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Friends of the City Churches, Church of St Magnus the Martyr, Lower Thames Street, London EC3R 6DN, Tel ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ February 2013 Published by the FCC in conjunction with the Archdeaconry of London www.cityevents.co.uk The Roman Influence on Wren’s City Churches Christopher Wren, in designing his City churches after the Great Fire, used, where possible, the principles of classical architecture, not the Gothic style which had dominated church architecture in England prior to the Reformation. There were effectively no churches in England that could serve as an example for him. Wren had visited Paris in 1665, where he had seen the domed churches of Lemercier’s Sorbonne and Mansart’s Val de Grace. The main source of classical church design, however, lay in Rome, where great architects like Bramante, Bernini and Borromini had been building domed churches in the classical style. Many of these buildings were known to Wren through a book of engravings by Giovanni Falda, “Chiese di Roma”, the 1675 edition of which is known to have been in his possession. Wren also had copies of the works of Serlio (from the 16th century) and Vitruvius (1st century BC), the latter being the only contemporary written authority on the buildings of ancient Rome. Wren’s biggest churches, such as St Bride Fleet Street, St Andrew Holborn and Christ Church Newgate Street, were built in the style of ancient Roman basilicas, with a three-aisled interior and barrel or groin-vaulted ceilings. The origins of his other church designs, particularly the steeples, are less obvious. The interior of St Mary le Bow is of an unusual, three-bay design. There is, however, a strong resemblance to the Basilica of Constantine and Maxentius in the Roman Forum, and it seems likely that this was the model used by Wren for the famous church of the Bow Bells. St Mary le Bow is also the first example of a classical steeple in this country, or indeed anywhere, the classical churches in Rome and Paris having, in most cases, no real steeples. The Gothic spires common throughout England were not suitable models for Wren, so he invented a new form of steeple for his City churches, each quite individual and different from any other. These steeples were very innovative and even today have no real equal anywhere. Several writers seem to believe that some of the later steeples designed by Wren’s office (St James Garlickhythe, St Michael Paternoster Royal, St Stephen Walbrook and St Vedast), were the work of Nicholas Hawksmoor, who learnt his trade as a young man in Wren’s employment. There is no direct evidence for this, however, and, in researching Wren’s influences in Rome, I found several examples of the work of Francesco Borromini which appear to be models for some of Wren’s later steeples. These designs would have been known to Wren in the 1670s from Falda’s “Chiese di Roma”, long before Hawksmoor arrived on the scene. Looking at Borromini’s Sant’ Agnese in Agone, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and Sant’ Ivo alla Sapienza, the twin classical columns on the corners of the towers/steeples of these churches are highly reminiscent of St James Garlickhythe, and the lanterns on the dome of Sant’ Agnese and on San Carlo have single columns on each corner of an octagon, much like the steeple of St Michael Paternoster Royal. In addition, Borromini’s churches feature concave and convex curves on their fronts and their steeples, as well as an ingenious use of light and shade, all characteristics of many of Wren’s buildings, such as the steeple of St Vedast. Rome also provides models for Wren’s work on St Paul’s Cathedral, the Greenwich Royal Hospital and several of his buildings at Oxford and Cambridge. It seems clear that Roman precedents allowed Wren’s genius to reach its full potential and that the Eternal City was an inspiration in the design of many of the City churches. Tony Tucker ─ City Guide, Lecturer, and author of 'The Visitor's Guide to the City of London Churches' Friends of the City Churches, Church of St Magnus the Martyr, Lower Thames Street, London EC3R 6DN, tel. 020 7626 1555 (answerphone) e-mail: [email protected] Why not visit our websites www.cityevents.org.uk for all the latest information, or www.london-city-churches.org.uk for downloadable maps and links to all the churches in the city? REGULAR SERVICES IN FEBRUARY 2013 Every Wednesday ─ continued The services below are the normal pattern for City Churches. They are subject to 1730 Evening Prayer St Edmund King and Martyr change during and immediately after major festivals and during holidays. 1745 Evening Prayer in the church St Mary le Bow See also our website at www.cityevents.co.uk which includes weekend services. 