 2 Jul (14) 4 Jul (11) Pollom et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 9. Reproductive performance of parakeet auklets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks Fledged/ No. of Long-term Site Nest Sitea Plots Average Reference Buldir I. 0.78 NAb (32)c 0.52 (24)c Mudge et al. 2016 Chowiet I. 0.74 NA (69) 0.37 (11) Pollom et al. 2017 aNest site is defined as a site where an egg was laid. bNot applicable or not reported. cSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

15 Late Average Early No Hatch 2016 PAAU Hatching N - = + Chronology 0 1 5 0 0 1 0 = 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 Chowiet (4 Jul) 8 0 7 5 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 9 5 0 = 9 0 8 5 Buldir (4 Jul) 8 0 7 5 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5

Figure 8. Hatching chronology of parakeet auklets at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

16 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 2016 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 PAAU N Productivity 6 1 1 1 6 0 1 0 6 9 Chowiet (0.37) 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 4 2 0 0 ...... 1 6 1 1 1 6 0 1 0 0 Buldir (0.52) 6 9 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 4 2 0 0 ...... 1

Figure 9. Productivity of parakeet auklets (chicks fledged/nest site) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean).

17 Least auklet (Aethia pusilla)

Table 10. Hatching chronology of least auklets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference St. George I. 7 Jul (12)a 14 Jul (8)a Tappa and Romano 2016 Buldir I. 23 Jun (26) 27 Jun (26) Mudge et al. 2016 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 11. Reproductive performance of least auklets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks Fledged/ No. of Long-term Site Nest Sitea Plots Average Reference St. George I. 0.10 NAb (42)c 0.68 (8)c Tappa and Romano 2016 Buldir I. 0.68 NA (72) 0.58 (27) Mudge et al. 2016 aNest site is defined as a site where an egg was laid. bNot applicable or not reported. cSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

Least auklet, St. George I. +0.3% p.a. (+1.2% p.a.)

100

Percent of Maximum (1482 birds) 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year

Figure 10. Trends in populations of least auklets at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses).

18 Late Average Early No Hatch 2016 LEAU Hatching N - = + Chronology - 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 0 1 5 8 5 1 0 0 8 0 0 5 St. George (14 Jul) 7 5 0 0 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5 9 5 0 9 0 8 5 = Buldir (27 Jun) 8 0 7 5 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5

Figure 11. Hatching chronology of least auklets at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

19 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 2016 LEAU N Productivity 3 1 8 0 3 0 8 9 3 1 3 9 8 St. George (0.68) 0 8 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 9 6 3 0 . . . . 8 9 Buldir (0.58) 3 9 8 8 0 0 0 0 9 6 3 0 . . . .

Figure 12. Productivity of least auklets (chicks fledged/nest site) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean).

20 Whiskered auklet (Aethia pygmaea)

Table 12. Hatching chronology of whiskered auklets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference Buldir I. 16 Jun (21)a 22 Jun (25)a Mudge et al. 2016 a Sample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 13. Reproductive performance of whiskered auklets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks Fledged/ No. of Long-term Site Nest Sitea Plots Average Reference Buldir I. 0.72 NAb (61)c 0.64 (26)c Mudge et al. 2016 aNest site is defined as a site where an egg was laid. bNot applicable or not reported. cSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

21 Crested auklet (Aethia cristatella)

Table 14. Hatching chronology of crested auklets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference Buldir I. 24 Jun (35)a 29 Jun (26)a Mudge et al. 2016 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 15. Reproductive performance of crested auklets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks Fledged/ No. of Long-term Site Nest Sitea Plots Average Reference Buldir I. 0.87 NAb (94)c 0.64 (27)c Mudge et al. 2016 aNest site is defined as a site where an egg was laid. bNot applicable or not reported. cSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

22 Rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata)

Table 16. Hatching chronology of rhinoceros auklets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference St. Lazaria I. 19 Jun (5)a 26 Jun (21)a Eby et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean or median hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 17. Reproductive performance of rhinoceros auklets at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks No. of Long-term Site Fledged/Egg Plots Average Reference Chowiet I. 0.63 NAa (38)b 0.62 (4)b Pollom et al. 2017 Middleton I. 0.54 NA (61) 0.70 (16) ISRC 2016 St. Lazaria I. 0.96 NA (148) 0.63 (22) Eby et al. 2017 aNot applicable or not reported. bSample size in parentheses represents the number of burrows used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

Rhinoceros auklet, Chowiet I. Rhinoceros auklet, St. Lazaria I. -0.2% p.a. (-0.2% p.a.) +4.0% p.a. (+0.5% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (Density 1.07)

Percent of Maximum (Density 0.31) 0 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year

Figure 13. Trends in populations of rhinoceros auklets at Alaskan sites. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses).

