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Na Europa, O Interesse Pelos Cactos Data De Princípios Do View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Universidade Federal de Santa Maria: Portal de Periódicos Eletrônicos da UFSM BALDUINIA, n. 56, p. 01-11, 20-III-2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2358198026215 NOTAS HISTÓRICAS SOBRE A FAMÍLIA CACTACEAE NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL (BRASIL) E URUGUAI. I – PERÍODO CLÁSSICO (1818-1950): VIAJANTES NATURALISTAS E BOTÂNICOS EUROPEUS1 RODRIGO CORRÊA PONTES2 JOSE NEWTON CARDOSO MARCHIORI3 LEOPOLDO WITECK NETO4 RESUMO O histórico das descobertas de cactáceas no Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai é examinado a partir de registros literários dos viajantes naturalistas, horticultores e botânicos que se dedicaram à prospecção e ao estudo destas plantas no espaço regional. Palavras-chave: Botânica, Cactaceae, História, Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguai. ABSTRACT [Historical notes about the Cactaceae family in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and Uruguay. I – Classic period (1818-1950): naturalist travelers and european botanists]. Relevant findings about the history of Cactaceae family in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil) and Uruguay are examined according to literary records of ancient traveling naturalists, horticulturists and botanists who dedicated themselves to the exploration and study of these plants in the regional space. Keywords: Botany, Cactaceae, History, Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay. INTRODUÇÃO Na Europa, o interesse pelos cactos data de Distintas paisagens do Rio Grande do Sul e princípios do século XIX, quando viajantes na- Uruguai, tais como afloramentos rochosos, turalistas deram início à busca e estudo dos areais, campos com gramíneas, escarpas e, até mesmos, sobretudo no tocante à taxonomia e mesmo, o interior de florestas densas apresen- fenologia, mas sem maior empenho no registro tam ambientes propícios ao estabelecimento de histórico dos achados e respectivos descobri- cactáceas, as quais, pela ocorrência fragmenta- dores. da, deram origem a numerosos endemismos. O presente artigo, que busca reunir fatos his- Outro aspecto a destacar, de início, é que pela tóricos relativos ao descobrimento de cactos no beleza das formas geométricas e flores visto- Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai, destina-se não sas, essas plantas são muito apreciadas para fins apenas aos especialistas neste grupo de plantas ornamentais, justificando seu cultivo em todo o e aos amantes da Botânica e de disciplinas afins, mundo. mas, inclusive, a profissionais de outras áreas das ciências naturais, bem como a historiadores e pessoas interessadas nesta família botânica. 1 Recebido em 05-09-2016 e aceito para publicação em 15-11-2016. A elaboração do artigo justifica-se pela au- 2 Geógrafo, doutorando em Geografia, Programa de sência de uma bibliografia em língua portugue- Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal sa sobre o tema no Rio Grande do Sul. A adição de Santa Maria. [email protected] 3 Engenheiro Florestal, Dr. Bolsista de Produtividade do Uruguai deve-se tanto à inclusão de parte da em Pesquisa (CNPq – Brasil). Professor Titular do então província Cisplatina (atual Uruguai) ao Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade território gaúcho no início do século XIX, como Federal de Santa Maria. [email protected] 4 Engenheiro Florestal, M.e., Professor do Colégio pelo fato de diversos exploradores e pesquisa- Politécnico, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. dores terem desenvolvido seus trabalhos de cam- [email protected] po em ambos os lados da fronteira. 1 A lacuna bibliográfica explica-se pelo fato na busca de espécies novas desta família botâ- da literatura ser, em grande parte, de difícil aces- nica. so e, quando disponível, oferecer dificuldades Até os anos 1980, aproximadamente, ainda ou problemas de difícil solução. Felizmente, era possível a saída de cactos da América do grande parte dessa história ainda perdura, em- Sul sem maiores problemas, devido à bora nem sempre em letra de forma. Salienta- inexistência de fiscalização. A literatura de- se, ainda, a existência de abundantes equívo- monstra que a exportação de plantas era prática cos, sobretudo na grafia de toponímias, bem absolutamente legal e que, até então, nem se pen- como de etiquetas com nomes errôneos e/ou tro- sava no risco do desaparecimento de espécies. cados, caso de espécimes coletados em uma lo- Muitos viajantes, aliás, nem iam, pessoalmen- calidade mas indicados para local distinto. te, em busca de cactos nessa época, repassando Outra dificuldade no desenvolvimento do a tarefa para moradores da região, contratados tema prende-se ao fato de que a literatura se en- para o trabalho de coleta de plantas e sementes. contra, principalmente, em