THE FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING CENTER

JournalVOLUME 8 FALL 2010 DHS Secretary Visits FLETC

page 21

INSIDE:

FLETC’s New Avatar-Based NCIS Marine Liaison Agent Rethinking Interview Simulator Training Program, Charleston “Let Me See Your Hands” page 8 page 18 page 37 Inside this issue

This issue of the Journal spotlights the recent visit by the Department of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano. After viewing some of the training provided to the 88 Partner Organizations, the Secretary spoke to the FLETC students and staff about the strength of our law enforcement partnerships and the importance to effectively and efficiently train together. Coincidentally, this issue also contains an article about FLETC’s first training program entitled “21st Century DOMINICK BRACCIO Leadership for Women in Law Enforcement” conducted for our Assistant Director, international partners in Romania. Our own Director, Connie Patrick, Training FLETC participated in training 24 female law enforcement supervisors and executives during the program.

This issue also highlights one of the many new emerging technologies employed by the FLETC - the Avatar Based Interviewing Simulator, the first of its kind in the country. The FLETC frequently employs new technology to train this generation of tech-savvy students at a significant cost savings to the government. While not meant to completely substitute for actual role-based training with professional staff, the Avatar uses speech recognition to provide free flowing practice sessions where students can hone their communication skills and strategies to elicit accurate information from victims, witnesses and suspects while gauging both verbal and non-verbal cues. This new methodology will eventually assist in many facets of law enforcement including the ability of the officer to de-escalate potentially dangerous situations.

Finally, this Journal begins a focus on the Partner Organizations that train at the FLETC for their Criminal Investigator, Uniformed, and Land Management roles in law enforcement. In this issue, learn about the history of the U.S. Capitol Police and their many functions today. Also, see how the Naval Criminal Investigative Service trains at one of the FLETC field sites in Charleston, SC, for their Maritime Liaison Agent Program. Future Journal editions will continue to highlight our Partners and how they train to prepare for their important and diverse assignments.

Training - the cornerstone to peak operational performance. Look inside the FLETC Journal and you’ll see where law enforcement partnership begins and the next generation of our countries heroes prepare and train to protect our homeland.

Dominick Braccio [email protected] TheContents FLETC Journal | Volume 8, Issue 2 | Fall 2010

6 LegalBrief: Berghuis v. Thompkins How this new U.S. Supreme Court ruling affects the Miranda Rule 8 Future Training Innovations - The FLETC ABIS Learn about the newest interview technology... 13 Leadership Training for Women in Law Enforcement Are there special leadership issues that are gender specific to omen?w The DHS Secretary Visits FLETC, through its Law Enforcement Leadership Institute, explored this issue 21 in a recent leadership course designed for women of the Romanian police force.

18 The Maritime Liaison Agent Training Program Learn about the Naval Criminal Investigative Service’s innovative and collaborative training program at FLETC Charleston

21 DHS Secretary Napolitano Visits FLETC Take a pictorial tour with the Secretary through FLETC training venues 24 An Historical Perspective: The U.S. Capitol Police From its humble beginnings, discover how the USCP has evolved into a full-service, law-enforcement agency with more than 2,000 sworn and civilian employees. 27 Firearms Training Are instructors developing a “range mindset” or a “combat mindset” when 24 Meet the Capitol Police training law enforcement officers? 31 The FLETC Physical Efficiency Battery How 30 years of research and development provide meaningful information related to the physical preparedness of the candidates, and their ability to fully participate in training upon arrival at the FLETC 37 Rethinking “Let Me See Your Hands” Why more emphasis should be given to controlling the hands of a subject

41 Going Green - Part II 37 Controlling Hands Find out what training divisions are doing to make the FLETC a good environmental steward

45 Professionals Behind the Scenes Athletic trainers at the FLETC keep the students in training and the staff physically prepared to conduct training. During the course of a busy day, they may see as many as 150 patients. 46 FLETC’s 20th Honor Graduate of the Year And that law enforcement officer is.... 47 Remembrance 47 The Peace Officers Memorial The FLETC 25th Annual Peace Officers Memorial Day Ceremony

FRONT COVER: Department of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano is greeted by FLETC Director Connie Patrick and Deputy Director Ken Keene upon her arrival to Brunswick, Ga. byLines The FLETC

Journal Volume 8, Issue 2 • Fall 2010 Legal Brief-Berghuis v. Thompkins and 11 years as a Special Agent with Meggan“ Sullivan Smith joined the Le- HHS-OIG. gal Division as a Senior Legal Instruc- Knerly holds a Juris Doctor, magna Director tor in August 2009. She instructs in cum laude, from the University of Mi- Connie L. Patrick FLETC’s basic and advanced programs. ami, and undergraduate and graduate Meggan has five years as a criminal degrees in accountancy from the Uni- Editorial Team defense attorney. From 2004-2008, versity of South Florida. He is a Certi- Dominick Braccio she tried hundreds of misdemeanor fied Public Accountant and member of Stephen W. Brooks and felony crimes while employed the Florida State Bar Association. Alicia Gregory with the Virginia Indigent Defense Ed McGuire Commission, Office of the Public Future Training Innovations William Norris, Ph.D. Defender in Chesapeake, Va. After Jason Kuykendall, Senior Instructor, Andy Smotzer leaving the Public Defender’s Office, Behavioral Science Division (BSD), Susan B. Thornton she had a private criminal and appel- joined the FLETC Glynco in 2008. late practice mainly representing drug He leads the BSD’s Technology Inte- Design offenders. gration Team, which is responsible for Fred Charles Smith graduated from Furman integrating technology into the BSD University in Greenville, SC with a topical areas. Bachelor’s Degree in Political Sci- Kuykendall is a former Air Force Of- ence in 1994. She received her Juris fice of Special Investigations, Special Doctorate from Nova Southeastern Agent and currently serves as a First The FLETC Journal is an unofficial law enforcement University, Fort Lauderdale, FL in Sergeant for a Georgia Air National 2002. She is a member of the Virginia Guard Security Forces Squadron based training magazine produced and published by the Bar and a Virginia Certified Indigent at Savannah, Ga. He earned a Bache- Defense Counsel. lors of Science in Criminal Justice and Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. It is Special Agent Stephen (Steve) Kner- a Masters of Education from American published and printed through the Media Support ly is currently detailed to the FLETC, InterContinental University. Glynco, GA from the U.S. Department Division in conjunction with the Government Printing of Health and Human Services, Office Leadership Training for Women of Inspector General (HHS-OIG), as a in Law Enforcement Office. The circulation is 4,000 and is also available Senior Instructor in the Legal Division, John Patrick, Jr. is a Program Spe- where he also serves as a topical area cialist and Instructor in the FLETC’s electronically by following the links at the FLETC expert in Fifth and Sixth Amendment International Training and Technical website: http://www.fletc.gov. issues. He was formerly detailed to Assistance Division. He has also been the Inspector General Criminal Inves- a Senior Instructor in the Behavioral tigator Academy as an instructor and Science Division (BSD), instructing in program manager. His career includes the Criminal Investigator Training Pro- Views and opinions expressed in this publication are nine years of service as a Special gram, the Uniformed Police Training those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the Agent with the Internal Revenue Ser- Program and nationally and interna- vice, Criminal Investigation Division, tionally with BSD’s Law Enforcement FLETC training policy or doctrine. Articles, photographs, six years in the private practice of law, Leadership Institute. and other contributions are welcomed from the law

enforcement training community and academia.

Publication depends on general topical interest as

judged by the editors. No changes to submitted copy

will be made without the concurrence of the author(s).

The editors may be contacted at 912.267.2429.

Kuykendall Speed Brogan

4 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 Contributors

Patrick’s law enforcement career the private sector. from the University of Akron, and his doctor- includes seven years as an Assistant U.S. Speed has served with FLETC since Au- ate in Exercise Physiology from the Ohio State Attorney in Tampa, FL and five years as a gust 2009, and has a Bachelor of Science University. Senior Instructor in the Legal Division at (Magna cum Laude) in Criminal Justice Charles “Skeet” Brewer has over 24 years the FLETC, Glynco. from National University, San Diego. experience with the federal government serv- ing in the FLETC. He currently serves as the An Historical Perspective: The USCP FLETC Goes Green Branch Chief, Threat Response Branch within Glenn Brogan is a Lieutenant with the Willis Hunter presently serves as the the Counterterrorism Division. United States Capitol Police (USCP) and Chief of Environmental and Safety Brewer’s past positons at the FLETC have he is currently the Agency Representa- Division at the FLETC. included: Branch Chief, Health and Fitness tive to the FLETC, Glynco, Ga. Prior to In his current position, Hunter is Branch, Physical Techniques Division (PTD); his current assignment, Lt. Brogan was a responsible for ensuring FLETC’s compli- Law Enforcement Program Specialist; Senior detailed instructor to the FLETC’s Physical ance with federal and state environmental Instructor; Lead Instructor; Athletic Trainer/ Techniques Division from 2002-2007. laws as well as compliance with Occupa- Instructor, in the PTD. Prior to his assignment to FLETC in tional Safety and Health Administration 2002, Brogan was assigned to the USCP’s laws and regulations. Prior to assuming Rethinking “Let Me See Your Hands” Uniformed Services Bureau where he his current position, Hunter was the Phil Carlson is a senior instructor in the worked on the Patrol, Senate, House and FLETC’s Chief Counsel for more than six FLETC Physical Techniques Division. He has Capitol Divisions. Lt. Brogan holds a years. a combined total of 27 years in law enforce- Bachelor’s Degree from the University of ment serving as a patrol officer and detective Maryland in Criminal Justice. FLETC Physical Effeciency Battery with the Cromwell, Conn. Police Department, Dr. Bill Norris is branch chief of the a patrol officer and motorcycle officer with Firearms Training Training Research Branch (TRB) at the the Brevard County, Fla. Sheriff’s Office and Duke Speed is an Instructor assigned to FLETC, and is responsible for identifying a patrol officer and trainer with the Orange FLETC at Cheltenham, Md., in-Service and developing innovative methodologies County, Fla. Sheriff’s Office. In his seven years Training, where he provides instruction that impact law enforcement training. at FLETC, he has also worked as an instruc- in firearms, officer response tactics, and Norris is a subject matter expert in tor in the Practical Applications Brand and physical training. He is a 20-year active- the area of human performance in law Tactics Branch of the Enforcement Operations duty veteran of the U.S. Marine Corps enforcement activities, developed the Division. with leadership, operational, and training PEB2002 fitness guidelines, established assignments in Force Reconnaissance, an extensive database of fitness scores, Health & Fitness Division Reconnaissance, Infantry, and published numerous journal articles Andy Smotzer is a regular contributing writer

Special Operations Training Group, and a textbook. He is a certified Health/ to the Journal, and author of numerous Recruiting, and Aviation. Since Fitness Director and Exercise Specialist articles in several nationally published law retirement from the Marine Corps, he through the American College of Sports enforcement magazines. He is a former Secret

has been employed by the U.S. Navy, Medicine. Service Uniformed Division Officer. Currently, U.S. Federal Air Marshal Service, U.S. Norris received his Bachelors of Sci- Smotzer is a Branch Chief for the Physical Department of State (Contractor, Iraq), ence. and Masters of Science. degrees Techniques Division at FLETC, Glynco. U.S. FEMA (Contractor, Katrina/Rita) and with specialization in Exercise Science “

Patrick Norris Hunter Smotzer

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 5 LegalBrief

Berghuis v. Thompkins United States Supreme Court 2010 U.S. LEXIS 4379 (June 1, 2010)

