INDEX

A Austerity measures, 60, 72, 117, 145, ‘ABC’ trial, 324 193, 354, 356 Adapting to Protest 2009, 331–332 Agents provocateurs, 40 Alderson, John, 193, 224, 323 B al-Qaeda, 238, 240, 243–244, 248, Baton rounds, 221, 313 251, 252, 259, 265, 266, 270, ‘Battle of the Bogside’ 1969, 252 284–285, 359–361, 384 Black bloc tactics, 67–68, 370 Amnesty International, 134, Blacking, 154, 159, 165 253, 279, 291 Blacklisting, 170, 171 Angry Brigade, 240, 242, Blockades, 47, 88, 89, 102, 250, 289 108–109, 113, 125, 329 Anomie, 192–193 ‘Bloody Sunday’ 1972, 252, 254 Anti-capitalist movement, 16, 99, Bomb Squad, 289 353, 356 Breach of the peace, 126, Anti-fracking, 32 167, 172, 215 Anti-globalisation movement, Brexit, 361 353, 354 Bugging, 39, 43 Apartheid anti-apartheid movement, 35, 60 Association of Chief Police Officers C (ACPO) Cabinet Office Briefing Room Manual of Guidance on Keeping the (COBRA or COBR), 47, 259 Peace, 1983, 222 Campaign groups, 15, 118 Public Order Manual of Tactical Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Operations and Related (CND), 14, 35, 40, 43, 54, 55, Matters, 2007, 28, 174, 314, 315 62, 104, 308 Attenuating energy projectiles, Channel, 1, 57, 201, 278, 221, 223 280, 283, 294

© The Author(s) 2016 391 P. Joyce, The Policing of Protest, Disorder and International Terrorism in the UK since 1945, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-29059-5 392 INDEX

Chicago School of Human Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Ecology, 195 Unit, 280 Child poverty, 217–219 Counterterrorism Pursuit Teams, 384 Citizen journalists, 69, 330 Counter Terrorism Units, 280 Civic engagement, 15 Critical Mass, 74, 117 Civil Contingencies Unit (CCU), 47 Crop pulling, 115 Civil disobedience CS gas, 68, 210, 224, 313, 315 ‘Great Sunday Squat’ 1946, 127 Cycle of protest, 58, 96 Greenham Common 1981– 2000, 104–105 Parliament Square, London, D 1961, 104 Demonstration Plane stupid 2005 counter demonstrations, 53, 60, 70, onwards, 105–106 75, 76 rate capping 1985, 105 static demonstrations, 53–54, 71, Climate Camp, 77, 79, 339 73, 88 Closed circuit television (CCTV), 222, Demonstrations 291, 312, 316 Aldermaston 1958, 54 Coercion, 111, 318 Burntollet Bridge 1969, 63 Committee of One Hundred, 62, Carnival Against Capitalism 308, 328 1999, 330 Consensus politics, 8–90 Countryside Alliance 2002, 59 Consumer boycott, 16, 61, G 20 Summit 2009, 66 111–113, 156 Grosvenor Square 1968, 34, 60, 62, Contained groups, 328–329 67, 317, 357 CONTEST, 273, 274, 277, Hyde 1977, 68 278, 281, 282–283, Lewisham 1977, 75, 81, 314 285, 290 March Against Monsanto 2013, 61 Conventional political activity, 1–15, March for the Alternative 2011, 59, 19, 20, 56, 57, 186, 237 145, 332 Conventional politics, 1–21, 56, May Day 2000 and 2001, 330 59, 92, 93, 98, Queen Frederica 1963, 62 184–186, 200 Red Lion Square 1974, 60, 63, 78, 79 Corporate power, 20–21 Right to Work 1976, 56 Counterculture protest Southall 1979, 60, 64–65, 76, 78 ‘Battle of the Beanfield’ 1985, 107, Stop the City 1983 and 1984, 330 132 Trafalgar Square 1990, 65–66 Dale Farm 2011, 107, 133, 134, 334 Women’s Liberation 1971, 55 Earth Day 1970, 106 Depravation, 200, 207–208, 216 Counter Terrorism Command, 290 Deprivation, 17, 98, 103, 143, Counter Terrorism Fusion 182–185, 199–201, 216, 217, Centre, 366 241, 246, 291 INDEX 393

