Koniuchowsky-Telsiai-Testimonies.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Koniuchowsky-Telsiai-Testimonies.Pdf } .,! Leyb Koniuchowsky 1 A Brief History of Jews in Lithuania Note: All references are from the book Lite: Volume I, published in Yiddish in New York in 1951. TABEL OF CONTENTS Page Dr. Mark Wischnitzer: The History of Jews in Lithuania 2 Grand Duke Vytautas and the Privileges Granted to Jews 3 Destruction and Restrictions in the Wake of the Muscovite Invasion 7 Lithuanian Jewry Under Russian Rule 8 Louis Stein: The Outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918): Lithuanian Jews Deported Into Russia 9 Dr. Mendel Sudarsky: Jews in Independent Lithuania: 10 The Beginning of Jewish National Autonomy 12 The Establishment of the Jewish National Council 14 Jewish Deportees Return to Lithuania from Russia 14 crewish Participation· in Poli tics and Industry Decline and Disappointment 16 The Resignation of Dr. Soloveitchik 16 Harrassment of Jews; the Defacers of Signs 17 Liquidation of the Ministry for Jewish Affairs 18 Liquidation of the Jewish National Council 18 Liquidation of the Local Jewish Community Councils 18 The Fascist Uprising, December 17, 1926 19 Dr. Shmuel Grinhoyz: The Last Year of Jewish Life in Lithuania (a selected number of excerpts from his article in Lite: Volume I ) 21 Leyb Koniuchowsky 2 A Brief History of Jews in Lithuania The History of Jews in Lithuania To the northeast of the Baltic Sea an ancient ·people, the Lithuanians, have lived for many centuries. According to their origins and their language, they are a branch of the Indo-European family of nations. Lithuanian, an Indo-Sanskritic language, closely guarded the traces of its distant origins, both in regard to phonetics and syntax. •. In ancient times the Lithuanians were divided into tribes. One of them settled the lower regions, and was called Zhemaitija. Another tribe occupied the higher portion of the country, extending as far east as Vilnius and as far south as Kaunas; these were called Lithuanians. The Nevezhis river, which/flows from north to south and empties into the / Nemunas outside of Kaunas, was the border between the two tribes. The people of Zhemaitija lived in isolation among their ancient forests, in scattered settlements near lakes or on the banks of rivers and streams. They had lived as an independent people for hundreds of years, with their own prince and army. The Zhemaitija people stubbornly clung to the nature religion of their great-great grandparents. Not ------ -- ----'-..!)-~ until the sixteenth century did the Catholic church strike roots in Zhemaitija. For many years the people of Zhemaitija conducted wars against their own brethren, the Lithuanians, and against the knights of the Livonian order. In the thirteenth century Grand Duke Mindaugas, the first crown prince of Lithuanian, succeeded in uniting all of the tribes into a single Lithuanian state. Grand Duke Gediminas (1316-1341) ruled a huge realm. Thanks to his successful military campaigns and the matches he arranged between his children and neighboring grand dukes, his state grew larger and larger. Gediminas enjoyed the reputation of an intelligent, tolerant and kind- Leyb Ko~iuchowsky 3 A Brief History of Jews in Lithuania hearted duke. He remained faithful to the ancient Lithuanian religion thr·oughout his life, but was friendly toward those who followed other religions. Gediminas realized that he needed a class of merchant and artisan middlemen. He welcomed foreigners into his expanded territories. Jewish immigration to Lithuania began during Gediminas' reign. As early as 1349, Jews from Germany escaped to Eastern Europe. Gediminas' heirs continued their ancestor's policy of welcoming immigrants. In those years Lithuania became a major refuge and a new home for those escaping the German Gehennom. Germany and other parts of Europe were suffering the ravages of the Black Plague, and Jews were accused of causing the gruesome epidemic. The level of Jewish immigration to Lithuania increased in the second half of the fourteenth century. Gediminas' sons, Algirdas and Kestutis, further extended the borders of Lithuania, which became a major power in Eastern Europe. Lithuania controlled large regions between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. Grand Duke Vytautas and the Privileges Granted to Jews Grand Duke Vytautas ruled Lithuania from 1386 until 1430. Early in his reign, in 1388 and 1389, he granted formal privileges to Jews. These formed the basis of the legal, political and economic structure of Lithuanian Jewry from the end of the fourteenth century until the end of the eighteenth century. During the Middle Ages the.Jews iived as a distinctive caste among the various sectors of the surrounding population. Legal privileges which were granted to the Jews, or which they managed to obtain through their own efforts, were the basis of their relations with the state and with the various sectors of the population. Leyb Koniuchowsky 4 A Brief History of Jews in Lithuania The Privileges of Trakai, the first one granted by Vytautus, was a sort of "Magna Carta" granting personal protection to Jews.