Meggan Sullivan Smith and Stephen Knerly Senior Instructors, Legal

Can a Suspect Invoke His Right

olice in Ohio arrested Thompkins police continue to question him for in connection with a shooting in three hours while he remains silent, Michigan.P Three days after his cap- and ultimately obtain an incriminating ture, police officers from Michigan in- statement from him? terrogated Thompkins at a jail in Ohio. The Court held that a suspect At the outset of the interrogation, the who receives and understands Mi- officer read Thompkins his Miranda randa warnings, and fails to invoke rights and received Thompkins’ verbal his Miranda rights, waives his right to confirmation of his understanding, remain silent when offering an unco- although Thompkins refused to sign a erced statement to the police. form stating he acknowledged those The Court examined the suspect’s rights. Over the course waiver of his right to silence as well In order to invoke the of the interrogation, as what is required for an invocation Thompkins was largely of the right to remain silent. When right to silence, the suspect silent, answering only a suspect engages in limited verbal must say so expressly and a few questions either communication with police but never non-verbally or with explicitly invokes his right to silence, unambiguously. simple statements such the court concluded that he had not as “yeah,” “no,” or “I invoked his right to silence. In order to don’t know.” After nearly three hours, invoke the right to silence, the suspect the officer asked Thompkins whether must say so expressly and unambigu- he believed in and prayed to God, to ously. A suspect must give an unam- which he responded, “yes.” He then biguous declaration of his intention asked Thompkins whether he had to invoke his right to remain silent or asked God for forgiveness for “shoot- he has not invoked such a right. The ing that boy down.” Thompkins again government still has the burden of replied, “Yes.” This statement was used proving a valid waiver. A valid waiver against him at trial. may be inferred from the facts that the The issue before the Supreme Court suspect received warnings, understood was whether a defendant’s Miranda his rights and ultimately responded to right to silence is violated when, after police questioning. being advised of his Miranda rights, In ruling on this issue for the first

6 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 This most recent decision impacts the manner in which the police approach and question suspects who have neither explicitly invoked nor waived their Miranda rights.

to Remain Silent by Remaining Silent?

time the Court stated that there was Second, if and when the other- no “principled reason to adopt differ- wise silent suspect eventually and ent standards for determining when voluntarily chooses to respond, that an accused has invoked the Miranda statement will: 1) be deemed to be a right to remain silent and the Miranda waiver of the right to silence and 2) right to counsel.” “A requirement of can be admitted and used as evi- unambiguous invocation of Miranda dence against the suspect. Practically rights results in an objective inquiry speaking, the police, in the face of a that avoids difficulty of proof and suspect’s continued silence after being provides guidance to officers on how given Miranda warnings, can continue to proceed in the face of ambiguity. If to question him, even for a couple of an ambiguous act, omission, or state- hours, in the hopes of getting him to ment could require police to end the eventually confess. interrogation, police would be required The Miranda Rule remains TheMiranda Rule to make difficult decisions about an intact in that police must accused’s unclear intent and face the warn suspects of their rights. remains intact in that consequence of suppression if they The clear and unambiguous police must warn guess wrong.” invocation of those rights This most recent decision impacts by the suspect still requires suspects of their rights. the manner in which the police ap- police to cease questioning. If the proach and question suspects who suspect remains silent for a period and have neither explicitly invoked nor then chooses to respond to a ques- waived their Miranda rights. First, if tion, an officer does not need to stop a suspect wishes to invoke his right to and get a separate affirmative waiver. silence he must affirmatively say so. While the government always bears Though advisable to do so, police are the burden of proving a valid Miranda not constitutionally required to obtain waiver was given by the suspect, the an affirmative waiver of rights before waiver can be inferred from the fact questioning a suspect – even when that the suspect received Miranda that suspect remains silent for an ex- warnings, understood his rights, never tended period during an interrogation expressly invoked his rights, and vol- session. untarily responded to the questioning.

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 7 AVATAR BASED INTERVIEW SIMULATOR

Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Behavioral Science Division

8 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 Future Training Innovations Introducing the FLETC Avatar-Based Interview Simulator

Jason Kuykendall Senior Instructor, Behavioral Instructional Methodologies

AVATAR…..

What is it? Is it just a movie? Talk to members of the FLETC’s Behavioral Science Division (BSD), they will say it is the newest tool they have to help students become better interviewers and the first law enforcement based interview simulator of its kind. Law enforcement officers and agents recognize the importance of interviewing and this feeling has long been reflected in train- ing provided at the FLETC. One of the most effective ways to improve interviewing abilities is to practice; however, finding are from the X and Y generations. ABOVE: The ABIS has been programmed so that students can additional time in the schedule for These generations have grown up conduct an interview using the five any of the FLETC’s basic train- communicating differently than step interview process they are ing programs is difficult to say the previous generations of law en- taught in class. (FLETC photo) least. In addition to the diffi- forcement trainees. Some people culty of finding more time in the are of the opinion the X and Y schedule, the cost of roleplayers generations are ineffective at com- and additional instructor contact municating while others say they hours affects the overall course just communicate differently than ... the need to cost. Consequently, different ways previous generations. Regardless, make the students for students to obtain additional the need to make the students practice in interviewing have to be more effective as interviewers more effective as explored, developed, and utilized. still exists. Instructors have the interviewers still exists. There are a number of reasons responsibility to meet the training the need to provide more in- needs of all students. terview training exists, with the One major difference in the stu- major reason being the change in dent population today in compari- how the current student commu- son to previous students is their nicates in comparison to previ- familiarity and comfort working ous students. Currently, the vast with technology. The current majority of FLETC basic students generation grew up with technol-

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 9 Collaboration Leads to ABIS

Elwin Collins Technology Innovation

ow does a training branch find time to research, build and test a solution whileH maintaining their primary function of instruction? To answer that question look no further than the Training Innovation Division (TID). When the Behavioral Science Division (BSD) wanted to pursue using technology to allow students more time to practice their interviewing skills, they asked the TID about potential options. The The FLETC ABIS simulation is programmed to show physical distress— TID in turn involved the FLETC Orlando adding realism to the interview. Students must respond accordingly with empathy and appropriate questions. Here an instructor runs and monitors Office, and less than a year later the potential the software program while students perform the interview. (FLETC photo) solution in the form of a prototype was already at FLETC Glynco. Resources, such ogy and recognize it as a useful US Army Public Executive Office as instructor time, can be very limited in the tool and an effective way to learn. for Simulation, Training and In- training divisions. This attitude presents instructors strumentation (PEO-STRI), and Finding the proper solution for many of the opportunities to explore additional General Dynamics in order to cre- challenges presented in the training commu- options to train our students. ate the ABIS. The ABIS leverages nity is important and the TID is available to Instructors are no longer restricted a system developed by PEO-STRI assist all FLETC training directorates in this to one type of training. In fact, and General Dynamics used for process. The TID has resources located at the research and experience suggest tactical questioning/interviewing Glynco training facility as well as embedded training that is offered in differ- utilizing a commercial off the shelf with our Department of Defense (DoD) and ent learning styles will reach more video game engine. The original students effectively. system currently being used at US academic partners in the Central Florida Re- The BSD has addressed the Army installations provides both search Park, Orlando. Having resources avail- need to provide additional inter- initial and sustainment training able in both locations gives the TID the abil- view training time and methodol- for deploying military personnel ity to assist the training community from the ogies with the development of the in the areas of tactical questioning time an idea or requirement surfaces. The TID Avatar Based Interview Simulator and cultural awareness. will assist with exploring solutions, determin- (ABIS). The ABIS is an inter- Simulation training is not new ing which option best meets the FLETC’s viewing simulation which permits in law enforcement or novel to needs and carrying the recommended solution free-flowing conversation utilizing the FLETC; however, simulation speech recognition, a computer training in interviewing is a new into the implementation and testing phases. synthesized voice, and a virtual adventure. Most people do not Using the resources in the TID to help solve avatar to create a realistic interac- automatically associate simulation training issues reduces the workload on the tive training experience. In the training to interviewing, but the training divisions, thus allowing instructors interview prototype, the students BSD saw this as an opportunity the opportunity to concentrate more on their complete the simulation in a mock to be on the forefront of interview primary responsibilities. The acquisition of the condominium to simulate the training. The reason most people prototype ABIS is an outstanding example of actual interview location. do not associate simulation train- how the process works. The ABIS is not solely a BSD ing to interviewing is most likely The BSD approached the TID early in project. Members of the BSD because people associate inter- Technology Integration Team viewing to interaction between 2009 about using an interview simulator. teamed with FLETC Orlando, real people, not interaction with continued, next page the Training Innovations Division, a computer. It is very impor-

10 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 After initial discussions, management and instructors of the BSD were invited to meet with the FLETC Orlando team. Leveraging the partnership with various DoD divisions, the TID scheduled demonstrations of inter- viewing technology for the BSD to evaluate. When the evaluation ended, and the BSD had chosen a technology that would best suit their needs, the TID began the processes needed to bring the technology to the FLETC. These processes included coordination with the FLETC Chief Information Officer (CIO) Directorate and the U.S. Army’s Program Executive Office for Simulation, Training, Feedback is given immediately after the simulation interview. Here an and Instrumentation (PEO STRI). Working instructor explains details of the feedback report to a student. Specific guidance is then given to improve the student’s interviewing skills. with the branches within the FLETC CIO (FLETC photo) Directorate ensured the proper information technology (IT) requirements were gathered for the statement of work and to meet the tant to note there is no plan to class. One specific EPO that was replace or reduce the number of addressed in the development of requirements for bringing the technology roleplayer interviews included in the ABIS was the recognition to the FLETC. The completed statement various training programs because of indicators of stress, truth, and of work and funding were then provided to the BSD is developing simulator deception manifested in non- the PEO STRI office allowing the FLETC interviews. Roleplayer interviews verbal behavior. As we know the to use an Army contract already in place. A are critical to providing students vast majority of communication prototype interview simulator, with one wit- a realistic interviewing experi- is done non-verbally, so the BSD ness scenario, was delivered in less than a year ence. The ABIS will be used to ensured the ABIS properly dem- from the initial idea discussion phase between reinforce current training method- onstrated the appropriate behav- ologies and principles by meeting ior. The non-verbal behavior was the BSD and the TID. Technical support the need for additional interview specifically placed to show stress for the simulator during the testing phase practice students consistently without showing deception within is being provided by the TID in conjunc- request. the first scenario. The BSD has tion with PEO STRI contractors. The BSD One of the most important the ability to adjust the behavior continues to test the system with volunteers facets of the ABIS development with each scenario in order to and provides the feedback to the TID and was how it was designed around properly demonstrate how the the simulator development team in Orlando. Enabling Performance Objectives interviewee would be respond- The information gathered during the testing (EPOs) included in specific BSD ing non-verbally. For instance phase will be used to enhance and prepare the lesson plans. In every step of the in future alibi and suspect inter- development process, the BSD view scenarios, students would system for implementation. subject matter experts referred be able to scrutinize behavior for Providing support throughout the entire to the lesson plans to ensure the non-verbal indicators of truth or development of a project is a TID priority. project would reinforce interview- deception. Our goal is to assist the training community ing principles taught by BSD The ABIS is designed to take in bringing ideas into existence and to assist instructors. In order for the ABIS students through a series of inter- with all of the requirements to make this to be useful to the students it is views created around a kidnapping happen. The TID has the resources to aid the critical the simulator provides not scenario that occurs on St Simons training community. The people and technol- just an opportunity to conduct an Island, Ga. The BSD is testing ogy of FLETC TID, together, can turn ideas interview, but an opportunity to the first scenario: a witness who do so using the five step inter- sees her best friend kidnapped at into reality. view process they were taught in gunpoint—and is beginning the

