Studies of the Marine Inversion o^TJLX San Jose State University Over the San Francisco Bay Area... San Jose, California 95192 A Summary of the Wbrk of Albert Miller, 1961-1978

Abstract

During his tenure in the Meteorology Department at San Jose State University (1961-1978), Professor Albert Miller conducted extensive field investigations of the marine inversion over the San Francisco Bay Area. Measurements were made with instrumented light aircraft, radar-tracked tetroons and slow-rise balloons carrying modified radiosondes. Later, Mount Sutro Tower in San Francisco was utilized for microscale studies of the inversion. Miller's field work culminated with an extensive measurement program over the coastal waters of central California. Results of his work included 1) a detailed descrip- tion of the spatial and temporal variations of the structure of the ma- rine inversion over the Bay Area, 2) the documentation of the char- acteristics of gravity waves and turbulence near the base of the inversion, 3) a variety of evidence that strongly supports significant cross-inversion mass flux, and 4) a hypothesis that explains the latter as the result of small-amplitude gravity waves in a tilted, strongly sheared inversion layer. 1. Introduction 8 August 1985 is the seventh anniversary of the death of Pro- fessor Albert Miller, a longtime faculty member of the De- partment of Meteorology of San Jose State University (Fig. 1). Professor Miller graduated from the Pennsylvania State University (B.S. 1943, M.S. 1953, Ph.D. 1956) bringing his experience as a meteorologist in South America and with the United States Weather Bureau (USWB) to San Jose State University (SJSU) in 1961. From the time of his arrival, he dedicated himself to build- ing a strong undergraduate and graduate meteorology pro- FIG. 1. Albert Miller (1923-1978), professor and former chairman gram with an active research component. He taught nearly of the Department of Meteorology, San Jose State University. every undergraduate and graduate course in the early days of the department and was department chairman from 1965- 1973. Author or coauthor of three meteorology textbooks, a successful consultant, he is remembered in the department that problem, placing Miller's work in perspective with the for his ability to lead, encourage, push and cajole both stu- growing list of studies of the marine boundary layer and of dents and faculty to think, to work hard, to do their best, and the elevated inversion that characterizes the east sides of the more. He was a dynamic personality, with an unselfish desire subtropical highs in summer (e.g., Neiburger et al., 1961; Lilly, for scientific excellence that has left its mark on all of us. 1968; Brost et al, 1982). This brief introduction does not really do justice to the life- long contributions of Professor Miller, but it is not my objec- 2. Overview of Miller's work tive to present a detailed biography. Rather, the purpose of this paper is to present a summary of a limited aspect of his Miller's particular interests in the meteorology of the San Fran- work, i.e., his studies of the marine inversion over the San cisco Bay area stemmed from his background in meso- and Francisco Bay Area in summertime. A significant portion of micrometeorological research for the Weather Bureau at Fort Miller's work was left unpublished at the time of his death Huachuca coupled with his meteorological and climatological and, as such, is generally inaccessible to the meteorology experiences gained while working with the Chilean Meteoro- community. Hopefully, this summary will help to alleviate logical Service. Upon his arrival in the San Francisco Bay Area he found a nearly perfect laboratory for studying the © 1985 American Meteorological Society interaction of the elevated inversion and the marine layer at 1396 Vol. 66, No. 11, November 1985

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/10/21 09:01 PM UTC Bulletin American Meteorological Society 1397 the land-sea boundary. He focused his studies on summertime when the inversion is strong and synoptic disturbances are weak. Although his research at SJSU spanned more than fifteen years and involved many separate projects of varying re- sources and durations, the objectives defined during his initial research efforts prevailed throughout the period. Only the details and emphasis of the research changed as his knowledge of indigenous meteorological phenomena grew. The objec- tives, succinctly stated in an early report (Williams, 1964) were to investigate: 1) the vertical distribution of momentum between the surface and the top of the inversion as a function of type of surface, stability, and pressure gradient; 2) the structure of small-scale, solenoidally induced circulations such as the sea breeze; 3) the structure and dynamics of small (10-km) horizontal vortices along the coast and over the bay and their possible association with coastal configuration; 4) the flow over and around mountains when the inversion base is close to the top of the mountain; 5) the structure of the flow under the inversion when there is a horizontal variation in the depth of the marine layer; 6) the existence and propa- gation of waves at the top of the marine layer; and 7) the tra- jectories of air originating within the marine layer. Based upon these goals, it is apparent that Miller's primary role was that of an "observationalist" dedicated to a better under- standing of the circulations of the Bay Area through careful measurement and systematic interpretation of data on the FIG. 2. Area of concentration