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Language Use and Attitudes of Kachok Speakers: Towards an Assessment of the Kachok Language Vitality

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DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2012-038 ® Language Use and Attitudes of Kachok Speakers: Towards an Assessment of the Kachok Language Vitality Chitse E. Magaspag LANGUAGE USE AND ATTITUDES OF KACHOK SPEAKERS: TOWARDS AN ASSESSMENT OF THE KACHOK LANGUAGE VITALITY CHITSE E. MAGASPAG Philippine Normal University Manila May 2009 LANGUAGE USE AND ATTITUDES OF KACHOK SPEAKERS: TOWARDS AN ASSESSMENT OF THE KACHOK LANGUAGE VITALITY A Thesis presented to the Faculty of Linguistics, Bilingual Education and Literature Department College of Languages, Linguistics and Literature Philippine Normal University Taft Avenue, Manila in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Linguistics CHITSE E. MAGASPAG May 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study of the Kachok language could not have taken place without the help and enthusiasm of many people including the Kachok themselves; they have been my inspiration. For the writing of this study I acknowledge the following people with deepest gratitude in my heart: My Kachok informants for their kindness and patience in responding to the questionnaires, thus, sharing their language with me. Without them, this study would have never happened. Dr. Cecilia Mendiola and Prof. Alice Karaan, my thesis advisers, for their patient and diligent guidance, gentle encouragement, and significant comments. My thesis committee for their encouragement, pertinent comments, suggestions, and recommendations on the process this study has taken. Dr. Ramzi Nahhas: A wise advisor who provided invaluable direction and encouragement throughout the thesis process, from initial planning to analysis. It is a great honor to have learned from you. Helen Madrid, Sue Hasselbring, Todd Bequettes, and Phil Lambrecht: Friends and colleagues who guided me in the early stages of this study. Julie Barr who helped in developing and translating the Sociolinguistic Questionnaires (SLQs) to the Khmer language and in collecting data all throughout the survey. Cortney Kirkland for her invaluable help to develop and improve the questionnaires from the Research and Instrument Design Tool (RAID). Mess-sun Pawley, Rachel Hurley, and Ly Dane (លី េដន) for their invaluable assistance during the fieldwork in some Kachok villages. iii Sopheaya Sun (ស៊ុន េភ) and Phally Sok, my Cambodian friends who helped in translating the SLQs to the Khmer language. Sophea, my patient language assistant extended valuable help to pilot test and administer the questionnaires all throughout the survey. Romam Teung (រម៉ ម េឡើង), Phang Malak (ផំង ម៉ ក់), and Rochem Hyeung (រេឆម េយើង) : My Kachok interpreters - for patiently translating the Khmer questions into Kachok when the respondents could not speak and understand the Khmer language. Without them, locating some Kachok villages would have been next to impossible. A special thanks to Pheng Khamteung (ផីង ខំេឡើង) - Kachok Deputy District Leader - and his family, for always graciously welcoming us to their house every time we had our survey trip in the Andoung Meas district. Sakoeun Chhouk (ឈូក កីន) and Andrew Carson of International Cooperation Cambodia (ICC- RIDE): The former for his patience and enthusiasm in acquiring survey permission from the Governor in Ratanakiri Province and the latter for providing data for Tampuan and Kreung people groups. Also, I wish to thank other ICC-RIDE staff for their invaluable help during the fieldwork. My Filipino, Cambodian, and expatriate friends in Cambodia: Your friendship, encouragement and support carried me through the tiresome process of this study. I am blessed with Neil, Jean, Cienna, and Jed Mamon for their warm welcome and hospitality during our survey trips in Ratanakiri province, for sharing meals with us and especially for the relaxing and enjoyable treats in Yaklom Lake after fieldworks. Colleagues from the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL), International Cooperation for Cambodia (ICC) and Translators Association of the Philippines iv (TAP): Fellows who liberally shared their skills, expertise, encouragement, prayers, and support in accomplishing this study. Wycliffe USA through SIL: I owe you a great deal for providing the scholarship fund for my thesis writing. Rowena Cruz, Neri Zamora, and Millicent Guarin for editing and checking the text for accuracy and clarity. I am thankful to Cathy Carlos for translating the abstract to Filipino, to Joy Lañojan for helping in the lay outing of maps and conceptual framework, and to Mercy Ramos, Mila Cagape, Jing Castro, Elsie Tumlos, and Ate Dory Quiogue for their valuable contribution to this study. My church mates in the Christian Reformed Church, other friends in the Philippines