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Molecular and Biochemical Properties of Lympho-Epithelial Kazal-Type-Inhibitor (LEKTI) ©2015 Jayakumar Et Al

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Molecular and Biochemical Properties of Lympho-Epithelial Kazal-Type-Inhibitor (LEKTI) ©2015 Jayakumar Et Al MOJ Proteomics & Bioinformatics Review Article Open Access Molecular and biochemical properties of lympho- epithelial kazal-type-inhibitor (LEKTI) Abstract Volume 2 Issue 4 - 2015 Here, we review the literature on the molecular and biochemical properties of Lympho- Arumugam Jayakumar,1 Mitchell Frederick,2 Epithelial Kazal-Type-Inhibitor (LEKTI). Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) Thomas Shellenberger,2 Ying Henderson,2 gene encodes three different LEKTI isoforms. These isoforms are organized into a typical 3 1 15, longer than 15 and shorter than 15 inhibitory domains consisting of 1064, 1094 and 916 Ya’an Kang, Venugopal Radjendirane, 2 4 residues respectively. LEKTI isoforms synthesized as pro-LEKTI proteins are processed Katrina Briggs, David Tran, Karthik intracellular and secreted as bioactive LEKTI fragments into blood. LEKTI potently Jayakumar,1,5 Gary Clayman2 inhibits activity of plasmin, subtilisin A, cathepsin G, elastase, trypsin, kallikrein (KLK) 5, 1Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas KLK6, KLK7, KLK13, and KLK14 to varied extents. Mutations in SPINK5 gene resulting M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, USA in decreased LEKTI function and increased KLK activity causes Netherton syndrome 2Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas (NS). Low SPINK5 expression/LEKTI function is also associated with Head and Neck M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, USA 3 Squamous Cell carcinoma (HNSCC), chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma. Thus restoring Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, USA SPINK5 expression/LEKTI function in NS, HNSCC and asthma holds therapeutic promise. 4Windsor University School of Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies 5 Keywords: SPINK5, LEKTI, LEKTI, domains, proteinases, NS, HNSCC, furi Department of Medicine, Section of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, USA Correspondence: Arumugam Jayakumar, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, USA, Email [email protected] Received: July 22, 2015 | Published: August 20, 2015 Abbreviations: LEKTI, lympho-epithelial kazal-type- domains 13 and 14 (1094aa) (Figure 1). We have demonstrated that inhibitor; SPINK5, serine protease inhibitor kazal-type 5; KLK, SPINK5 gene is one of the nine genes down-regulated in Head and kallikrein; NS, netherton syndrome; HNSCC, head and neck Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). Subsequently, we have squamous cell carcinoma cloned LEKTI cDNA encoding LEKTI protein consisting of1064 residues from normal oral mucosa utilizing LEKTI specific primers Introduction and RNA isolated from normal oral mucosa.19 We have separately amplified the 5’ (1.8-kilobase) and 3’ (1.3-kilo base) halves of the SPINK5 gene was initially cloned following sequence identification LEKTI cDNA and then sub cloned these two fragments into pCRII- of two polypeptides, HF6478 and HF7556, isolated from human TOPO vector. Sequencing the entire LEKTI cDNA found out six silent blood filtrates.1,2 It was also independently cloned as the genetic 3 single base exchanges in the open reading frame compared to reported locus responsible for Netherton syndrome. Owing to the presence LEKTI sequences (GenBank/EMBL accession no. AJ228139 and of Kazal-type domains in the translated protein and its expression AF086524). On the basis of the open reading frame we have predicted pattern in different organs, the gene encoding these polypeptides was 4 that the deduced amino acid sequence of 1064 residues with a Mr named Lympho-Epithelial Kazal-Type-related Inhibitor (LEKTI). It of 121,234. A large body of literature has demonstrated that loss-of- was shown for several other endogenous proteinase inhibitors like function mutations in SPINK5 gene cause Netherton syndrome.3,20–24 tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases (TIMPs), maspin, elafin, A recent report has discovered a novel putative long non-coding hespin, headpin, SERPINs, and SPI that they regulate the proteolytic 25 5–12 RNA (lncRNA), which is antisense to SPINK5 gene, implicating a signaling involved in homeostatic and disease processes. Since the translational regulation of SPINK5 gene expression at least in some identification and cloning of SPINK5 substantial work has been done tissues. describing the targets and biologic roles of its gene product LEKTI. The purpose of this chapter is to review the current literature on the LEKTI organization molecular and biochemical properties of LEKTI. On the basis of the furin cleavage sites found within the LEKTI