Linguistic Analysis of Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SURAH AL-MULK TRANSLATION BY YUSUF ALI

THESIS

Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of Hasanuddin University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Degree in English

CITRA RAMADHANI F21114525

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY 2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The writer would like to express all the praise and gratitude to Allah

Subhanahu wa ta’ala, The Lord of Almighty, for His guidance, mercy, strength and health for the writer in completing this thesis and during the study at the

English Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University. I would also like to express my thankfulness to the Prophet Muhammad for his guidance to complete my study.

I also would like to extend my profound gratitude to those who have assisted the writer in the process of writing the manuscript. I would like to convey my sincere thanks to those without whose help and guidance this thesis would never have been completed.

I would like to express my thanks to my first and second supervisor Dr.

Abidin Pammu, M.A.Dipl. TESOL and Karmila Mokoginta, S.S, M.Hum., M.Arts for their help, guidance, and directions in the writing of this thesis.

My special thanks my beloved parents for their pray and directions as well as financial support during my study. I want to express my special thanks to my sisters in UKM LDM al-Adab FIB Unhas and FSUA for their support, experinces, and knowledge about Islam. Their help has positive contribution to my study. My special thanks also due to my friends Excalibur ’14 for the wonderful journey we have gone through together since the beginning of our study until today and for all people that I cannot mention their names one by one.

Makassar, 16th May 2018

The writer

ABSTRACT

CITRA RAMADHANI. Linguistic Analysis of Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali (supervised by Abidin Pammu and Karmila Mokoginta)

This research aims to identify and analyze several linguistic elements contained in Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali they are ambiguity, inversion, and archaic words. Besides, another purpose of this research is to evaluate the analysis results either they have the same meaning with translation of Ibn Kathir’s Tafsir of Al-Qur’an or not.

The data were collected from Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali by using note taking technique. The writer uses descriptive qualitative methods in analyzing and evaluating the data. This method was carried out through several steps of collecting and analyzing data.

The results of data analysis above shows that there are 3 kinds of ambiguity found in Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali, lexical ambiguity, methaporical ambiguity, and grammatical ambiguity. These 3 kinds of ambiguity found in 4 verses for each kind found in different verse. Meanwhile, there are 8 types of inversion which are inversion of fronted predicate adjective, negative inversion, inversion of preposed adverb, counterfactual inversion, inversion in subject-verb with question word, inversion in subject-verb with helping verb, inversion of fronted predicate participle and full verb inversion. These types of inversion found in 16 verses for several types found in the same verse. Furthermore, there are 6 archaic words found in 14 verses of the Surah.

ABSTRAK

CITRA RAMADHANI. Linguistic Analysis of Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali (dibimbing oleh Abidin Pammu and Karmila Mokoginta)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis beberapa unsur linguistik yang terdapat dalam Surah Al-Mulk yang diterjemahkan oleh Yusuf Ali yaitu, ambiguitas, inversi, dan penggunaan kata kuno. Selain itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi hasil analisis apakah mereka memiliki makna yang sama dengan terjemahan Tafsir Ibn Kathir atau tidak.

Data tersebut diperoleh dari Surah Al-Mulk yang diterjemahkan oleh Yusuf Ali dengan menggunakan teknik mencatat. Penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dalam menganalisis dan mengevaluasi data. Metode tersebut dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap pengambilan data dan analisis data.

Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat 3 jenis ambiguitas dalam Surah Al- Mulk yang diterjemahkan oleh Yusuf Ali yaitu, leksikal ambiguitas, metafor ambiguitas, dan ambiguitas secara tatabahasa. Ketiga jenis ambiguitas tersebut terdapat dalam 4 ayat yang mana setiap jenis terdapat dalam ayat yang berbeda. Selain itu, terdapat 8 jenis inversi yaitu inversi yang didahului oleh predikat kata sifat (inversion of fronted predicate adjective), inversi negatif (negative inversion), inversi yang didahului kata keterangan (inversion of preposed adverb), counterfactual inversion, inversi pada subjek-kata kerja dengan kata tanya (inversion in subject-verb with question word), inversi pada subjek-kata kerja dengan kata bantu (inversion in subject-verb with helping verb), inversion of fronted predicate participle dan inversi kata kerja penuh (full verb inversion). Jenis-jenis inversi ini terdapat dalam 16 ayat yang mana beberapa jenis terdapat dalam ayat yang sama. Selanjutnya, terdapat 6 kata kuno dalam 14 ayat.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Tittle Page ...... i

Agreements ...... ii

Acknowledgement ...... vi

Abstract ...... vii

Absktrak ...... viii

Table of content ...... ix

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study ...... 1

1.2 Scope and Limitation ...... 4

1.3 Research Questions ...... 4

1.4 Objectives of the Study ...... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 5

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Previous Studies ...... 6

2.2 Al-Qur’an as the Revelation of Allah ...... 7

2.3 Surah Al-Mulk ...... 10

2.4 Semantics ...... 10

2.5 Ambiguity ...... 11

2.5.1 Kinds of Ambiguity ...... 12

2.6 Inversion ...... 16

2.6.1 Types of Inversion ...... 17

2.7 Funtional Grammar ...... 19

2.8 Biography of Ibn Kathir ...... 20

2.9 Biography of Yusuf Ali ...... 21

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design ...... 22

3.2 Sources of Data ...... 22

3.3 Method of Data Collection and Data Analysis ...... 22

3.3.1 Method of Data Collection and Data Analysis of Ambiguity ...... 23

3.3.2 Method of Data Collection and Data Analysis of Inversion ...... 23

3.3.3 Method of Data Collection and Data Analysis of Archaic Words ...... 24

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS

4.1 Findings ...... 25

4.1.1 Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali ...... 25

4.1.2 Ambiguity Analysis ...... 28

4.1.3 Inversion Analysis ...... 31

4.1.4 Archaic Words Analysis ...... 49

4.2 Discussion of Findings ...... 52

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Conclusion ...... 58

LIST OF REFERENCES ...... 60

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

The Holy Quran is the most precious book of guidance for all muslims. It describes many important events that had happened, still happening and will happen. This book is not an ordinary one but the source of all knowledge and as the blessing of all mankind who believe in it as it brings serenity and tranquility to anyone who recites and hears its verses. It has beautiful construction of words in

Arabic and there no one in the entire world could make any verses similar or even close to it.