Differential association, 197, 244 European Economic Community Diplock Courts, 278, 279 (ERU), 18, 361 Direct action European Union (EU) Darley Oaks Farm 1999-2005, Anti-terrorism Road Map, 378 101, 111 Eurojust, 363, 369, 373, 379 Fracking 2013, 102, 110 European Arrest Warrant, 379 Fuel Crisis 2000, 90, 101–102, 109 European Crime Network, 363 live animal export 1994–95, 100–101, Hague Programme 2004, 362, 129–131 363, 368 Live animal testing 1999, 101 joint action, 363, 373–374 Newbury bypass 1996, 110 Justice and Home Affairs Council Stop the Seventies Tour (JHAC), 362, 365, 368, 376, 1969-70, 99–100 377, 379 Twyford Down 1992, 100 Legal Enforcement Network, 379 Dirty War, 297–299 Lisbon Treaty 2009, 364, 365 Domestic extremism Maastricht Treaty 1993, 361, 364, cyber terrorist, 336 367, 371 eco terrorist, 336 money laundering, 378, 380 National Coordinator for Domestic Stockholm Programme Extremism, 337 2009, 362–364, 376 National Domestic Extremism and Tampere Programme 1999, 362 Disorder Intelligence Unit, 337 third pillar, 361, 362, 364, 367, 381 National Domestic Extremism Treaty of Amsterdam, 362, 363, 371 Unit, 337 violent troublemakers, 375, 376 Dongas Tribe, 94 Europol Doorstepping, 111, 276 Counter Terrorism Task Force, 369 European Union Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT), 370 E Joint Investigative Teams (JITs), 369 Earth First !, 16, 17 Organised Crime Threat ECHELON, 381, 382 Assessments (OCTAs), 368 Economic League, 170 Trevi group, 366 Elections Evidence gatherers (EGs), 37 young people, 12 Exclusion orders Empowerment, 6, 146, 214 exclusion decisions, 278 Establishment, 5, 16, 54–55, 61, 118, Extra-parliamentary political 121, 122, 250, 329, 362, 367, 371 activities, 1 Euro-anarchists, 375 European Convention on Human Rights, 38, 43, 70, 170, F 279, 287, 293, 333, Fanon, Franz, 252 334, 343 Flashpoint model, 191, 192 394 INDEX

Forward Intelligence Teams overt intelligence, 36–37, 75 (FITs), 37, 75, 336 Interception of communications, 38, Friends of the Earth, 14 43, 44 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 18, 19, 60, G 308, 354, 356 Gangs, 198, 199, 209, 216, 219 Internment, 278–280 General election campaigns, 10, 187 Interpol, 365–366 General elections, 3–4, 6, 7, 9, 10, Interrogation, 278, 290, 291, 383 12–15, 145, 148, 153, 155, 163, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria 187, 319, 320 (ISIS), 251, 252, 277, 359, Genetically modified crops 366, 384 genetically modified food, 115 Islamic State (IS), 251, 359, 384 genetically modified organisms, 116 Islamic State of Syria and the Levant Global Counter Terrorism (ISIL), 251 Forum, 360 Global economy, 19, 354 Globalization J – of capitalism, 18 19, 354, 355 J-curve, 191 Global Justice Movement (GJM), 91, Joint Intelligence Committee, 48, – 99, 330, 353 356 272, 273 – Global terrorism, 358 358, 366 Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre Gold, silver, bronze command and (JTAC), 273 control hierarchy, 82 Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 35, 44, K 169, 281, 322, 324, 342, 382 Kettling, 66, 76–78, 330, 333 Greenpeace, 14, 21, 92, 112, 115, 357, 372 Guerrilla gardening, 117–118 L Le Bon, Gustave, 189, 190 H Left realism, 199 Hactivism, 342 Legislation Huntingdon Life Sciences, 101 1361 Justices of the Peace Act, 126 1714 Riot Act, 215 1871 Trade Union Act, 143 I 1875 Conspiracy and Protection of Informants Property Act, 152 supergrasses291 1886 Riot Damages Act, 215 Intelligence gathering 1890 Police Act, 29 covert intelligence, 38–40 1894 Merchant Shipping Act, 151 INDEX 395

