DOCSLIB.ORG

The Cav1.2 L-Type Calcium Channel Regulates Bone Homeostasis in the Middle and Inner Ear T ⁎ Chike Caoa, , Aaron B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Cav1.2 L-Type Calcium Channel Regulates Bone Homeostasis in the Middle and Inner Ear T ⁎ Chike Caoa, , Aaron B Bone 125 (2019) 160–168 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bone journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bone Full Length Article The CaV1.2 L-type calcium channel regulates bone homeostasis in the middle and inner ear T ⁎ Chike Caoa, , Aaron B. Oswaldb, Brian A. Fabellab, Yinshi Renc,d, Ramona Rodriguize, George Trainorf, Matthew B. Greenblattg,h, Matthew J. Hiltonc,d, Geoffrey S. Pitta a Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69th St., New York, NY 10021, USA b Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA c Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA d Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA e Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA f Harrington Discovery Institute, Innovation Support Center, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA g Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA h Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Bone remodeling of the auditory ossicles and the otic capsule is highly restricted and tightly controlled by the CaV1.2 osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nu- 2+ Ca signaling clear factor kappa-Β (RANK) system. In these bony structures, a pathological decrease in OPG expression sti- Osteoprotegerin mulates osteoclast differentiation and excessive resorption followed by accrual of sclerotic bone, ultimately Otosclerosis resulting in the development of otosclerosis, a leading cause of deafness in adults. Understanding the signaling Osteoclast pathways involved in maintaining OPG expression in the ear would shed light on the pathophysiology of oto- sclerosis and other ear bone-related diseases. We and others previously demonstrated that Ca2+ signaling 2+ through the L-type CaV1.2 Ca channel positively regulates OPG expression and secretion in long bone os- teoblasts and their precursor cells in vitro and in vivo. Whether CaV1.2 regulates OPG expression in ear bones has TS not been investigated. We drove expression of a gain-of-function CaV1.2 mutant channel (CaV1.2 ) using Col2a1-Cre, which we found to target osteochondral/osteoblast progenitors in the auditory ossicles and the otic TS capsule. Col2a1-Cre;CaV1.2 mice displayed osteopetrosis of these bones shown by μCT 3D reconstruction, histological analysis, and lack of bone sculpting, findings similar to phenotypes seen in mice with an osteoclast TS defect. Consistent with those observations, we found that Col2a1-Cre;CaV1.2 mutant mice showed reduced osteoclasts in the otic capsule, upregulated mRNA expression of Opg and Opg/Rankl ratio, and increased mRNA expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes in the otic capsule, suggesting both an anti-catabolic and TS anabolic effect of CaV1.2 mutant channel contributed to the observed morphological changes of the ear bones. TS Further, we found that Col2a1-Cre;CaV1.2 mice experienced hearing loss and displayed defects of body balance 2+ in behavior tests, confirming that the CaV1.2-dependent Ca influx affects bone structure in the ear and con- sequent hearing and vestibular functions. Together, these data support our hypothesis that Ca2+ influx through TS CaV1.2 promotes OPG expression from osteoblasts, thereby affecting bone modeling/remodeling in the au- ditory ossicles and the otic capsule. These data provide insight into potential pathological mechanisms under- lying perturbed OPG expression and otosclerosis. 1. Introduction the cochlea and vestibular system. In the otic capsule, the vibrations are converted into electrical signals and transduced to the brain via audi- The middle ear contains the three auditory ossicles—the malleus, tory nerves [1]. Abnormal morphological changes of the bone struc- incus, and stapes—which sequentially conduct sound by transmitting tures in the auditory ossicles or the otic capsule may disturb sound sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the fluid in the co- transmission and cause conductive hearing loss and/or vestibular dys- chlea via the oval window of the otic capsule, the bony case enclosing function. ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Cao). