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Abundance and Diversity of Grasshoppers and Their Ectoparasitic Mites in South Dakota Erica Anderson South Dakota State University

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Abundance and Diversity of Grasshoppers and Their Ectoparasitic Mites in South Dakota Erica Anderson South Dakota State University South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2019 Abundance and Diversity of Grasshoppers and their Ectoparasitic Mites in South Dakota Erica Anderson South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Erica, "Abundance and Diversity of Grasshoppers and their Ectoparasitic Mites in South Dakota" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3134. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/3134 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF GRASSHOPPERS AND THEIR ECTOPARASITIC MITES IN SOUTH DAKOTA BY ERICA ANDERSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Major in Plant Science South Dakota State University 2019 ii ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF GRASSHOPPERS AND THEIR ECTOPARASITIC MITES IN SOUTH DAKOTA ERICA ANDERSON This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the Master of Science in Plant Science degree and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. _________________________________________ Billy Fuller, Ph.D. Thesis Advisor Date _________________________________________ David Wright, Ph.D. Head, Department of Plant Science Date _________________________________________ Kinchel C. Doerner, Ph.D. Dean, Graduate School Date iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor, Dr. Billy Fuller, for his advice, stories and most of all his encouragement throughout the course of this study. His support in developing a research project that I could excel at, is greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank my committee members, Drs. Amanda Bachmann, Michael Rentz and Joy Scaria. I am grateful for my committee’s service and guidance in writing my thesis manuscript. I would like to express my special gratitude to Drs. David Wright and Adam Varenhorst for funding my stipend and research needs. Particularly Dr. Varenhorst, who encouraged me to pursue my Master’s degree, helped me develop myself as a researcher and assisted with the development of my scientific writing. Without him, I would not be where I am today. A special thanks to Philip Rozeboom for his friendship, critical review, and assisting in the collection of my research. Your quick wit helped me survive the trying years of graduate school. I also thank Dr. Michael Dunbar, Dr. Brent Turnipseed, Bradley McManus and Patrick and Tess Wagner for their assistance and support. Special appreciation is extended to Amy Mesman, United States Department of Agriculture Animal Plant Health Inspection Services (USDA-APHIS), for donating grasshoppers and material for my research, allowing me to sift through decades of grasshopper survey material and above all, sharing her years of knowledge on grasshoppers in South Dakota. It is because of your work that this project was created, and I hope future research projects continue. In addition, I would like to thank Drs. Larry iv Jech, Derek Woller, David Hirsch, and Dave Branson as well as Chris Reuter for sharing their knowledge, vast experience with grasshoppers, and additional resources that I might find helpful. I must also thank George Hammond, for sharing his ideas and expertise with grasshopper mites, as well as referring me to Drs. Ashley Dowling and Ray Fisher who identified the species of mites used in this study. Dr. Dowling was extremely helpful and generous to extend his services so that my research could have true meaning to grasshopper management. A big thank you to Dr. Hossein Moradi for his statistical assistance. I enjoyed our hours of discussing research and letting me pick your brain for news ways to examine my research. I also recognize other former and current graduate students, Brady Hauswedell, Cole Dierks, Shana Westhoff, Collins Bugingo and Jakob Hicks with whom I have studied, collaborated, and shared stories along the way. Moreover, I thank the numerous SDSU undergraduates, especially Madeline St. Clair and Aaron Hargens, who assisted me with collecting samples. Most of all, I thank my parents, family, and friends for their continuous love, support, and encouragement over the years no matter how busy my schedule. My dad was always there to give me the kick in the pants that I needed, my beloved friends Caitlyn and Nate were always cheering me on, and my mom, I thank from the bottom of my heart for raising me to be strong, never back down from a challenge and giving me the love of learning that continues to grow. “There are some who can live without wild things and some who cannot.” ― Aldo Leopold v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW Thesis Organization ............................................................................................... 1 Literature Review South Dakota Rangeland ............................................................................ 2 Grasshopper Abundance and Species Diversity ........................................ 3 Grasshopper Pests ...................................................................................... 4 General Grasshopper Biology .................................................................... 7 Grasshopper Sampling Procedures .......................................................... 11 Abiotic Factors that Influence Grasshopper Populations ......................... 13 Biotic Factors that Influence Grasshopper Populations ........................... 15 Grasshopper Management ....................................................................... 18 Nomenclature and Synonymy of Grasshopper Mites .............................. 23 Distribution of Grasshopper Mites in South Dakota ................................ 25 Grasshopper Mite Life Cycle ................................................................... 25 Grasshopper Mite Larvae Effects on Grasshoppers ................................. 29 Grasshopper Mites and Integrated Pest Management .............................. 30 References Cited .................................................................................................. 34 Tables ................................................................................................................... 53 vi CHAPTER 2: GRASSHOPPER ABUNDANCE AND SPECIES DIVERSITY IN SOUTH DAKOTA Abstract ................................................................................................................ 55 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 56 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................... 59 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................... 62 Results .................................................................................................................. 63 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 69 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. 71 References Cited .................................................................................................. 72 Tables ................................................................................................................... 77 Figures .................................................................................................................. 87 CHAPTER 3: DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF ECTOPARASITIC MITES OF GRASSHOPPERS IN SOUTH DAKOTA Abstract .............................................................................................................. 105 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 106 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................... 111 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................. 114 Results ................................................................................................................ 115 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 120 vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 123 References Cited ................................................................................................ 124 Tables ................................................................................................................. 127 Figures ...............................................................................................................
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