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 11 development of the second scenario— tem through a web-based structured an alibi interview. Each interview environment and conduct a speech- was specifically designed to challenge training exercise to familiarize the the students in their understanding of students with the system. The speech the interview process. For instance, testing allows student to understand in the first interview, the witness is how the speech recognition part of traumatized due to what she and her the system works. At the conclu- friend have experienced. The student sion of speech testing, the student must recognize this and use the ap- is able to read the beginning of the propriate skills they were taught to scenario. The student is able to view address the witness’ mental state. In pre-scenario information including this case, the student must utilize psy- background information about the chological first aid, a set of skills used interviewee, preliminary law enforce- to relax the interviewee and show ment reports, and training objectives them their needs are important to the covered in the simulation. It is at this interviewer. This technique is ex- point that the student learns about tremely successful with witnesses and the case and determines their ap- victims who have been involved in proach for the interview. The student traumatic events and have emotional also has the ability to look at training barriers in place that may prevent resources such as EPOs and their stu- The feedback report is them from freely shar- dent text. This allows them to refresh broken down into different ing information. If the their memory on the skills they were student fails to attend taught in class. When the student is sections which explains to to the emotional needs ready to begin the interview he or she the student how much time of the witness in this can start the simulation with a simple scenario, the avatar mouse click. they spent in each phase will go into a “slightly The simulated interview is con- of the interview process, cooperative mode.” In ducted in the same manner as an timeline, interview highs and the slightly cooperative actual interview. The students use mode, the witness will the five-step interview process they lows, essential information, still provide accurate were taught to obtain the information types of questions, and a information. However, they need to complete their investiga- transcript of the interview. the avatar provides tion. The amount of time needed to less detail in the first complete the ABIS interview varies response. The student must recog- from student to student, but averages nize this and use rapport to put the 30 minutes per student. When the avatar at ease. If this is done correctly, student has completed interview, the the avatar will go to a “cooperative” student is able to stop the simulation. mode in which her responses contain At the conclusion of the interview, more detail and require less follow-up a very detailed feedback report is questions. This level of detail incor- made available to students. In order porated in the interview scenario and for the students to improve on future avatar behavior is just one example of interviews, they must know how they how much attention the development did during this interview. There is no team focused on making the ABIS grade given for their interview, but experience as realistic as possible for they do receive specific guidance in students. the feedback. The feedback report is The ABIS was designed to provide broken down into different sections students with the opportunity for which explains to the student how additional interview practice without much time they spent in each phase the need for an instructor to sit with of the interview process, timeline, the student as they completed the interview. Students log into the sys- See ABIS page 34

12 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 Leadership Training for Women in Law Enforcement

John Patrick, Jr. Program Specialist, International Training and Technical Assistance

TOP: The FLETC Director, Connie Patrick Thirty years ago, one would have had to look (left) and Chief of Staff Jane Titus join a panel discussion to answer questions far and wide to find a woman in a leadership from the students. ABOVE: The historic Odeon Theatre, Bucharest, Romania, was next to the conference center. position anywhere in law enforcement. (FLETC photos) Not today...

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 13 Women are at the top of organizational charts across the United States and in many corners of the globe.

o, if women have assumed leader- ship roles in ever increasing num- bers,S one might ask, “Are there special leadership issues that are gender spe- cific to women?” The question stands to reason and may be particularly pertinent to women in law enforce- ment organizations globally where, in many countries, men still dominate the organization charts. As for law enforcement specifically, the Department of Homeland Secu- rity’s (DHS) Federal Law Enforce- ment Training Center (FLETC) has provided leadership training for over 20 years to men and women. Through the Law Enforcement Leader- ship Institute (LELI) programs and presentations, the FLETC has well established itself as a leader in the leadership training field. The LELI at that time was part of the Behavioral Science Division (BSD), and the new Chief of the BSD was Dominick Braccio. Additionally, the FLETC’s In- ternational Training and Technical Assistance (ITT) Division exports law enforcement training, including leadership, throughout the world. In 2009, the LELI was conducting export training to present and future Romanian leaders. It was during this training session that Claudia Munteanu, a program specialist at ties did not send any female partici- requested that the FLETC coordinate the United States Embassy in Bucha- pants to the program, despite the fact and implement the training since the rest, Romania, had an epiphany – a that female officers make up approxi- LELI had been to Bucharest several leadership course designed specifically mately 11percent of the law enforce- times previously to deliver leadership for women in law enforcement to be ment organization. And so was born a training and knew both the routine conducted in her country. concept, “21st Century Leadership for and the logistics well. The challenge It was during a “train the trainer” Women in Law Enforcement.” was to design a leadership course that leadership program for Romania that Munteanu’s initial course offering would address specifically women’s Munteanu and Braccio observed and was scheduled for 40 hours of training issues. discussed that the Romanian authori- during June 2010 in Bucharest. She Once the Director of the FLETC,

14 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 CENTER PHOTO: The leadership class of women in Romanian law enforcement from disciplines including criminal investigation, intelligence, and staff-level leaders. The course was designed to meet leadership challenges specific to women.TOP PHOTO: Students participate in a group discussion. ABOVE: Claudia Munteanu, a program specialist at the U.S. Embassy, Bucharest, developed the course. (FLETC photos)

Connie Patrick, approved the export, terparts. During that time, Braccio leader who could relate first-hand to the planning and execution phase fell had consistently observed foreign law these issues and thus, to the class. to Braccio’s division to develop the enforcement leadership positions and ITT’s Program Specialist, John training. training opportunities to be reserved, Patrick, was assigned to develop and Braccio is no stranger to leadership for the most part, for the male officers. coordinate the new program. He training. He served as the former His concept was to put together an had taught leadership at two of the Assistant Special Agent in Charge of instructional team to present training four International Law Enforcement the DEA Academy in Quantico, VA. that would combine basic leadership, Academies (ILEAs) when he was an Braccio had oversight for training for the sociology of women’s issues and an instructor in the BSD. Plus, he was 87 Foreign offices and their coun- accomplished female law enforcement familiar with the subject of women in

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 15 law enforcement leadership roles. For the sociology piece, Braccio already had someone in mind. He had met Dr. Rita Wirrer at a confer- ence months before and knew of her extensive work at the Public Safety Leadership Development Consor- tium, in particular studying women and their leadership journey. Wirrer’s academic background includes studies of theology, philosophy, education, and sociology. She holds two university Master’s degrees, a teacher’s certificate for higher education and a Doctorate in Education. Since November, 2006, she is responsible for International Po- lice Co-operation in the Rhineland- Palatinate Ministry of the Interior and for Sports in Germany. The third of the instructor trio/cadre was identified through FLETC’s joint training partnership with the Jackson- ville Sheriff ’s Office ( JSO) in Florida. The Director of Police Services at JSO is Carol Hladki. Hladki, like Wir- rer and John Patrick, is passionate about law enforcement, leadership and women’s issues and thus was a perfect fit. Plus, she had been trained and certified at the FLETC by the LELI. Hladki has 25 years experience in law enforcement. She attended the FBI National Academy (209th Session), is a graduate of the Florida Criminal Justice Institute’s Senior Leadership Munteanu recruited an excellent Embassy Regional Security Officer Program and holds a Master’s Degree class of 24 Romanian women to pilot (RSO), Troy Larson, kicked it off in in Public Administration from Cen- the new course. On June 9, Hladki style and 21st Century Leadership for tral Michigan University. The JSO and John Patrick flew to Bucharest to Women in Law Enforcement became thought it was a grand idea, and they set it up and were joined by Wirrer a reality. didn’t have to ask Hladki twice. from Germany on June 13. Over the The participants were naturally quiet Over the next several months, the weekend, Hladki and John Patrick met at first, not knowing exactly what three researched, emailed and talked with United States Embassy staff, met to expect. Wirrer began with an ice to as many law enforcement women with the interpreters and went over breaker, asking the class to introduce leaders as they could, soliciting ideas the course materials. Wirrer came in themselves and tell about their back- to help design a leadership course that on schedule, and they spent most of ground and experience. She asked would target and address women’s Sunday setting up the classroom at each one what their expectations were, issues in this often difficult and chal- the Ramada Majestic Hotel in down- what they intended to take away from lenging career field. The positive reac- town Bucharest. The classroom setup the course and to relate what they tion of those with whom they talked was excellent – an interpreter’s booth, perceived as issues facing law enforce- was intense and motivating. The microphones, headsets, projectors, flip- ment women today. subject matter not only had wings, but charts, breakout rooms – a first class The class was a good mix. The rank- there was passion and strong senti- training environment! ing member was a Commissioner — a ment in favor of this training. Monday morning, the United States high rank in Romanian law enforce-

16 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 Dr. Rita Wirrer leads a discussion with the first class of 24 Romanian women for the pilot leadership course. (FLETC photo)

As the class progressed, their pas- sion came out and they expressed in no uncertain terms that they believed themselves very qualified and capable to lead and, in many instances, could lead as well or better than their male counterparts. They appreciated that the barriers and obstacles they en- countered in their journey were not unique but shared by women every- where. The final day’s schedule included a panel discussion where the class was encouraged to ask questions and have dialogue with the panelists. The panel was composed of Wirrer and Hladki, joined by the FLETC Director, Con- nie Patrick, and the FLETC Chief of Staff, Jane Titus. Following the panel discussion, Director Patrick delivered the gradua- tion keynote address. Director Patrick was joined by Chief Commissioner Hristache Trofin, Deputy Director of Human Resources, General In- spectorate of the Romanian Police, to finally hand out the first Certificates of Completion. The first iteration of 21st Century Leadership for Women ment. Others were criminal investiga- to the material - they saw themselves, in Law Enforcement was concluded. tors, intelligence gatherers, one “Police their family members and their associ- The initial offering of 21st Cen- Officer of the Year,” and a variety ates in these predictable and observ- tury Leadership for Women in Law of staff level leaders. The first two able behavior patterns and understood Enforcement was well received by the days consisted of the FLETC LELI that human behavior and values were Romanian women, and appears to presentation of DISC and Values. For global concerns. They slowly came be a subject of great interest to many. most of the class, this was their first around; first with curiosity, then with The ILEA Budapest Director Penny exposure to DISC, a modern four-di- emotion and then, a strong sense of Hoback, another female leader in law mensional behavioral diversity model ownership and commitment. enforcement from the FBI who shares developed by Dr. William Marston Over the next days, Hladki and the ILEA Directorship with the Hun- at Harvard University in 1928. Mar- Wirrer zeroed in on issues women garian authorities, is excited to add ston theorized that one can apply the leaders have contended with, do this course as a specialized course at powers of scientific observation to contend with and are likely to contend the ILEA and bring in female leaders behavior describing normal people in with in the future. The reaction by the from throughout Eastern Europe and four behavioral patterns: Dominant, class was extraordinary and gratifying. the former Soviet countries to train Influencer, Steady or Compliant — Their frequent nodding of heads and together. thus, the acronym “DISC.” facial expressions of, “I’ve been there” Munteanu has already added it to The participants engaged slowly at were priceless and sent a clear message the Embassy’s training schedule for first. However, as they began to relate - the course was on the right track. Bucharest next year.