At the present time, the number of muslim is growing rapidly in all over the world which encourages the islamic scholars to translate The Holy Quran into many languages, so that everyone is able to understand and learn the messages of the Quran. An accurate translation is the one that can best reflects the original meaning of the source language without distortion of meaning. As we read the translation of every verses, we expect that we can understand the whole meaning and messages involved in them.

In fact, even after we read the translation of the Al-Qur‟an, some verses may clear enough but some others may arise questions. For instace, in English language, one word may have some definitions so the translator have to be more careful in selecting words in translating the Qur‟an due to lack of words in

English compared to Arabic and the suitable words in suitable circumstances. One of several phenomena in English translation of Al-Qur‟an related to the original

1 text in Arabic was explained by Ustadz Nouman Ali Khan in one of his lectures as follows.

أ َ ْنعُم ,(singular) نِ ْع َمه in Arabic has three forms which are نِ ْع َمه The word

is only found in Surah An-Nahl أ َ ْنعُم super plural). The plural form) نِعَ ْم ,(plural)

th is only نِعَ ْم verse 121 which is translated as “favours” while the super plural form found in Surah Luqman verse 20th which is also translated as “favours”. He stated that, even though these two words have the same meaning in English, the

is used أ َ ْنعُم ,definition and the use are different in Arabic. In Surah An-Nahl because it reflects the favours that Prophet Ibrahim „alaihissalam were gratitude for, and despite all the favours or blessings that Allah has bestowed him, he could only thank Allah for a few favours even he was a chosen one. However, most people cannot even truly thank Allah for one favour as Allah subhanahu wa ta‟ala

th that reflects one favour نِ ْع َمه said in Surah Ibrahim verse 34 in which Allah used

in نِعَ ْم that cannot be accomplished by most people. As a comparison, the use of

Surah Luqman verse 20th reflects the favours that Allah bestowed to all mankind, either seen or unseen, which certainly can never be counted and that is the reason why the super plural is used. This phenomenon explains that the word favour cannot best describe the suitable meanings of three different forms of one lexeme based on the context.

Thus, interpreting the meaning of the Holy Qur‟an is not our duty because we do not know exactly the reason or the story behind every verse revealed as we live in a different century and background of culture. Although, many messages in the Qur‟an can be proved in the present time by the scientists, many of the messages have not happened since those verses are about phenomena on the

Judgement Day. Thus, to prevent ourselves from misinterpretation and end up mislead, it is crucial to understand the meaning of the Holy Qur‟an the way the qualified and trustworthy muslim scholar do such as Ibn Kathir.

The researcher selected The Holy Quran as the subject of study. Among

114 Surah in Al-Qur‟an, the researcher chose Surah Al-Muk. In language perspective, Surah Al-Mulk Translation has several ambiguous words.

Furthermore, the aim of this research is also to show the phenomenon of word- order in every verses and how a Tafsir explains the best meaning of them.

Moreover, Holy Qur‟an is considered as the masterpiece of literature and the only words of Allah subhanahu wa ta‟ala.

As the reseracher mentioned above, word-order also plays an important role when we try to understand the meaning of a sentence. One of word-order phenomenon is inversion which when a verb or any components of a sentence comes before the subject. A problem may arises when common people especially a non-native speaker encounter an inversion pattern in a translation. However, they might make their own interpretation of the translation due to the normal form which only known by them and also might judge the translation is invalid but the only problem is actually their limited knowledge of grammar. This phenomenon is mostly found in canonical texts such as Al-Qur‟an.

The other thing that the researcher pointed out is this research does not involve the original text of Qur‟an and its Tafsir in Arabic but only focus on

Surah Al-Mulk English Translation and English Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, as the limited knowledge of the researcher about Arabic language. These two

3 translations also might have a chance to be inaccurate due to the lack of words to reflect the whole meaning of the source language but the Tafsir is under supervision of Shaykh Safiur-Rahman Al-Mubarakpuri which makes it worth to be a reference.

Based on the explanation above, the researcher decided to do a research based on title Linguistic Analysis of Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali.

1.2 Scope and Limitation

Linguistics is a broad study which explains many aspects in language.

Therefore, the researcher chooses ambiguity, inversion and archaic words as

the focus of the research. Meanwhile, the researcher also uses functional

grammar theory to elaborate the linguistics analysis. Moreover, Al-Qur‟an has

114 Surah and more than 6000 verses, therefore, the researcher limits the

study only on Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali. Surah Al-Mulk is the

sixty seventh Surah and has thirty verses.

1.3 Research Questions

Based on the explanation above, research questions proposed are:

1. What kinds of ambiguity are found in Surah Al-Mulk translation by

Yusuf Ali and how does English Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir

help to determine the suitable meaning?

2. What types of inversion found in Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf

Ali and how does English Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir help to

explain the meaning?

3. What are the archaic words found in Surah Al-Mulk Translation by

Yusuf Ali how does English Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir help to

explain the meaning?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study based on the research questions above are:

1. To identify kinds of ambiguity in Surah Al-Mulk Translation by

Yusuf Ali and how English Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir helps

to determine the suitable meaning.

2. To identify types of inversion in Surah Al-Mulk Translation by

Yusuf Ali and how English Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir helps

to explain the meaning.