- The rights enumerated included free movement through the country; full freedom to engage in trade and credit operations; overt defense of the Jewish religion and religious institutions. Specific provisions included the following: 1) Any Christian who killed a Jew was to be tried in the general courts, and his possessions would be confiscated by the Grand Duke. 2) Provision Number 32, perhaps the most important, concerned the blood libel. It stated that "Papal bulls have confirmed that it is forbidden to Jews, by their own ;aws, to use human blood or any other blood. If, however, a Jew is accused of murdering a Christian child, the accusation must be confirmed by three Christians and three Jews. If the Christian accuser is unable to back up his accusation, the perpetrator of the baseless accusation will suffer the same punishment the Jews would have suffered had he been convicted of the crime." 3) A Christian who vandalized a Jewish cemetery was to be punished .. ·-·--' 0·,· according to the general statutes then in force, and his possessions were to be confiscated. The Trakai Privileges proclaim the autonomy of the Jewish community and the Jewish courts, which had jurisdiction over internal Jewish disputes. 4) In Point 19 of the Privileges, the authority of the Jewish community over its members is backed by the Grand Duke. The Trakai Privileges were written in the Polish language, in the city of Lutzk, on June 24, 1388. On June 18, 1389, Vytautas signed a charter of privileges for the Jews of Gardinas (Grodno) in the White Russian language. At that time White Russian was the official language of the Lithuanian government. Leyb Koniuchowsky 5 A Brief History of Jews in Lithuania The strategic position of the expanded Lithuanian realm was constantly threatened by the tireless German "push toward the east." The murderous German crusaders, under the mask of Christendom, would attack the Lithuanian towns and villages, looting the farms, raping and robbing the women, and causing untold pain, suffering and human sacrifices among the Lithuanian people. At the battle of Grunwald in 1410, Vytautas decisively defeated the Crusaders, putting an end to the German warriors' plans to occupy the East European countries. Polish military units assisted him in the battle. These events fostered closeness and unity between the two countries. The Jewish refugees from Germany in Lithuania could breathe more easily. Given Vytautas' accomplishments in the political-strategic area, as well as the economic advances he encouraged, his reign (1386-1410) was considered by the Jews to be the Golden Age of Jewish history in Lithuania. Among the prisoners whom Vytautas brought back from his military _,,,,-.- ----·------'-&j;rerations against the Tatars at the end of the fourteenth century were· Jews and Karaites. These helped to strengthen the Jewish and Karaite elements in Lithuania. After the death in 1370 of King Casimir the Great of Poland, the crown of Poland passed into the hands of the Hungarian King Ludwig. However, he did not rule for long. He died in 1382 without an heir. His daughter Jadwiga married the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jogaila. Through this match the ruling families of Poland and Lithuania were unified. The King of Poland was simultaneously the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jogaila permitted Vytautas to rule Lithuania for the rest of his life. Vytautas, like his grandfather Gediminas, was a tolerant ruler, unswayed by clerical fanaticism. Leyb Koniuchowsky 6 A Brief History of Jews in Lithuania In the year 1386 the Lithuanian people, together with their Grand Duke Jogaila, accepted the Roman catholic faith. Nevertheless, aggressive clericalism was held in check during Vytautas' reign. After Poland and Lithuania were formally unified in 1386, contacts between the two countries became progressively closer. The relations between Jews in Poland and Jews in Lithuania also grew more intensive. The Jewish community in Lithuania enjoyed normal growth and development through the 52-year reign of Casimir, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1440-1492). Casimir refused to be swayed by Catholic clericalism, and resisted the anti-Semitic tendencies of high religious officials. His attitude was secular and tolerant, and had / friends among the humanists of his time. In regard to Jews, Casimir continued Vytautas' policies. At that time the Jews were still the only middlemen in the country. The conditions weren't ripe for competition to arise against them. During Casimir's reign, the Grand Ducal distilleries were run by Jewish contractors, and staffed by Jewish clerks, employees and guards. ------------,- ~-·· _____ ,.__ f'.''l---o-• ·-Jewish franchisees· ran guest houses alcing the main tr·ade ~routes. The Jews loaned small sums to the peasants and the Tatars. The trade, however, was extremely poor. Jews often borrowed money from noblemen and priests in order to conduct business.