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 17 Have you been to one of the top five visited cities in the United States? If you are selected for advanced training in FY11, you may get the opportunity to visit Charleston, South Carolina.

ivision Chief Doug Einsel, NCIS Training Academy ex- Dplains why. “The primary focus of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), Glynco, Georgia, is to provide basic law enforcement training to federal agencies. To ensure the NCIS can still hold advanced training if the Glynco site cannot accommodate it, the NCIS Training Academy has moved some advanced training classes to FLETC Charles- ton.” In FY08, the NCIS Training Academy held eleven advanced train- ing programs at the FLETC Charles- ton, training over 240 personnel. Einsel added “FLETC Charleston provides the NCIS and other agencies new opportunities in training, because The Maritime Liaison Agent Training Program of the training platforms and maritime Special Agent Tammy Key environment.” During FY09, seven ad- NCIS Academy Representative, FLETC Charleston vanced NCIS training programs were held, training over 160 personnel. Traditionally, the primary users of tor (DAD), FLETC Charleston, 100% increase. In light of the grow- FLETC Charleston have been U.S. related that the primary mission of ing demand for advanced training, Customs and Border Protection, U.S. FLETC Charleston is Advanced Law there are a number of projects in the Coast Guard Maritime Law Enforce- Enforcement Training. According works for improvements to FLETC ment Training Academy, U.S. Immi- to DAD Anderson, use of FLETC Charleston facilities. In May, 2010, gration and Customs Enforcement, Charleston for advanced training is construction of an $8 million physi- and the U.S. Courts Probation and increasing. In 2007, FLETC Charles- cal training center was completed. In Pretrial Services Academy. Wayne ton instructed 4500 students and in addition, construction has begun on a Anderson, Deputy Assistant Direc- 2009, they instructed 9000 students; a 400 room single occupancy dormitory

18 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 Students board a vessel by rope ladder during MLATP training at FLETC Charleston. (FLETC photo)

and impacting training program. The pilot MLATP course was held in May 2007. The MLATP is designed for person- nel assigned Maritime Liaison Agent responsibilities as well as individuals who will be tasked to conduct activi- ties in support of the National Strat- egy for Maritime Security. Class com- position is personnel from NCIS, FBI, CGIS and occasionally ONI. The MLATP is a very unique one-week training program specifically designed to improve interoperability, synchro- nization and coordination to enhance National Maritime Security. During this week-long course, students receive training in the Strategic Maritime Threat, Cargo Analysis, Commercial Vessel Boarding and Exploitation, Maritime Document Exploitation; Underway Boarding, Maritime Intel- The Maritime Liaison Agent Training Program ligence Networking, Source Develop- ment, Seaport Operations and the Na- tional Strategy for Maritime Security. During the program, students board a 494 foot break bulk freighter, conduct projected for completion in August Academy and NCIS Combating Ter- interviews and search compartments. 2011. Although the NCIS Training rorism Directorate, in collaboration During the practical exercise phase, Academy conducts a variety of ad- with the Federal Bureau of Investi- the students conduct an underway vanced training programs at FLETC gation’s Maritime Security Program boarding and search of a 65 foot high Charleston, the Maritime Liaison (MSP) and the FLETC Maritime interest vessel in open water. Agent Training Program (MLATP) is Law Enforcement and Port Secu- In addition, during FY10, the NCIS the mainstay for NCIS in Charleston. rity Training Division, located at the Training Academy and Contingency The MLATP is an innovative, col- Charleston campus, worked together Response Field Office (CRFO), laborative effort. The NCIS Training to develop a comprehensive, relevant See NCIS MLATP page 34

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 19

20 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 Secretary Napolitano at FLETC

Department of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano’s first visit to the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center.

epartment of Homeland Se- During her remarks, Secretary Na- curity (DHS) Secretary Janet politano discussed the diverse training Napolitano visited the Fed- FLETC provides to law enforcement Deral Law Enforcement Training Center professionals throughout the world—us- (FLETC) in Glynco, Ga., to observe a ing advanced technology, real-life simula- demonstration of a flying-while-armed tions, research and instruction to provide THIS PHOTO: FLETC Director Connie training for law enforcement and deliver the latest tools and skills to guard against Patrick (l) presents DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano with an honorary FLETC remarks about FLETC’s role in train- terrorism and other threats, secure U.S. instructor’s shirt upon her departure from the training center. ing law enforcement agents and officers borders, protect the traveling public and OPPOSITE PHOTO: Secretary from a multitude of federal, state, local build more ready and resilient communi- Napolitano at the podium talking with and tribal agencies in order to help keep ties. FLETC students and staff. (FLETC photos) Americans and their communities safe She highlighted the tactical flying- and secure. while-armed program—a simulation

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 21 PHOTOS THIS PAGE: 1. DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano participates in a Flying Armed demonstration at FLETC. 2. Secretary Napolitano shares a light moment with FLETC and Customs and Border Protection instructors following a demonstration at the Glynco Port of Entry facility. 3. Secretary Napolitano listens to an interview between a CBP student and a role player during a port of entry training scenario. 4. FLETC Director Patrick presents Secetary Napolitano with an “Honorary Legal Instructor” certificate following her talk with FLETC students and staff.

PHOTO OPPOSITE: FLETC and CPB instructors demonstrate an arrest procedure at the Glynco Port of Entry facility during Secretary Napolitano’s visit. (FLETC photos) 1 that has provided more than 25,000 law enforcement officers and agents with the training to detect, deter and defeat po- tential terrorist acts aboard aircraft since 2004. The FLETC serves 88 federal agen- cies—including the Transportation Security Administration, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Federal Protec- 2 tive Service, the U.S. Secret Service, U.S. Coast Guard and five other DHS agen- cies—as well as many state, local, tribal, and international partners. The FLETC headquarters in Glynco, GA trains tens of thousands of students, including 67,000 in fiscal year 2009, who participate in consol- idated training programs to better protect our nation and critical infrastructure.

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FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 23 An Historical Perspective: The U.S. Capitol Police

Glenn Brogan USCP Representative, FLETC

he year was 1801, John Golding was his name and Congress had recently moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. From its humble beginnings, the toT take up residence in the newly constructed Capitol Building. USCP has evolved into a full John Golding was the single watchman who was charged with the task of protecting the United States Capitol. Specifically, he was service law enforcement agency charged “to take as much care as possible of the property of the with more than 2000 sworn and United States”. For his efforts he would receive an annual salary of $371.75. Mr. Golding was not allowed to make arrests and, if civilian employees... backup was needed, he would have to request it from the nearby Marine barracks. It is from this one watchman that the humble origins of the United States Capitol Police (USCP) began. According to West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd’s history of the Capitol, by 1824, near the completion of the Capitol Rotunda, the number of visitors to the building increased, and a fire in the

24 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 PHOTO OPPOSITE: U.S. Capitol Police students at FLETC show their esprit d’corps as a class while running a 5 km race. ABOVE: U.S. Capitol Police officers on station at the U.S. Capitol Building, Washington DC. LEFT: A U.S. Capitol Police officer helps a woman with directions around the nation’s capitol. (U.S. Capitol Police photos)

Capitol’s library in late 1825, “demonstrated the growing need for increased surveillance and the importance of systematic profes- sional protection to avoid the recurrence.” In 1827, President John Quincy Adams ordered the establishment of a regular watch force, which consisted of four men — two for daylight hours, one for nighttime hours and one for relief. On May 2, 1828, the city of Washington’s police regulations were expanded to include the Capitol and adjacent grounds. This action was likely prompted by an incident involving President Adams’ son, who was serving as his private secretary, when he was beaten in the Capitol Rotunda. The Act of May 2, 1828, empow- ered the Capitol watchmen with full law enforcement authority. Consequently, 1828 is commemorated as the year in which the USCP was founded. The new force was not required to wear a

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 25 uniform, but they were directed been expanded to cover 59 acres to be “neat and tidy and present and approximately 1 million a gentlemanly appearance at all people visited each year. By 1935, times; to be stern with violators of the grounds had been expanded the laws, but courteous to officials, to 126 acres, and the head of the citizens and strangers.” By 1854, force requested 24 additional men the USCP were wearing uni- to augment the 132-man force, forms and were armed with heavy which, at the time, consisted of hickory canes, but it was not until men ranging in age from 19 to 75 1861 that USCP officers were years old. The Captain of Police authorized to wear badges. asked for the adoption of the same During the Civil War, the standards held by the Metropoli- Capitol Police force was increased tan Washington Police Depart- to three six-man watches, and ment, and requested that all new although military troops supple- men be between the ages of 21 mented security in and outside the and 50 years old. Congress agreed Capitol Building, as the build- to allow the Capitol Police Board ing was open to the public from to establish specific qualifications. sunrise to sunset, each watch was By 1954, when four terror- compelled to be on duty twelve ists belonging to a Puerto Rican out of thirty-six hours. In 1867, nationalist group fired shots from responsibility of the Capitol Police the House of Representatives was turned over to the Sergeants gallery, the force consisted of 157 at Arms of the Senate and House men. As a result of this incident, of Representatives, who almost security was tightened, and visi- immediately authorized the design tors were first required to check of new uniforms, added three men all packages before entering the to the force, and raised salaries House and Senate Galleries. By to $1,000 per year. In 1873, the 1958, the force was headed by a Capitol Police Board was estab- chief and other high-ranking of- lished, and with the Sergeants at ficers permanently detailed from Arms of the Senate and House the Metropolitan police force, of Representatives, the Architect an arrangement that continued of the Capitol was added to the until 1980, when these positions Board. were brought under the control of By the beginning of the twenti- Congress. eth century, the force consisted of In 1971, a bomb was detonated 67 men, including a bicycle squad in the oldest portion of the Sen- and a newly created detective unit. ate Wing of the Capitol. Prior Each member was armed with a to this incident, officers did not billy club, handcuffs and a distress routinely check staff and visitors whistle. Revolvers were furnished to the Capitol for weapons. After at night and for certain impor- the bombing, several new secu- The U.S. Capitol Police deploy several different units to help secure the nation’s capitol. TOP tant occasions. By 1904, with the rity measures were put into place, PHOTO: Motorcycle mounted USCP officers openings of the new House and including security screening of in front of the U.S. Capitol building. MIDDLE: USCP crowd control officers detain a protester. Senate Office Buildings, the force everyone who entered the Capitol BOTTOM: A USCP canine officer with his four- had grown to over 100 officers and Congressional Office Build- legged partner. and the wearing of the uniform ings (with the exception of Mem- became mandatory for on-duty bers of Congress), and installation officers. Before the start of World of alarms, a closed circuit televi- War I, the Capitol grounds had sion system, and metal detectors.

See US CAPITOL POLICE page 35

26 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 Firearms Training Are instructors developing a “range mindset” or a “combat mindset” when training law enforcement officers?

Richard “Duke” Speed Lead Instructor, Cheltenham In Service Training

very law enforcement agency that requires its officers to carry firearms in the performance ofE their duties has some semblance of a firearms training and qualification program in place. Typically, it involves shooting a qualification course for score on a quarterly, semi-annual, or annual basis. Unfortunately, the priority seems to be focused on the officer achieving a satisfactory qualifying score rather than preparing them for the potential of a real-world, down and dirty gunfight with an assailant who is hell-bent on seriously injuring or killing the officer. Law enforcement trainers should be asking, “Are we developing a range mindset in our law enforcement officers (LEOs) or are we developing a combat mindset?” Of course, the answer should be a combat mindset. This raises the question of how best to achieve this desired result of developing a combat mind- set through proper firearms and reality-based scenario training. The tone of the organization starts at the top and rolls downhill “There are no bad units, only bad leaders” is an old Marine Corps saying that resonates with truth in every unit - military, law enforcement, and private sector. The leadership of the law enforcement organization must develop the mindset that it is preparing its LEOs not for the possibility that a lethal confrontation may happen, but rather A student on the range being coached by a FLETC firearms for the chance that it will happen. If the leader- instructor. (FLETC photo) ship sets this tone, everyone within the chain of command, including the training department, will buy into this concept and the proper mind- set for training will be set. Henceforth, trainees will understand that they are not merely shoot- ing a paper target to achieve a desired score, but See US CAPITOL POLICE page 35