of Professor Albert Miller's stud- basis of sound physical principles. ies in the San Francisco Bay Area. The most common locations of Miller was always aware of the potential of numerical sim- observations are indicated. R: M-33 radar sites; T: Tetroon release ulation to expand the understanding of the complicated inter- sites. Solid lines: cross sections constructed from balloon and aircraft actions of several atmospheric processes in the presence of a soundings (black dots), or horizontal aircraft transects. The asterisk complex lower boundary. While on one hand he encouraged indicates the location of Mount Sutro Tower. and participated in the development of numerical models with his students and his colleagues, on the other, he was ever the skeptic, constantly questioning the veracity of mesoscale tions in the middle and late 1960s (Table 1), Miller was at- numerical models as compared to the details of his diagnostic tracted to the problem of trying to explain the characteristics studies. of the various phenomena that he had encountered. Of special In pursuit of his goals, Professor Miller's efforts were di- interest was the occurrence of apparant vertical-mass fluxes vided into two fairly distinct periods. In the first, 1961-1972, across the strongly stable inversion. He considered the ex- he concentrated on land-sea boundary effects on small-scale planation of this process to be basic to the understanding of circulations; in the second, 1973-1978, he worked on Sutro several related processes, including the formation of a jetlike Tower atmospheric boundary-layer experiments (STABLE). feature within the inversion, and the redistribution of pollu- In the early period, he concentrated on the San Francisco tants across the inversion base. The flux problem caused him Bay, utilizing several modes of cheap and simple, but in to focus on the role and dynamics of the gravity waves near combination, rather ingenious and complete, observational the base of the inversion. Previous quantitative investigations methods. of the waves with tetroons and light aircraft were not satis- In the first period (Fig. 2), he established modified, surplus factory because the small scale of those phenomena required M-33 tracking radars at San Bruno Mountain, at Hayward, more-detailed observations, which were not possible with and later, near San Mateo. These were used to track corner available equipment. reflectors and transponders carried by slow-rise balloons. The sounding balloons also carried modified radiosondes (T- sondes) to yield several hundred detailed temperature sound- ings from the surface to 1500-5000 MSL (mean sea level). TABLE 1. 1961-1972 land-sea boundary effects on Three-dimensional trajectory data were also acquired via ra- small-scale circulations. dar-tracked tetroons which were flown just below and within the inversion. Instrumented light aircraft capable of measur- Date Event ing and recording pressure, temperature, wet-bulb tempera- June-October 1964 ture, and ozone, were also used to obtain soundings and July-October 1965 Tetroon studies begin May-August 1966 cross sections. March-October 1967 Ozone studies begin As his documentation of the local circulations became March-August 1968 more extensive through a series of systematic field investiga-

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TABLE 2. Tower studies and instrumentation for 1973-1978 Sutro Tower Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments (STABLE). Year Status Instrumentation 1974-1976 June-October Pressure, temperature, wet-bulb temperature, 1978—(1980) Continuous year-round operation three wind components and occasionally except for brief calibration ozone and cloud physics parameters at up to periods. Includes Marine six levels at 40-m intervals above 250-m ASL. Atmospheric Boundary Intermediate probes to yield six additional Experiments. West Coast temperature measurements at 20-m intervals. (MABLES WC). Data acquisition of all parameters, all levels, at intervals from a few seconds to an hour (see Miller, 1975). Mount Sutro Tower, a 298-m-tall television tower, was con- tant details of the inversion structure that were commonly structed on a 250-m hill in the center of San Francisco in the missed by the conventional radiosondes. In addition, when early 1970s (Fig. 2). Miller had followed the planning of the the latter soundings were averaged with respect to height, the tower with great interest long before it was constructed. He vertical structure of the inversion was smeared even further had realized that the design was such that it would commonly because of the frequent height fluctuations of the inversion intersect the elevated marine inversion in the summer and base. Miller and his students made careful averages in a thus offer an excellent fixed platform to study the details of coordinate system fixed to the inversion base. Figure 4 is an the gravity waves. The tower was the focus of the second example of such an average of both temperature and wind phase of his Bay Area research (STABLE). from a location on the east side of the San Francisco Bay (see Miller (1975) utilized Mount Sutro Tower to extend his ob- Fig. 2). Goodman and Miller (1977) have published a similar servations to the microscale (Table 2). By 1976, he had doc- average for Mount Sutro Tower. umented very detailed wind, temperature, and turbulence Miller considered two of the most important and previously profiles across the inversion and had formulated a hypothesis unresolved details of the vertical structure to be the great linking shearing gravity