Recommended publications
  • Žemaičių Aikštė Tveruose the Excavations at the Old Žagarė Market Square (P
    and deep ‘pot-shaped’ (Topfkachel) stove tiles, M I E ST E LIAI flat armorial stove tiles (Fig. 4), trim stove tiles (Fig. 14), brick rubble, an iron hook – part of a door lock, 2 whetstones, a belt buckle, a por- Bronius Dakanis celain pipe bowl (Fig. 14), and 5 17th–19th-cen- tury coins (Figs. 5–6). Žemaičių aikštė Tveruose The excavations at the Old Žagarė market square (P. Cvirkos St. 42 – Gedimino street) Vadovaudamasi kelių Telšiai–Žarėnai– supplemented the information about Žagarė’s Tverai–Laukuva ir Rietavas–Tverai–Varniai businesses: the 2 awls, thimble, and needle eismo saugumo sutvarkymo jų sankryžoje that were found attest to the tailor’s trade. Tai- Tveruose projektu, IĮ „Senų senovė“ atliko lors (in 1754, 1756, 1775, 1776, and 1784) and Tverų senamiesčio (Rietavo sav.) teritorijos cobblers (in 1647) are mentioned in the Žemaičių aikštėje ir jos prieigose žvalgomuo- 17th–18th-century inventories of Old Žagarė. sius archeologinius tyrimus. Žvalgomųjų ar- A layer of slag (dross (?)) was discovered cheologinių tyrimų metu Tverų miestelio Že- (Fig. 1) where fragments of 3 bellows were maičių aikštėje, Laukuvos ir Miško gatvėse, found. They could be from an iron smelting bažnyčios šventoriuje bei varpinės aplinkoje furnace or a blacksmith’s forge. Blacksmiths 31 vietoje ištirtas bendras 59,5 m2 plotas. Be and metalworkers are mentioned in Žagarė to, UAB „Lytagra“ parduotuvės neužstatytoje (in 1565, in Old Žagarė in 1647 and 1784, and sklypo dalyje 3 vietose dar ištirtas 12 m2 plo- in New Žagarė in 1778, 1786, 1789, and 1791). tas. Archeologiniai šurfai tirti nuo 1 iki 4 m2 Thus the new finds supplement the sparse dydžio, orientuoti pagal gatvių, elektros linijų, historical information about the trades in Ža- greta esančių sklypų ar statinių kryptis.
    [Show full text]
  • Lt * Tai Šiuolaikiškas Meno Ir Kultūros Centras, Aktyvios Tiesiems Ir Profesionalams
    Vilniaus senamiestis dėl unikalumo įrašytas į UNESCO 8 . Nacionalinė dailės galerija * Konstitucijos pr. 22, Vilnius * Tel. +370 5 užima 8 ha teritoriją. Po vienu stogu įrengtos trys slidinėjimo trasos pradedan- Neringoje išvysk fantastišką slenkančių kopų pasaulį, Šiauliuose Tave pasitiks „Saulės berniukas“, laiką rodys pasaulio paveldo sąrašą ir vadinamas „Baroko šedevru“. 219 5960 * www.ndg.lt * Tai šiuolaikiškas meno ir kultūros centras, aktyvios tiesiems ir profesionalams. Bendras trasų ilgis siekia 1 100 metrų. įkvėpk sakais dvelkiančio pušynų oro, pasitik saulėtekį iš Saulės laikrodis, karštą vasaros dieną atgaivins „Saulės komunikacijos erdvė, kurioje žiūrovai susipažįsta su XX a. Lietuvos tapyba, Čia slypi daugybė netikėtų atradimų – atvažiuok, ir jis skulptūra, grafika, fotografija, instaliacijomis ir videomenu. 17. Pažaislio bažnyčia ir vienuolynas * T. Masiulio g. 31, Kaunas * Tel. Kuršių marių ir palydėk saulę į jūrą. Šis unikalaus grožio diskų“ fontanas, o akį džiugins 1236 m. vykusiam Saulės Tave nustebins! +370 37 458 868 * www.pazaislis.org * Švč. Mergelės Marijos Apsilankymo pas žemės liežuvis įrašytas į UNESCO pasaulio paveldo sąrašą. mūšiui atminti sukurtas paminklas ir vitražas. 9. Lietuvos nacionalinis operos ir baleto teatras * A. Vienuolio g. 1, Vilnius Elžbietą bažnyčios ir Kamaldulių vienuolyno ansamblis išsiskiria puošnumu ir * Tel. +370 5 262 0727 * www.opera.lt * Nuo 1974 m. salėje, kurioje telpa beveik prabanga. Apie vienuolyno grožį gandas sklido po visą Europą, jo pasižiūrėti tūkstantis žiūrovų, statomi spektakliai, dainuoja pasaulio operos žvaigždės, buvo atvykę švedų karalius Karolis I, carai Aleksandras I ir Nikolajus I. šoka garsiausi baleto solistai. Teatro repertuare yra daug klasikinių baletų – ne žingsniuok Laisvės alėja, klajok tarp puošnių kiekvienas Europos teatras gali tuo pasigirti. Kaune praėjusių amžių namų ir pasikelk į vaizdingą kalvą senuo- 10.