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 27 employing techniques and tactics as if intentions. The shooter always shoots their lives literally depended upon it. the same target in the same place in the same manner under the same Develop good habits rather than time constraints. There is no need to reinforcing “training scars” be concerned for the safety of others. When trainees are shooting at a There is nothing unpracticed, unan- paper target, it’s very easy to develop ticipated or unknown in the resolution a “range mentality”. They are typically of the course. Yet these are the factors shooting on a covered range that pro- that real training must resolve.” vides a dry, level, and well-lit surface. Their targets are generally station- 2. Require Law Enforcement Of- ary, they know the distance to their ficers to wear duty equipment and targets, and they don’t have anything attire when firing shooting back at them. Contrast If everyday equipment and attire this with the harsh streets of the real includes a Level IV armored vest, drop world and now LEOs are faced with holster, 5 ammunition magazines, and an environment where they may be a chemical mask, LEOS should wear In a real gunfight, the operating in unknown territory with this equipment when firing on the LEO and the assailant(s) uneven terrain, poor footing, low light, range in order to develop their body obstacles, barricades, multiple threats, firing positions and muscle memory will be moving in order and an assailant or multiple assailants (the common term today is a condi- to gain a position of who are moving (rather than standing tioned response). Because firing with advantage. Train LEOs to in plain sight waiting to be shot). a vest is different than firing with a In training, there is a fine line be- t-shirt, LEOs should train as they take a step or two “off- tween providing training that is realis- would fight while on duty. line” before and after tic and providing training that is safe. 3. Develop a “will to win” versus a firing in order to replicate Organizations lean heavily toward one side or the other, which is far from the “will to survive” mindset real world scenarios and ideal and can prove to have devastat- Train LEOs to win the fight rather to develop the desired ing results. The key is to find a balance than survive it. An officer can be of the two whereby firearm training crippled or paralyzed for life and sur- conditioned response becomes both safe and realistic. There vive the fight. Train LEOs to have the and mindset. are several simple solutions that will mindset that they need to win. This facilitate this. will encourage initiative and reduce hesitation under stress. 1. Make qualification and training two separate entities 4. Incorporate moving off-line Qualification for score is merely a when firing strings of fire verification of the standards required In a real gunfight, the LEO and the for the officer to carry his/her firearm. assailant(s) will be moving in order As stated in the excellent book, In to gain a position of advantage. Train Defense of Self and Others, retired LEOs to take a step or two “off-line” FBI authors Urey W. Patrick and before and after firing in order to John C. Hall write, “A qualification replicate real world scenarios and course is a rote exercise that does not to develop the desired conditioned require any exercise of judgement as response and mindset. to the appropriate level of force. The shooter starts shooting when signaled, 5. Incorporate scanning into all and stops when signaled without firing drills any consideration of the necessity or With a range mentality, LEOs appropriateness of the act of shoot- develop “training scars” by being too ing. There is no uncertainty as to the quick to re-holster their handguns or target, its location or its actions and too quick to lower the muzzle of their

28 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 rifles or shotguns. Ensure that officers developing tactical communications, ABOVE: Students, wearing helmets and armored vests, from the Naval Criminal are scanning forward, left, right, and confidence, and teamwork. Drills Investigative Service fire on one of rear to ensure that there are no more should incorporate bounding over- FLETC’s indoor ranges. (FLETC photo) threats before re-holstering or lower- watch tactics whereby one officer ing their muzzles. As long as targets provides protective fire while the other are faced, LEOs should be scanning seeks a position of cover. Officers for additional threats. should practice communicatiion uti- lizing plain language while conducting 6. Implement use of cover and drills. concealment drills into firearm and tactics training 8. Train for weapon transitions, LEOs should know how to use cover malfunctions, and combat reload- and concealment properly, how to ing include proper selection of cover and All reloading should be done with a concealment and how to shoot over tactical mindset. LEOs need to clear and around it. Ensure that LEOs their own weapon malfunctions and are receiving plenty of live fire drills have the mentality that they should utilizing cover as this is how they are get back into the fight as quickly and taught to fight in a real-world gun- efficiently as possible. When a slide fight. Trainers don’t want to build a locks to the rear, an emergency reload training scar by having them shoot in should be conducted; LEOs should be the open all of the time. taught the proper manner to do this. When a student “raises his non-firing 7. Train as a team hand” to let an instructor know he has Contact and cover drills are great for a weapon issue a training scar is devel-

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 29 oped. If LEOs are trusted enough to steel are also a great way to provide have a weapon issued to them, trainers instant feedback and to develop speed ought to develop enough trust and and precision within students. Train confidence in the individual to allow students that “center of mass” isn’t that officer to correct weapon mal- just center mass of the chest area, but functions. More importantly, it’s up to center mass of whatever body part is the trainers to develop the confidence exposed during a deadly force encoun- and competence in their shooters. ter. Flow drills should include 9. Train LEOs to shoot until the 11. Utilize flow drills to link all all levels of force, up to threat is eliminated training objectives and including the use of Incorporate multiple shot drills into Tie together all training objectives by deadly force. Something the firearm training program. During utilizing non-lethal training ammuni- a deadly force encounter, LEOs need tion (NLTA) and a tactical village/ that seems to be often to be trained to shoot until the threat raid house training environment. Flow lost in NLTA training is is eliminated, be it after using one drills should include all levels of force, the actual placement of round or an entire magazine of am- up to and including the use of deadly munition. Drills incorporating 2, 3, 4, force. Something that seems to be of- handcuffs on “suspects” 5, and 6 round rhythm strings of fire ten lost in NLTA training is the actual as well as use of force de- will serve to reinforce this point. placement of handcuffs on “suspects” escalation drills. as well as use of force de-escalation 10. Utilize various target systems drills. NLTA scenario-based training In addition to the standard target is only limited by the imagination of silhouettes, utilize “good guy/bad guy” the trainers. targets in order to encourage target Trainers are responsible for not only discrimination, percentage shots, and providing instruction in the technical something other than firing at the skills of LEOs, but more importantly, 5-ring of a paper target. Incorporate in developing the proper combat 3-dimensional targets such as man- mindset and will to win in trainees. nequins and, when possible, place Innovative, out-of-the box firearms targets at various ranges to add real- instruction will better serve to prepare ism to the drills. Reactive targets and our officers for real-world threats.

Students with FLETC firearms instructors on one of the facility’s indoor ranges. (FLETC photo)

30 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 The FLETC Physical Efficiency Battery 30 years of growth and guidance

Dr. Bill Norris and Charles “Skeet” Brewer Training Research

ABOVE: A FLETC student n 1980, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center measures her flexibility during a physical fitness (FLETC) had no assessment instrument to determine test. (FLETC photo) physicalI readiness or fitness for law enforcement training. The most commonly used approach by law enforcement agencies was to select items that were physiologically and medically linked. The general thinking was to focus on conditions that could lead to possible injury, limited duty assignments, early retirements or even death. It made good sense to have a physical fitness standard and program for both officer and agency alike.

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 31 Through extensive research, the most commonly used procedure to International Association of Chiefs of determine aerobic capacity. Upper Police (IACP) subsequently published Body Strength is critical for a more data identifying heart related condi- efficient and effective performance tions as the single greatest cause of of handcuffing, takedowns, defensive early retirement and the second great- tactics, weapon retention, and numer- est cause of limited duty assignments. ous other officer safety and survival Two well known projects followed the techniques and is determined by using IACP report. The first was an exten- the maximum amount of resistance sive research manual/project supported (weight in pounds) an individual can by the Law Enforcement Assistance lift using a bench press apparatus. Administration (LEAA), under the Trunk Flexibility is measured by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe sit and reach test: the most commonly Streets Act of 1968. The title of the used test to evaluate hip and lower project was “Physical Fitness Pro- back extensibility. Body Composition grams for Law Enforcement Officers: or percent body fat is measured using A Manual for Police Administrators.” skinfold calipers and provides a good A second report index of performance ability as well as was published by cardiovascular risk. Agility is deter- Marcella D. Woods mined using the Illinois Agility Test. from the Univer- which predicts an individual’s capac- sity of Washington ity to maneuver around obstacles and on physical fitness make rapid adjustments concerning programs for police the pursuit of a suspect or escape from officers under a grant a threatening environment — critical from the State of skills for the law enforcement profes- Washington. sion. Health-related fitness focuses Based upon the on those body systems that enable existing research, the individuals to perform routine tasks Physical Specialties easily and respond to emergencies Branch at FLETC without undue fatigue. Improvement created a physical of “health-related fitness” allows the assessment battery individual to function more efficiently of five items and throughout their working career and/ called it the Physical or lifetime and address the primary Efficiency Battery concerns of the initial IACP report. (PEB). The five com- This rationale for fitness standards and ponents of the PEB programming was used by virtually all are: Cardiovascular law enforcement agencies during the Fitness, Upper Body 1970’s, 1980’s, and early 1990’s. Strength, Trunk Another unique activity began in Flexibility, Body 1987 with regard to the newly de- Composition, and veloped PEB scoring system, the Agility. Upon closer retention of PEB scores in database. inspection, health Dr. Bill Norris asked Jeff Rowland, professionals would FLETC Information Technology classify the first four Specialist, to go as far back in time assessment items as as possible (which was 1985) and A FLETC instructor checks a student’s speed and agility “health-related fitness” measurements download the data for further analysis. during a physical fitness test. and the last assessment, Agility, as a This would allow for a more thor- (FLETC photo) “performance-related” measurement. ough examination of PEB scores, and Cardiovascular Fitness is mea- improved feedback for students and sured by the 1.5 mile run and is the PO’s. What began as a sound business

32 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 ...it [the PEB] does provide meaningful information related to the physical preparedness of the candidates, and their ability to fully participate in training upon arrival. practice to ensure fair and consistent area. The scale is self-evident. Since Division; John Gadzichowski, Chief - scoring scales has continued for 25 the data used to develop these scales Employment Litigation Section/Civil years and the database has grown to was collected on individuals taking Rights Division; and Sharon Seeley, over 147,000 students. This makes it their entrance test or pre-test at the Acting Deputy Chief - Employment one of the largest fitness databases in FLETC, the new scale clearly shows Litigation Section/Civil Rights Divi- the world – and certainly the largest by percentiles how law enforcement sion. Dave Brunjes, FLETC’s Chief database of federal law enforcement personnel performed on each test area Counsel and Diane Buchli, Attorney/ officers. This extensive database has by age group and gender. The POs Advisor were in attendance at the allowed the PEB to provide additional at the FLETC as well as other agen- Washington, D.C. meeting along with levels of fairness through smaller and cies can now select whatever level of the Chief Counsel from the Depart- more precise age groups. The original performance they feel is appropriate ment of Homeland Security (DHS), PEB age groups were 20-29, 30-39, for their employees. Office of Personnel Management and 40 & above for both males and (OPM), and legal counsels for many females. The vast database has allowed 2010 Advisory Fitness Standard POs. A meeting was also held with the PEB to incorporate five year incre- In 2008, several POs requested ad- the OPM Office of Medical Policy ments with the oldest group being 60 ditional guidance and assistance in the and Programs. Subsequently, the & above for males, and 55 & above for development of scale that would en- FLETC received support from all females. able them to better identify individu- involved for the establishment of the als who are not physically prepared to AFS, as well as the proposed direc- A Different PEB attend basic training at the FLETC. tion/methodology suggested. Prior to 2002, the FLETC PEB took In an effort to be more cost efficient, Finally, the FLETC developed the raw performance value such as a the POs were hoping to avoid los- the AFS as a tool to assist POs in run time or the amount of weight lift- ing travel and training funds to the the determination of whether their ed, then “scaled” the score on a 70-100 increasing number of students who candidates are physically ready for scale so it could be easily compared were unable satisfactorily participate basic law enforcement training – not to written scores, allowing students to in training and had to either return at as a prerequisite to attend training. quickly understand how well they per- a later date or were terminated from The advisory standard developed by formed. The 88 Partner Organizations their agency. Branch Chiefs Brewer and Norris can (POs) have diverse missions, and the During two separate Curriculum be utilized by the POs to assist them FLETC believes that these organiza- Advisory Council (CAC) meet- in making candidate selections and tions are best positioned to determine ings, Branch Chief “Skeet” Brewer preparations prior to training. While the required physical capabilities of spearheaded an effort to establish an it certainly cannot ensure success in their personnel. In 2002, a revised Advisory (suggested) Fitness Standard training, it does provide meaningful PEB (PEB 2002) scoring system was (AFS) that the PO’s could consider information related to the physical instituted that used values from the when conducting the selection process preparedness of the candidates, and database and are displayed as percen- for a group of applicants. To strength- their ability to fully participate in tiles. This allows individuals and agen- en the relationship to physical training training upon arrival. cies alike to determine how a specific success, only three PEB components On January 12, 2010, FLETC performance value compares to that of were selected: the 1.5 mile run, the Director Connie Patrick shared other law enforcement peers. When one repetition bench press, and the the newly created Advisory Fitness a 37 year old male has a run time of Illinois Agility Test. Standard with the POs. Since then, 14:32, which places him at the 33rd During 2009, several meetings were numerous agencies have utilized the percentile, it becomes readily apparent held at Glynco, GA and Washington, AFS in various areas of their selection that 33 percent (or one-third) of his D.C. with PO staff and representatives process both to better inform their law enforcement peers had a poorer from the Department of Justice (DOJ) potential candidates, and also to guide performance and two-thirds had a that included Jennifer Rivera, Chief their selection staff as to the physical better performance in that assessment - Federal Programs Branch/Civil demands of law enforcement training.