1911 Official Secrets Act, 126, 1992 Trade Union and Labour 324, 327 Relations (Consolidation) 1914 Defence of the Realm Act, 167 Act, 161, 168 1994 Criminal Justice and Public 1920 Emergency Powers Act, 161 Order Act, 71, 125, 127, 129, 1936 Public Order Act, 281, 326 68, 70 1994 Intelligence Services Act, 44 1939 Emergency Powers (Defence) 1996 Police Act, 29, 172 Act, 162, 168 1996 Security Services Act, 44 1951 Public Order (Northern 1997 Police Act, 43 Ireland) Act, 72 1998 Data Protection Act, 1964 Emergency Powers 43, 339 Act, 162, 168 1998 Human Rights Act, 44, 1964 Police Act, 29, 71–72, 287, 329, 331 210, 226 1998 Pubic Processions (Northern 1967 Criminal Law Act, 215, 297 Ireland) Act, 73 1967 General Rate Act, 105 1999 Employment Relations 1967 Marine &c. Broadcasting Act, 171 (Offences) Act, 128 2000 Freedom of Information 1971 Industrial Relations Act, Act, 45, 343–344 153, 163 2000 Regulation of Investigatory 1973 Northern Ireland (Emergency Powers Act, 44–45, 287 Provisions) Act, 274 2000 Terrorism Act, 131, 237, 1974 Prevention of Terrorism 275–276, 285–287, (Temporary Provisions) Act, 256, 291, 333 274–275, 278 2001 Anti-terrorism, Crime and 1977 Criminal Law Act, 127 Security Act, 276, 1980 Employment Act, 157 279, 288 1980 Highways Act, 172 2001 Criminal Justice and Police 1982 Employment Act, 167 Act, 276 1984 Data Protection Act, 43 2004 Civil Contingencies Act, 47, 1984 Trade Union Act, 167 49, 162, 273 1985 Interception of 2005 Serious Organised Crime and Communications Act, 43 Police Act, 117, 292 1986 Civil Protection in Peacetime 2006 Terrorism Act, 238, Act, 46 276–277, 291 1986 Public Order Act, 71, 129, 2007 Tribunals, Courts and 130, 179, Enforcement Act, 32 215, 325, 329 2008 Climate Change Act, 105 1988 Employment Act, 167 2008 Counter-terrorism Act, 277 1989 Official Secrets Act, 45, 127 2010 Terrorist Asset Freezing 1989 Security Service Act, 36, 43 Act, 277 396 INDEX

Legislation (cont.) Military 2010 Terrorist Asset Freezing and civil emergencies, 31 (Temporary Provisions) Act, 277 Military Aid to the Civilian 2011 Terrorism Prevention and Communities (MACA), 31 Investigation Measures Act, Military Aid to the Civilian 279, 291 Ministries (MACM), 31 2012 Legal Aid, Sentencing and Military Aid to the Civil Power Punishment of Offenders Act, 127 (MACP), 31 2012 Protection of Freedoms Military Assistance to the Civilian Act, 275, 333 Authorities (MACA), 31 2013 Justice and Security Act, 287 Minimum force, 318, 325 2015 Counter-terrorism and Moral panics, 200, 216 Security Act, 277–278, 284, 287, Multi-national companies 289 multi-nationals, 19 2016 Trade Union Act, 345 Mutual aid Liberal democracy, 42, Mutual Aid Coordination 285, 323 Committee (MACC), 30 Liberal democratic political National Police Coordination system, 32, 42, 70, 74, 76, 120, Centre (NPoCC), 30 169, 271, 342, 344 Police National Information and Lobbyists, 20 Coordination Centre Local Resilience Forums (LRFs), 49 (PNICC), 30 Lock outs, 142 Looting, 189, 193, 197, 211, 213, 214, 216, 224 N National Coal Board, 156, 174 National Council of Civil Liberties M (NCCL), 62, 310 Macpherson report 1999, 227 National Industrial Relations Court Managerialism, 9 (NIRC), 153, 164–166 March, 15, 16, 33, 54–64, 66, 68–70, National Public Order Intelligence 72, 74, 81, 104, 110, 113, 121, Unit (NPOIU), 37, 336–338 146, 156, 166, 204, 225, 332, National Reporting Centre 333, 355, 356 (NRC), 29, 30, 171, 173, 174 Marighella, Carlos, 262, 263 National Risk Assessment Merton, Robert, 98, 193, 194, 196, (NRA), 48 197, 246 National Security Agency (NSA), 35, Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) 289, 293, 322, 34, 37, 40, 41, 66, 69, 133, 173, 342, 382, 383 227, 286, 290, 297, 312 National Security Committee MI5 (the Security Service), 35–36, 43, (NSC), 46, 47 44, 120, 293, 327 National Security Council, 48, 272 INDEX 397