waves to the apparant vertical-mass strength of the inversion near its base and the tendency for a fluxes across the inversion. In 1978, he embarked on an am- wind maximum to exist in the lowest few hundred meters of bitious field project designed to test his hypothesis, to answer the inversion. Typical temperature increases of 10°C per 100 several questions raised in previous analysis of the tower m across the inversion base are common, and extreme cases data, and to extend his Bay Area observations over the coastal of increases of one degree Celsius per meter have been docu- waters in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experi- mented (Goodman and Miller, 1977). ments, West Coast (MABLES WC). He died as the field pro- Vertical-wind profiles through the inversion are often char- ject began. acterized by boundary-layer extremum commonly associated with the sea breeze, a minimum near the inversion base, and 3. Results a. The marine inversion Miller's first summer of investigation (Table 1) revealed large horizontal gradients in the height and intensity of the marine inversion (within the Bay Area). The inversion obviously did not simply slope upward from the coast inland, but it showed a distinct response to the San Francisco Bay (lower and more stable) and to the surrounding hills (higher and less stable). As his measurements increased from year to year in area and in number, analyses of the topography of the inversion base were commonly made. An example is shown in Fig. 3. Another example showing a similar structure based on sound detection and ranging (SODAR) observations has been pub- lished by Russell and Uthe (1978). The immediate ramification of this result is that the Oakland sounding is often unrepresen- tative of the inversion structure of other areas of the bay re- gion and the central California coast and coastal waters. Another more subtle realization, which Miller expanded upon in his later work, was that the frequent large slopes of the inversion offer a favorable environment for gravity waves which, in turn, contribute to cross-inversion mass fluxes. A major advantage of Miller's slow-rise (radar-tracked) FIG. 3. Topography of the base of the marine inversion over the balloon network was that it provided high-resolution temper- San Francisco Bay Area on 23 June 1967 (1335-1823 PST), con- ature and wind profiles, especially in the vicinity of the inver- structed from aircraft and balloon soundings. Contours are drawn at sion. These detailed vertical soundings showed many impor- six dam intervals.

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FIG. 4. Profiles of means and standard deviations of differences between inversion-base temperature (35 cases) and wind speed (56 cases) and data at 60-m intervals above and below the inversion for Hayward, Calif. Numerical values are given for the means and standard devia- tions of the temperature (T) and wind speeds (V), at the height (Z) of the inversion base. the previously mentioned "jet" within the inversion (Fig. 4). Miller also took a larger-scale view of the inversion struc- This double-maximum structure is a frequent feature of after- ture across the coastline. As a consequence of the proximity noon profile. Wind directions in the boundary layer are de- of the Pacific High in summer and the shape of the coast, north- pendent on geographical location, terrain, and synoptic con- ern California experiences a large-scale "monsoon" effect. ditions; they are usually westerly in the boundary layer Whereas the sea-breeze/land-breeze circulations are well de- shifting to northwesterly near the inversion wind maximum. fined in southern California, typical summertime conditions A typical vertical-wind shear within the base of the inversion in the north bring relatively persistent onshore flow which is 10~2 • s-1, with values as high as 10-1 • s"1 observed at Mount merely weakens and intensifies diurnally. Simon (1977), one Sutro Tower. of Miller's students, presented evidence that the large-scale The horizontal and diurnal variations of the temperature minimum in the inversion height over the coastal waters is inversion as measured by Miller and his students have many the result of a "monsoon" influence modulated by a diurnal similarities to those found by Neiburger (Neiburger, 1944; variation. Neiburger et al., 1961) and Edinger (1963) in southern Cali- Miller observed that the cause of the jet, which has also fornia. Typically the inversion base tends to descend near the been observed over the coastal waters by Roope (1980) and coast with the onset of the sea breeze, reaching a minimum by Friehe and Winant (1982), appeared to be tied to the large- height in the afternoon. As the onshore pressure gradient de- scale inversion slope (upward to the east) through the thermal- creases, the inversion rises significantly after midnight. This wind relationship. Miller did not find that small-scale modi- variation served to explain the reversal of phase of the diurnal fications of the slope over coastal bays and hills were clearly wind maximum between San Francisco and nearby Mount related to the jet, which often persisted even when slope re- Tamalpais. The former location, at sea level, experiences an versed over local terrain features. The question of the mainte- afternoon maximum due to the sea breeze, while the mountain nance of the jet under these conditions led him to consider location (Wright, 1916) experiences a maximum as the inver- other processes to explain the existence of a momentum ex- sion rises at night. tremum within the inversion.