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 33 NCIS MLATP missions or other similar maritime Along with major shipping chan- continued from page 19 investigations/operations. This new nels, container terminals, port support training program is replacing the tra- operations, and numerous rivers and in collaboration with the FLETC ditional Special Agent Afloat training ravines; a wide range of classroom Maritime Law Enforcement and Port course that has historically been held instruction is enhanced by real life Security Training Division (Charles- in Norfolk. hands-on scenario-based exercises for ton campus), will be launching the The FLETC Charleston is the students. Maritime Afloat Investigations Train- perfect place to accommodate mari- There are four NCIS-sponsored ing Program (MAITP). The MAITP time training. It has the second largest MLATP programs scheduled, two incorporates the best of the MLATP container seaport on the East Coast Basic Physical Security programs, with the addition of specific courses and the fourth largest container sea- one Automatic Weapons/Operators of instruction for Agents who will be port in North America. The port is Training Program, and the Overseas assigned Special Agent Afloat assign- considered the second most productive Operations Training Program. ments, participate in counter-piracy port in the world behind Hong Kong.

ABIS instructor provides continued from page 12 student feedback as a result of observing interview highs and lows, essential the exercise. One information, types of questions, and a current limitation transcript of the interview. Each feed- of instructor feed- back area shows specific information back during existing to the student. In the interview highs laboratories is that and lows section, students are able to it relies on students’ see specific areas where they either did ability to interpret something positive or negative. If a verbal feedback in a student receives a mark in this sec- way they can apply A high definition screen is used to bring more realism to the FLETC ABIS. tion, they are given tailored feedback in the future. on how to improve this section and This is not the case ring theme in student feedback is where to look in the student text to for the ABIS. The student is able to appreciation for how the ABIS allows find additional information about receive objective feedback in a writ- for thoughtful formulation of ques- that particular topic. One of the most ten format from the system that can tions without the pressure of inter- beneficial areas of the feedback report be referenced as they continue in action with a roleplayer during the is the essential information section. their training. For instance, the ABIS students’ first attempt at an investiga- This section shows the students what provides the students with the number tive interview. Students felt this was information needs to be obtained in of questions structured less effectively. invaluable in preparing them for in- order to move on in the investigation. The student can see each one of those person interview experiences later in Students are presented a grid with questions and realize they are actu- their training program. Students also the most important information. In ally asking in the wrong format. This expressed overwhelming regard for the this grid, the students can see if they is not always the case with instructor detailed feedback the ABIS provided missed or obtained certain informa- feedback. As an instructor it is dif- at the conclusion of the interview. The tion. If students missed the infor- ficult to count the number of ques- survey information is being compiled mation, then they are given sample tions asked during an interview, but and evaluated to demonstrate how questions that would have provided the ABIS can accurately provide this the students are responding to the the missed information. This allows information to the students, ultimately ABIS. This information will be used students to not only see what infor- helping to improve their skill level. to modify the ABIS as appropriate mation they missed, but gives them a The ABIS arrived on the FLETC and ensure the system evolves into a viable way to ask effective questions in in March and is being tested volun- premier interview training tool that the future. tarily by students. About 50 students is responsive to the diverse needs of In the current interviewing labora- have used the system. Each student students from all generations. tories and practical exercises, which is given a pre and post use survey to are part of the basic curriculum, an capture valuable feedback. One recur-

34 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 US Capitol Police continued from page 24

In addition, a hazardous devices unit and K-9 explosives detection teams were established to respond to threats. Also, the Department was increased from 621 employees to 1,000. In 1972, Congress passed legis- lation authorizing members of the Department to carry their service weapons at all times. On September 16, 1974, the first two female Capitol Police officers were hired. Also in the early 1970s, Ceremonial Unit was created. A small contingent of USCP officers recognized the need to have a formal unit dedicated to representing the Department at congressional, civic, and local ceremonies. The dedication of these officers was the catalyst for an award winning unit that has been USCP honor guard fold a U.S. flag following a ceremony. referred to as the “honor guard experts of law enforcement.” In 1981, the jurisdiction of the the Senate Chamber, broke up two detectors, which had previously only Capitol Police was expanded from hours later. Consequently, at 10:58 been outside galleries, were placed at the Capitol Building and Grounds to p.m., when a thunderous explosion public entrances, and hallways out- the entire nation. Statutory author- tore through the second floor of the side the chambers were closed to the ity was received to protect Members Capitol’s north wing, the adjacent general public. In addition, identifica- and Officers of Congress when those halls were virtually deserted. Many tion badges were created for staff and Members and their families traveled lives had been spared. Minutes before accredited press and visitors. away from Capitol Hill. This same the blast, a caller claiming to repre- The USCP continues to have the year, the Department’s Contain- sent the “Armed Resistance Unit” authority to furnish personal protec- ment and Emergency Response Team had warned the Capitol switchboard tion to any of the 535 members of (CERT) was created. CERT provides that a bomb had been placed near the Congress, officers of Congress, or specialized response capability for chamber in retaliation for recent U.S. Congressional family members, in any events requiring heightened protective military involvement in Grenada and area of the United States and its ter- measures, conducts and coordinates Lebanon. ritories and possessions. As a result, reconnaissance operations for visiting The force of the device, hidden un- the Department’s Dignitary Protec- Heads of State and dignitaries, and der a bench at the eastern end of the tion Division provides daily protective participates in and coordinates assault corridor outside the chamber, blew off coverage for members of Congress, operations occurring on the Capitol the door to the office of Democratic at Congressional events, Head of Grounds. CERT is also capable of Leader Robert C. Byrd. The blast also State visits, Joint Sessions of Con- conducting counter-sniper operations punched a potentially lethal hole in gress, Joint Meetings and many other and in providing specialized response a wall partition sending a shower of special events. capabilities during hostage/barricade pulverized brick, plaster, and glass into The first formal training USCP situations. the Republican cloakroom. Although officers received was in 1947, and this On November 7, 1983, the Sen- the explosion caused no structural training stressed courtesy and neat- ate had planned to work late into damage to the Capitol, it shattered ness. However, much has changed the evening, but because delibera- mirrors, chandeliers, and furniture. since 1947. For example, the USCP tions proceeded more smoothly than Damage was calculated damages at has been a partner with the Federal expected, the body adjourned at 7:02 $250,000. p.m. A crowded reception, held near As a result of the bombing, metal See US CAPITOL POLICE page 36

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 35 US Capitol Police continued from page 35

Captain Kenny M. Wheeler, U.S. Capitol Police, has his badge pinned on by his daughter, Faith Wheeler, during his promotion ceremony to the rank of captain. (Photos courtesy of the U.S. Capitol Police)

Law Enforcement Training Cen- them for the challenges that come nents of the Department. In addition ter (FLETC) since it was originally with protecting the Nation’s Capitol. to these external oversight bodies, the established by the Department of In addition to participation in the USCP sought CALEA Law Enforce- Treasury in Washington, DC in 1970, FLETC’s UPTP, members of the ment Accreditation and received its and it has continued their partnership Department’s Threat Assessment, In- initial award in 1999. Since this time, in Glynco, as well as at the FLETC’s telligence and Criminal Investigation the USCP has twice been reaccredited. facility in Cheltenham, Maryland. Units attend the Criminal Investigator The United States Capitol is syn- USCP recruit officers participate in Program after receiving assignment onymous with liberty and freedom the 12 week Uniformed Police Train- to one of these units. Also, Members throughout the world. Under the ing Program at FLETC Glynco, fol- of the Dignitary Protection Program dome resides the center and focal lowed by 12 weeks of agency specific attend the one week agency advanced point of America’s legislative branch training at FLETC Cheltenham. At High Center of Gravity/Armored of government. From its humble be- FLETC Cheltenham, recruit offi- Vehicle Training Program that is con- ginnings, the USCP has evolved into cers receive instruction from USCP ducted at the FLETC, Glynco. a full service law enforcement agency instructors on a number of topics, As a federal agency, the USCP has led by Chief Phillip D. Morse, Sr. with such as, instruction in DC Code, several external entities — principally more than 2000 sworn and civilian HAZMAT training, security screen- the Government Accounting Of- employees. The USCP will continue ing, and dignitary protection. The fice, Office of Inspector General, and its unique and historical mission to training USCP recruit officers receive Congressional committees — which protect this icon and the people who at both Glynco and Cheltenham has regularly inspect and evaluate the op- work and visit it. been an integral part in preparing erational and administrative compo-

36 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 Rethinking “Let Me See Your Hands” Physical Techniques instructors should emphasize “control the hands”

Philip Carlson Senior Instructor, Physical Techniques

Every law enforcement officer (LEO) has said those five words at one time or another during their careers.

hey approach a seemingly compliant suspect to talk, frisk for weapons, or place under arrest. ABOVE: A knife is drawn by the suspect and As the officer approaches, he or she may notice the hands of the suspect are in their pockets, thrust at the officer. behindT their back, or hidden in some manner. The officer commands, “Let me see your hands.” According to the author, It’s ingrained in all officers to say this. when an officer gives the command, “Let me see However, is it the best command to give in that situation? When an officer tells someone to your hands,” it is — in show them their hands, are they truly ready for what might happen when the suspect brings essense — giving the their hands towards the officer as they were instructed and given permission to do so? Most -of suspect permission to confront the officer with ficers would say of course they are ready. Real life situations and training scenarios show other- a weapon. (FLETC photo) wise. Most officers are not truly ready for a subject having a weapon in their hand. This article examines the dynamics of a seemingly routine low-risk encounter.

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 37 Officers make numerous encounters daily where they don’t have their weap- ons out because the suspect is seeming- ly compliant. If the suspect’s hands are in their front pockets, for example, why does an officer want to see their hands? They want to because they could pos- sibly be holding a weapon that the officer can’t see — so officers routinely say, “Let me see your hands.” Think about this. If an officer truly believes in their mind that the suspect has a weapon in their hand in that pocket, why would the officer stand close to them without their weapon drawn, and give the sus- pect permission to draw that weapon out of their pocket and bring it towards them? It just doesn’t make sense. It’s almost like telling the brain it doesn’t really believe the subject has a weapon, when in reality the subject does. Many officers give this command without really thinking about it, again, because it’s so embedded. If they are confronted with a weapon, the consequence is that their mind is so far behind what is actually happening. Their response is compromised. The response of telling a suspect to show their hands is deeply rooted in law enforcement culture, so much that sometimes officers don’t realize they are doing it. This response is what many officers give when observed over and over in the field, on reality police shows, and in scenario based training. never seems to be much discussion on not respond. When Young ordered Not surprisingly, many recruits and how to “control” the subject’s hands. him again to take his hands out of his students get their perceptions of how Instead the focus remains on merely pockets, the suspect responded that he police work is done through television, saying, “let me see your hands.” had a knife, produced it and attacked movies and other media. This behavior Young. Young gained control of the is reinforced through television police Reality Lesson suspect’s arm. But then the suspect drama shows and movies. In a recent The Federal Law Enforcement Train- pulled a gun from his other pocket episode of a television police drama, a ing Center (FLETC) staff had the op- and shot Young several times. After veteran officer is training a new officer portunity to hear Sgt. Marcus Young a violent struggle, Young was able to in a field training program. He goes to speak about an unfortunate incident shoot and kill the suspect(1). According great lengths to warn the new officer in which he was shot numerous times to Young, in retrospect, he shouldn’t about how the hands can hurt you. He by a suspect. During the incident, have told the suspect to remove his says with great passion, “The hands are Young encountered the suspect at hands from his pockets until he had what will kill you, hands, hands, hands, about ten feet away with both hands controlled him in some other manner. you’ve got to get them to show you in his pockets. Young commanded Magazine articles regarding this their hands.” Absolutely! The hands the suspect to take his hands out of incident stated that the order to “take are what will hurt officers. But there his pocket. Initially the suspect did your hands out of your pockets” was