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.024 Received 28 January 2019; Received in revised form 1 May 2019; Accepted 18 May 2019 Available online 20 May 2019 8756-3282/ © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C. Cao, et al. Bone 125 (2019) 160–168 The auditory ossicles and the otic capsule, unlike most bones in the roles for CaV1.2 in many non-excitable cells. We and others demon- skull that form through intramembranous ossification, develop like long strated that CaV1.2 was expressed in osteoblast progenitors during long bones through endochondral ossification. In this process an initial bone development and homeostasis [25–27]. Moreover, in an in vitro cartilage template is subsequently replaced by bone while the termin- MC3T3-E1 cell and a primary calvaria organ culture system, Ca2+ ally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes and the calcified cartilage signaling through CaV1.2 regulated OPG expression [28]. Pharmaco- matrix are removed by osteoclasts (bone modeling phase) [2,3]. Ab- logical blocking of CaV1.2 channel activity with nifedipine reduced the sence of osteoclastic bone resorption in mice with osteoclast defects level of OPG expression and secretion [28]. Consistent with those TS results in osteopetrotic phenotype of these bones, significantly affecting findings, we exploited the TS-causing mutant channel (CaV1.2 )to their morphology and function [4]. However, unlike long bones, no increase Ca2+ signaling specifically in osteoblasts or their progenitors significant bone remodeling (a coupled process of osteoclastic bone and observed inhibited osteoclast activity in long bones through upre- resorption with subsequent osteoblastic formation) occurs in the audi- gulated OPG expression and secretion [25]. tory ossicles or the otic capsule after development [5]. Turnover of the Given its ability to modulate the OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway, we otic capsule in regions surrounding the perilymph spaces is about hypothesized that CaV1.2 could also affect bone modeling in the ear. 2+ TS 0.13% per year compared to 10% for the long bones [6]. This low bone Here, we show that increased Ca signaling through CaV1.2 ex- remodeling rate in the otic capsule is due to high levels of secreted pressed in the auditory ossicles and the otic capsule affected bone osteoprotegerin (OPG) [7,8], a major negative regulator of osteoclas- modeling/remodeling as well as auditory and vestibular function. 2+ togenesis and consequent bone resorption. By binding RANKL (receptor Defining the role of Ca signaling through CaV1.2 in the physiological activator of NFκB ligand) [9], OPG acts as a decoy receptor and pre- regulation of osteoclast formation offers insights into the mechanisms vents RANKL-RANK interactions and the downstream RANK-mediated underlying the pathophysiology of otosclerosis and other bony dis- nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation that is critical for initiation of orders of the ear and provides clues for future explorations of ther- − − osteoclast differentiation. In Opg / mice, massive erosion of auditory apeutic strategies or prevention of hearing loss caused by bony struc- ossicles and the otic capsule by unchecked osteoclasts leads to com- tural changes in the middle and inner ear. pensatory abnormal osteogenesis, causing fixation of the stapes and consequent progressive hearing loss [10,11]. 2. Materials and methods In humans, reduced OPG in the otic capsule is associated with otosclerosis [12,13], a condition characterized by abnormal growth of 2.1. Experimental mouse models bone at one or more foci within the middle ear or inner ear that often leads to hearing loss in patients. Otosclerosis develops initially through All animals were handled according to protocols approved by the a first phase of bone resorption by activated osteoclasts and increased Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Duke University and at TS vascularization (the otospongiosis phase), followed by new bone de- Weill Cornell Medical College. Rosa26-CaV1.2 and Col2a1-Cre have TS position from osteoblasts and mineralization (the otosclerosis phase) been described previously [29–31]. Homozygous Rosa26-CaV1.2 fe- [13]. The prevalence of otosclerosis is high in Caucasians compared to male mice were crossed with Col2a1-Cre males to generate Col2a1- TS patients of African descent and higher in women than men [14]. The Cre;CaV1.2 mutant progeny and Cre-negative littermate controls [31] etiology of otosclerosis is not well understood, but both genetic and with both sexes used in all experiments. environmental