23 4 1 0 1 6 0 2 0 8 9 St. Lazaria (0.63) 4 9 0 5 0 5 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 2016 RHAU N Productivity 4 1 0 1 6 0 2 0 8 9 Middleton (0.70) 4 9 0 0 0 0 9 6 3 0 . . . . 4 1 9 0 4 0 9 9 Chowiet (0.62) 4 9 0 0 5 0 5 0 2 5 7 0 . . . . . 1

Figure 14. Productivity of rhinoceros auklets (chicks fledged/nest site) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean).

24 Horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata)

Table 18. Hatching chronology of horned puffins at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference Buldir I. 28 Jul (42)a 25 Jul (26)a Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 31 Jul (6) 31 Jul (11) Youngren et al. 2017 Chowiet I. 20 Jul (51) 31 Jul (12) Pollom et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 19. Reproductive performance of horned puffins at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks No. of Long-term Site Fledged/Egg Plots Average Reference Buldir I. 0.71 NAa (48)b 0.46 (28)b Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 0.60 NA (15) 0.58 (14) Youngren et al. 2017 Chowiet I. 0.74 NA (105) 0.34 (11) Pollom et al. 2017 aNot applicable or not reported. bSample size in parentheses represents the number of eggs used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

25 Late Average Early No Hatch 2016 HOPU Hatching N - = + Chronology 1 5 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 - 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 Chowiet (31 Jul) 7 5 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5 = 1 5 1 5 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 9 5 0 9 5 9 0 9 0 8 5 Aiktak (31 Jul) 8 5 8 0 Buldir (25 Jul) 8 0 7 5 + 8 0 - 8 1 5 7 5 - 1 5 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5

Figure 15. Hatching chronology of horned puffins at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

26 3 1 8 0 3 0 8 9 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 2016 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 HOPU N 3 Productivity Chowiet (0.34) 9 8 8 8 6 4 2 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 8 0 3 0 8 9 Aiktak (0.58) 3 9 8 8 0 2 4 6 8 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 8 0 3 0 8 9 Buldir (0.46) 3 9 8 8 8 6 4 2 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 16. Productivity of horned puffins (chicks fledged/egg) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean).

27 Tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata)

Table 20. Hatching chronology of tufted puffins at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference Buldir I. 7 Jul (8)a 13 Jul (21)a Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 1 Aug (25) 31 Jul (19) Youngren et al. 2017 Chowiet I. 15 Jul (40) 24 Jul (11) Pollom et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 21. Reproductive performance of tufted puffins at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks No. of Long-term Site Fledgeda/Egg Plots Average Reference Buldir I. 0.45 NAb (20)c 0.39 (28)c Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 0.79 NA (64) 0.55 (20) Youngren et al. 2017 Chowiet I. 0.81 NA (100) 0.36 (10) Pollom et al. 2017 Middleton I. 0.24 NA (82) 0.43 (11) ISRC 2016 aFledged chick defined as being still alive at last check in August or September. bNot applicable or not reported. cSample size in parentheses represents the number of burrows used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

28 Late Average Early No Hatch 2016 TUPU Hatching N - = + Chronology 1 5 1 0 0 5 - 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 Chowiet (24 Jul) 7 5 = 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5 1 5 0 1 0 1 5 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 5 9 5 0 9 0 9 5 0 8 5 9 0 Aiktak (31 Jul) 8 0 8 5 Buldir (13 Jul) 7 5 8 0 - 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5 7 5 8 0 - 8 1 5 - 1 5

Figure 17. Hatching chronology of tufted puffins at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

29 3 1 8 0 3 0 0 8 9 3 9 St. Lazaria (0.53) 8 8 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1 3 1 8 0 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 2016 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 3 TUPU 0 N Productivity 8 9 3 9 Middleton (0.43) 8 8 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1 3 1 0 8 0 3 0 8 9 3 9 Chowiet (0.36) 8 3 8 1 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1 8 0 3 0 8 9 Aiktak (0.55) 3 9 3 1 8 8 0 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 8 1 0 3 0 8 9 Buldir (0.39) 3 9 8 8 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1

Figure 18. Productivity of tufted puffins (chicks fledged/egg) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean).

30 Tufted puffin, Aiktak I. Tufted puffin, E. Amatuli I. 0.0% p.a. (-0.3% p.a.) -4.0% p.a. (-6.7% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (Density 0.62) 0 Percent of Maximum (199 burrows) 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year

Figure 19. Trends in populations of tufted puffins at Alaskan sites. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses).