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/10/21 09:01 PM UTC 1400 Vol. 66, No. 11, November 1985 quantified. For example, the existence of periodic oscil- lations on several scales was nicely demonstrated in the con- struction of long-term spectra from tower data near the base of the inversion by Van Patten (1980). Figure 6 shows the Sutro Tower spectrum in comparison to two long-term spectra constructed elsewhere. Significant Sutro Tower spectrum characteristics include peaks due to small-scale, intermittent waves and turbulence with periods of a few minutes and less, the very strong diurnal oscillation, and an apparant synoptic fluctuation (2-5 days). An important finding of the STABLE observations was that the most frequently occurring gravity-wave scales were in the 100-200 m length range and 10-20 m amplitude range. These waves appeared to travel as independent wave trains in thin, separate, but juxtaposed, laminae. Furthermore, any turbulent mixing that occurred appeared to be primarily lat- FIG. 5. Breaking wave at the base of the marine inversion. Picture eral rather than vertical. Holman (1978) examined the energy taken from Sutro Tower by B. Van Patten. budget of turbulence near the marine inversion from Mount Sutro Tower data. She found an imbalance in the energy budget which apparently stemmed from the need for a mixing b. Wave phenomena mechanism other than larger-scale hydraulic jumps or large- Early in the first part of his Bay Area research (Table 1), amplitude breaking gravity waves, i.e., some horizontal mix- Miller began to document the ubiquitous gravity-wave ing process. phenomena which were made visible by the stratus clouds near the base of the marine inversion. His research files are c. Cross-inversion fluxes filled with still and time-lapse films which dramatically cap- Overwhelming evidence gathered over more than 10 years ture the visual manifestations of the waves (Fig. 5). and supporting the concept of significant cross-inversion Quantification of wave dimensions (e.g., lengths, ampli- fluxes of moisture, condensation nuclei, ozone and momen- tudes, periods) began with aircraft and three-dimensional te- tum, to mention a few, was carefully summarized by Good- troon trajectories. The waves varied from a long wave which man and Miller (1977). The evidence included results from a reflected the east-west dimensions of the Bay Area (Fig. 2), to carefully planned experiment in which fluorescent particles hydraulic jumps and standing waves a few kilometers in (FPs) were injected both above and below the inversion a few length. The latter were observed both up- and downstream of kilometers upstream of Mount Sutro Tower. Receptors on the coast range (see also Edinger, 1966). At the high-frequency the tower indicated that FPs had been carried across the in- end of the observed wave spectrum were shearing gravity waves of a few hundred meters in length and a few tens of meters in amplitude. Work by Ahrens and Miller (1970) contributed strongly to the crystallization of Miller's ideas about the role of gravity waves in the inversion maintenance. Aircraft measurements of the distribution of ozone near the inversion revealed that the deeper the mixed layer (i.e., the higher the inversion base) the higher the observed ozone concentrations. Furthermore, ozone is often injected from the marine layer into the inversion layer where its lifetime is much longer because of its insulation from surface destruction processes. More importantly, in terms of wave phenomena, the analyses of Ahrens and Miller (1970) suggested that the ozone "injection" mechanism was related to some type of large-amplitude wave (i.e., a breaking gravity wave or a hydraulic jump) which resulted in cross-in- version mixing. Lile's (1970) analysis of tetroon trajectories gave additional quantitative support for Miller's growing contention that the gravity waves near the base of the inversion were responsible for the observed redistribution of mass and momentum across the inversion. However, Mount Sutro Tower (Miller, 1975) gave a much better platform for more detailed measure- FIG. 6. Composite spectra of the east-west (right) and north- ments of the waves and their characteristics. south (left) winds from Van Der Hoven (1957) for Brookhaven, 93 m The STABLE observations (Table 2) extended the previous to 125 m MSL, from Vinnichenko and Dutton (1969) for North gravity-wave observations of Miller and his colleagues at America, 3 km to 10 km MSL, and from Van Patten (1980) for least 100-fold. Many previous conclusions were verified and Mount Sutro Tower, 259 m to 487 m MSL.

