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Part 2: ​ Empires and Conquests before World War II (The Axis Powers Unite) 1 Part 3: Conquests before World War II (The Axis Powers Unite) ​ ​ Objective: Understand how the Axis Powers formed and started gaining power before WWII. Assessment Goals: ​ 1. Explain how the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy) started gaining World Power before WWII officially began. You must identify and explain at least three historical examples. (Learning Targets 1 & 8) ​ 2. Answer: If you were ambassador of the United States (like Joseph Kennedy), ​ what would you have advised Great Britain, France, and the United States to do in response to the Axis Powers’ actions before WWII? Would you have wanted the countries to intervene? At what point? Why or why not? Use at least two pieces of historical evidence in your explanation. (Learning Target 2) ​ 3. On a world map, represent the conquests of Germany, Japan, and Italy before WWII officially began. (Learning Target 4) ​ Resources: Textbook Pages 770-773, Resources in Binder ​ ​ Note Graph (Create something similar in your notes): How did the Axis Powers team up? (notes on the Spanish Civil War and how that brought the Axis Powers together): ​ ​ Conquests of Germany Conquests of Japan Conquests of Italy (Specific notes over the details of where, how, (Specific notes over the details of where, how, (Specific notes over the details of where, how, and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ and why.) and why.) why.) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2 Resources: Part 3 - Conquests before World War II (The Axis Powers Unite) Video links: ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9r5nRPHSZI Chamberlain on Munich Agreement ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WppUD9IpODU Hitler on Sudetenland ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t75ldUNc2Xw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRZ_Cf-4dbw Hitler annexes Austria ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_aZWY2Pm3g Japan and Manchuria ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHD-71Xjo_Y Longer video about Japan’s Growing Empire ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XovLtuLwcxw Mussolini and Ethiopian conquest ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvLpB6OKnjA Mussolini’s Speech about History http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-austria.htm Nazis Take Austria Nineteen months would elapse from the day Hitler grabbed control of the German Army until the actual start of World War II. During those months, Hitler engaged in a kind of gangster diplomacy in which he bluffed, bullied, threatened, and lied to various European leaders in order to expand the borders of his Reich. His very first victim was Dr. Kurt von Schuschnigg, Chancellor of Austria, a country being torn apart from within by Nazi agitators and also feeling threatened from the outside by Germany's newfound 3 military strength. Hoping for some sort of peaceful settlement with Hitler, Schuschnigg agreed to a face-to-face meeting at Berchtesgaden. The meeting was arraigned by Franz von Papen, the former ambassador to Austria. On the chilly winter morning of February 12, 1938, Schuschnigg's car was met at the German-Austrian border by Papen, who joined him for the ride up to Hitler's spectacular mountaintop retreat. Papen informed Schuschnigg that Hitler was in a very good mood this morning. But, Papen added, Hitler hoped that Schuschnigg wouldn't mind if three of Germany's top generals were also present during the day's discussion. Schuschnigg was somewhat taken aback by this, but it was too late to change anything now. He arrived at the steps of Hitler's villa and was greeted by the Führer himself. Standing behind Hitler were the three generals; Wilhelm Keitel, Chief of the High Command, Walter von Reichenau, Commander of Army troops along the German-Austrian border, and Air Force General Hugo Sperrle. Hitler led Schuschnigg into his villa and up to the great hall on the second floor, a big room featuring a huge plate glass window with sweeping views of the Alps, and in the far distance, Austria itself. Schuschnigg, taking it all in, broke the ice with a little small talk about the view. But Hitler cut him right off. "We did not gather here to speak of the fine view or the weather!" Thus began two hours of hell in which the quiet-spoken Austrian Chancellor was lambasted without mercy by the Führer. "You have done everything to avoid a friendly policy!" Hitler yelled. "The whole history of Austria is just one uninterrupted act of high treason...And I can tell you right now, Herr Schuschnigg, that I am absolutely determined to make an end of this. The German Reich is one of the great powers, and nobody will raise his voice if it settles its border