31 Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)

Table 22. Hatching chronology of black-legged kittiwakes at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference St. Paul I. 18 Jul (79)a 17 Jul (32)a Mong and Romano 2016 St. George I. 16 Jul (5) 16 Jul (31) Tappa and Romano 2016 Buldir I. 2 Jul (137) 8 Jul (28) Mudge et al. 2016 Chowiet I. 20 Jul (203) 16 Jul (19) Pollom et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 23. Reproductive performance of black-legged kittiwakes at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks No. of Long-term Site Fledgeda/Nest Plots Average Reference C. Lisburne 1.05b 2 (108)c 0.56 (32)c Dragoo and Ebbert 2016 St. Paul I. 0.09 20 (313) 0.27 (36) Mong and Romano 2016 St. George I. 0.01 7 (124) 0.20 (40) Tappa and Romano 2016 C. Peirce 0.00 6 (18) 0.21 (32) K. Hilwig Unpubl. Data Round I. 0.00 2 (9) 0.22 (17) E. Weiss Unpubl. Data Buldir I. 0.38 8 (270) 0.16 (28) Mudge et al. 2016 Chowiet I. 0.32 11 (317) 0.18 (20) Pollom et al. 2017 E. Amatuli I. 0.00 11 (60) 0.37 (24) A. Kettle Unpubl. Data Pr. Will. Snd. <0.01b NAd (6,088) 0.23 (30) D. Irons Unpubl. Data Middleton I. 0.06 NA (1771) 0.15 (31) S. Hatch Unpubl. Data aTotal chicks fledged/Total nests. bShort visit. cSample size in parentheses represents the number of nests used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average. dNot applicable or not reported.

32 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 Late Average Early BLKI No Hatch 2016 8 5 Hatching N - = + 8 0 Chronology E. Amatuli (14 Jul) E. 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 1 5 0 1 0 N 0 5 0 9 5 + 9 0 8 5 8 0 Chowiet (16 Jul) 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 = = 1 5 1 0 1 5 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 5 9 5 - 0 9 0 9 5 8 5 Buldir (8 Jul) 9 0 8 0 8 5 7 5 1 5 0 8 0 St. Paul (17 Jul) 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 1 0 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 0 5 - 1 0 - 2 0 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 St. George (16 Jul) 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0

Figure 20. Hatching chronology of black-legged kittiwakes at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

33 5 1 5 1 0 1 0 5 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 9 0 0 0 5 0 0 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 5 0 9 8 0 0 5 0 8 8 0 5 8 7 Middleton(0.15) 8 5 2 9 6 3 0 ...... 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Pr. William Snd. (0.23) Pr. 7 8 5 2 9 6 3 0 ...... 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 1.01 - 1.25 BLKI 0.26 - 0.50 2016 0 0 1 5 N 0 Productivity 0 0 5 9 0 0 5 9 1 5 0 0 8 1 N 0 8 5 0 E. Amatuli E. (0.37) 5 0 7 0 0 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 ...... 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 N 5 9 0 9 5 8 5 0 1 0 8 0 0 1 C. Lisburne (0.56) 0 5 N 7 5 8 5 2 9 6 3 0 ...... 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 N 0 0 5 9 0 0 9 0 0 5 5 8 1 0 0 Chowiet (0.18) 8 1 0 5 5 7 0 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 ...... 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 5 9 0 9 0 5 0 8 0 0 8 C. Peirce (0.21) 5 7 8 5 2 9 6 3 0 ...... 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 5 9 0 5 0 1 1 5 0 1 9 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 8 5 0 0 0 Round (0.22) 0 5 5 0 8 0 9 0 0 5 0 0 7 0 5 9 0 9 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 ...... 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5 5 0 0 8 9 9 0 Buldir (0.16) 0 0 0 8 5 9 8 5 5 7 0 8 8 0 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 ...... St. George (0.20) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 St. Paul (0.27) 0 5 8 7 8 5 2 9 6 3 0 ...... 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 7 8 5 2 9 6 3 0 ...... 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Figure 21. Productivity of black-legged kittiwakes (chicks fledged/nest) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

34 Black-legged kittiwake, Cape Lisburne Black-legged kittiwake, Hall I. +3.5% p.a. (+3.6% p.a.) -5.8% p.a. (N/A.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (374 birds) Percent of Maximum (1069 birds) 0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Black-legged kittiwake, St. Paul I. Black-legged kittiwake, St. George I. -1.4% p.a. (+1.4% p.a.) +0.4% p.a. (-0.2% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (2939 birds) 0 Percent of Maximum (1882 birds) 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Black-legged kittiwake, Cape Peirce Black-legged kittiwake, Round I. -2.6% p.a (-3.6% p.a.) -2.5% p.a. (-3.9% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (445 birds) Percent of Maximum (1906 birds) 0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Figure 22. Trends in populations of black-legged kittiwakes at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses). “NA” indicates that insufficient data were available.