National Security Risk Assessment Police service, 25, 26, 32, 34, 43, 172, (NSRA), 48 173, 184, 207, 225, 227–229, National Union of Miners 310–312, 325, 331, 332, 334, (NUM), 41, 141, 148, 153, 156, 335, 383 159, 169, 170 Police state, 309 Nationwide Festival of Light, 55 Police Support Units (PSUs), 27–29, Negotiated management, 172 325–326, 328 Policing, 9, 25, 26, 29, 30–32, 34–36, Neo-liberalism, 18 39, 41–45, 58, 65, 66, 75–76, New Age travellers, 107, 122, 132, 78–82, 100, 125, 126, 129–131, 133, 326 171, 173, 196, 205–207, 224, New Deal, 218, 219 226–229, 289, 293–295, 307, 310–321, 325–326, 328–334, 336, 338, 341, 353–384 O Political opportunity structure, 58, Occupy movement, 91, 92, 95–96, 97 356, 357 Political parties, 1–3, 4, 8, 11, 19, 56, Official solicitor, 154, 165, 166 69, 80, 145, 203, 226 Operation Intercept, 172 Political party membership, 2 Opportunity theory, 197–199 Political policing, 32, 34 Organisation for Economic Pre-charge detention, 291 Cooperation and Development Pressure groups (OECD), 18 outsider, 54, 90, 91, 92 Oxfam, 87, 108, 112 sectional, 144 Prevent policing, 293–295 PRISM, 121, 342, 383 P Private armies Parades, 54, 72, 73, Civil Assistance, 320, 321 180, 204, 255 GB 75, 320 Paramilitary policing, 317–319, 325 Unison Committee for Action, 320 Petition Privatisation, 19, 32, 354, 382 sugar rush, 112 Protest, 1–21, 25–50, 56–62, 65–71, Physical obstruction, 100, 109–110 73, 76, 77–82, 87–99, 101, Picket 103–107, 109–134, 141–174, flying pickets, 152, 158, 180, 200, 201, 205, 207, 209, 159, 161 227, 237, 248, 307–345, mass pickets, 153–155, 158, 159, 353–384 161, 166, 172, 173 young people, 15–16, 89, 123 Picketing Provisional IRA (PIRA), 204, 239, cyber picketing, 161 242, 248, 252, 253, Police property, 206 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, Police Protest Liaison Officers, 79–80 264, 279, 298 398 INDEX