problems." After regaining his composure, Schuschnigg tried to settle down Hitler, telling him: "We will do everything to remove obstacles to a better understanding, as far as it is possible." But Hitler didn't let up. "That is what you say!...But I am telling you that I am going to solve the so-called Austrian problem one way or the other...I have a historic mission, and this mission I will fulfill because Providence has destined me to do so...I have only to give an order and all your ridiculous defense mechanisms will be blown to bits. You don't seriously believe you can stop me or even delay me for half an hour, do you?" Hitler pointed out that Austria was isolated diplomatically and could not halt a Nazi invasion. "Don't think for one moment that anybody on earth is going to thwart my decisions. Italy? I see eye to eye with Mussolini...England? England will not move one finger for Austria...And France?" Hitler said France had the power to stop him during the Rhineland occupation but did nothing and that "now it is too late for France." An exasperated Schuschnigg finally asked Hitler what his terms were. But Hitler cut him off again, 4 rudely dismissing him now. "We can discuss that this afternoon." By the afternoon, the 41-year-old Schuschnigg had aged about ten years. He was then introduced to Germany's new Foreign Minister, an amoral character named Joachim Ribbentrop who presented him with a two-page document containing Hitler's demands. All Nazis presently jailed in Austria were to be freed. The ban against the Austrian Nazi Party was to be lifted. Austrian lawyer, Dr. Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a staunch Nazi supporter, was to become the new Minister of the Interior with full control of the police. In addition, Nazis were to be appointed as Minister of War and Minister of Finance with preparations made for the assimilation of Austria's entire economy into the German Reich. This was, Schuschnigg was told, the Führer's final demands and there could be no discussion. He was to sign immediately, or else. Under such pressure, the Austrian Chancellor wobbled and said he would consider signing, but first sought assurances that there would be no further interference in Austria's internal affairs by Hitler. Ribbentrop, joined by Papen, gave friendly assurances that Hitler would indeed respect Austria's sovereignty if all his demands were met. At this point, Schuschnigg was ushered back in to see Hitler. "You will either sign it as it is and fulfill my demands within three days, or I will order the march into Austria," Hitler told him. Schuschnigg gave in and agreed to sign, but informed Hitler that under Austrian law only the country's president could ratify such a document and carry out the terms. And, he added, there was no guarantee the agreement would be accepted by Austria's president, the stubborn-minded Wilhelm Miklas. "You have to guarantee it!!" Hitler exploded. But Schuschnigg said he simply could not. Hitler then rushed to the doorway and hollered out for General Keitel. Then he turned to Schuschnigg and abruptly dismissed him. Schuschnigg was taken to a waiting room, left to ponder what Hitler was saying to Keitel. Schuschnigg didn't know he had just been the victim of an outright bluff. When Keitel arrived to ask for orders, a grinning Hitler told him: "There are no orders. I just wanted to have you here." A half-hour later, Schuschnigg was ushered back in to see Hitler. He was given three days to take the agreement back to Austria and get it signed by the president, or else. Schuschnigg departed Berchtesgaden, accompanied during the ride back to the border by a somewhat embarrassed Papen. "You have seen what the Führer can be like at times," Papen consoled him. "But the next time I am sure it will be different. You know, the Führer can be absolutely charming. Thus ended the first of what would be several diplomatic coups at Berchtesgaden. Like Schuschnigg, all of the heads of state and various diplomats arriving there would be at a terrible disadvantage. 5 They were dealing with a man always willing to go the limit, willing to send in the troops and shed blood in order to get what he wanted. Hitler knew that civilized men such as Schuschnigg, and those who followed, would readily compromise to prevent the loss of life. They would all learn too late that Hitler did not value life and that war was his ultimate goal. Years earlier, Hitler had once confided to his friend Hermann Rauschning: "We must be prepared for the hardest struggle that a nation has ever had to face. Only through this test of endurance can we become ripe for the dominion to which we are called. It will be my duty to carry out this war regardless of losses. The sacrifice of lives will be immense. We all of us know what a world war means.
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