factors, including measles virus infection, hormonal changes during pregnancy and middle ear inflammation, have been 2.2. X-gal staining postulated to contribute. Family linkage analyses and candidate gene association studies have identified several loci associated with oto- X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) staining sclerosis, yet none of the otosclerosis causing genes within these regions was performed on whole mount specimens. The auditory ossicles, the has been identified so far [15–17]. Nevertheless, mutations in SER- inner ear vestibular system and cochlea were fixed in 4% paraf- PINF1 or MEPE have been recently associated with familial otosclerosis ormaldehyde on ice for 1 h, washed three times with 1 x PBS, and [18,19]. Given that maintaining OPG level is fundamental to the pre- stained with X-gal solution (5 mM potassium ferrocyanide, 5 mM po- vention of bone turnover in the middle and inner ear and the con- tassium ferricyanide, 1 mg/ml X-gal, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.1% sodium deox- sequent development of otosclerosis, a better understanding of the ycholate, 0.2% IGEPAL CA-630) in the dark for 12 h at 37 °C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Original Article Pictorial Atlas of Symptomatic Accessory Ossicles by 18F-Sodium Fluoride (Naf) PET-CT
    Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017;7(6):275-282 www.ajnmmi.us /ISSN:2160-8407/ajnmmi0069278 Original Article Pictorial atlas of symptomatic accessory ossicles by 18F-Sodium Fluoride (NaF) PET-CT Sharjeel Usmani1, Cherry Sit2, Gopinath Gnanasegaran2, Tim Van den Wyngaert3, Fahad Marafi4 1Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET/CT Imaging, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Khaitan, Kuwait; 2Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; 3Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; 4Jaber Al-Ahmad Molecular Imaging Center, Kuwait Received August 7, 2017; Accepted December 15, 2017; Epub December 20, 2017; Published December 30, 2017 Abstract: Accessory ossicles are developmental variants which are often asymptomatic. When incidentally picked up on imaging, they are often inconsequential and rarely a cause for concern. However, they may cause pain or discomfort due to trauma, altered stress, and over-activity. Nuclear scintigraphy may play a role in the diagnosis and localizing pain generators. 18F-Sodium Fluoride (NaF) is a PET imaging agent used in bone imaging. Although commonly used in imaging patients with cancer imaging malignancy, 18F-NaF may be useful in the evaluation of benign bone and joint conditions. In this article, we would like to present a spectrum of clinical cases and review the potential diagnostic utility of 18F-NaF in the assessment of symptomatic accessory ossicles in patients referred for staging cancers. Keywords: 18F-NaF PET/CT, accessory ossicles, hybrid imaging Introduction Accessory ossicles are developmental variants which are often asymptomatic. When inciden- Bone and joint pain is a common presentation tally picked up on imaging, they are often incon- in both primary and secondary practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Bedside Neuro-Otological Examination and Interpretation of Commonly
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.2004.054478 on 24 November 2004. Downloaded from BEDSIDE NEURO-OTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION AND INTERPRETATION iv32 OF COMMONLY USED INVESTIGATIONS RDavies J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75(Suppl IV):iv32–iv44. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.054478 he assessment of the patient with a neuro-otological problem is not a complex task if approached in a logical manner. It is best addressed by taking a comprehensive history, by a Tphysical examination that is directed towards detecting abnormalities of eye movements and abnormalities of gait, and also towards identifying any associated otological or neurological problems. This examination needs to be mindful of the factors that can compromise the value of the signs elicited, and the range of investigative techniques available. The majority of patients that present with neuro-otological symptoms do not have a space occupying lesion and the over reliance on imaging techniques is likely to miss more common conditions, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), or the failure to compensate following an acute unilateral labyrinthine event. The role of the neuro-otologist is to identify the site of the lesion, gather information that may lead to an aetiological diagnosis, and from there, to formulate a management plan. c BACKGROUND Balance is maintained through the integration at the brainstem level of information from the vestibular end organs, and the visual and proprioceptive sensory modalities. This processing takes place in the vestibular nuclei, with modulating influences from higher centres including the cerebellum, the extrapyramidal system, the cerebral cortex, and the contiguous reticular formation (fig 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Little Bones the Sesamoids