3. To identify archaic words in Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf

Ali how English Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir helps to explain

the meaning.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Theoritically, findings of this study will provide useful inputs for the next

reserachers who are interested to do researches in the area of ambiguous

sentences and grammatical research or those whose studies deal with the

translation and interpretation of the Holy Quran. In addition, the findings of

this study provide grammatical analysis data which are related to Quranic

study. Furthermore, the researcher hopes the result of this study will also give

more knowledge related to the meaning of Surah Al-Mulk Translation by

Yusuf Ali. Practically, for all muslims, this study will help them to understand

the messages in Surah Al-Mulk and prevent them from misinterpretation.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the researcher will discuss some previous studies and theories used for the research.

2.1 Previous Studies

There are many semantics analysis and grammatical analysis before this study, but there are only few studies about ambiguity and inversion. Four related studies will be elaborated below.

The first important study in relation to ambiguity was by Wening Bayu Irawan

(2009). It is entitled An Analysis of Ambiguity in the Articles of The Jakarta Post.

This research focuses on kinds of ambiguity, causal factors of ambiguity and the interpretations of ambiguity. The findings show that the articles contain both lexical and grammatical ambiguity. Meanwhile, the causal factors of ambiguity are homonym and polysemy. After he obtained the data, there are 20 data of ambiguity interpreted into two interpretations and 3 data into three interpretations.

The example of data that has two interpretations is “Indonesian women and children are trafficked overseas for sexual and labor exploitation” and the example of data that has three interpretation is “Largely, they (men) view women as only able to serve in domestic role”.

The second study by Luthfiah (2015) is entitled A Semantic Analysis on the

English Translations of Surah “Al-Mudatstsir” By A. Yusuf Ali. This research focuses on analysing lexical meaning, sentential meaning and also the messages involved in the Surah. The findings show that some verses contain lexical

6 meaning caused by denotation and synonym, whereas sentential meaning is found in almost every verses.

The first important study in relation to inversion is a dissertation by Deborah

Ann Schmidt (1980) entitled A History of Inversion in English. This research provides many types of inversion in the periods of English language which are

Modern English, Old English, Transition English, Early Middle English, Late

Middle English and Early Modern English. This research found that every period of English Language has similarities and differences in terms of inversion forms.

This was due to the change of word orders in each period.

The last study in relation to inversion is a journal by Jong-Bok Kim and Jong-

Young Kim (2010) entitled English Predicate Inversion: Towards Data-driven

Learning. This research focuses on analysing the English Predicate Inversion which only showed the percentage of types of inversion occured. The researcher concluded that information structure is one of grammar components that interacts with the grammar itself.

This research is different from these previous researches because this study only focuses on analysing the types of ambiguity, types of inversion found in

Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali in relation to English Translation of Ibnu

Kathir‟s Tafsir of Al-Qur‟an, and archaic words.

2.2 Al-Qur’an as the Revelation of Allah

Al-Qur‟an which means reading or recitation in Arabic word, is the sacred scriptured of Islam. The holy Qur‟an is still being recited by all muslims in the entire world even though they have limited knowledge of Arabic language. Al-

Qur‟an is not only studied from its messages but also the meaning and constructions of words. “Al-Qur‟an as a guide for humankind” (Surah Al-Baqarah verse 185) that is revealed to Muhammad shallallahu „alaihi wasallam 14 centuries ago consists of 114 Surah and more than 6.000 verses.

Al-Qur‟an is the greatest book that cannot be compared with other books and any kinds of literature works. It was sent down to Muhammad shallallahu

„alaihi wasallam in a great arrangement of poems or sermon and religious advice that there are no human being that can make such work.

Miracle is one of the biggest reasons why Al-Qur‟an is different than any books. The miracle explains the existance of Allah and Muhammad shallallahu

„alaihi wasallam is the servant and last Messanger. Below are some examples of miracle of Al-Qur‟an.

1. The construction of every verses in Al-Qur‟an is perfect that every

words are attached to the story of their revelations and some verses cannot

be translated due to very few knowledge of human being compared to

Allah‟s knowledge. Following are several examples of verses that have no

translation in any languages:

Surah Al-Baqarah verse one:

(Alif Lām Mīm) ال ّم

Surah Al-A‟raf

(Alif Lām Mīm Sād) ال ّمص

Surah Maryam verse one

(Kāf Hā Yā „Aīn Sād) كـهيعـص

These three verses above have no translation in any languages and even Muslim scholars cannot tell the meaning of them. This phenomenon can be found in some other Surah in Al-Qur‟an such as

Surah Ali Imran verse one, Surah An-Nisa verse one, Surah Yunus verse one, Surah Hud verse one, Surah Ar-Rad verse one, etc.

2. Usman in Habib 2008:20 mentioned the mysterious news, which is explained by Al-Qur‟an such as the story of Fir‟aun in Surah Yunus verse ninety two that:

Means: this day shall we save thee in the body, that thou mayest be a

sign to those who come after thee! But verily, many among mankind

are heedless of our signs!

In the beginning of 19th century, exactly in 1896, the whole body of

Fir‟aun‟s mummy was found by an archaeologist called Loret. He

revealed the truth of an event that happened 1200 before century

which also before this verse sent down to Prophet Muhammad.It‟s one

of examples of the mysterious news in Al-Qur‟an.

3. Scientific science. There are many scientific science signs found in

Al-Qur‟an such as what Allah says in Surah Ar-Rad verse three:

Means: And it is He Who spread out the earth, and placed therein firm mountains and rivers and of every kind of fruit He made (two in pairs).

He brings the night as a cover over the day. Verily, in these things, there

are Ayat (signs) for people who reflect

These aspects are miracle revealed to mankind 14 centuries ago especially in Arab community at that time and finally these messages have spread to the entire world until today. In language perspective, the original text of Al-Qur‟an has its own language style of structure, harmony of suffix in some Surah and unity of sentence that differs it from common books in Arabic language or any other languages in the world.

2.3 Surah Al-Mulk

Surah Al-Mulk or (The Dominion) is the 67th Surah of the Holy Qur‟an which consists of 30 verses.

