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Distribution, Phenology, and Ecology of Hopea Genus (Family: Dipterocarpaceae) in India - a Review

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Distribution, Phenology, and Ecology of Hopea Genus (Family: Dipterocarpaceae) in India - a Review Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(10): 496-509 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 10 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.910.060 Distribution, Phenology, and Ecology of Hopea Genus (Family: Dipterocarpaceae) in India - A Review B. Madhusudhana Reddy1*, G. S. Uma3, Lokinder Sharma2 and T. N. Manohara1 1Silviculture and Forest Management Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru- 560003, Karnataka, India 2Forest Research Institute Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India 3Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds Hopea , Endemic, Hopea genus is represented by timber yielding large trees, present in the Western Ghats, evergreen and semi-evergreen forest. This genus comprises 104 species Dipterocarps, distributed globally among them 11 species are present in India of which Phenology, Ecology, eight are endemic to the Western Ghats. It was found that fragmentation of Distribution, habitat; land cover change and overexploitation are the major driving Effective factors responsible for the severe decline in their natural population. Most conservation. of the Dipterocarps, viz., H. erosa, H. Jacobi, and H. racophloea are only Article Info known from limited localities and their high degree of habitat specificity makes them rare. To device strategies for effective conservation of Hopea, Accepted: information on its distribution, phenology, and ecology is very much 07 September 2020 essential. Available Online: 10 October 2020 Introduction India State of Forest Report (ISFR) – 2019, India with 24.56% of land area under forest India is one of the world’s ‘mega diversity’ and tree cover, even though it accounts for 2.4 countries, out of the 18 global biodiversity % of the world's surface area and sustains the hotspots India has 4 of them namely the needs of 17 % of the total human population Eastern Himalaya and The Western Ghats, along with 18 % of the total livestock. The Indo-Burma Region, and Sundaland. Because Western Ghats covers a territory around of higher plant species richness, with ten 1,60,000 km² and stretches for 1,600 km from distinct biogeographic zones, India possesses Tamil Nadu in the south to Gujarat in the ninth position in the world. According to north, separated only by the 30 km Palakkad 496 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(10): 496-509 Gap. Precipitation pattern and geographical selectively logged and highly fragmented, in variation results into a large variety of some area converted to agricultural land for vegetation types such as scrub forests present monoculture plantations of coffee, tea, rubber, in the low-lying rain shadow areas, rainforests teak, Eucalyptus, oil palm, and wattle, and are present the plains, deciduous and tropical also cleared for building, roads, reservoirs, present at medium elevation, and a unique and railways. Encroachment inside the mosaic of montane forests, rolling grasslands protected areas lead to reducing the extent of present at a higher elevation. The Western the forest, cattle, and goats grazing within and Ghats have very nearly 5,000 vascular plant near protected areas caused drastic forest species belonging to 2,200 genera. Among slopes erosion. Tree communities altered in them about are 1,700 (34%) endemic species, forests of the tropical region due to habit loss where 58 are monotypic endemic plant and fragmentation of the population genera. Some significant genera and families (Laurance et al. 2006). The United Nations are consisting of huge numbers of endemic Educational, Scientific, and Cultural species, for example, Impatiens with 76 of 86 Organization (UNESCO) has recognized the species endemic, Dipterocarpus with 12 of 13 Western Ghats as one of the Natural World species endemic. Among the 490 tree species Heritage sites based on its remarkable natural recorded from forests of low and mid- habitats. In this context, present authors felt elevation, 308 are endemic species, 130 are the necessity to understand the Indian endemic out of 267 orchids (BSIENVIS, distribution, phenology, and ecological 2016). The fossil evidence Dipterocarps from aspects of the Hopea genus. Burma, Bangladesh, Eastern India, and Southern India speaks that they were the Distribution of different species of Hopea significant component of the ancient flora. genus in India RAPA Monograph, 1985 reported that Dipterocarps pollen has been collected from Dipterocarpaceae is an important dicot plant Kutch they are presentative of Eocene. The family having almost 580-680 species. They Hopea genus belongs to the Dipterocarpaceae are present throughout the tropical