    Erica Chu 3/7/2014 Foot . Hallucal sesamoids . Lesser metatarsal sesamoids . Interphalangeal joint sesamoid of great toe . Os peroneum . Sesamoid within tibialis anterior tendon . Sesamoid within the posterior tibialis tendon Hand . Pollicis sesamoids . Second and fifth metacarpal sesamoids . Interphalangeal joint sesamoid of thumb . Pisiform Patella Fabella Small round or ovoid bones embedded in certain tendons Usually related to joint surfaces Osseous surfaces covered by cartilage Intimate with synovial- lined cavity Resnick D, Niwayama G, Feingold ML. The sesamoid bones of the hands and feet: participators in arthritis. Radiology 1977; 123:57- 62. Two types . Type A: Sesamoid located adjacent to articulation ▪ Patella ▪ Hallucis sesamoids ▪ Pollicis sesamoids . Type B: Bursa separates sesamoid from adjacent bone Type A Type B ▪ Sesamoid of peroneus longus Resnick D, Niwayama G, Feingold ML. The tendon sesamoid bones of the hands and feet: participators in arthritis. Radiology 1977; 123:57-62. Function . Protect tendons from damage . Increase efficiency or mechanical advantage of their associated muscle ▪ Part of gliding mechanism ▪ Modify pressure ▪ Decrease friction ▪ Alter muscle pull “in proportion as the pastern is oblique or slanting, two consequences will follow, less weight will be thrown on the pastern, and more on the sesamoid…and in that proportion concussion will be prevented.” Located in tendons that wrap around bony or fibrous pulleys . Peroneus longus tendon . Posterior tibialis tendon Adaptation to help maintain tendon structure . Resists compression or shear . Fibrous tissue ▪ Flexibility ▪ Toughness . Cartilaginous tissue ▪ Elasticity Can alter tendon appearance on MR Didolkar MM, Malone AL, Nunley JA, et al. Pseudotear of the peroneus longus tendon on MRI, secondary to a fibrocartilaginous node.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Manual of Diagnostic Imaging Radiographic Anatomy and Interpretation of the Musculoskeletal System
    The WHO manual of diagnostic imaging Radiographic Anatomy and Interpretation of the Musculoskeletal System Editors Harald Ostensen M.D. Holger Pettersson M.D. Authors A. Mark Davies M.D. Holger Pettersson M.D. In collaboration with F. Arredondo M.D., M.R. El Meligi M.D., R. Guenther M.D., G.K. Ikundu M.D., L. Leong M.D., P. Palmer M.D., P. Scally M.D. Published by the World Health Organization in collaboration with the International Society of Radiology WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Davies, A. Mark Radiography of the musculoskeletal system / authors : A. Mark Davies, Holger Pettersson; in collaboration with F. Arredondo . [et al.] WHO manuals of diagnostic imaging / editors : Harald Ostensen, Holger Pettersson; vol. 2 Published by the World Health Organization in collaboration with the International Society of Radiology 1.Musculoskeletal system – radiography 2.Musculoskeletal diseases – radiography 3.Musculoskeletal abnormalities – radiography 4.Manuals I.Pettersson, Holger II.Arredondo, F. III.Series editor: Ostensen, Harald ISBN 92 4 154555 0 (NLM Classification: WE 141) The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. © World Health Organization 2002 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Parts of the Body 1) Head – Caput, Capitus 2) Skull- Cranium Cephalic- Toward the Skull Caudal- Toward the Tail Rostral- Toward the Nose 3) Collum (Pl