As in English Translation of Ibnu Kathir‟s Tafsir (2003),

„Imam Ahmad recorded from Abu Hurayrah that Muhammad Shallallahu „alaihi wasallam said: “Verily, there is a chapter in the Qur‟an which contains thirty Ayah that will intercede on behalf of its reciter until he is forgiven. (It is : Blessed be He in Wose Hands is the dominion). This Hadith was collected by At-Thirmidhi and the four Sunan Compilers. At- Tirmidhi said concerning it, “This is a Hasan Hadith”.‟

Moreover, in linguistics aspects, Surah “Al-Mulk” Translation by Yusuf

Ali has a unique sentence structure compared to English Language that we use in our daily life.

2.4 Semantics

Fromkin and Rodman (1983:164) states that “The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called semantics.” Semantics is

10 concerned with the aspect of meaning in language. Works in semantics deal with the description of word and sentence meaning. Ullmann (1962:57) proposed a concept as definition of meaning which is “reciprocal and reversible relationship between name and sense: if one hears the word one will think of the thing, and if one thinks of the thing one will say the word.” This happens not only in conversations but also when we read a word or a sentence. We will instantly think of the object that the word refers to in the real world and the event that the sentence intends to explain.

Meaning is an essential thing to be studied for those who want to be a good speaker or writer to express their ideas. Meaning can have multi- interpretation which is the crucial reason to really understand it. As Professor J.R.

Firth quoted by Ullmann (1962:54) wrote that “Meaning is to be regarded as a complex of contextual relations, and phonetics, grammar, lexicography, and semantics each handles its own components of the complex in its appropriate context.”

2.5 Ambiguity

Kreidler, (1998:3) states that “A sentence that has two meanings is ambiguous”. In all language, a word may have some definitions and the meaning of the word depends on the context of the sentence where the word is used.

Furthermore, a word and the context of sentence are attached to each other because they both determine the interpretation of the listeners and readers.

Knowing a word means knowing its sound and meaning. The same sound does not always refer to the same word. Homonyms (different words having same

11 forms) or homophones (different words that have same pronunciation) may have same or different spelling. For example, “to,too and two” are homophones because all of them are pronounced /tu/. Homonyms can create ambiguity if the readers or listeners do not pay attention to the context.

She has good legs is an example of ambiguous sentence in Kempson

(1997:123). There are three possible interpretations of the sentence. The first interpretation is she has healthy legs means that the bones of her legs are strong, no varicose veins, etc. The second interpretation is that her legs are functioning well (she might be an athlete or gymnast or if the object referred to is horse‟s legs may be understood function well from the point of view of racing). And the last interpretation is she has beautiful legs that can be judged from its shape and mostly by its colour and cleanliness.

Other example of ambiguous sentence is Jack spoke in an English accent.

The possible interpretations are, Jack is a British because he speaks English accent or Jack comes from the other country than England but at that time, he spoke in

English accent.

2.5.1 Kinds of Ambiguity

Ullmann (1962) divides ambiguity into three: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, and grammatical ambiguity.

1. Phonological Ambiguity

Phonology may cause ambiguity from the sound of a word in an

utterance. When people talk too fast, it will be difficult for other people to catch

the words being said then feel doubt about the meaning or message of the

utterance so that people may interpret it in many ways.

Example: I scream (I /skri:m/) or Ice cream (/ais/ /kri:m/) and taught (/tↄ:t/) or

thought (/ɵↄ:t/).

When the hearers hear the utterance above, they may have the different interpretation either „I scream‟ refers to the action „scream‟ or „ice cream‟ refers to the kinds of drink and either „taught‟ refers to the activity of „teaching‟ or

„thought‟ refers to act of thinking or what is in someone‟s mind.

2. Lexical Ambiguity

Lexical ambiguity arises when a single word has more than one meaning.

This kind of ambiguity may arise in the written form, such as in the articles, in

the news titles, and other form of written texts.

Lyons in Kreidler (1998: 51) proposed a term “lexeme” to avoid

complexities in understanding the difference compared to the word „word‟.

Lexeme is a unit of lexical that consists of a single word or combined words.

When a lexeme consists of combined words, we should understand that the

meaning is not taken from the meaning of every single lexeme but the meaning

depends on the context where the lexemes occur. For example, forget,

forgetting, forgot, forgotten are four forms of words constitute one lexeme

which is forget. The example of a lexeme which consists of combined words is

be under the weather that means “feeling unwell”. Even though the meaning of

the lexeme is not even close with any of the words that contructed the lexeme,

but that is just how the language is produced.

Not all words are lexemes and conversely, not all lexemes are words.

For instance when we look at words and phrases as meaningful units, we also have to deal with the fact that, the same meaning may be combined with several word-forms. This fact is recognized in traditional grammar and lexicography in terms of concepts of homonymy and polysemy.

In homonyms, such as fan „a person who admires somebody/something‟ and fan „a machine with blades that go round to create current of air‟, pronunciation and spelling are identical but meanings are unrelated. Kreidler

(1998:52) states that English also has pairs of homographs, two words that have different pronunciation but the same spelling. While homophones is different words pronounced alike but spelt differently for example word “flower” that refers to bloom. and word “flour” that refers to powder.

A lexeme with a wide range of meanings is sometime hard to determine by lexigographers and semanticists whether it is an instance of polysemy or of homonymy (Kreidler. ibid.). A polysemous lexeme has several related meanings (Kreidler. ibid.). The noun chair, for instance, seems to have related meanings when we speak of the chairperson, chairman, the chair in meetings, the chair of a research committee, etc. .

Kreidler. (ibid. : 53) states that “A distinction between homonymy and polysemy is not an easy one to make. Two lexemes are either identical in form or not, but relatedness of meaning is not a matter of yes or no; it is a matter of more or less.”

Examine the different occurences of the verb tell in the following sentences:

1. Ann told Jack to bring her bag to the office.

2. Ann told me that Jack will bring her bag to the office.

Sentence 1 is a statement that implies an order while sentence 2 is a statement that implies an information. The context in which tell occurs has a major role in determining the intended meaning of a sentence. Therefore, there is no lexical ambiguity.