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/10/21 09:01 PM UTC Bulletin American Meteorological Society 1401 version base in both directions between the release point and the tower. Armed with this evidence and the details of the structure and behavior of gravity waves near the inversion base (see Section 3b) Miller suggested that the observed cross-inversion fluxes are not vertical, but horizontal. Miller hypothesized that small-amplitude gravity waves are generated in thin (e.g., 20-30 m thick) layers when the marine inversion is tilted as the air flows across the coastal hills. The waves act to transfer the vorticity from the vertically sheared environment to a horizontal plane. Induced horizontal eddies then cause the transfer of mass across the strongly stable inversion in small "steps" commensurate with the thickness of the indi- FIG. 7. Study area for MABLES WC. Dashed lines are flight vidual layers. The suggested mechanism, although thought tracks of instrumented aircraft, solid lines are tracks of research ves- by Miller to be the primary cause of cross-inversion fluxes, sels. The shoreline and 300-m terrain contours are shown on the does not preclude the local and truly vertical fluxes which right of the diagram. occur in hydraulic jumps and in the occasional large-ampli- tude, breaking gravity waves which are especially apparent vessel ACANIA traversed the east-west line, 110 km long, 60 near the inversion base. The latter waves will also produce km south of the latitude of R/V CAYUSE in Fig. 7. increased vertical shears in their crests and troughs (e.g., see Miller designed the configuration of the oceanic portion of Scorer, 1978), thus providing conditions favorable for pro- the primary network as a practical compromise between the duction of shorter, shearing gravity waves and the processes desire to measure the spatial and temporal variations of the outlined above. It should be noted that the hypothesized marine inversion and boundary layer over several scales, and mechanism is not restricted to forcing by local terrain, but the availability of only two research vessels, one island station, may operate anywhere a tilted inversion exists in the presence and one aircraft capable of making oceanic flights. Ship- of large vertical shears (e.g., see Brost et al., 1982). track configurations as well as surface observation and sounding schedules were designed to yield data at fixed posi- d. MABLES WC tions at fixed synoptic times. Although the observations were In an effort to verify his hypothesis (Section 3c) and to ex- not continuous, at the end of the experiment there were ap- pand the representativeness of his data base to the coastal proximately the same number of surface and upper-air data waters of the eastern Pacific, Miller followed the first phase at each point, at each synoptic time. Thus, during periods of STABLE with a systematic extension. His plans included with small synoptic influences, data compositing could be an intensive field program in the summer of 1978 (MABLES used to separate temporal variations and spatial differences. WC) as well as a continuation of the measurement program The two ship tracks also allowed estimates of north-south at Mount Sutro Tower. gradients, and yielded data for computations of kinematic The name MABLES WC, an acronym of dubious distinc- parameters such as divergence. The aircraft flights provided tion, was coined by Miller as a humorous jab at the scientific more detailed meso- and microscale observations within the community's obsession with acronyms. It was, nonetheless, a tower-ship-island network. well planned and successful field experiment. In typical The eastern (inland) side of the primary network can be Miller fashion, he did more with less. Figure 7 shows the lo- viewed as an extension of the oceanic observations into the cation of MABLES WC. The area of interest extended about San Francisco Bay Area and into the coastal valleys. Sound- 220 km west of Mount Sutro Tower to 125.5°W longitude. ings by light aircraft north and south of the San Francisco The data gathering over the study area was accomplished Bay Area, and pilot-balloon (PIBAL) observations (Fig. 7), through a combination of three overlapping observational were used to monitor the changes in the boundary-layer networks: a primary network (shown in Fig. 7) established structure of the marine air as it moved inland. The major specifically for MABLES WC, a secondary network consist- thrust of