35 Black-legged kittiwake, Buldir I. Black-legged kittiwake, Chowiet I. +3.0% p.a. (+3.8% p.a.) -0.7% p.a. (-3.8% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (485 birds) Percent of Maximum (4100 nests) 0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Black-legged kittiwake, Puale Bay Black-legged kittiwake, Pr. William Snd. -0.7% p.a. (N/A) +0.9% p.a. (-8.3% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (1326 birds)

0 Percent of Maximum (32,501 nests) 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year

Figure 22 (continued). Trends in populations of black-legged kittiwakes at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses). “NA” indicates that insufficient data were available.

36 Red-legged kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris)

Table 24. Hatching chronology of red-legged kittiwakes at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference St. George I. 16 Jul (4)a 15 Jul (35)a Tappa and Romano 2016 Buldir I. 5 Jul (13) 11 Jul (24) Mudge et al. 2016 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 25. Reproductive performance of red-legged kittiwakes at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks No. of Long-term Site Fledgeda/Nest Plots Average Reference St. Paul I. 0.00 5 (5)b 0.25 (36)b Mong and Romano 2016 St. George I. 0.00 10 (231) 0.25 (40) Tappa and Romano 2016 Buldir I. 0.26 6 (39) 0.18 (28) Mudge et al. 2016 aTotal chicks fledged/Total nests. bSample size in parentheses represents the number of nests used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

37 Late Average Early No Hatch RLKI 2016 Hatching N - = + Chronology = N 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 1 5 8 0 1 5 St. Paul (18 Jul) 1 0 7 5 1 0 0 0 5 2 5 1 3 0 - 1 3 - 2 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 9 5 - 9 5 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 8 5 8 5 8 0 Buldir (11 Jul) Buldir (11 8 0 St. George (15 Jul) 7 5 0 7 5 2 5 1 3 - 1 3 - 2 5 0 2 5 1 3 - 1 3 - 2 5

Figure 23. Hatching chronology of red-legged kittiwakes at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

38 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 RLKI 2016 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 N Productivity N N 0 5 0 1 0 5 1 1 5 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 9 0 0 5 1 0 5 9 9 0 0 0 1 5 0 8 9 0 St. Paul (0.25) 5 0 0 5 Buldir (0.18) 8 8 0 0 0 5 8 7 5 5 0 5 0 9 7 5 2 0 . . . . 5 7 0 5 0 5 0 9 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . 5 8 St. George (0.25) 0 8 5 7 5 0 5 0 7 5 2 0 . . . .

Figure 24. Productivity of red-legged kittiwakes (chicks fledged/nest) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

39 Red-legged kittiwake, St. Paul I. Red-legged kittiwake, St. George I. -4.1% p.a. (+6.8% p.a.) +0.7% p.a. (-0.1% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (180 birds)

0 Percent of Maximum (4484 birds) 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year

Red-legged kittiwake, Buldir I. +2.3% p.a. (+9.4% p.a.)

100

Percent of Maximum (1095 nests) 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year

Figure 25. Trends in populations of red-legged kittiwakes at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses).

40 Glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens)

Table 26. Hatching chronology of glaucous-winged gulls at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference Buldir I. 18 Jun (25)a 24 Jun (15)a Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 5 Jul (112) 11 Jul (21) Youngren et al. 2017 Chowiet I. 26 Jun (69) 3 Jul (10) Pollom et al. 2017 St. Lazaria I. 14 Jul (8) 4 Jul (18) Eby et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 27. Reproductive performance of glaucous-winged gulls at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Hatching No. of Long-term Site Successa Plots Average Reference Buldir I. 0.65 NAb (32)c 0.47 (18)c Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 0.75 4 (284) 0.53 (21) Youngren et al. 2017 Chowiet I. 0.92 3 (77) 0.58 (9) Pollom et al. 2017 St. Lazaria I. 0.05 4 (176) 0.56 (22) Eby et al. 2017 aTotal chicks/Total eggs. bNot applicable or not reported. cSample size in parentheses represents the number of eggs used to calculate hatching success and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

41 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 St. Lazaria (4 Jul) 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 + 1 5 Late Average Early No Hatch 2016 1 0 GWGU Hatching N - = + Chronology 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 Puale Bay (9 Jul) 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 - 9 5 9 0 8 5 Chowiet (3 Jul) 8 0 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 - 1 5 1 0 0 0 5 0 1 5 9 5 0 1 0 9 0 0 0 5 8 5 0 Aiktak (11 Jul) Aiktak (11 0 8 0 9 5 7 5 0 9 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 8 5 Buldir (24 Jun) 8 0 7 5 0 - 3 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0