3. Grammatical Ambiguity

Word-order is one of the biggest concerns in linguistics. It is part of the

grammar that may arises ambiguity. According to Lyon (1977: 400), a

grammatically ambiguous sentence occurs when there is more than one

structural analysis at the level of grammar analysis. Equal with lexical

ambiguity, it may also arise in the written text such as articles, news titles and

other written text.

Example: David hit the boy with a hammer.

The sentence above may be interpreted into different ways as following:

a. First interpretation

David use a hammer to hit the boy

b. Second interpretation

David hit the boy who held a hammer.

Beside these three kinds of ambiguity, Fromkin and Rodman (1983: 171) states that there is another kind of ambiguity which is methapor. “Some sentences are ambiguous because they have both a literal meaning and a nonliteral meaning or metaphorical meaning.” (Fromkin and Rodman, ibid.). Literal meaning is can also be explained as denotation. For example:

Open the door, please.

The word door in the sentence above refers to a curved wood or steel as what people have to get through to enter a building or a room and the definition of the word in dictionary is suitable with the context where the word is occured.

Meanwhile, nonliteral or metaphorical meaning can be explained as conotation.

An example by Fromkin and Rodman (ibid.) is Dr. Jekyll is a butcher which literally means “a physician, named Jekyll, also works as a retailer of meats or a slaughterer of animals used for food. The metaphorical meaning is that a doctor named Jekyll is harmful, possibly murderous, and may like to operate unnecessarily.” Another example is:

John is a pain the neck

The sentence above literally means there is a pain in the neck named John but the nonliteral or methaporical meaning of the sentence is that John is annoying.

2.6 Inversion

Inversion in English occurs in a variety of situation. Schmidt (1980: 4) stated that “inverted order contrasts with non-inverted, for example, order in which the subject precedes the verb”. When the entire verb precedes the subject, the inversion is traditionally “full inversion”. While non-inverted order has been variously termed “straight”, “normal”, “basic”, “neutral”, or “unmarked”.

(Schmidt, ibid.)

In Modern English subject-verb order, occurs in many kinds of writing and has a wider distribution than verb-subject order does. Inversion as part of grammar may consider something new to non-linguistics people but in fact the

16 theory has been there since many decades since inversion patterns are largely found in canonical texts.

2.6.1 Types of Inversion In Modern English

Schmidt (1980:5) listed some types of inversion as following:

No Type Example 1. Inversion after preposed Adverbs of direction: Adverbs of direction, time, - Up to the hill lived a man alone. place, manner, and - Beside her stood a strange woman succession. - Away trotted the dog. Adverbs of time: - Soon reveal the truth - First come the fat man Adverbs of place: - Here comes the President of Indonesia - Near my house was the tallest building - Accross the street standing a man Adverbs of manner - Thus broke his door - In this way begun the city that was to be Rome - With such effort built a tower Adverbs of succession - First left the fat guy - Next ended the meeting 2. Inversion after the preposing of - Costumers‟ satisfaction is our priority a predicate noun - A very introvert person is you 3. Inversion after the preposing of - Highly recommended is the new a predicate adjective parfume - Barely seen is the top of the mountain 4. Inversion after fronted - Smiling across the street was a stranger participles - Written were all the letters

5. Inversion after so-called - Never in a million ways he would negative, restrictive or affective succeed adverbs. - Never heard I such commotion (archaic) - Little did i give an attention

Moreover, as mentioned in Bok Kim and Young Kim (2010), following are several types of inversion that are not yet listed above:

- Counterfactual inversion: Had he know she would come, he would have

prepared a dinner earlier.

- Full verb inversion: In this green fur live some small moths.

Phillips (2003) mentions other types of inversion as follow : a. Inverted subject-verb with helping verb:

- Can we go to the beach?

- Was he sick yesterday?

- Does she go to the beach?

- Did book the ticket? b. Inverted subject-verb with question words:

- What is the topic of the journal?

- When can I leave?

- How are you?

- Why is she happy?

2.7 Funtional Grammar

Halliday and Hasan 1985 in Butt (2001:3) “A text is a piece of language in use; that is, „language that is functional‟.” The length of a text is not important but how it is produced either spoken or written. Every sentence has meaning which is determined by its context. According to Butt (Ibid.):

“This unity of purpose gives a text both texture and structure. Texture comes from the way the meanings in the text fit coherently with each other. While structure refers to the way that most pieces of language in use will contain certain obligatory structural elements appropriate to their purpose and context.”

Here is the summary of process types:

Process Type Domain Restrictions Participants Material Function: to Outside activities None Actor = doer construe the DOING something ANYONE/THING Goal = affected material world of can do Range = not doing affected Beneficiary= to/for Behavioral Function: to constue Physiological and Need consciousness Behaver= doer conscious behaviour psychological Behaviour/Range= behaviour: the doing done version of mental or verbal process Mental Function: to constue Inside activities Needs Senser= doer and may project the thinking, knowing, consciousness and Phenomenon= thing inner world of liking, wanting, human known, consciousness perceiving characteristics liked/dislike, wanted, perceived Verbal Function: to Bringing the inside None anyone/thing Sayer= doer construe saying outside: saying can say Verbiage= said something NB: inanimate Receiver= said to saying is close to Target= said about identifying Existential

Function: to Introduce existence None Existent construe existence of new Participants Relational Attributive Funtion: to construe To characyerise or None Carrier= thing relationships of assign membership described description to a class Attributive= description Relational Identifying Function: to To decode known none Identified= that construe meanings and which is to be relationships of encode new identified identification and meanings Identifier= the new equation identity Token= form Value= function or role Token represents Value Value is represented by Token Table 2.1 Summary of process types and participant roles. Using Functional Grammar. David Butt. 2001. Sydney