Psychological warfare (Psy Ops), Burnley 2001, 182, 183, 212 267, 321 ‘Copycat’ disorders 1981, 210 Public order Handsworth 1981, 211 contagion theory, 189 Handsworth 1985, 203, 207, 211 convergence theory, 190 housing estates (England) de-individuation theory, 189 1991-2, 211 Forward Planning Unit, 312 Meadow Well Estate 1991, 187 public order models, 191–192 Moss Side 1981, 183, 186 public order theories, 189–191 Notting Hill 1958, 208–209 public order training, 28, 37 Notting Hill Carnival 1976, 209, value added theory, 190 221, 314 Push and shove, 174, 314 Oldham 2001, 74, 186, 212 St Pauls 1980, 208 Toxteth 1981, 221, 313 R Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 63, Racial disadvantage, 185 80, 204, 252, 254, 278, 279, Racial violence, 203, 227 291, 296, 297, 298 Radicalisation, 194, 241, 281, 282, Rumour management, 224, 283, 284, 293, 341, 380 225–226, 316 Preventing Violent Extremism, 282 Rallies, 54, 55, 72, 121, 156, 336, 355 Ras Tafarianism, 194 S Reclaim the Streets, 41, 117–118 Saltley, 159, 173, 308 Regressive globalisation, 359 Scargill, Arthur, 156, 159 Relative deprivation, 199, 246 Scarman, Lord Leslie, 63, 64, 79, Rendition flights, 293, 383 154, 183, 201, 205, 206, Representative democracy, 4, 5, 6, 124 210, 211, 213, 221, 222, Right realism, 199–200 224, 225, 227 Right to work campaign, 57 Scarman report 1981, 205, 226, Rioting, 67, 180, 183, 186, 187, 188, 277 193, 197, 199, 207, 208, 209, Schengen 215, 221, 237 Schengen Agreement 1985, 370, recreational rioting, 179–180, 187, 371 196, 214 Schengen Convention 1990, 361, Riot police, 26, 67, 133 371 Riots Schengen Information System August 2011 (England), 212–213 (SIS), 370–371, 372, 375 Bradford 2001, 212, 216, 220 Schengen Information System (SIS Brixton 1981, 195, 201, 206, 207, II), 371–372 210, 222, 225, 226 Secret Service (MI6), 44 Broadwater Farm Estate 1985, 28, Secret state, 324, 327, 188, 207, 211, 223, 313, 314 341–342, 344 INDEX 399

Sectarianism (Northern Strike action Ireland), 203–204 general strikes, 141–142, 147, 149, Security Service (MI5), 35–36, 43, 44, 166, 320 120, 293, 327 ‘wild cat’ strikes, 142, 144 Segregation, 114, 204, 212, winter of discontent, 155 219–220 winter of inconvenience and Shelter, 87, 107, 108, 110 dislocation, 155 Shoot to kill withdrawal of labour, 141, 158 mainland Britain, 297 Strikes Northern Ireland, 297 1945 dock workers’ strike, 151 Sit down protests, 66, 67, 104, 109, 1966 seamen’s strike, 151, 152 114, 126, 132, 314 1967 dockers’ strike, 151–152 Sit-ins, 88, 89, 113, 114 1968 Ford machinists strike, 144 Sleaze, 11 1970 Pilkington glass works, Social cohesion, 219 142, 148 Social identity theory, 58 1971 Ford Motor Company Social learning theory, 196, 197, 245 strike, 152 Social media, 69, 112–113, 214, 226, 1971 Post Office Strike, 152 332, 340, 357 1971 Trades Union Congress ‘Day Social movements of Action’, 164 new social movements, 90, 91 1972 building workers’ strike, 152 old social movements, 90, 91 1972 dock strike, 154 social movement terrorist 1972 miners’ dispute, 30, 159 organisations (SMTOs), 248, 249 1972 Neap House wharf, 154, 166 Social networking, 53, 1972 railway workers’ dispute, 153 196, 293, 295 1973/4 miners’ dispute, 148 Social psychology, 247–248 1974 Ulster Workers Council Social strain, 98, 193, 197, 245–246 strike, 149 Social strain theory, 197, 245–246 1975 refuse collectors strike, 168 Special Branch, 34–35, 36, 1976/8 Grunwick dispute, 144, 40, 290, 296, 298, 146, 154 323, 324 1977/78 fire brigade dispute, 146, Special Demonstration Squad 147 (SDS), 34, 40, 41, 336, 337 1983 National Graphical Special Patrol Group, 27, 63–64, 65, Association (NGA) 76, 78, 206 dispute, 155–156 Squatting, 67, 88, 94, 102–103, 114, 1984/5 miners’ dispute, 28, 35, 126, 127, 308, 328 144, 148, 156, 169, 171, 172, Stop the War Coalition, 59, 66 173, 174, 191, 192, 313, 322, Street meetings, 54 325, 326 Street parties, 117 1986/7 News International Street theatre, 118 dispute, 156–157 400 INDEX