1800 Taizé Service All Hallows by the Tower Every Monday 1830 Mass St Alban the Martyr 0800 Mass St Alban the Martyr 1900 Sung Mass St Andrew Holborn 0805 RC Mass St Mary Moorfields 0815 Morning Prayer in the Crypt Chapel St Mary le Bow Every Thursday 0820 Morning Prayer (BCP) St Andrew by the Wardrobe 0800 Mass St Alban the Martyr 0830 Morning Prayer All Hallows by the Tower 0805 RC Mass St Mary Moorfields 0830 Holy Communion in the Crypt St Bride Fleet Street 0815 Morning Prayer in the Crypt Chapel St Mary le Bow 0830 Morning Prayer St Giles Cripplegate 0820 Morning Prayer (BCP) St Andrew by the Wardrobe 0830 Morning Prayer St Lawrence Jewry 0830 Holy Communion St Bartholomew the Great 1200 to 1500 Listening Service St Andrew Holborn 0830 Eucharist All Hallows by the Tower 1215 Mass St Vedast alias Foster 0830 Morning Prayer St Giles Cripplegate 1230 RC Mass St Bartholomew the Less 0830 Morning Prayer St Lawrence Jewry 1305 Holy Communion (1662) St Mary Aldermary 1200 to 1500 Listening Service St Andrew Holborn 1305 RC Mass St Mary Moorfields 1200 Holy Communion St Clement Eastcheap 1310 Mass St Alban the Martyr 1210 Holy Communion St Botolph Bishopsgate 1715 Evening Prayer (BCP) St James Garlickhythe 1215 Mass St Vedast alias Foster 1745 Evening Prayer in the church St Mary le Bow 1230 RC Mass St Bartholomew the Less 1800 Said Mass St Andrew Holborn 1230 Low Mass St Magnus the Martyr 1230 RC Mass St Andrew by the Wardrobe Every Tuesday 1245 Lunchtime Service Wesley’s Chapel 0730 Morning Prayer in the Crypt Chapel St Mary le Bow 1245 Sung Eucharist St Stephen Walbrook 0745 Eucharist in the Crypt Chapel followed by breakfast St Mary le Bow 1250 Informal Worship & Teaching St Mary Woolnoth 0800 Mass St Alban the Martyr 1300 Sung Holy Communion St Katharine Cree 0805 RC Mass St Mary Moorfields 1305 Mass St Mary Aldermary 0820 Morning Prayer (BCP) St Andrew by the Wardrobe 1305 Said Eucharist St Botolph Aldgate 0830 Morning Prayer All Hallows by the Tower 1305 RC Mass St Mary Moorfields 0830 Morning Prayer St Giles Cripplegate 1310 Mass St Alban the Martyr 0830 Morning Prayer St Lawrence Jewry 1310 Said Mass St Andrew Holborn 1200 to 1500 Listening Service St Andrew Holborn 1310 Bible Talk, preceded by lunch at 1300, followed by 1215 Mass St Vedast alias Foster Question Time at 1340 St Helen Bishopsgate 1230 Holy Communion St Bartholomew the Great 1315 Holy Communion (BCP) St Martin within Ludgate 1230 Holy Communion St Dunstan in the West 1315 Healing Service with Holy Communion on the last Thursday 1230 Low Mass St Magnus the Martyr of the month St Martin within Ludgate 1230 Holy Communion (BCP) St Mary Woolnoth 1315 Holy Communion St Margaret Pattens 1230 Said Holy Communion St Olave Hart Street [NB Said matins with hymns on 21 February] 1300 Bible Talk, with lunch at 1330 St Botolph Aldersgate 1315 Holy Communion Temple Church 1300 Bible Talk, with lunch at 1330 St Helen Bishopsgate 1715 Evening Prayer (BCP) St James Garlickhythe 1305 Eucharist St Botolph Aldgate 1745 Evening Prayer in the church St Mary le Bow 1305 Meditation Group in the Crypt Chapel – All welcome St Mary le Bow 1805 Eucharist in the church St Mary le Bow 1305 RC Mass St Mary Moorfields 1830 Evening Eucharist St Andrew Holborn 1310 Mass St Alban the Martyr 1310 Said Mass St Andrew Holborn 1310 Holy Communion (BCP) St Margaret Lothbury Every Friday 1715 Evening Prayer (BCP) St James Garlickhythe 0645 to 0845 'Prayer for the City' St Margaret Lothbury 1745 Evening Prayer in the church St Mary le Bow 0800 Mass St Alban the Martyr 0800 Eucharist St Mary Woolnoth 0805 RC Mass St Mary Moorfields Every Wednesday 0815 Morning Prayer in the Crypt Chapel St Mary le Bow 0800 Mass St Alban the Martyr 0820 Morning Prayer (BCP) St Andrew by the Wardrobe 0805 RC Mass St Mary Moorfields 0830 Morning Prayer All Hallows by the Tower 0815 Morning Prayer in the Crypt Chapel St Mary le Bow 0830 Holy Communion in the Crypt St Bride Fleet Street 0820 Morning Prayer (BCP) St Andrew by the Wardrobe 0830 Morning Prayer St Lawrence Jewry 0830 Morning Prayer All Hallows by the Tower 1215 Mass St Vedast alias Foster 0830 Holy Communion in the Crypt St Bride Fleet Street 1230 Eucharist St Bartholomew the Less 0830 Morning Prayer St Giles Cripplegate 1230 Said Mass St Andrew Holborn 0830 Holy Communion (CW Order II) St Lawrence Jewry 1230 Pause for Prayer - a reflective prayer service using a liturgy from 1200 to 1500 Listening Service St Andrew Holborn the Iona Community St Ethelburga Bishopsgate 1205 Mass St Joseph Bunhill Row 1230 Low Mass (usually with Benediction) St Magnus the Martyr 1215 Holy Communion (BCP - said) St Andrew by the Wardrobe 1230 Confessions in the Sacrament Chapel St Mary le Bow 1215 Mass St Vedast alias Foster 1305 Eucharist in the church St Mary le Bow 1230 Eucharist St Bartholomew
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