2.8 Biography of Ibn Kathir

Ibn Kathir who was born in the city of Busra in 701 H is one of many

Muslim scholars. He was very famous in his era that many other muslim scholars also learned from him. He was admitted by a lot of muslim scholars and also his students. According to Al-Mujam Al-Mukhtas, Al-Hafiz Adh-Dhaliabi in his book that Ibn Kathir was "The Imam, scholar of jurisprudence, skillful scholar of

Hadith, renowned Fagih and scholar of Tafsir who wrote several beneficial books." (English Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir 2003)

Also, in his book, Shadhardt Adh-Dhahab, Ibn Al-` Imad Al-Hanbali said :

"He is the renowned Hafiz ` Imad Ad-Din, whose memory was excellent, whose forgetfulness was miniscule, whose understanding was adequate, and who had good knowledge in the Arabic language. " Also, Ibn Habib

said about Ibn Kathir, "He heard knowledge and collected it and wrote various books. He brought comfort to the ears with his Fatwas and narrated Hadith and brought benefit to other people. The papers that contained his Fatwas were transmitted to the various (Islamic) provinces. Further, he was known for his precision and encompassing knowledge." (English Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir. ibid. : 2003)

2.9 Biography of Yusuf Ali

Hafidz Abdullah Yusuf Ali, CBE, FRSL who was born on 14th April 1872 was an Indian Islamic scholar who translated the Qur‟an into English. His translation of the Qur‟an is one of the most widely – known and used in the

English speaking world.

Yusuf Ali‟s best – known work in his book The Holy Qur‟an: Text,

Translation and Commentary, begun in 1934 and published in 1983 by Sh.

Muhammad Ashraf Publisher in Lahore, India (later Pakistan). Ali helped to open the Al-Rashid Mosque, the third mosque in North America, in Edmonton, Alberta,

Canada, in December 1983 while he was on tour to promote his translation.

He was a respected intellectual in India and Sir Muhammad Iqbal recruited him to be the principal of Islamic Collage in Lahore, British India. He died in

London on 10 Desember 1953 and buried in England at the Muslim cemetery at

Brook Wood, Surrey, near Working.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This research is a descriptive qualitative research. Creswell (2014:2) states that:

“qualitative research is approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The process of research involves emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in the participant‟s setting, data analysis inductively building from particulars to general themes, and the researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data.”

The researcher considered this as the suitable method to describe the results. Based on that statement, this research is descriptively describing, analyzing, and evaluating the kinds of ambiguity, inversion, and archaic words in

Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali.

3.2 Sources of Data

The primary data of this research are digital forms of Surah Al-Mulk translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali and abridged translation of Ibnu Kathir‟s Tafsir

10 volumes. Meanwhile, the secondary data of this research are obtained from some previous studies, books, related journals, and Oxford Advance Dictionary.

3.3 Method of Data Collection and Data Analysis

The method of data collection is note taking. The reason of using this method is because the researcher consider it as the suitable method since the data are written texts.

3.3.1 Method of Data Collection and Data Analysis of Ambiguity

Firstly, the researcher did a deep reading of Surah Al-Mulk translation.

The purpose of this step was to identify which verse contained ambiguty either its lexically, metaphorically, or grammatically. Next, the obtained data were analyzed by determining kinds of ambiguity that those verses contain. When a verse had lexical ambiguity, the reseracher tried to find out the other meanings of the lexeme in Oxford Dictionary then compare the definition with translation of Ibn

Kathir‟s Tafsir of that verse and to select the closest meaning in relation to the

Tafsir. Nevertheless, when a verse contained metaphorical ambiguity, the reseracher tried to find out the other meanings of a lexeme that made the figurative sentence more ambiguous in Oxford Dictionary then compare the definition with translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir of that verse and to select the closest meaning in relation to the Tafsir. Then, the researcher made the literal and non-literal interpretation based on the Tafsir. Moreover, when a verse contained grammatical ambiguity, the researcher proposed several possible interpretations of each verses then compared them with translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir and selected one of the proposed interpretation that has the closest meaning with the

Tafsir. The purpose of this step is to know how many meanings and interpretations can arise from one verse and to show the correlation of those verses with the Tafsir. Lastly, the researcher concluded the result.

3.3.2 Method of Data Collection and Data Analysis of Inversion

The first important thing was identifying each verse constructed in inversion pattern. Next, analyzing the types of inversion of those verses by

23 identifying the parts of speech. The purpose of this step was to show what element of the sentence was inverted to before the subject. After that, the researcher also analyzed the functional grammar of those verses to elaborately show the function of each element. Then, as comparison, the researcher analyzed the normal pattern to be more clear. Next, the researcher tried to show the correlation between the inversion analysis and translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir of each verse by attaching the Tafsir of the verse. Lastly, the researcher concluded the result of the verses constructed in inversion pattern and the types of inversion found in Surah Al-

Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali.

3.3.3 Method of Data Collection and Data Analysis of Archaic Words

Thing that the research did after doing the two previous analysis‟ was analyzing the archaic words in the translation. After reading throughout the translation, the researcher identified several words which were old used. Next, the reseasrcher looked up the definitions in Oxford Dictionary and attach the Tafsir to show the correlation. Lastly, the researcher concluded the results.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

4. 1 Findings

This chapter presents the data obtained from the data sources and discussion of the result. As the data are written text, the phonological ambiguity will not be analysed in this research.

4.1.1 Surah Al-Mulk Translation

1. Blessed be He in Whose hands is Dominion; and He over all things hath

Power;-

2. He Who created Death and Life, that He may try which of you is best in deed: and He is the Exalted in Might, Oft-Forgiving;-

3. He Who created the seven heavens one above another: No want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of ((Allah)) Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw?

4. Again turn thy vision a second time: (thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited, in a state worn out.