    [Show full text]
  • The Baltics EU/Schengen Zone Baltic Tourist Map Traveling Between
    The Baltics Development Fund Development EU/Schengen Zone Regional European European in your future your in g Investin n Unio European Lithuanian State Department of Tourism under the Ministry of Economy, 2019 Economy, of Ministry the under Tourism of Department State Lithuanian Tampere Investment and Development Agency of Latvia, of Agency Development and Investment Pori © Estonian Tourist Board / Enterprise Estonia, Enterprise / Board Tourist Estonian © FINL AND Vyborg Turku HELSINKI Estonia Latvia Lithuania Gulf of Finland St. Petersburg Estonia is just a little bigger than Denmark, Switzerland or the Latvia is best known for is Art Nouveau. The cultural and historic From Vilnius and its mysterious Baroque longing to Kaunas renowned Netherlands. Culturally, it is located at the crossroads of Northern, heritage of Latvian architecture spans many centuries, from authentic for its modernist buildings, from Trakai dating back to glorious Western and Eastern Europe. The first signs of human habitation in rural homesteads to unique samples of wooden architecture, to medieval Lithuania to the only port city Klaipėda and the Curonian TALLINN Novgorod Estonia trace back for nearly 10,000 years, which means Estonians luxurious palaces and manors, churches, and impressive Art Nouveau Spit – every place of Lithuania stands out for its unique way of Orebro STOCKHOLM Lake Peipus have been living continuously in one area for a longer period than buildings. Capital city Riga alone is home to over 700 buildings built in rendering the colorful nature and history of the country. Rivers and lakes of pure spring waters, forests of countless shades of green, many other nations in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lithuanian Jewish Community of Telšiai
    The Lithuanian Jewish Community of Telšiai By Philip S. Shapiro1 Introduction This work had its genesis in an initiative of the “Alka” Samogitian Museum, which has undertaken projects to recover for Lithuanians the true history of the Jews who lived side-by-side with their ancestors. Several years ago, the Museum received a copy of the 500-plus-page “yizkor” (memorial) book for the Jewish community of Telšiai,2 which was printed in 1984.3 The yizkor book is a collection of facts and personal memories of those who had lived in Telšiai before or at the beginning of the Second World War. Most of the articles are written in Hebrew or Yiddish, but the Museum was determined to unlock the information that the book contained. Without any external prompting, the Museum embarked upon an ambitious project to create a Lithuanian version of The Telshe Book. As part of that project, the Museum organized this conference to discuss The Telshe Book and the Jewish community of Telšiai. This project is of great importance to Lithuania. Since Jews constituted about half of the population of most towns in provincial Lithuania in the 19th Century, a Lithuanian translation of the book will not only give Lithuanian readers a view of Jewish life in Telšiai but also a better knowledge of the town’s history, which is our common heritage. The first part of this article discusses my grandfather, Dov Ber Shapiro, who was born in 1883 in Kamajai, in the Rokiškis region, and attended the Telshe Yeshiva before emigrating in 1903 to the United States, where he was known as “Benjamin” Shapiro.