Figure 26. Hatching chronology of glaucous-winged gulls at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

42 6 1 2 1 8 0 4 0 0 0 6 9 St. Lazaria (0.56) 2 9 0 5 0 5 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 2016 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 GWGU N Productivity 6 1 2 1 8 0 4 0 0 0 6 Chowiet (0.58) 9 2 9 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 1 6 6 1 1 2 2 1 1 8 8 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aiktak (0.53) Buldir (0.47) 6 6 9 9 2 2 9 9 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 5 7 5 2 0 0 . . . . . 0 2 5 7 0 . . . . . 1 1

Figure 27. Productivity of glaucous-winged gulls (hatching success) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

43 Glaucous-winged gull, Aiktak I. Glaucous-winged gull, Chowiet I. +0.2% p.a. (-9.6% p.a.) +0.1% p.a. (+1.5% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (225 nests) Percent of Maximum (4468 birds) 0 0 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 Year Year

Glaucous-winged gull, St. Lazaria I. +8.4% p.a. (+5.6% p.a.)

100

Percent of Maximum (176 nests) 0 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 Year

Figure 28. Trends in populations of glaucous-winged gulls at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses).

44 Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)

Northern fulmar, Hall I. Northern fulmar, St. Paul I. +0.2% p.a. (N/A) +2.0% p.a. (+16.4% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (487 birds) Percent of Maximum (198 birds) 0 0 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 Year Year

Northern fulmar, St. George I. Northern fulmar, Chowiet I. -0.7% p.a. (+21.7% p.a.) -0.9% p.a. (+0.6% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of maximum (623 birds) Percent of Maximum (2350 birds) 0 0 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 Year Year

Figure 29. Trends in populations of northern fulmars at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses). “N/A” indicates that insufficient data were available.

45 Fork-tailed storm-petrel (Oceanodroma furcata)

Table 28. Hatching chronology of fork-tailed storm-petrels at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference Buldir I. 3 Jul (18)a NAb Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 15 Jul (34) 15 Jul (19)a Youngren et al. 2017 St. Lazaria I. 23 Jun (31) 15 Jul (13) Eby et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average. bNot applicable or not reported.

Table 29. Reproductive performance of fork-tailed storm-petrels at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks No. of Long-term Site Fledgeda/Egg Plots Average Reference Buldir I. 0.89 5 (44)b 0.73 (29)b Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 0.80 13 (69) 0.80 (16) Youngren et al. 2017 St. Lazaria I. 0.66 3 (88) 0.68 (21) Eby et al. 2017 aFledged chick defined as being alive at last check in August or September. bSample size in parentheses represents the number of eggs used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

46 1 5 1 0 - 0 0 5 0 Late Average Early No Hatch 2016 FTSP 9 5 Hatching N - = + Chronology 9 0 8 5 8 0 St. Lazaria (15 Jul) 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 - - 1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0 9 5 9 0 = 8 5 Aiktak (15 Jul) 8 0 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0

Figure 30. Hatching chronology of fork-tailed storm-petrels at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

47 4 1 9 0 4 0 9 9 4 9 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 2016 FTSP 9 8 N Productivity 4 8 9 7 St. Lazaria (0.68) 4 7 0 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 . . . . . 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 9 0 4 0 9 9 4 9 9 8 4 8 Aiktak (0.80) 9 7 4 7 0 5 0 5 0 4 0 7 5 2 0 1 . . . . . 1 0 0 0 0 9 0 4 0 9 9 4 9 9 8 4 Buldir (0.73) 8 9 7 4 7 0 5 0 5 0 0 2 5 7 0 . . . . . 0 0 0 0 1

Figure 31. Productivity of fork-tailed storm-petrels (chicks fledged/egg) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

48 Storm-petrels, Aiktak I. Fork-tailed storm-petrel, E. Amatuli I. +2.7% p.a. (+2.4% p.a.) -0.2% p.a. (-1.9% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (615 burrows) Percent of Maximum (Density 0.22) 0 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year

Storm-petrels, St. Lazaria I. +1.0% p.a. (+1.2% p.a.)

100

Percent of Maximum (Density 2.86) 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year

Figure 32. Trends in populations of storm-petrels at Alaskan sites. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses).

49 Leach’s storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa)

Table 30. Hatching chronology of Leach’s storm-petrels at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference Buldir I. 31 Jul (7)a NAb Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 30 Jul (48) 30 Jul (19)a Youngren et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average. bNot applicable or not reported.