5. And we have, (from of old), adorned the lowest heaven with Lamps, and We have made such (Lamps) (as) missiles to drive away the Evil Ones, and have prepared for them the Penalty of the Blazing

6. For those who reject their Lord (and Cherisher) is the Penalty of Hell: and evil is (such), Destination.

7. When they are cast therein, they will hear the (terrible) drawing in of its breath even as it blazes forth,

8. Almost bursting with fury: Every time a Group is cast therein, its Keepers will ask, “Did no Warner come to you?”

9. They will say: “Yes indeed; a Warner did come to us, but we rejected him and said, „(Allah) never sent down any (Message): ye are nothing but an egregious delusion!‟”

10. They will further say: “Had we but listened or used our intelligence, we should not (now) be among the Companions of the Blazing Fire!”

11. They will then confess their sins: but far will be (Forgiveness) from the

Companions of the Blazing Fire!

12. As for those who fear their Lord unseen, for them is Forgiveness and a great

Reward.

13. and whether you hide your word or publish it, He certainly has (full) knowledge, of the secrets of (all) hearts.

14. Should He not know,- He that created? and He is the One that understands the finest mysteries (and) is well-acquainted (with them).

15. It is He Who has made the earth manageable for you, so traverse ye through its tracts and enjoy of the Sustenance which He furnishes: but unto Him is the

Ressurection.

16. Do ye feel secure that He Who is in heaven will not cause you to be swallowed up by the earth when it shakes (as in an earthquake)?

17. Or do you feel secure that He Who is in Heaven will not send against you a violent tornado (with showers of stones), so that you shall know how (terrible) was My warning?

18. but indeed men before them rejected (My warning): then how (terrible) was

My rejection (of them)?

19. Do they not observe the birds above them, spreading their wings folding them in? None can uphold them except (Allah) Most Gracious: Truly (Allah) Most

Gracious: Truly it is He that watches over all things.

20. Nay, who is there that can help you, (even as) an army, besides (Allah) Most

Merciful? In nothing but delusion are the Unbelivers.

21. Or who is there that can provide you with Sustenance if He were to withhold

His provision? Nay, they obstinately persist in insolent impiety and flight (from the Truth).

22. Is then one who walks headlong, with his face grovelling, better guided,- or one who walks evenly on a Straight Way?

23. Say: “It is he Who has created you (and made you grow), and made for you the faculties of hearing, seeing, feeling and understanding: little thanks it is ye give.

24. Say: “It is He Who has multiplied you through the earth, and to Him shall ye be gathered together."

25. They ask: When will this promise be (fulfilled)? – If ye are telling the truth.

26. Say: “As to the knowledge of the time, it is with Allah alone: I am (sent) only to warn plainly in public.”

27. At length, when they see it close at hand, grieved will be the faces of the

Unbelivers, and it will be said (to them): “This is (the promise fulfilled), which ye were calling for!”

28. Say: “See ye?- If Allah were to destroy me, and those with me, or if He bestows His mercy on us,- yet who can deliver the Unbelivers from a grievous

Penalty?

29. Say: “He is (Allah) Most Gracious: We have believed in Him, and on Him have we put our trust: So, soon will ye know which (of us) it is that is in manifest error.”

30. Say: “See ye?- If your stream be some morning lost (in the underground earth), who then can supply you with clear-flowing water?

4.1.2 Ambiguity Analysis

Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali has a unique structure compared to a normal translation text of English Language used at the present time. The researcher found ambiguity as one of the uniqueness of the translation. There are three kinds of ambiguity found in the translation which are lexical ambiguity,

28 grammatical ambiguity, and metaphorical ambiguity. The example of lexical ambiguity is found in third verse, the example of metaphorical ambiguity is found in seventh verse, while several examples of grammatical ambiguity are found in fifth verse and eighth verse.

The following is obtained data of lexical ambiguity:

Third verse

He Who created the seven heavens one above another: No want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of ((Allah)) Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw?

Want, according to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, is either a verb or a noun and in this context, it is role is a noun which has some definitions, they are something you need, lack, and being poor.

In relation to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir of Al-Qur‟an, the meaning of this verse is “(the creation) is done in a flawless manner, and these are connected with each other so as to forms a straight level, having no disunion, conflict , inconsistency, deficiency, flaw or defect.” Therefore, the closest definition is lack which is a situation in which there is not enough of something.

The following is obtained data of metaphorical ambiguity:

Seventh verse

When they are cast therein, they will hear the (terrible) drawing in of its breath even as it blazes forth,

Drawing, according to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, is a noun and has several definitions which are choosing, sports/games, attraction, and smoke.

In relation to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir of Al-Qur‟an, this part of verse means „Ibn Jarir said, "This means the sound of shouting”.‟ Therefore, the closest definition is smoke which means an act of breathing in the smoke from a cigarette.

The verse above is identified as figurative sentence which in this case is metaphor.

in the original text of Al-Qur‟an refers to Hell, the َش ِه ْي ًقا Literally, since the word verse above means Hell does the act of breath in the smoke from a cigarette.

Meanwhile, the metaphorical meaning, Hell produces a sound of shouting which resembles as what human does.

Several examples of grammatical ambiguity are explained below:

1. Fifth verse

And we have, (from of old), adorned the lowest heaven with Lamps, and We have made such (Lamps) (as) missiles to drive away the Evil Ones, and have prepared for them the Penalty of the Blazing Fire.

Proposed interpretations:

a. The lowest heaven has adorned with lamps by us.

b. The lowest heaven with lamps has adorned by us.

In relation to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir of Al-Qur‟an, the above verse means:

“this refers to the stars which have been placed in the heavens, some moving and some stationary. In Allah's statement and We have made

such (Lamps) (as) missiles to drive away the Evil Ones, this does not mean that they are actually missiles, because the stars in the sky are not thrown. Rather, it is the meteors beneath them that are thrown and they are taken from the stars. And Allah knows best. Concerning Allah's statement, and We have prepared for them Penalty of the blazing Fire means, “We have made this disgrace for the devils in this life and We have prepared for them the torment of the blazing Fire in the Hereafter.”.‟

Therefore, the proposed interpretation that has the closest meaning is the first interpretation.