    [Show full text]
  • Vyskupijos Romos Katalikų Bažnyčios Kauno Gubernija Gimimo
    Telšių (Žemaičių) vyskupijos Romos katalikų bažnyčios Kauno gubernija Gimimo, santuokos ir mirties metrikų knygos nuo 1865 iki 1915 metų saugomos F. 669 Ap. 6 – 22. Metrikų knygos iki 1864 metų saugomos F. 669 Ap.1. Daugelio bažnyčių knygos taip pat yra atskiruose fonduose. Nr. Bažnyčios pavadinimas Fondo ir aprašo Nr. Dekanato pavadinimas 1. Adakavas 669.7 Batakių 2. Akmenė 669.8 Viekšnių 3. Aknysta 669.6 Obelių 4. Alanta 669.19 Utenos 5. Aleksandravėlė 669.15 Zarasų 6. Aleksandrija 669.22 Skuodo 7. Alizava 669.19 Utenos 8. Alsėdžiai 669.16 Alsėdžių 9. Ančiškis 669.17 Panevėžio 10. Andrioniškis 669.19 Utenos 11. Anykščiai 669.19 Utenos 12. Antašava 669.17 Panevėžio 13. Antazavė 669.15 Zarasų 14. Apytalaukis 669.13 Kauno 15. Ariogala 669.9 Veliuonos 16. Aviliai 669.15 Zarasų 17. Babtai 669.13 Kauno 18. Baisogala 669.14 Krakių 19. Balninkai 669.19 Utenos 20. Baltriškės 669.17 Panevėžio 21. Barstyčiai 669.16 Alsėdžių 22. Batakiai 669.7 Batakių 23. Betygala 669.9 Veliuonos 24. Biržai 669.17 Panevėžio 25. Budriai 669.22 Skuodo 26. Bukonys 669.10 Ukmergės 27. Butkiškė 669.9 Veliuonos 28. Čedasai 669.6 Obelių 29. Čekiškė 669.9 Veliuonos 30. Dambava 669.20 Šeduvos 31. Darbėnai 669.22 Skuodo 32. Daugailiai 669.15 Zarasų 33. Daujėnai 669.17 Panevėžio 34. Daujotavas (Polekėlė) 669.20 Šeduvos 35. Debeikiai 669.19 Utenos 36. Degučiai 669.18 Rietavo 37. Deltuva 669.10 Ukmergės 38. Didkiemis 669.18 Rietavo 39. Dotnuva 669.14 Krakių 40. Dūkštas 669.15 Zarasų 41. Dusetos 669.15 Zarasų 42. Eigirdžiai 669.16 Alsėdžių 43.
    [Show full text]
  • V. Grinaveckis, Žemaičių Tarmių Žodžio Pradžios Vokalizmo Dėsnių Susiformavimas
    LIETUVOS TSR AUKŠTŲJŲ MOKYKLŲ MOKSLO DARBAI, KALBOTYRA, IX, 1963 ŽEMAIČIŲ TARMIŲ ŽODŽIO PRADŽIOS VOKALIZMO DĖSNIŲ SUSIFORMAVIMAS V. GRINAVECKIS 1. a : e a) par, par- < per, per- Žemaičių tarmėse vietoj lk per, per- vartojama par, par-, pvz.: parėjau par miestą „perėjau per miestą", parėjau nomgi „parėjau namo". Prielinksnį par ir priešdėlį par- vietoj lk per vartoja ir visi šiaurės vakarų aukštaičiai, taip pat lie­ tuvių žvejų tarmė Prūsuose, Neringos lietuvių tarmė (greta par ir per2), šiaurinė vidurio ir rytų aukštaičių tarmių dalis (Joniškis, Linkuva, Šeduva, Ramygala, Panevėžys, Joniškėlis, Pasvalys, Biržai, Vabalninkas, Raguva); dalis vidurio ir rytų aukštaičių ir rytų dzūkų vartoja par, bet per- (Kulva, Kuktiškės, Kupiškis, Tauragnai, Linkmenys, Utena, Žemaitkiemis). Žemaičiai, šiaurės vakarų aukštaičiai, Neringos lietuvių tarmė, žvejų tarmė Prūsuose par-, atliepiantį lk par-, taria su tvirtagale (tęstine) priegaide, o par-, at­ liepiantį lk per-, — su tvirtaprade (žem. su laužtine). Rytų aukštaičių tarmėse par- ir per- visai nesiskiria ir priegaidėmis bei kirčiavimu: parpliša „perplyšo" ir parnešė „parnešė" ir „pernešė" (Pušalotas). Prielinksnio ir priešdėlio per balsio e pakeitimas į a greičiausiai priklauso nuo priešdėlio par, tik ne visai aišku, kodėl įsigalėjo a, o ne e. Gal būt, prie a api­ bendrinimo yra prisidėję kiti priešdėliai ir prielinksniai su a, pvz.: ap-, api-, apy-, apie, at-, ati-, da-, pa- ( < pa-), pas, pra- ( < pra-), ryt. ai-, ai, ažu-, ažu. Su balsiu e žodžio pradžios dalelių turime nedaug: ne, ne-, te-, be-, kurios žemaičių tarmių didžiojoje dalyje > na-, na \\ ne, ta-, ba-, o rytų aukštaičių tarmėse te- ir be- retai tevartojama. Prielinksnį ir priešdėlį par turi ir latvių kalba. Vienose latvių kalbos tarmėse tariama par(-), kitose — par-.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proposed Economic Activity That Are Subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment
    Translation from the Lithuanian 1 EIA Summary The proposed economic activity (hereinafter referred to as the PEA) - construction of the Klaipėda – Kuršėnai gas transmission pipeline - has been included into the list of activities presented in Annex 1 to the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proposed Economic Activity that are subject to an environmental impact assessment. Environmental impact assessment (hereinafter - the EIA) procedures are carried out in accordance with Law on Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proposed Economic Activity (hereinafter the Law on EIA) (Official Gazette, 1996, No. 82-1965; 2000, No. 39-1092; 2005, No. 84-3105) and other applicable laws of the Republic of Lithuania. The main goal of the project of the Klaipėda – Kuršėnai gas transmission pipeline is to create sufficient capacities for transporting natural gas from the LNG terminal in Klaipėda to consumers in Lithuania and other Baltic countries (Latvia and Estonia), thus creating a possibility for the Baltic market participants to diversify the sources of gas supply increasing possibilities for liquefied natural gas import through the terminal and enhancing market competitiveness. The project “Klaipėda – Kuršėnai gas transmission pipeline“ was declared an economic project of national importance by Resolution No. 1195 of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania of 11 December 2013. The project will be implemented by the Lithuanian natural gas transmission system operator AB Amber Grid. EIA relationship with planning and design documentation, publicity procedures The proposed economic activity is provided for in technical infrastructure solutions of the Master Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania approved by Resolution No.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 / Dėl Kultūros Paveldo Apsaugos Telšių Apskrities Savivaldybėse
    ÞEMAIÈIØ KULTÛRA ISTORIJA PAVELDAS Þemaitiu akademëjës, Regëjuonu kultûriniu iniciatîvu cëntra, Þemaitiu þemëakademënë jaunima korporacëjës „Samogitia“ leidënîs LITERATÛRA MUZIEJAI TURIZMAS Þemaitiu þemë 2004/3(44) 2 / Dël kultûros paveldo apsaugos Telðiø apskrities savivaldybëse IÐLEIDA ÞKD IKC 3 / Paveldosauga Telðiø rajone 2001–2003 m. 4 / Jûsø laukia Telðiø rajone ÞORNALS PARËNGTS IGÎVENDËNONT 4 / Lankytinos vietos Telðiø rajone KULTÛRINI PRUOJEKTA „KULTÛRAS PAVELDA 4 / Daþniausiai lankomos vietos Telðiø rajone INTEGRAVËMS I REGËJUONU 5–9 / Telðiai. Svarbiausios datos ir ávykiai (parengë GINTAUTAS PLIETRA: LIETOVUOS ËR ÈIÞIÛNAS) EURUOPAS SÂJUNGAS ÐALIÛ 42, 43 p. 10–12 / ZITA DARGAITË. Tiriamoji veikla Þemaièiø muziejuje „Alka“ PATËRTËS ËR PERSPEKTÎVAS“ 12–14 / VIDA RIMKUVIENË. Etnografinës ekspedicijos Telðiø ir aplinkiniuose rajonuose PRUOJEKTA REM: 14–17 / LAIMUTË VALATKIENË, DALIA KARALIENË. Iðkalbingi LIETOVUOS SPAUDUOS, RADËJË ËR Þemaièiø þemës kapinynai TELEVIZËJËS RIEMËMA FONDS, 18, 19, 39, 41, 56–61 / Þymiausi kultûros paveldo objektai Telðiø rajone LR KULTÛRAS MINISTERËJË, 20–24, 33 GINTAUTAS ÈIÞIÛNAS. Jie slëpë ir gynë þemaièius. Buiðø TELÐIÛ RAJUONA SAVËVALDÎBË, 46–49 p. (Tauragnënø), Buoþënø, Dþiugo (Dþiuginënø), Getautës, TELÐIÛ MËÐKÛ URIEDËJË, AB „VËTRÛNA“. Moteraitis (Didþiøjø Burbiðkiø), Pagirgþdûèio, Sprûdës, TELÐIÛ APSKRËTËIS VIRÐININKA Þàsûgalos (Baltininkø), Ðirmës, Vembûtø piliakalniai, ADMINISTRACËJË Padavimai apie Ðatrijà, Paðatrijos piliakalnis (Ðatrija) 25 / Birþuvënai (nuotraukos) 26, 27 / Telðiø rajono senøjø