region, for family and shown the pan-India presence. example Northern South America to Africa, Hopea parviflora, along with their timber Seychelles, Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, value, the bark is a good candidate for tanning China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. material, mainly for heavy leather. The bark This family is divided into 3 subfamilies: (i) possesses 70% tannin and 22.6% non- tannin, Monotoideae having 30 species and 3 genera used as an astringent (Kamarudeen, 2003) and and present across Madagascar, Africa, and stilbenoids have effective biological South America (ii) Pakaraimoideae having properties produced by Dipterocarpaceous single species for example Pakaraima plants (Rose, 2013). The methanolic extract earoraimae present in the Guaianan highlands of H. ponga leaf possess important biological of South America, and (iii) Dipterocarpoideae activities such as antioxidant and antibacterial nearly 470 species of 13 genera, present (against bacteria Proteus vulgaris), and also mostly in South Asian countries to be specific used for treating Proteus infections. H. ponga India, Phillippines, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, New leaf contains a higher amount of phenolic and Guinea, Thailand, China, and Malaysia except flavonoid content compared to another for Vateriopsis seychellarum an endemic to member of the family Dipterocarpaceae and Seychelles. Dipterocarpaceae and Shoreae other species in the Hopea genus have various belong to the sub-family Dipterocarpoideae uses. The Western Ghats forests are (Brandis, 1895). The genera belong to the 497 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(10): 496-509 Shoreae tribe are Hopea , Dryobalanops, 2006). The species of the family are found in Parashorea, Neobalanocarpus, and Shorea both lowland rainforests (evergreen in nature) having imbricate sepals in fruits, grouped and also in seasonal upland or more vessels, resin canals in tangential bands, and xerophytic forests (Irudhyaraj, 2016). basic chromosome number n = 7 (Gamage, Plate 1. Showing distribution of Hopea genus in India. (a) Hopeacanarensis. (b) H. erosa (c) H. glabra (d) H. helferi (e) H. jacobi (f) H. odorata (g) H. parviflora (h) H. ponga (i) H. racophloea(j) H. shingkeng (k) H. utilis Approximately 31 Dipterocarps species have recorded as endemic to the Western Ghats been reported and restricted to northern India mainly to the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and whereas the Western Ghats possess 17 species Tamil Nadu. Most of the Indian species of the belonging to 5 genera viz. Hopea, genus reported under severe threat and were Dipterocarpus, Shorea, Vateria, and Vatica. included in the IUCN red list. Two species Member of Hopea, a potent timber yielding viz., Hopea erosa (Bedd.) Slooten (IUCN, genus is represented by larger trees present in 1998) and Hopea jacobi C.E.C. Fisch (IUCN, the evergreen and semi-evergreen forest. This 1998) were included under critically genus has 104 species present worldwide and endangered, six species Hopea glabra Wight 11 species present in India (Irudhyaraj, 2016). & Arn(IUCN, 1998), Hopea canarensis Generally, Indian species of Hopea were Hole (IUCN, 2017), Hopea helferi Dyer endemic, out of the 11 species 8 species are Brandis (IUCN, 2017), Hopea ponga 498 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(10): 496-509 (Dennst.) Mabb(IUCN, 1998), Hopea ra 2006). The striking feature of many cophloea D yer (IUCN, 1998),and Hopea Dipterocarp forest is the phenomenon of mass utilis Bedd. Bole (IUCN, 1998) included flowering followed by mass fruiting. Flowers under endangered, Hopea odorata Roxb are small and abundant in Hopea. Fruiting is (IUCN, 2017) was included in vulnerable, erratic and seed germination is epigeal in Hopea parviflora Bedd (IUCN, 2018) Hopea. Inefficient and poor seed dispersal included under the least concern category and mechanisms are responsible for gregarious Hopea shingkeng (Dunn) Boris (IUCN, 1998) formations of Dipterocarps. An in-depth study was an endemic species of North India that into the vegetative, as well as reproductive was extinct in the last decades. H. jacobi was phenology of these species, would shed more collected from the evergreen forest’s region light on these abnormalities. Recent of Coorg, but in the recent past has not been climatological changes also influence the collected from its type locality or any other regeneration status of the species. Good seed places. Hence, the species is believed to be fall and adequate rainfall are necessary for extinct (Shetty et al., 2002) then some better regeneration because the seeds lose researchers conducted a detailed floristic their viability rapidly. Under natural survey of H. Jacobi to know the exact status conditions, seeds of H. parviflora shed with and the reasons for the absence or extinction relatively high-water
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