Table 31. Reproductive performance of Leach’s storm-petrels at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks No. of Long-term Site Fledgeda/Egg Plots Average Reference Buldir I. 0.97 5 (32)b 0.74 (29)b Mudge et al. 2016 Aiktak I. 0.88 14 (117) 0.84 (16) Youngren et al. 2017 St. Lazaria I. 0.70 2 (77) 0.71 (21) Eby et al. 2017 aFledged chick defined as being alive at last check in August or September. bSample size in parentheses represents the number of eggs used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

50 1 5 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 9 5 9 0 8 5 Late Average Early 8 0 No Hatch 2016 LHSP Hatching St. Lazaria (30 Jul) N - 7 5 = + Chronology 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 5 0 = 9 5 9 0 8 5 Aiktak (30 Jul) 8 0 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 - 2 0

Figure 33. Hatching chronology of Leach’s storm-petrels at Alaskan sites. Graphs indicate the departure in days (if any) from the site mean (value in parentheses; current year not included). Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >3 days early, black is within 3 days and green is >3 days later than the site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

51 4 1 9 0 4 0 9 9 0.01 - 0.25 <0.01 0.76 - 1.00 0.51 - 0.75 0.26 - 0.50 2016 4 LHSP 9 N Productivity 9 8 4 8 St. Lazaria (0.71) 9 7 4 7 0 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 . . . . . 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 9 0 4 0 9 9 4 9 9 8 4 8 Aiktak (0.84) 9 7 4 4 1 7 0 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 . . . . . 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 9 9 4 9 9 8 4 Buldir (0.74) 8 9 7 4 7 0 5 0 5 0 0 7 5 2 0 . . . . . 1 0 0 0 0

Figure 34. Productivity of Leach’s storm-petrels (chicks fledged/egg) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

52 Red-faced cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile)

Table 32. Hatching chronology of red-faced cormorants at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Long-term Site Mean Average Reference St. Paul I. 27 Jun (12)a 29 Jun (26)a Mong and Romano 2016 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nest sites used to calculate the mean hatch date and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not included in long-term average.

Table 33. Reproductive performance of red-faced cormorants at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks No. of Long-term Site Fledged/Nest Plots Average Reference St. Paul I. 0.65 5 (31)a 1.32 (31)a Mong and Romano 2016 St. George I. 0.00 3 (17) 1.21 (16) Tappa and Romano 2016 Chowiet I. 0.29 1 (49) 0.15 (5) Pollom et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nests used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average.

53 5 1 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 5 9 2016 1.01 - 1.50 0.01 - 0.50 2.51 - 3.00 2.01 - 2.50 1.51 - 2.00 0.51 - 1.00 <0.01 0 RFCO 9 N Productivity 5 8 Chowiet (0.15) 0 8 5 7 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 ...... 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 5 1 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 5 9 1 0 0 9 1 5 5 Aiktak (0.85) 8 0 0 0 8 0 N 5 5 7 9 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 ...... 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 9 0 5 1 5 8 St. Paul (1.32) 0 1 0 8 5 0 5 7 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 ...... 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 5 1 5 9 0 1 0 9 5 0 5 8 0 0 St. George (1.21) 0 8 5 9 5 7 0 9 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 ...... 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 5 8 Buldir (1.19) 0 8 5 7 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 ...... 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0

Figure 35. Productivity of red-faced cormorants (chicks fledged/nest) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean). Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation.

54 Pelagic cormorant, Hall I. Red-faced cormorant, St. Paul I. -3.6% p.a. (N/A) -1.1% p.a. (-24.4% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (61 birds) Percent of Maximum (345 birds) 0 0 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 Year Year Red-faced cormorant, St. George I. Pelagic cormorant, Cape Peirce -1.4% p.a. (+5.3% p.a.) -0.8% p.a. (-4.9% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (149 birds) Percent of Maximum (195 birds) 0 0 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 Year Year Pelagic cormorant, Buldir I. +1.9% p.a. (-14.1% p.a.)

100 Percent of Maximum (92 nests) 0 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 Year Figure 36. Trends in populations of cormorants at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses). “NA” indicates that insufficient data were available.

55 Cormorants, Ulak I. Pelagic cormorant, St. Lazaria I. -5.8% p.a. (-4.3% p.a.) +5.5% p.a. (+15.6% p.a.)

100 100 Percent of Maximum (297 nests) Percent of Maximum (179 nests) 0 0 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 Year Year

Figure 36 (continued). Trends in populations of cormorants at Alaskan sites. Error bars (90% confidence intervals) are shown for years with multiple counts. Percent per annum (p.a.) changes are indicated for all years and for just the last decade (2007-2016, in parentheses).