Identification and molecular cloning of SPINK5 cDNA polypeptide containing1064 amino acids, there are 15 potential 1 inhibitory domains (Figure 1). There is a secretory signal peptide Since the original report of the cloning of SPINK5 gene, several sequence containing 22 amino acids at the N-terminal of the full- groups including us have reported the identification and cloning length poly-peptide.26 It was also established that LEKTI domains 2 of a total of three isoforms of SPINK5 gene encoding 3 LEKTI 13–18 and 15 resemble typical Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors with isoforms. These three isoforms are: a typical LEKTI containing 15 3 disulfide bridges whereas domains 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, domain (1064aa), a shorter LEKTI containing only first 13 domains 13 and 14 resemble non-Kazal-type inhibitors with only two disulfide (916aa) and a longer LEKTI with a 30-amino-acid insertion between bridges.27–30 Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com MOJ Proteomics Bioinform. 2015;2(4):121‒127. 121 © 2015 Jayakumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: Molecular and biochemical properties of lympho-epithelial kazal-type-inhibitor (LEKTI) ©2015 Jayakumar et al. 122 Figure 1 Organization of LEKTI inhibitory domains.63 Organization of LEKTI inhibitory domains (Gen Bank accession no. NP_006837). Yellow boxes denote Kazal-type inhibitory domains (3 disulphide bonds); Green boxes represent non-Kazal-type domains (2 disulphide bonds). Three LEKTI isoforms are: a typical LEKTI containing 15 domain (1064aa), a longer LEKTI with a 30-amino-acid insertion between domains 13 and 14 (1094aa), and a shorter LEKTI containing only first 13 domains (916aa).The identity of the active site P1 residue is indicated above each domain. Expression and purification of human LEKTI in insect than under reducing conditions providing evidence of disulfide bonds cells and E.coli present in the recombinant protein. This clearly indicates that almost all of the LEKTI expressed in insect cell contained disulfide bonds We engineered a recombinant baculovirus expression vector and this Sf9 produced rLEKTI could be used to screen for inhibitory encoding the entire native human LEKTI protein (including the activity. putative signal peptide) fused in frame with a C-terminal six-histidine tag (Figure 2). We could not detect a secreted form of LEKTI when Having successfully purified pro-LEKTI in insect cells we also expressed in Sf9 cells consistent with previous reports that the engineered LEKTI multi domains 1-6, 6-9, 9-12, and 12-15 expression N-terminal leader sequences of proteins of higher eukaryotes often composite bacmids, expressed, and purified these proteins in Sf9 yield only small quantities of secreted proteins in yeast and insect cells.31 The expression constructs and their corresponding purified cells. We did not attempt to improve the secretion efficiency in Sf9 by LEKTI multi domains except for LEKTI domains 1-6 are shown in replacing or fusing the LEKTI native signal sequence with an insect Figure 2. Other research groups have reported the expression and cell signal sequence (e.g. melletin). Instead, we selectively purified purification of LEKTI single domains 6 and 15 using a bacterial the LEKTI precursor from cell lysates. Following infection of Sf9 expression system.29,32 Testing a selected number of different serine with recombinant baculovirus, abundant rLEKTI was detected in cell proteinases, the authors have shown that both native and recombinant lysates by immunoblotting with penta His mAb. We processed the cell LD-6 exhibit a significant but temporary inhibitory activity on trypsin. lysates by TALON metal affinity and gel-filtration chromatography as Genomic organization and expression status of LEKTI previously described.12 Upon purification, a sole band of »120kDa was visualized by Coomassie brilliant blue R-250staining in the pooled in normal and Comèl-Netherton syndrome patients imidazole eluates (Figure 2). N-terminal sequencing of the protein Magert et al.,32 have shown for the first time thatSPINK5 encoding band produced no amino acid sequence, which suggested that the LEKTI was localized on human chromosome 5q31-32.1 We and N-terminal residue may have been blocked in vivo or modified during others have demonstrated that LEKTI/SPINK5 gene is expressed our sample preparation. Internal amino acid sequencing of this protein in the normal oral mucosa and normal pituitary glands,16,33 thymus, band confirmed it to be bona fide LEKTI. Approximately 0.7mg vaginal epithelium, Bartholin’s glands, , tonsils, and the parathyroid of pure LEKTI was obtained from the Sf9 cell pellet of a one-liter glands.1 For the first time, Hovanaian and his group reported culture. These results suggested that C-terminal six-histidine tagged different mutations in SPINK5 in families with Netherton
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