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuanian Tourism Product Manual 2007
    Lithuanian Tourism Product Manual 2007 LITHUANIAN STATE DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM 2006 CONTENTS BASIC DATA..................................................................................... 3 ALYTUS COUNTY......................................................................52 USEFUL.INFORMATION................................................................. 3 ALYTUS.TOWN.AND.DISTRICT................................................52 TRANSPORT..................................................................................... 4 VArėNA District......................................................................53 BY.AIR............................................................................................... 4 DRUSKININKAI.RESORT...........................................................54 BY.SEA............................................................................................... 5 LAZDIJAI.DISTRICT....................................................................56 LOCAL.FERRIES.............................................................................. 5 VArėNA District......................................................................57 BY.CAR.............................................................................................. 5 UTENA COUNTY........................................................................59 BY.COACH........................................................................................ 5 UTENA.DISTRICT........................................................................59
    [Show full text]
  • LITHUANIA. Nature Tourism Map SALDUS JELGAVA DOBELE IECAVA AIZKRAUKLE
    LITHUANIA. Nature tourism map SALDUS JELGAVA DOBELE IECAVA AIZKRAUKLE LIEPĀJA L AT V I A 219 Pikeliai BAUSKA Laižuva Nemunėlio 3 6 32 1 Radviliškis LITHUANIA. Kivyliai Židikai MAŽEIKIAI 34 ŽAGARĖ 170 7 NAUJOJI 7 Skaistgirys E 0 2 0 KAMANOS ŽAGARĖ 9 SKUODAS 4 AKMENĖ 36 1 153 1 Ylakiai NATURE REGIONAL 5 Kriukai Tirkšliai 3 Medeikiai 1 RESERVE 6 PARK Krakiai 5 5 5 1 NATURE TOURISM MAP Žemalė Bariūnai Žeimelis AKMENĖ Kruopiai Užlieknė 31 Jurdaičiai 1 2 Rinkuškiai Širvenos ež. Lenkimai VIEKŠNIAI 5 JONIŠKIS 0 Saločiai Daukšiai 4 9 Balėnos BIRŽAI Mosėdis E 6 SCALE 1 : 800 000 6 BIRŽAI 8 VENTA 7 REGIONAL 1 SEDA 2 N e 35 Barstyčiai 37 1 PARK Gataučiai 5 2 m VENTA 2 1 u 1 5 n Žemaičių Vaškai 2 ė Papilė 1 l SALANTAI Kalvarija REGIONAL is Plinkšių PARK Raubonys REGIONAL ež. Gruzdžiai 2 PARK 1 Linkavičiai A 3 Grūšlaukė Nevarėnai LINKUVA Pajiešmeniai 1 4 2 1 4 Krinčinas 6 1 3 A 1 6 1 Ustukiai Meškuičiai Mūša Juodupė Darbėnai SALANTAI -Li Šventoji Platelių Tryškiai 15 el Alsėdžiai 5 up 1 Narteikiai ė 5 ež. 1 1 Plateliai Drąsučiai 2 PASVALYS 4 6 ŽEMAITIJA Naisiai 0 2 TELŠIAI Eigirdžiai Verbūnai 15 2 Lygumai PANDĖLYS Šateikiai NATIONAL KURŠĖNAI JONIŠKĖLIS Girsūdai Kūlupėnai PARK Degaičiai E272 A11 Kužiai PAKRUOJIS Meškalaukis ROKIŠKIS Rūdaičiai 8 Skemai 1 1 VABALNINKAS Mastis Dūseikiai A 50 0 A 1 11 Micaičiai a Rainiai t A PALANGA a 1 i n Ginkūnai 9 o č Klovainiai Ryškėnai e 2 Prūsaliai Babrungas y Vijoliai u Kavoliškis OBELIAI 72 Viešvėnai v V v E2 ir Kairiai ė Pumpėnai .