and abroad, who believed in me, for their invaluable support, encouragement, and prayers. My family from the Philippines and afar for their precious support and for continuing to believe in me. I was refreshed and felt rested during a short vacation at home. Many others whose names have not been mentioned: Thank you very much! Above all, a final recognition is due to my Divine Master who has been my Source of strength, wisdom, and joy, for without Him this thesis would not have been made possible. I give all the glory to Him! v ABSTRACT TITLE: Language Use and Attitudes of Kachok Speakers: Towards an Assessment of the Kachok Language Vitality NAME: CHITSE ESCALAÑA MAGASPAG DEGREE: Master of Arts in Linguistics KEY CONCEPTS: Language Vitality Language Use Language Attitudes Vitality Assessment Kachok Language Language Development Endangered Language Language Use by Domains Intergenerational Language Transmission Minority Language ADVISERS: Cecilia M. Mendiola, Ph.D Alice M. Karaan, M.A vi OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the language use and attitudes of the Kachok speakers in order to assess the vitality of the Kachok language. This was done by using an orally administered sociolinguistic survey instrument. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the languages used by the Kachok speakers in different domains? 2. What are the attitudes of Kachok speakers toward their own language and the other languages they speak? 3. Does it appear likely that Kachok speakers of the next generations will continue to use their language? vii METHODOLOGY: The primary instruments used in this study included the five sociolinguistic questionnaires (SLQs), informal interviews, and observations. The five sociolinguistic questionnaires for Individual, Group, Christian Leaders, Teachers, and Village Leaders were orally administered to interview the respondents in nine Kachok villages. The individual SLQ was administered in four villages in which 12 subjects were investigated in each village. The group interview had four persons in each group and was administered in nine villages. The seven village leaders were interviewed as knowledgeable insiders of the Kachok villages. Three Christian leaders were asked regarding the church domain. A total of 12 teachers were interviewed both in formal schools and community literacy classes. One Khmer language assistant and three Kachok interpreters helped in gathering the data. The respondents for individual SLQ and group interviews were born and grew up in the Kachok area. Kachok is their first language spoken with parents who are both ethnically Kachok. Males and females were also interviewed with ages ranged from 17 to 35 for the young people group and 36 years old and above for the old people group. The results of five sociolinguistic questionnaires were analyzed to assess the vitality of the Kachok language by applying the two models: The UNESCO Nine Factors on Language Vitality and Endangerment (2003) and Fishman’s (1991) Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS). viii FINDINGS: 1. Languages Used by the Kachok Speakers in Different Domains Home • All respondents claimed that Kachok language is spoken in nine Kachok villages, exclusively used by the Kachok people at home when communicating with grandparents, parents, children, grandchildren, and siblings. They use their own language purely in their homes except when the spouse is a non-Kachok speaker. • As reported, Kachok is the language that the Kachok children learn to speak first. In all nine villages, all the children speak their language clearly and fluently. Kachok is generally used by the children at home and in the community except when they are in schools where Khmer language is the medium of education. • Most Kachok speakers marry within their language group, although parents have ‘no problem’ if their children marry into another ethnic group as long as they continue to speak Kachok with them and with their children at home. In cases of intermarriages, the language spoken at home is determined by the location where they settle. If a Kachok marries a non-Kachok speaker and lives outside the Kachok area, the language of that village is used. • Based on Fishman’s (1991) GIDS, the Kachok language is at stage 6 in which the language is currently used and maintained at home with children. ix Friendship • Results show that Kachok people use their own language when talking with Kachok friends in their village. However, they use the language of their non-Kachok friends who do not understand the Kachok language. • As reported, some respondents do not visit other non-Kachok villages, do not have non-Kachok friends, and cannot speak any languages except Kachok. Social/Public Domain – weddings, funerals, village meetings, and market • The respondents reported that Kachok is used in the religious
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