38 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 A FLETC instructor and students demonstrate a tactically sound and effective method to control and clear the hands of a subject. (FLETC photo)

hands. The problem is they weren’t empty handed. They had a gun and they were firing. Or they had a knife and they were stabbing. Mindset in Training Advanced classes like “The Winning Mind – Excellence in Training” by Bri- an Willis, and most recently “Shocknife Spontaneous Edged Weapon Defense” can help retrain the mindset of law enforcement officers. Both courses emphasize the importance of how the brain works in spontaneous encounters with subjects. When the unexpected happens, danger is posed to a law enforcement officer. There is a moment in time where the conscious or trained mind is not yet operating. The officer reverts to a survival mode in which they have a “flinch response” until their trained mind catches up. Initially in those situations, conscious decision making does not take place(3)(4). By giving the command “let me see your hands” the officer has basically given intuitive for any cop in the same scenario, many approach the subject the subject permission to draw their situation”(2). If that’s the case, what empty handed and immediately say firearm and point it at them. Because makes it intuitive for officers to say? “let me see your hands”. Many times the officer has told their brain to expect It shouldn’t be intuitive to do this. they don’t realize they just gave that this movement, they experience lag Rather it should be intuitive for offi- command. If the suspect produces time in perceiving the danger. It is cers to control the hands and have the a weapon and points it at the officer, known that action is quicker than reac- subject bring them into view on the they are almost always surprised by it. tion. Therefore, even if an officer were officer’s terms—when it is tactically Their response is more of panic than anticipating that the suspect would sound to do so. It is a great disservice being mentally prepared. produce a weapon, he or she would be to students and fellow officers if this Countless incidents are reported behind in their reaction. This all goes “intuitive” response is not addressed in in which officers told the suspect to back to answering the question, why training. Instructors have difficulty be- “let me see your hands” and were then would a law enforcement officer give a cause this response is in students from caught off guard when the suspect subject permission to bring their hands previous experience. Many students produced a weapon. In most of these toward them if they really believed will admit they’ve seen this response incidents, the suspect did exactly the suspect had a weapon in it? They on television shows and movies. Infact, what they were told to do and given shouldn’t. So how can officers control as soon as students are put in an arrest permission to do—they showed their the subject’s hands in a tactically sound

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 39 way? By directing subjects to remove give the command, “don’t move, keep as they relate to the suspect’s hands. their hands according to the officer’s your hands right where they are.” The This is called the “permission to move” commands under conditions that are mere act of saying this rather than “let principle. When an officer gives the tactically sound for the officer. me see your hands” sets the mindset suspect “permission to move”, any correctly. If it tells the brain there is a erratic movement the suspect makes Tactically Sound Options real possibility that a weapon may be other than what was directed may There are many ways and styles of per- concealed in the suspect’s hands. The be an indicator of a possible assault. forming the different techniques that officer then chooses how to control Second, having the suspect turn with are applied in law enforcement. One the suspect. If his or her hands are in their back to the officer makes it more of the things the Physical Techniques his or her pocket, a good option is to difficult for the subject to attain target Division (PTD) prides itself on is have the suspect turn away from the acquisition if they do indeed have not professing “the one and only way” officer and spread their feet,­ putting a weapon. Optimally, the officer is to do things. Rather, PTD teaches them in a position of disadvantage. behind or close to cover during this “a way” which has been found to be Then direct him or her to slowly encounter. If no cover is available, the tactically sound and effective. remove one hand at a time from their officer should stay on the move while The following is taught in Threat pocket and raise it above their head. giving this command. The officer Assessment as it relates to controlling Typically the palm of the suspect’s should not be in the same place they and clearing the hands: on the officer’s hand will be visible to the officer as were when the suspect heard them initial approach to a subject, the use he or she removes it from his or her give their last command(5). of cover, concealment and barriers is pocket. This process can be repeated In police work, there are many ac- emphasized. If no cover is available, with the other hand. If it is not an tions and many phrases (cop talk) that the emphasis is on maintaining safe arrest situation, have the suspect turn get passed on and seem to be correct. distance and staying on the move. An around and lower his or her hands and However, if they are not tactically officer, having approached a suspect, make it clear to him or her to keep sound, they shouldn’t be perpetuated. will be unable to see a suspect’s hands them at their sides. Similar tactics As Thomas Paine, author of “Com- if they are in one of three positions: can be used if the suspect’s hands mon Sense” wrote, “A long habit of are behind their back. Upon initial not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a 1) In the pockets (pants, jacket, approach, the officer should tell the superficial appearance of being right.” vest), suspect to not move and to keep their Controlling and clearing a subject’s 2) Behind the back, or hands right where they are. Again, hands is absolutely one of the most 3) The arms are folded across the the officer can have the suspect slowly important things a law enforcement chest concealing the hands. turn around as they look to see the officer does on their initial contact palm of the suspect’s hands, actively with any suspect. To deliberately and Of course there are many other ways looking for a weapon. The same tactic tactically control and clear a suspect’s a subject’s hands may be concealed can be used if the arms are folded hands is crucial — and the right thing from the officer. The suspect may be across the chest. The officer should to do. sitting on their hands in a chair or tell the suspect to keep their hands in the seat of a motor vehicle. In an right where he or she is, and have him 1. Enforcement Operation Division LP 5046, office setting, the suspect’s hands may or her turn around and spread his or Use of Force, Attachment #1, The Marcus be in a desk drawer or hidden by a her feet. Then raise one hand at a Young Incident, March 7, 2003, Ukiah, CA 2. American Handgunner Magazine, Sept.–Oct. computer. The suspect may be work- time above his or her head until the 2004, One Gun, No Hands – The Marcus ing under the hood of a vehicle on the officer is sure the hands are clear. Young Incident, by Massad Ayoob officer’s initial approach. There are several advantages to turn- 3. Shocknife Edged Weapon Defense Instructor Manual, 2010 As the officer encounters the subject ing the suspect around with his or her 4. The Winning Mind – Excellence In Training, in any of these positions, rather than back to the officer. One advantage by Brian Willis giving the command “let me see your is that the officer should recognize 5. Physical Techniques Division LP 8489, hands”, they should identify them- the suspect’s appropriate movements Threat Assessment and Response selves as a law enforcement officer and associated with the commands given

40 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 FLETC Goes Green - Part II

Willis Hunter Division Chief, Environmental and Safety

Firearms Division Activities It has long been recognized that shooting lead bullets indoors in the volumes that are expended at FLETC ranges can create not only an environmental problem, but a health problem as well for employees who are exposed to the Editor’s Note: FLETC Goes airborne lead dust. To eliminate these problems, Firearms Division (FAD) employees and Environmental and Safety Division (EVS) employees have Green Part I was published been working for more than a decade to develop a safe and effective green in the spring edition of the ammunition training round. FLETC Journal. For your dig- Today, FLETC firearms experts say that the performance characteristics of the green training rounds we are using are virtually indistinguishable from the ital copy go online: www. traditional lead training round. The green round uses a projectile that dis- fletc.gov/reference/reports. integrates into a fine powder upon striking the steel bullet traps on FLETC ranges. This powder is completely recyclable making this a win-win for all parties. The bullet is safer for FAD employees who would have tradition- ally been exposed to lead dust in the air, and the weapon and round perform at the same level as the traditional lead round. In addition, EVS can recycle the expended powder rather than dispose of it as a hazardous waste as lead

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 41 rounds were done in the past. river where the training occurred, EVS But FAD is working on even more began searching for a more environ- environmental improvements. With mentally friendly way to accomplish more and more training being con- this training. ducted indoors in places like mock air- After conducting research to find line fuselages, EVS and the FAD have a solution, EVS employees identified identified the need for a simmunitions a product produced by LaserShot, a round that does not use a lead primer. firearms training company. The new Last year the two organizations met technology that has been fielded in and established an acceptable level the boarding program utilizes a laser for lead in primers that will virtually mounted on the student’s handgun, eliminate measurable lead from all along with blank rounds that create simmunitions rounds. The FAD is a realistic shooting experience. The continuing to work with manufactur- laser is connected to a computer that ers to reach this new level of safety. records the student’s shooting effec- Finally, with the help of the EVS tiveness and provides quick feedback staff, FAD has been diligently work- to the student and instructors. Lastly, ing to identify an effective bio-based the boat on which the shooter rides weapons cleaner. After experimenting is equipped with netting surrounding with several different the bow of the boat to prevent ejected According to Glynco gunsmiths, this bio-based cleaners, FAD brass from falling into the river. The product has no adverse effects on the has identified a product end result has been training that is called Gunzilla. Gun- extremely realistic and effective, while user such as a noxious odor or skin zilla works as both a reflecting the DMD’s commitment to irritation, yet it performs better than weapons cleaner and a environmental protection. any product they have used before. lubricant. According to The Marine Training Branch is not FLETC gunsmiths, this the only DMD activity that has been product has no adverse “going green.” Prior to its realign- effects such as a noxious odor or skin ment under the Property Management irritation, and it performs better than Division, DMD garage personnel any product they have used before. partnered with EVS to examine green The gunsmiths are effusive in their purchasing options for their vehicle praise of the product and claim that it fleet. As part of the partnership, cleans weapons in half the time, it lu- garage personnel conducted a year of bricates weapons better and it extends experimentation to determine whether the expected life of FLETC’s firearms. there would be any adverse impact if training vehicles were equipped with Driver Marine Division Activities retread tires and re-refined engine oil. The Driver Marine Division (DMD) The results of the experiments revealed has had several recent environmental that there was no drop-off in the successes that merit mention. The first performance of training vehicles using success occurred about two years ago retread tires, except on the high speed when EVS employees observed that driving courses. Accordingly, their marine boat boarding training was Glynco training fleet is now equipped utilizing simmunitions in a way that with less expensive retread tires on the presented an environmental problem. vehicles engaged in non-emergency During the training, students were vehicle operations (NEVO) and skid being trained to approach a target boat training, as well as on the vehicles and engage gunfire with hostile targets driven by role players. that suddenly appeared on the target As for re-refined oil, DMD person- boat. Recognizing that many of the nel determined that using re-refined simmunitions rounds and ejected brass oil also did not adversely affect the casings were falling into the coastal DMD fleet. However, rather than

42 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 using re-refined oil, DMD’s mechan- a detailed analysis of a facility’s natural PHOTO ABOVE. Driver Marine Division students at FLETC ics argued that using synthetic oil resources as well as a plan for the man- hone their skills in pursuit would be both a better environmental agement of those resources. The Sikes boat handling. The FLETC can equip its boats with netting alternative and provide a greater cost Act, 16 USC 670a, has long required surrounding the bow to prevent savings for FLETC. According to the use of INRMPS at Department brass from falling into the water. DMD personnel, using either tradi- of Defense facilities, which typi- (FLETC photo) tional oil or re-refined oil, each vehicle cally can consist of several thousand in the training fleet would require two acres of land and water. But since the oil changes per year. They pointed FLETC’s properties are not that large, out that if the FLETC switched to it has never used an INRMP. Never- synthetic oil, vehicles would require theless, EVS staff members developed only one oil change per vehicle per an INRMP for the Glynco campus in year, thereby resulting in nearly a 50% 2008 and a biologist was added to the savings on oil, oil filters and down EVS staff to implement the plan and time. Furthermore, while synthetic oil manage the natural resources. is slightly more expansive than tradi- Included in the plan are require- tional oil, it is much less costly when ments to conduct controlled forest the number of required oil changes are burns on an annual basis to help cut in half. control the Glynco tick population and reduce the underbrush that could Natural Resources Management serve as fuel in the event of a wildfire. Another big change at the FLETC The plan also includes a requirement has been the implementation of an In- that the EVS staff operate deer feed- tegrated Natural Resources Manage- ers, in which the deer attracted to the ment Plan (INRMP). An INRMP is feeders rub against socks that are filled