    [Show full text]
  • Yad Vashem List 2 of Jewish Holocaust Victims
    List 2 of Jewish Holocaust Victims Yad VaShem In HEBREW In ENGLISH Notes: 1) This Database is dynamic and being updated regularly by Yad VaShem. The table below includes records updated as of early September 2019 2) Some entries are redundant, meaning that details pertaining to the same victim are includded in more than one PoT filled-in by different submitters 3) The list includes victims whose place of residence is from Mazeikiai or a nearby shtetl 4) The list is sorted according to Place of Residence and then Last Name.
    [Show full text]
  • Žemaičių Tarmių Žodžio Pradžios Vokalizmo Dėsnių Susiformavimas
    LIr:ruVOS TSR AUKSTŲJŲ MOKYKLŲ MOKSLO DARBAI, KALBOTYRA, IX, 1963 ŽEMAIČIŲ TARMIŲ ŽODŽIO PRADŽIOS VOKALIZMO DĖSNIŲ SUSIFORMAVIMAS v. GRINAVECKIS I. a) par, par- < per, per- Žemaičių tarmėse vietoj Ik per, per- vartojama par, par-, pvz.: ptirejau par miesta "perėjau per miestą", parejau nąmi!i "parėjau namo". Prielinksni par ir priešdėli par- vietoj Ik per vartoja ir visi šiaurės vakarų aukštaičiai, taip pat lie­ tuvių žvejų tarmė Prūsuose, Neringos lietuvių tarmė (greta par ir per"), šiaurinė vidurio ir rytų aukštaičių tarmių dalis (Joniškis, Linkuva, Šeduva, Ramygala, Panevėžys, Joniškėlis, Pasvalys, Biržai, Vabalninkas, Raguva); dalis vidurio ir rytų aukštaičių ir rytų dzūkų vartoja par, bet per- (Kulva, Kuktiškės, Kupiškis, Tauragnai, Linkmenys, Utena, Žemaitkiemis). Žemaičiai, šiaurės vakarų aukštaičiai, Neringos lietuvių tarmė, žvejų tarmė Prūsuose par-, atliepianti Ik par-, taria su tvirtagale (tęstine) priegaide, o par-, at­ liepianti Ik per-, - su tvirtaprade (žem. su laužtine). Rytų aukštaičių tarmėse par­ ir per- visai nesiskiria ir priegaidėmis bei kirčiavimu: parplfša "perplyšo" ir pa;neše "parnešė" ir "pernešė" (Pušalotas). Prielinksnio ir priešdėlio per balsio e pakeitimas i a greičiausiai priklauso nuo pr· ešdėlio par, tik ne visai aišku, kodėl isigalėjo a, o ne e. Gal būt, prie a api­ bendrinimo yra prisidėję kiti priešdėliai ir prielinksniai su a, pVZ.: ap-, api-, apy-, apie, at-, ati-, da-, pa- ( < pii-), pas, pra- ( < prii-), ryt. až-, až, ažu-, ažu. Su balsiu e žodžio pradžios dalelių turime nedaug: ne, ne-, te-, be-, kurios žemaičių tarmių didžiojoje dalyje > na-, na II ne, ta-, ba-, o rytų aukštaičių tarmėse te- ir be- retai tevartojama. Prielinksni ir priešdėli par turi ir latvių kalba. Vienose latvių kalbos tarmėse tariama par(-), kitose - piir-.
    [Show full text]