56 Pelagic cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus)

Table 34. Reproductive performance of pelagic cormorants at Alaskan sites monitored in 2016. Chicks No. of Long-term Site Fledged/Nest Plots Average Reference Chowiet I. 0.52 1 (31)a 0.67 (5)a Pollom et al. 2017 Middleton I. 0.28 NAb (85) 0.51 (29) S. Hatch Unpubl. Data St. Lazaria I. 0.00 NA (189) 0.71 (22) Eby et al. 2017 aSample size in parentheses represents the number of nests used to calculate productivity and the number of years used to calculate the long-term average. Current year not used in long-term average. bNot applicable or not reported.

57 0 4 1 9 0 4 0 9 9 4 9 9 8 4 8 9 7 St. Lazaria (0.71) 4 7 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 4 1 N 9 2016 0 PECO 1.01 - 1.50 0.01 - 0.50 2.51 - 3.00 2.01 - 2.50 1.51 - 2.00 0.51 - 1.00 <0.01 4 N 0 Productivity 9 9 0 4 9 0 0 0 9 8 1 4 0 4 0 8 0 9 9 7 0 4 Middleton (0.51) 4 7 9 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 ...... 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 9 4 8 9 1 4 8 4 Round (1.47) 0 0 9 7 9 N 0 0 0 4 7 4 3 . 5 3 . 0 2 . 5 2 . 0 1 . 5 1 . 0 0 . 5 0 . 9 9 4 8 9 4 1 8 4 9 Aiktak (1.00) 0 7 9 4 4 0 1 7 4 9 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 9 9 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 4 4 9 0 9 9 8 9 4 4 8 9 9 4 9 7 1 8 C. Peirce (1.17) 4 9 4 7 0 8 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 4 9 0 7 Chowiet (0.67) 9 4 9 7 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 4 9 9 8 4 8 Buldir (0.98) 9 7 4 7 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0

Figure 37. Productivity of pelagic cormorants (chicks fledged/nest) at Alaskan sites. Lack of bars indicates that no data were gathered in those years. Blue line is the mean productivity at the site (value in parentheses; current year not included). Color of graph bar and map symbol indicates how current year’s success compared to the site mean (red is >20% below, black is within 20% and green is >20% above site mean).

58 A RFCO A LHSP E A FTSP L E E E GWGU E A RLKI L E A A BLKI E E A TUPU L E A HOPU E RHAU E CRAU E WHAU E A LEAU A A compared to averages for past years. Only sites which there were data from 2016 PAAU a E ANMU L L L A TBMU b L A COMU St. George I. Aiktak I. St. Lazaria I. Site St. Paul I. Buldir I. Chowiet I. COMU=common murre, TBMU=thick-billed murre, ANMU=ancient murrelet, PAAU=parakeet auklet, LEAU=least auklet, WHAU=whiskered auklet, CRAU=crested auklet, RHAU=rhinoceros auklet, CRAU=crested auklet, WHAU=whiskered auklet, LEAU=least auklet, PAAU=parakeet murrelet, ANMU=ancient murre, TBMU=thick-billed murre, COMU=common Codes: a b Region SE Bering SW Bering AK N Gulf of Southeast Table 35. Seabird relative breeding chronology 35. Seabird relative Table are included. auklet, HOPU=horned puffin, TUPU=tufted puffin, BLKI=black-legged kittiwake, RLKI=red-legged kittiwake, GWGU=glaucous-winged gull, FTSP=fork-tailed storm-petrel, LHSP=Leach’s storm- LHSP=Leach’s storm-petrel, FTSP=fork-tailed gull, GWGU=glaucous-winged kittiwake, RLKI=red-legged kittiwake, BLKI=black-legged puffin, TUPU=tufted puffin, HOPU=horned auklet, petrel, RFCO=red-faced cormorant. “E” and red cell color indicate hatching chronology was > 3 days earlier than the average for sites in this region. “A” and yellow cell color indicate hatching chronology was within 3 days of average. “L” and green cell color indicate hatching chronology was > 3 days later than the average for sites in this region.