    BIO 3330 Advanced Human Cadaver Anatomy Instructor: Dr. Jeff Simpson Department of Biology Metropolitan State College of Denver 1 PARTS OF THE BODY 1) HEAD – CAPUT, CAPITUS 2) SKULL- CRANIUM CEPHALIC- TOWARD THE SKULL CAUDAL- TOWARD THE TAIL ROSTRAL- TOWARD THE NOSE 3) COLLUM (PL. COLLI), CERVIX 4) TRUNK- THORAX, CHEST 5) ABDOMEN- AREA BETWEEN THE DIAPHRAGM AND THE HIP BONES 6) PELVIS- AREA BETWEEN OS COXAS EXTREMITIES -UPPER 1) SHOULDER GIRDLE - SCAPULA, CLAVICLE 2) BRACHIUM - ARM 3) ANTEBRACHIUM -FOREARM 4) CUBITAL FOSSA 6) METACARPALS 7) PHALANGES 2 Lower Extremities Pelvis Os Coxae (2) Inominant Bones Sacrum Coccyx Terms of Position and Direction Anatomical Position Body Erect, head, eyes and toes facing forward. Limbs at side, palms facing forward Anterior-ventral Posterior-dorsal Superficial Deep Internal/external Vertical & horizontal- refer to the body in the standing position Lateral/ medial Superior/inferior Ipsilateral Contralateral Planes of the Body Median-cuts the body into left and right halves Sagittal- parallel to median Frontal (Coronal)- divides the body into front and back halves 3 Horizontal(transverse)- cuts the body into upper and lower portions Positions of the Body Proximal Distal Limbs Radial Ulnar Tibial Fibular Foot Dorsum Plantar Hallicus HAND Dorsum- back of hand Palmar (volar)- palm side Pollicus Index finger Middle finger Ring finger Pinky finger TERMS OF MOVEMENT 1) FLEXION: DECREASE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES OF A JOINT 2) EXTENSION: INCREASE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES OF A JOINT 3) ADDUCTION: TOWARDS MIDLINE
    [Show full text]
  • Research Reports
    ARAŞTIRMALAR (ResearchUnur, Ülger, Reports) Ekinci MORPHOMETRICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF MIDDLE EAR OSSICLES IN THE NEWBORN* Yeni doğanlarda orta kulak kemikciklerinin morfometrik ve morfolojik varyasyonları Erdoğan UNUR 1, Harun ÜLGER 1, Nihat EKİNCİ 2 Abstract Özet Purpose: Aim of this study was to investigate the Amaç: Yeni doğanlarda orta kulak kemikciklerinin morphometric and morphologic variations of middle ear morfometrik ve morfolojik varyasyonlarını ortaya ossicles. koymak. Materials and Methods: Middle ear of 20 newborn Gereç ve yöntem: Her iki cinse ait 20 yeni doğan cadavers from both sexes were dissected bilaterally and kadavrasının orta kulak boşluğuna girilerek elde edilen the ossicles were obtained to investigate their orta kulak kemikcikleri üzerinde morfometrik ve morphometric and morphologic characteristics. morfolojik inceleme yapıldı. Results: The average of morphometric parameters Bulgular: Morfometrik sonuçlar; malleus’un toplam showed that the malleus was 7.69 mm in total length with uzunluğu 7.69 mm, manibrium mallei’nin uzunluğu 4.70 an angle of 137 o; the manibrium mallei was 4.70 mm, mm, caput mallei ve processus lateralis arasındaki and the total length of head and neck was 4.85 mm; the uzaklık 4.85 mm, manibrium mallei’nin ekseni ve caput incus had a total length of 6.47 mm, total width of 4.88 mallei arasındaki açı 137 o, incus’un toplam uzunluğu mm , and a maximal distance of 6.12 mm between the 6.47 mm, toplam genişliği 4.88 mm, crus longum ve tops of the processes, with an angle of 99.9 o; the stapes breve’nin uçları arasındaki uzaklık 6.12 mm, cruslar had a total height of 3.22 mm, with stapedial base being arasındaki açı 99.9 o, stapesin toplam uzunluğu 2.57 mm in length and 1.29 mm in width.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Development of Sesamoid Bones
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901; this version posted May 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. On the Development of Sesamoid Bones Shai Eyal1*, Sarah Rubin1, Sharon Krief1, Lihi Levin1 and Elazar Zelzer1 1 Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel * Current address: University of California at San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: Sesamoid bone, Patella, Fabella, Digits, Sox9, Scleraxis, Tgfβ, Bmp2, Bmp4, Joint, Mouse bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901; this version posted May 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ABSTRACT Sesamoid bones are a special group of small auxiliary bones that form in proximity to joints and contribute to their stability and function. Sesamoid bones display high degree of variability in size, location, penetrance and anatomical connection to the main skeleton across vertebrate species. Therefore, providing a comprehensive developmental model or classification system for sesamoid bones is challenging. Here, we examine the developmental mechanisms of three anatomically different sesamoid bones, namely patella, lateral fabella and digit sesamoids. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis at the cellular, molecular and mechanical levels, we demonstrate that all three types of sesamoid bones originated from Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors under the regulation of TGFβ and independent of mechanical stimuli from muscles.