Strikes (cont.) hostage taking, 264–265 1995/7 Liverpool dockers’ indiscriminate violence, 261, strike, 142, 157, 161 263–264, 267 2001 National doctor day, 143–144 kidnapping, 261, 264–265 Strong state, 308, 310, 312, 317, 319, liberational motives, 253 321, 324, 325 lone wolf terrorism, 268–270 Student protests 2011, 68, 187 new terrorism, 238, 265, 267 Sub cultural theory, 196, 246 old terrorism, 238, 265 Subversion Prevention and Investigation policing of subversion, 34, Measures (TPIMs), 278, 279, 42–43, 45 280, 291 subversive, 32, 34, 35, ring of steel, 257, 281 36, 38, 39, 41, Sageman-Hoffman 169, 322, 335 debate, 243–244 Supranational bodies, 6, 18, 19, 60 selective violence, 261–262, 263 Sure Start, 218 state sponsored violence, 253–254 Surveillance, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, suicide attacks, 267 44, 121, 218, 239, 287, technology and terrorism, 270–271 293–295, 321, 322, 324, 329, Terrorist attacks 335, 336, 340, 341, 371, Battle of St Matthews 1970, 254 381, 383 Birmingham public house bombings surveillance state, 334–335, 1974, 256 339, 345 Bishopsgate 1993, 257, 264 Syndicalism, 146–147 Bloody Friday 1972, 254–255 Brighton hotel 1984, 257 Canary Wharf 1996, 257 T Enniskillen 1987, 255 Telephone ‘tapping’, 38–39, 43, 44, Glasgow International Airport 308, 323, 324 2007, 259 Tension indicators, 224–225, 312, Guildford 1974, 256 316–317, 318 Lockerbie 1986, 260–261 Terrorism London 2005, 259, 359 cell structures, 242 Lord Mountbatten assassination Closed Material 1979, 258 Procedures, 288–289 Manchester 1996, 258, 264 control orders, 279–280, Old Bailey 1973, 256 286, 288 Omagh 1998, 255–256 counter-terrorism, 273, 277–278, Thatcher, Margaret, 167, 169, 257, 284, 289, 294, 366, 369, 380 309, 311 counter-terrorist units, 35 Third force, 26 disorientation, 261 Tinkerbell, 39, 321, four waves, 249 322, 324 INDEX 401

Trade unions V blue collar unions, 143 Vietnam, 16, 60, 62, 67, middle class trade 106, 121, 187 unionism, 143–144 Vigils, 88–89, 113 white collar unions, 143 Volunteering, 14, working class trade unionism, 143 215, 320 Transgressive groups, 82, 328, Voter participation, 2, 3–4, 8 329–332, 333 Voting, 1, 3, 5, Transnational activism, 355–356 6, 12, 364 Transnational protest, 353–355 Treaty of Rome (1957), 18 Trespass, 88, 89, 109, 113, W 115, 126, 127, 337 Water cannon, 216, 221, Troika, 60 223, 313, 334 ‘Trojan horse affair’, 341 Weathersfield Six, 126 ‘Troubles’ (Northern Ireland), 31, Whistleblowing, 45, 119–120, 204, 263 127, 342 WikiLeaks, 120, 127, 128 Winning by appearing to lose, 307 Women Against Pit Closures, 144 U Women’s Aid, 108 UK Uncut, 93, 117 Women’s Liberation Movement, 108 UKUSA Agreement, 382 Working to rule, 141, 153 Ulster Defence Association Work-ins, 142, 160 (UDA), 149, 298 Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS) Underclass 1971/2, 160 cultural definition, World Bank (WB), 18, 19, 181–182, 184 60, 354, 356 structural definition, 182–184 World Trade Organisation Undercover police work, 337–339 (WTO), 18, 19, 354, 356 United Nations, 18, 277, – 359 361 X United Nations Security XKeyscore, 121, 342 Council, 360 Unruly politics, 18, 202 Urban guerrilla groups, 241–242, Y 262–263 Youth subcultures, 89, 128, 129, 196