the inland portion of MABLES WC was to character- ing of conventional surface and upper-air meteorological ize the relationship between the marine inversion and the dis- and air-quality stations, and a tertiary network composed of tribution and transport of pollutants. automatic surface-weather stations, marine-weather stations, A summary of operations for MABLES WC and a detailed and stations established by voluntary observers in support of description of schedules for each platform/site are given by MABLES WC. Lester (1979). The experiment began 31 July 1978. Two in- The main efforts of the coastal and oceanic portions of tensive study periods (9-10 August and 14-15 August 1978) MABLES WC were concentrated along two east-west lines were conducted to acquire more-frequent PIBAL, rawinsonde (Fig. 7). The northernmost line extended from the Oakland and aircraft observations of the marine boundary layer. The rawinsonde station through the locations of the instrumented MABLES WC project ended 17 August 1978, nine days after Mount Sutro Tower and the Southeast Farallon Island meteor- Miller's death. ological stations to about 125°W longitude. The research Since 1978, the work initiated by Miller has continued, al- vessel (R/V) CAYUSE traversed the western 125 km of the though efforts have been understandably reduced by his loss. northern line while the NCAR Queen Air made periodic Perhaps the most relevant results have been the acquisition flights from Mount Sutro Tower to the west side of the study of more tracer evidence of cross-inversion fluxes (Goodman, area, where low-level cross sections were flown. The research 1979) and the realization of the potential importance of coastal

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/10/21 09:01 PM UTC 1402 Vol. 66, No. 11, November 1985 eddies1 in the modification of the marine inversion through ious stages by the National Science Foundation. NCAR is also spon- mesoscale tilting and subsequent horizontal mixing (Roope, sored by the NSF. 1980, Lester, 19812). Current research at SJSU is expanding References along three lines: 1) the influence of macroscale disturbances Ahrens, D., and A. Miller, 1970: Ozone within and below the west on inversion structure, 2) the structure and behavior of meso- coast temperature inversion. Tellus, 22, 328-340. scale coastal circulations and their influence on inversion Brost, R., D. Lenschow, and J. Wyngaard, 1982: Marine strato- structure, and 3) the nature and significance of microscale cumulus layers. Part I: Mean conditions. Atmos. Sci., 39, turbulence in the maintenance of the marine inversion. 800-817. Edinger, James G., 1963: Modification of the marine layer over 4. Conclusions coastal Southern California. Appl. Meteor., 2, 706-712. , 1966: Wave clouds in the marine layer upwind of Pt. Sal, Cali- fornia. J. Appl. Meteor. 5, 804-809. Obviously, this review has only touched the surface of Pro- Friehe, C. A., and C. D. Winant, 1982: Observations of wind and sea fessor Miller's contributions to our knowledge of the meteor- surface temperature structure off the Northern California coast. ology of the Bay Area and elsewhere. The space required for Preprints of The First International Conference on Meteorology and a mere listing of his other efforts as teacher, scientist, and citi- Air/Sea Interaction of the Coastal Zone, The Hague, American zen would be prohibitive. These ranged from Bay Area con- Meteorological Society, 209-214. servation concerns (he participated widely in hearings related Goodman, J., 1979: The microstructure of California coastal fog to the environmental effects of filling a substantial portion of and stratus. Final Rep. to NSF under Grant ATM 74-08017 A01, San Francisco Bay for commercial development), to alterna- 29 pp. tive energy sources (he was directing a significant wind-power- —-—, and A. Miller, 1977: Mass transport across a temperature in- prospecting study for the State of California at the time of his version. J. Geophys. Res., 82, 3463-3471. Holman, H. Y., 1978: Turbulent kinetic energy in an elevated death), to inadvertant weather modification (a piece of his un- temperature inversion. M.S. thesis, Department of Meteorology, finished work dealt with the investigation of the possibility of San Jose State University, 66 pp. contamination of the background measurements of C02 at Lester, P. F., 1979: Marine atmospheric boundary layer experiments, Mauna Loa by increasing commercial aviation activity at West Coast (MABLES WC). Experiment description, Depart- Hilo). At the center of all his work, though, was his great in- ment of Meteorology, San Jose State University, 94 pp. terest in the local meteorology of the San Francisco Bay Area. -, 1981: Mass and energy transport by internal gravity waves. Hopefully, the present paper has given the scientific commu- Final Rep., NSF Grant ATM 77-12246, 36 pp. nity some insight into the latter and, in doing so, has placed Lile, R. C., 1970: Tetroon derived eddy viscosity in the region of the Miller's work in perspective with the work of others. elevated west coast temperature inversion. M.S. thesis, Depart- Al Miller's successes resulted from a combination of scien- ment of Meteorology, San Jose State University, 36 pp. Lilly, D. K., 1968: Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a tific talent, genuine curiosity, healthy skepticism, a forceful strong inversion. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 292-309. personality, and an enthusiastic approach to his teaching Miller, A., 1975: Project STABLE, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 56, and research. He was intellectually demanding of students 52-55. and colleagues alike, sometimes to the point of distraction, Neiburger, M., 1944: Temperature changes during formation and but the basis of his strong and successful leadership was the dissipation of west coast stratus. J. Meteor., 1, 29-41. fact that he always demanded more of himself. He never hesi- , D. Johnson, and C. Chien, 1961: Studies of the Structure of the tated to do battle with the bureaucrats for the good of the Atmosphere Over the Eastern Pacific Ocean in Summer. Vol. 1, The department and, despite his many research and teaching ac- Inversion Over the Eastern Pacific Ocean, University of California tivities, it seemed that he was always involved in another Press, Berkeley, 94 pp. book or in another "interesting little project." Roope, G. W., 1980: Aircraft observations of the marine inversion during MABLES WC. Preprints Second Conf. on Coastal Meteor- Personally, he was a concerned and active humanist, ology, Los Angeles, American Meteorological Society, 254-257. whether it was world hunger, student welfare, or simply Russell, P. B., and E. E. Uthe, 1978: Regional patterns of mixing understanding the delicate financial status of a young faculty depth and stability: SODAR network measurements for input to member. He was a well-informed and stimulating conversa- air quality models. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 59, 1275-1287. tionalist. If he had a vice, it was argument. He was willing to Scorer, R. S., 1978: Environmental Aerodynamics. Ellis Horwood, discuss (often heatedly!) any subject, anytime. In fact, his London, 488 pp. best teaching was often done when he challenged ideas and Simon, R., 1977: The summertime stratus over the offshore waters of opinions. Characteristically, his office door was always open California. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1310-1314. ... a good way to remember him. Van der Hoven, I., 1957: Power spectrum of horizontal wind speed in the frequency range from .007 to 900 cycles per hour. J. Meteor., Acknowledgments. The author wishes to thank Robin DeMandel, 14, 160-164. Jindra Goodman, Linda LaDuca, Bob Robinson, Jack Thompson, Van Patten, B. D., 1980: Spectra of wind and temperature near the Jim Trent, Bruce Van Patten, and Woodrow Williams for their marine inversion in San Francisco. M.S. thesis, Department of comments and suggestions. The referees are also acknowledged for Meteorology, San Jose State University, 60 pp. their constructive criticisms. The manuscript was typed by Donna Hurth and several figures were redrafted from originals by Jim Vinnichenko, N. K., and J. Dutton, 1969: Empirical studies of at- Omlid. Professor Miller's research was partially supported at var- mospheric structure and spectra in the free atmosphere. Radio Science, 12, 1115-1126. 1 Horizontal vortices with typical scales of a few to a few tens of Williams, W., 1964: Land-sea boundary effects on small scale circu- kilometers. lations. Progress Rep. til, NSF Grant GP-1363, 34 pp. 2 A list of the publications, reports, and theses related to Professor Wright, H. A., 1916: Characteristics of winds at Mt. Tamalpais, Cal- Miller's work and its extension is available on request. ifornia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 44, 512-514. •

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