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 43 with an anti-tick medicated powder. Another requirement Implementing recycling in these locations was fairly easy included in the plan is that the staff will conduct an annual considering they are located in communities that already deer count and ensure that the deer herd does not exceed have strong recycling programs. Implementing recycling at that which can be safely and successfully supported on the Artesia and Glynco, however, will be much more of a chal- campus. lenge. Another requirement of the INRMP is an annual sum- In hopes of meeting this challenge, EVS convened a mer and winter bird count. Bird counts are conducted as a group of volunteers in the summer of 2008 to study the way of determining the overall environmental health of a implementation of recycling at Glynco. Numerous op- facility. The larger and more diverse the bird population is tions were studied including single-stream recycling versus suggests that the overall environmental health of the facil- traditional multi-stream recycling. Other options were ity is good. The first winter bird count was carried out at also examined like partnering with Glynn County, Fort Glynco on December 22, 2008 by four volunteers from the Stewart or Kings Bay Submarine Base. Numerous experts Glynn County Audubon Society. A total of 405 birds were were consulted from the State of Georgia and even in identified representing 51 bird species. the recycling industry. The final decision after months of A summer bird count was conducted on May 3, 2009 analysis was that Glynco would best be served by initiating by the Audubon Society. On this occasion, the volunteer a traditional recycling program staffed with inmate labor counters identified 50 bird species and 392 individual under the supervision of EVS personnel. EVS also com- birds. Combing the two lists, Glynco has been identified menced cardboard recycling at Glynco December 1, 2009. as a refuge for 77 species of birds on our documented bird Other commodities like paper, plastic and aluminum cans list. This has provided the EVS staff with a great snapshot will be added as the program matures. of the FLETC’s environmental health and helps as the FLETC moves forward in the management of its precious Closing Thoughts natural resources. In the environmental community and throughout govern- ment today, the new focus is on sustainability. All activities Future Changes are expected to operate in a sustainable manner. Sustain- Where does the FLETC go from here? One of the most ability can mean different things to different people. For significant changes of EO 13514 is a mandate for Federal example, some hikers espouse the philosophy of Leave No agencies to set goals for the reduction of greenhouse gas Trace, — hiking in such a way that others cannot find any emissions. In the very near future, the FLETC energy trace that they previously passed that way. This could be a committee will meet to set a target for these reductions. tremendous aspirational goal for the way FLETC conducts The primary way to reduce these emissions, however, is to its activities. However, in reality, it is simply not attain- reduce the use of electricity and petroleum products. able. With the type of activities FLETC engages in while Another change on the horizon is an EVS goal to conducting law enforcement training, there will always be develop INRMPs for other FLETC campuses that have reminders people were here. significant acreage to manage, specifically Artesia and Perhaps the better definition of sustainability, and the Cheltenham. Both of these will prove very challenging definition FLETC can adopt, is the one taught to Boy given the tremendous diversity of these facilities – one be- Scouts. When going camping in the Boy Scouts, scouts ing located in a desert environment and one being located are taught to leave their campsite better than they found on or near the very sensitive Chesapeake Bay estuary. At it. This is also a great goal and is one everyone can work a minimum there will be a need to address storm water toward, both at work and at home. Everyone can do some- runoff at Cheltenham and examine the desert wildlife in thing to leave their “campsite” better than found. the Artesia complex. To leave the world a little better place takes everyone Another pending goal is the implementation of recy- working together. At the FLETC employees are the cling programs at all of the FLETC campuses. In a recent greatest resource and they can serve as EVS’ eyes and ears. customer satisfaction survey conducted by EVS, the number If employees see or hear of activities that they feel harm one comment submitted by EVS’ customers was a desire to the environment, they are encouraged to contact EVS so see recycling programs at our campuses. Fortunately, this that can explore corrective options. This facility is part of is a project that EVS personnel have been working on for a larger community. If everyone works together, they can the past year. In fact, EVS has already implemented recy- leave FLETC a better place. cling at FLETC’s Charleston and Cheltenham facilities.

44 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 id you know that the Federal Law Enforcement Training DCenter (FLETC) has six athletic trainers (two at Charleston and four here at Glynco)? These exceptional people are highly educated and trained in their profession. Their professional backgrounds are also interesting and diverse. Our team has worked at different levels in their profession to include high school, college (University of Notre Dame, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Virginia Military Institute, and Wake Forest University), professional football FLETC photo (New England Patriots), as well as the private sector. Their combined years of field experience go beyond 100 Professionals years. Licenses held by some of the athletic trainers include paramedic, Behind the Scenes basic life support, advanced cardiac life support, and as Red Cross instructors. The athletic trainers have Andy Smotzer also written numerous articles over Branch Chief, Health and Fitness the years. Some of the areas in which they have written: injury prevention, emergency care, sports medicine, injury management, and providing PHOTO ABOVE: Larry Thompson, an athletic trainer protective appliances, occupational technical expertise in the areas of at the FLETC checks an health and safety, and athletic training. physical and aerobic conditioning. employee’s knee injury. All of our athletic trainers are active They serve as first responders to the members and certified by the National Physical Techniques Division (PTD) Athletic Trainers’ Association as well as for center-wide emergencies. (NATA). They support the promotion of the What’s their mission? To keep FLETC’s Employee Wellness Pro- the students in training and the staff gram (EWP) and serve as instructors Athletic Trainers at FLETC physically prepared to conduct train- in specific areas of instruction in our ing. During the course of a busy Law Enforcement Fitness Coordina- keep the students in train- day, they may see as many as 150 tor Training Program (LEFCTP) and ing and the staff physically patients. They open at 7:00 a.m. and the Law Enforcement Fitness Coor- close at 6:30 p.m., and will stay later dinator Refresher Training Program prepared to conduct train- if an emergency occurs. I’ve watched (LEFCRTP). ing! During the course of them work on many occasions; their I know with the new EWP under a busy day, they may see knowledge, skills, abilities, compassion way, many of us will begin training and total dedication to our mission and starting work out programs. So if as many as 150 patients. is very impressive and at the highest you have any injuries, aches or pains, level. They treat, tape and rehabili- need some guidance in injury preven- tate those who protect our homeland. tion, health, conditioning, or in any Their services include but are not other related areas, do not hesitate, limited to injury assessment, planning stop by and talk with our athletic of specific treatment and rehabilita- trainers. They will greet you with a tion programs, counseling/education/ warm smile and be more than happy instruction on injury prevention and to help.

FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 45 FLETC’s 20th Honor Graduate of the Year Eric Wadsworth, FEMA Police

he FLETC presented its “Honor Department and its recruitment and Graduate of the Year” Award hiring standards, coupled with your forT 2009 to Federal Emergency dedication and determination to mas- Management Agency (FEMA) ter all the skills and knowledge neces- Officer Eric S. Wadsworth during sary to become a federal officer.” a ceremony July 1. This award is Wadsworth is a police officer at the presented annually to the FLETC Mount Weather Emergency Opera- basic training honor graduate having tions Center. In this role, he is tasked the highest academic average. with force protection of the facility Wadsworth graduated from the including access control, traffic en- FLETC’s Uniformed Police Training forcement, accident investigations and Program Class 922 on Nov. 9, 2009, criminal investigations. with an academic average of 98.20, Prior to his position with FEMA, firearms score of 292 out of 300, and he was a state trooper with the Com- a Physical Efficiency Battery (PEB) Eric Wadsworth, FEMA Police Officer. FLETC monwealth of Virginia, Department score in the 97th percentile. 2009 Honor Graduate (FLETC photo) of State Police, graduating in the top The guest speaker for the event ten of his class and receiving the male was FEMA Administrator W. Craig physical fitness award. During his Fugate. Fugate leads the agency in tor Craig Fugate. “It’s an honor to be nearly nine years as a state trooper, its mission to support the nation in a here today, addressing law enforce- he was an active member of the State risk-based, comprehensive emergency ment officers from across the Depart- Police Tactical/SWAT Team, respond- management system of preparedness, ment of Homeland Security and the ing to hundreds of calls for service. protection, response, recovery and rest of the federal family. No one Wadsworth was also a Field Training mitigation, to reduce the loss of life agency or department – or even the Officer with the Virginia State Police. and property and protect the nation federal government – can do it alone. Throughout his career, Wadsworth from all hazards including natural The FLETC is an example of the kind has received numerous awards for disasters, acts of terrorism and other of coordination and teamwork that his accomplishments and service to man-made disasters. allows us all to better serve our com- the Commonwealth of Virginia. He Prior to his appointment as FEMA munities and keep people safe.” received the Mothers’ Against Drunk Administrator, Fugate served as direc- “Over the twenty-year history of Drivers’ Award, and Top Cop Award. tor of the Florida Division of Emer- this award, just about every agency He was also a member of the Virginia gency Management. As the director has been recognized the U.S. Secret State Police Tactical/SWAT team that of the agency from 2001 to 2009, he Service, Capitol Police, Coast Guard, received first, second and third place coordinated disaster response, recovery, Diplomatic Security Service, Customs consistently in their annual regional preparedness and mitigation efforts and Border Protection, National Park SWAT team competitions. with each of the state’s 67 counties Service, Air Force Office of Special Wadsworth is a graduate from and local governments. Investigations – and now – the Federal Mountain Empire Community Col- “I want to congratulate Officer Emergency Management Agency,” lege, Big Stone Gap, Va. He holds an Wadsworth and all of the graduates of said FLETC Director Connie Patrick. Associate’s degree in criminal justice/ the Federal Law Enforcement Train- “Eric, your performance is a tribute police science with a Law Enforce- ing Center,” said FEMA Administra- to FEMA’s Mount Weather Police ment Option Certificate.

46 FLETC JOURNAL | FALL 2010 FLETC photo FLETC Holds 25th Annual Peace Officers Memorial Day Ceremony

he Federal Law Enforcement Training we will call today answered a higher call- Center (FLETC) held its 25th annual ing; they are the thin blue line,” said Keene. PeaceT Officers Memorial Day ceremony “They laid down their lives to protect our May 26, to honor those FLETC graduates freedoms and the way of life we all cherish.” who have lost their lives in the performance The ceremony included the reading of of duty. The ceremony is a joint observance the FLETC graduates’ honor roll of names with other area law enforcement agencies in by Assistant Director Michael Hanneld. southeast Georgia, including the Brunswick Captain Stephen Adams, Law Enforcement Police Department, Glynn County Police Section, Georgia Department of Natural Department and Sheriff ’s Office and the Resources Wildlife Resources Division, read Georgia State Patrol. the State and Local agencies honor roll of The keynote speaker was Roberto Correa, 40 names from area law enforcement agen- Deputy Chief Patrol Agent, U.S. Customs cies. In addition to the reading of the honor and Border Protection, Office of Training roll, the program included vocal presenta- and Development. “The FLETC Peace Offi- tions and the playing of Taps. cers Memorial…helps our newest members This year, two names were added to the of law enforcement…to establish a lasting memorial, bringing the total to 172 since connection with the past and the sacrifices the FLETC’s creation in 1970. Cruz C. made by all fallen officers and agents,” said McGuire and Robert W. Rosas, Jr., both of Correa. “This connection will help provide the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, them with a deeper understanding of what it Border Patrol, were honored during this means to be a law enforcement officer.” year’s ceremony. For more information and a FLETC Deputy Director Ken Keene full listing of the FLETC Graduate Memo- introduced Chief Correa and welcomed the rial, visit http://www.fletc.gov/about-fletc/ full auditorium to the solemn ceremony. fletc-graduates-memorial/. “All of the men and women whose names We train those who protect our homeland

Federal Law Enforcement Training Center U. S. Department of Homeland Security 1131 Chapel Crossing Road Glynco, Georgia 31524 www.fletc.gov