59 L L L L PECO L L H RFCO A A H LHSP A A H FTSP L H H H GWGU L L H RLKI L L L L L L L H H H BLKI L A H H TUPU A H H HOPU L A H RHAU H CRAU A WHAU L A LEAU H H PAAU compared to averages for past years. Only sites for which there were data from 2016 for past years. Only sites which there were data compared to averages a A ANMU L L L L A H TBMU b L L L L A COMU Site C. Lisburne St. Paul I. Buldir I. Chowiet I. St. Lazaria I. St. George I. C. Peirce Round I. Aiktak I. E. Amatuli I. Pr. Will. Snd. Pr. Middleton I. COMU=common murre, TBMU=thick-billed murre, ANMU=ancient murrelet, PAAU=parakeet auklet, LEAU=least auklet, WHAU=whiskered auklet, CRAU=crested auklet, RHAU=rhinoceros auklet, CRAU=crested auklet, WHAU=whiskered auklet, LEAU=least auklet, PAAU=parakeet murrelet, ANMU=ancient murre, TBMU=thick-billed murre, COMU=common Codes: a b Region N. Ber./Chukchi SE Bering SW Bering N. Gulf of Alaska Southeast are included. Table 36. Seabird relative productivity levels productivity 36. Seabird relative Table storm- LHSP=Leach’s storm-petrel, FTSP=fork-tailed gull, GWGU=glaucous-winged kittiwake, RLKI=red-legged kittiwake, BLKI=black-legged puffin, TUPU=tufted puffin, HOPU=horned auklet, petrel, RFCO=red-faced cormorant, PECO=pelagic cormorant. “L” and red cell color indicate productivity was > 20% below the average for region. “A” and yellow cell color indicate productivity was within 20% of average. “H” and green cell color indicate productivity was > 20% above the average for region.

60 D i A i UNCO D h i i N/A A 1 1 h i PECO D h i A 1 1 RFCO 1 1 D A 1 1 STPE 1 D A 1 FTSP 1 D h h N/A A 1 1 1 1 NOFU 1 D h i A 1 1 h GWGU 1 D h h RLKI A 1 1 i 1 1 D h h i i i i N/A N/A BLKI A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 h h i 1 D i A 1 i TUPU 1 1 D A 1 h RHAU 1 D A 1 LEAU 1 D i PIGU A 1 i 1 D i h h i i N/A A 1 1 1 1 h i h UNMU for all available years (“A” columns), and the past decade (2007-2016, “D” columns). (“A” columns), and the past decade for all available years a 1 1 D N/A A 1 1 1 TBMU b D i i h h N/A A 1 1 1 i i COMU Puale Bay Amatuli E. I. William Snd. P. Hall I. St. George I. C. Peirce Round I. Aiktak I. Ulak I. Chowiet I. St. Lazaria I. Site C. Lisburne St. Paul I. Buldir I. COMU=common murre, TBMU=thick-billed murre, UNMU=unspecified murre, PIGU=pigeon guillemot, LEAU=least auklet, RHAU=rhinoceros auklet, TUPU=tufted puffin, BLKI=black- Codes: a b N Gulf of Alaska Southeast Region N Bering/ Chukchi SE Bering SW Bering Table 37. Seabird population trends Table i and red cell color indicate a negative population trend of ≥3% per annum for this site or region. 1 and yellow cell color indicate no population trend. h and green cell color indicate a positive population trend of ≥3% per annum for this site or region. “N/A” indicates that there were insufficient data to determine a trend. legged kittiwake, RLKI=red-legged kittiwake, GWGU=glaucous-winged gull, NOFU=northern fulmar, FTSP=fork-tailed storm-petrel, STPE=unspecified storm-petrel, RFCO=red-faced cormorant, RFCO=red-faced storm-petrel, STPE=unspecified storm-petrel, FTSP=fork-tailed fulmar, NOFU=northern gull, GWGU=glaucous-winged kittiwake, RLKI=red-legged kittiwake, legged PECO=pelagic cormorant, UNCO=unspecified cormorant.

61 Acknowledgments

The data summarized in this report were gathered by many people, most of whom are cited in the references section. We appreciate their efforts. We thank Scott Hatch (ISRC), Kara Hilwig (Togiak NWR), David Irons (USFWS Migr. Birds, Ret.), Arthur Kettle (Alaska Maritime NWR), and Ed Weiss (Alaska Dept. Fish and Game) for the unpublished data they kindly provided. We would like to extend our thanks to the staff of the Alaska Maritime NWR for their assistance during both the data collection and writing phases of this project. All photographs used in this report are Fish and Wildlife Service pictures except those of the fork-tailed storm-petrel, parakeet auklet, least auklet, tufted puffin, and horned puffin which were taken by Ian Jones, and the ancient murrelet taken by Fiona Hunter; all used with permission. Cover art by Susan Steinacher.

References

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Byrd, G. V. 2007. Seabird monitoring on Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. Pp. 33-39 in Community-based coastal observing in Alaska: Aleutian life forum 2006, R. Brewer, Ed. Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. 07-03. University of Alaska Fairbanks.

_____, and D. E. Dragoo. 1997. Breeding success and population trends of selected seabirds in Alaska in 1996. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report AMNWR 97/11. Homer, Alaska.

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