língua alemã, exi- Desse modo, tanto botânicos como coleciona- gindo tradução criteriosa. Não raro, ainda, são dores contribuíram para as descobertas (ou os textos em espanhol, francês, holandês, inglês redescobertas) de espécies novas, as quais, pos- e tcheco. Por fim, ressalta-se que o cole- teriormente, foram introduzidas, cultivadas e cionismo, difusão e estudo de cactáceas sempre propagadas por viveiristas amadores e profissi- foi (e continua a ser) mais intenso em países onais, em âmbito internacional. como Alemanha e Áustria, do que em nosso Para manter o caráter histórico e cronológi- meio. co do texto preferiu-se conservar os binômios Ao longo do texto, os leitores perceberão que das descrições originais. A nomenclatura atual a riqueza de dados se avoluma com o passar dos e sinonímia podem ser consultadas em tabela a anos. Do início do século XIX até meados do ser apresentada em anexo, no artigo final desta século XX, as informações disponíveis são es- série. cassas e fragmentárias, carecendo, por vezes, Por fim, na realização da presente pesquisa de dados precisos sobre locais e datas de cole- foram recolhidas informações esparsas, cons- ta. Elementos importantes, como esses, mesmo tantes em cartas, diários, jornais, livros e revis- tendo existido um dia, não raramente acabaram tas, às quais se somam entrevistas com pessoas extraviados, destruídos ou separados de cole- que vivenciaram ou testemunharam essa verda- ções por motivos variados, inclusive em decor- deira saga, que é a história do descobrimento rência de conflitos mundiais. das espécies dos cactos no Rio Grande do Sul e A partir da década de 1950, as informações Uruguai. mostram maior detalhamento, demonstrando que os viajantes dessa época, mais ligados à ci- O PERÍODO CLÁSSICO ência botânica, bem como ao cultivo e comér- No início do século XIX já se encontravam cio de plantas em maior escala, reconheciam a espécies tipicamente pampianas em coleções importância da precisão nos registros. Tais ele- privadas ou em jardins botânicos da Europa, mentos, de fundamental importância, foram oriundas da Argentina, Uruguai e Brasil, leva- principalmente anotados em diários de viagem das por viajantes anônimos, sem interesse botâ- e em cartas, constando, em menor parte, em ar- nico, ou a pedido de colecionadores. tigos de periódicos ligados a sociedades vincu- O primeiro cacto globular pampiano referi- ladas ao colecionismo, bem como ao cultivo e do na literatura foi Cactus erinaceus, descrito estudo científico dos cactos. pelo botânico e entolomogista inglês Adrian Outro ponto a salientar é que o cultivo Hardy Haworth (19-04-1767 – 23-08-1833) em (horticultura) sempre foi o principal estímulo 1819, a partir de exemplar cultivado em 2 Norwich, leste da Inglaterra, e publicado em Conforme Ritter (1979), Echinocactus “Supplementum Plantarum Succulentarum” denudatus foi descoberto por Sellow entre (Haworth, 1819). Ao que consta, Haworth exa- Caçapava do Sul e Bagé, em janeiro de 1824. minou a planta na coleção particular de um No ano seguinte, o botânico prussiano enviou amigo – o Sr. Hitchin –, no ano de 1818. De exemplares para o Jardim Botânico de Berlim. acordo com registro em “Transactions of the Com relação a Cactus scopa (Sprengel, Horticultural Society of London”, nessa época 1825), C. langsdorffii e C. linkii (Lehmann, havia apenas duas coleções notáveis de cactos 1826, 1827), Echinocactus courantii, E. na Inglaterra: a do próprio Haworth e a de mammulosus e E. pumilus (Lemaire, 1838), Hitchin (Beaton, 1842). Embora de origem des- Echinocactus gracillimus, E. hyptiacanthus, E. conhecida, o material costuma ser atribuído ao submammulosus (Lemaire, 1839) e Echino- Uruguai, uma vez que é nesse país que a referi- cactus concinnus (Monville, 1839), não se des- da espécie tem maior área de ocorrência. No carta, igualmente, a possibilidade de que a des- Rio Grande do Sul, de acordo com recentes tra- crição dessas espécies pampianas seja resulta- balhos de campo, o táxon tem distribuição res- do de remessas de Friedrich Sellow ao Jardim trita a municípios da metade sul, tais como Botânico de Berlim, uma vez que a área de ocor- Herval, Pedras Altas e Arroio Grande, e limite rência das mesmas coincide com o trajeto per- setentrional no município de Bagé. corrido pelo naturalista no Uruguai e Rio Gran- Um grande destaque no histórico das de do Sul. cactáceas uruguaias e sul-rio-grandenses deve A respeito do espólio do viajante prussiano, ser creditado a Friedrich Sellow (12-03-1789 - que inclui anotações, cartas, desenhos, docu- ?-10-1831), botânico que entre os anos de 1923 mentos diversos, exsicatas, animais (insetos, e 1926 realizou extensas viagens pelas então mamíferos, etc.) e amostras de rochas, não cus- províncias Cisplatina e de São Pedro do Rio ta salientar que este riquíssimo acervo acabou Grande do Sul, sendo um dos pioneiros no des- repartido entre os diversos museus
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