    [Show full text]
  • Sesamoid Bone of the Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee Joint
    CASE REPORT Eur. J. Anat. 21 (4): 309-313 (2017) Sesamoid bone of the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint Omar M. Albtoush, Konstantin Nikolaou, Mike Notohamiprodjo Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Karls Eberhard Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany SUMMARY tomical relations and the exclusion of other possi- bilities. The variable occurrence of the sesamoid bones This article supports the theory stating that the supports the theory stating that the development development and evolution of the sesamoid bones and evolution of these bones are controlled are controlled through the interaction between in- through the interaction between intrinsic genetic trinsic genetic factors and extrinsic epigenetic stim- factors and extrinsic stimuli. In the present article uli, which can explain their variable occurrence. we report a sesamoid bone at the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint, a newly discovered find- CASE REPORT ing in human and veterinary medicine. We present a case of a 51-year-old female pa- Key words: Sesamoid – MCL – Knee – Fabella – tient, who presented with mild pain at the medial Cyamella aspect of the left knee. No trauma has been re- ported. An unenhanced spiral CT-Scan was per- INTRODUCTION formed with 2 mm thickness, 120 kvp and 100 mAs, which showed preserved articulation of the New structural anatomical discoveries are not so knee joint with neither joint effusion, nor narrowing often encountered. However, their potential occur- of the joint space nor articulating cortical irregulari- rence should be kept in mind, which can eventually ties (Fig. 1). Mild subchondral sclerosis was de- help in a better understanding of patients’ symp- picted at the medial tibial plateau as a sign of early toms and subsequently improve the management osteoarthritis.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatometric Point Guide for Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Suture Repair
    Anatometric Point Guide for Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Suture Repair A Major Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Degree of Bachelor of Science Submitted by: Roman Gutierrez _____________________ Brittany Rhodes _____________________ Aimee St. Germain _____________________ Elliott Wiegman _____________________ Submitted to: Glenn Gaudette _____________________ Date of Submission: April 27, 2015 1 Contents Authorship............................................................................................................................................. 4 Table of Figures .................................................................................................................................... 5 Table of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Cranial Cruciate Ligament ........................................................................................................ 11 Biomechanics of the CCL ............................................................................................................ 13 2.2 Cranial Cruciate Ligament
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal Bone, Normal Anatomy, Computed Tomography/Histology
    Temporal Bone Normal Anatomy Computed Tomography /Histology Correlation Otopathology Laboratory Department of Radiology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Eric F. Curtin Barbara J. Burgess Dianne D. Jones Jennifer T. O’Malley Hugh D. Curtin MD Otopathologylaboratory.org Facial nerve Malleus Incus Cochlea Lateral canal Oval Window Axial CT Red Arrow -Facial nerve VII Attic IAC Vest LSCC Red Arrow -Facial nerve VII M I M-Malleus I-Incus Vest Cochlea S-Stapes VII S Interscalar septum M M-Modiolus Interscalar septum M M-Modiolus Anterior epitympanic recess Cog Cochleariform process Cochlea Facial recess S-Stapes Pyramidal process S Sinus Tympani ME ME-middle ear RW-round window Cochlea RW Stapedius M Carotid TMJ plate Jugular plate Coronal CT FN 2 FN 1 Cochlea Carotid Malleus Tegmen Incus FN 2 Oval window Scutum Lateral Semicircular Canal Pyramidal process Round Window Jugular Facial Nerve Key image lateral canal facial nerve oval window .. Poschl CT Carotid Tensor tympani Eustachian tube VII1 IAC Basilar turn cochlea Apical turn cochlea Turn 2 cochlea VII1 VII2 Tensor tympani VII2 Jugular vein Tensor tympani Jugular vein Cochleariform process Superior SCC M M-malleus VII2 Oval W Round W Lateral canal Common crus TMJ Lateral SCC VII2 I S I –Incus S- Stapes Tegmen Vestibular aqueduct VII2 VII3 EAC Stenvers CT SSCC VII1 Carotid VII1 is separated from nerve to lateral canal by Bill’s bar Canal for nerve to lateral SCC VII VII1 Basilar turn cochlea LSCC SSCC VII3 Round window Styloid process Vestibule VII3 PSCC Common Crus IAC Axial CT Histology correlation Utricle Lateral Semicircular Canal Vestibule Vestibule Saccule Utricle Vestibule Saccule Utricle Vestibule Saccule Utricle Anterior Crus of the Stapes Carotid Tympanic Carotid plate membrane Middle Ear Jugular Jugular plate Coronal CT Histology correlation Saccule Otopathology Laboratory Department of Radiology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Otopathologylaboratory.org Eric F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nervous System: General and Special Senses
    18 The Nervous System: General and Special Senses PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • Sensory information arrives at the CNS • Information is “picked up” by sensory receptors • Sensory receptors are the interface between the nervous system and the internal and external environment • General senses • Refers to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception • Special senses • Refers to smell, taste, balance, hearing, and vision © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Receptors • Receptors and Receptive Fields • Free nerve endings are the simplest receptors • These respond to a variety of stimuli • Receptors of the retina (for example) are very specific and only respond to light • Receptive fields • Large receptive fields have receptors spread far apart, which makes it difficult to localize a stimulus • Small receptive fields have receptors close together, which makes it easy to localize a stimulus. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Receptors and Receptive Fields Receptive Receptive field 1 field 2 Receptive fields © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Receptors • Interpretation of Sensory Information • Information is relayed from the receptor to a specific neuron in the CNS • The connection between a receptor and a neuron is called a labeled line • Each labeled line transmits its own specific sensation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Interpretation of Sensory Information • Classification of Receptors • Tonic receptors
    [Show full text]
  • Snapping Knee Caused by Symptomatic Fabella in a Native Knee
    A Case Report & Literature Review Snapping Knee Caused by Symptomatic Fabella in a Native Knee Justin M. Hire, MD, David L. Oliver, MD, Ryan C. Hubbard, DO, Michelle L. Fontaine, MD, and John A. Bojescul, MD the gastrocnemius muscle. Fabellar size ranges from pinpoint Abstract to 2.2 cm in diameter with an average diameter of 1 cm once We report a case of a 31-year-old man with a 5-year ossified, which usually occurs between ages 12 and 15 years.9-10 history of snapping knee syndrome secondary to Due to its articulation with the posterior aspect of the lateral a single, large symptomatic fabella of the knee. On femoral condyle, the anterior surface of the fabella is covered physical examination, the patient was able to repro- with hyaline cartilage and aids smooth gliding throughout 11 duce an audible and palpable snapping with active range of motion. range of motion. His condition was refractory to The patient provided written informed consent for print physical therapy. He had undergone a prior iliotibial and electronic publication of this case report. band release at an outside facility. After excision of the fabella, measuring 15 × 8 × 9 mm, the patient’s Case Report A 31-year-old male active-duty service member presented to snapping and pain with activity were resolved. the orthopedic clinic with a chief complaint of 5-year history of left lateral knee pain associated with snapping. The patient related an atraumatic, insidious development of symptoms he reported literature has focused on snappingAJO tendon and was originally diagnosed with ITB snapping.
    [Show full text]