2. Eighth verse

Almost bursting with fury: Every time a Group is cast therein, its Keepers will ask, “Did no Warner come to you?”

Prposed interpretations:

a. A Group almost bursting with fury everytime they cast therein, its

Keepers will ask, “Did no Warner come to you?”

b. Everytime a Group is cast therein, its Keepers are almost bursting with

fury and they will ask, “Did no Warner come to you?”

In relation to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir of Al-Qur‟an, the above verse means “some parts of it almost break apart from other parts due to the severity of its rage and anger with them.” However, the pronoun “it” refers to the Hell which is mentioned in verse six. Therefore, the proposed interpretation that has the closest meaning is the first interpretation.

4.1.3 Inversion Analysis

1. First verse

Blessed be He in Whose hands is Dominion; and He over all things hath Power;-

Inversion Pattern: inversion after fronted predicate adjective

Blessed be He in Whose hands is Dominion

Adjective Verb Subject (noun phrase)

Blessed be He in Whose hands is Dominion

Attribute Process: relational Carrier attributive

Normal Pattern:

He in Whose hands is Dominion is Blessed

Subject (noun phrase) Verb Adjective

He in Whose hands is Dominion is

Carrier Process: relational attributive Blessed

Attribute

According to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir of Al-Qur‟an, this verse means:

“Allah the Exalted glorifies His Noble Self and informs that the dominion is in His Hand. This means that He deals with all of His creatures however He wishes and there is none who can reverse His decree. He is not questioned concerning what He does because of His force, His wisdom and His justice.”

2. Third verse

He Who created the seven heavens one above another: No want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of ((Allah)) Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw?

Inversion pattern: negative inversion

No want of proportion wilt thou see

Noun phrase auxiliary Subject main verb in the Creation of (Allah)

Prepositional phrase

No want of proportion wilt thou see

Phenomenon Senser Process: mental in the Creation of (Allah)

Phenomenon

Normal pattern: thou wilt see No want of proportion

Subject Auxiliary Main verb Noun phrase in the Creation of (Allah)

Prepositional phrase

thou wilt see No want of proportion in the Creation of (Allah)

Senser Process: mental Phenomenon

According to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tasfir of Al-Qur‟an, this verse means “it

(the creation) is done in a flawless manner, and these are connected with each other so as to forms a straight level, having no disunion, conflict , inconsistency, deficiency, flaw or defect.”

3. Sixth verse

For those who reject their Lord (and Cherisher) is the Penalty of Hell: and evil is (such), Destination.

Inversion pattern: inversion of preposed adverb

For those who reject their Lord (and Cherisher) is

Prepositional Phrase Verb the Penalty of Hell

Subject (noun phrase)

For those who reject their Lord (and Cherisher) is

Value Process: relational identifying the Penalty of Hell

Token

Normal Pattern: the Penalty of Hell is

Subject (noun phrase) Verb For those who reject their Lord (and Cherisher)

Phrepositional phrase

the Penalty of Hell is

Token Process: relational identifying For those who reject their Lord (and Cherisher)

Value

In relation to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, this verse implies “that this will be the worst end and a terrible destiny.”

4. Eighth verse

Almost bursting with fury: Every time a Group is cast therein, its Keepers will ask,

“Did no Warner come to you?”

Inversion pattern: inverted subject-verb with helping verb in question

Did no Warner come to you?

Auxiliary Subject Verb Prepositional phrase

Did no Warner come to you?

Actor Process: material Beneficiary

Normal pattern:

No Warner come to you

Subject Verb Prepositional phrase

No Warner come to you

Actor Process: material Beneficiary

Ibn Kathir in his translated Tafsir explains that “Allah reminds of His justice in dealing with His creatures and that He does not punish anyone until the proof has been established against them and a Messenger has been sent to them.”

5. Tenth verse

They will further say: “Had we but listened or used our intelligence, we should not (now) be among the Companions of the Blazing Fire!”

Inversion pattern: counterfactual inversion

Had we but listened or used our intelligence

Participle Subject Verb phrase Noun phrase

Had we but listened or used our intelligence

Senser Process: mental Phenomenon

Normal pattern:

If we had listened or used our intelligence

Conditional Subject Verb phrase Noun phrase

If we had listened or used our intelligence

Senser Process: mental Phenomenon

The above verse in Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir means:

“if we would have benefited from our intellects or listened to the truth that Allah revealed, we would not have been disbelieving in Allah and misguided about Him. But we did not have understanding to comprehend what the Messengers came with, and we did not have the intelligence to guide us to following them.”

6. Eleventh verse

They will then confess their sins: but far will be (Forgiveness) from the

Companions of the Blazing Fire!

Inversion pattern: inversion after fronted predicate adjective

36 far will be (Forgiveness)

Adjective Auxiliary Verb Subject

far will be (Forgiveness)

Attribute Process: relational Carrier attributive

Normal pattern:

(Forgiveness) will be far

Subject auxiliary Verb Adjective

(Forgiveness) will be far

Carrier Process: relational attributive attribute

In relation to Translation Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir of Al-Qur‟an, the above line means

“Imam Ahmad recorded from Abu Al-Bakhtari At -Ta'i that he heard from one of the Companions that the Messenger of Allah said, The people will not be destroyed until they themselves confess their guilt .”

7. Twelfth verse

As for those who fear their Lord unseen, for them is Forgiveness and a great

Reward.

Inversion pattern: inversion of preposed adverb

As for those who fear their Lord unseen, for them

dependent clause Prepositional phrase

is Forgiveness and a great Reward.

Verb Subject (noun phrase)

As for those who fear their Lord unseen, for them

Attribute is Forgiveness and a great Reward.

Process: relational identifying Carrier

Normal pattern:

Forgiveness and a great Reward is

Subject (noun phrase) Verb for those who fear their Lord unseen

Prepositional phrase

Forgiveness and a great Reward is

Carrier Process: relational attributive for those who fear their Lord unseen

Attribute

Ibn Kathir in his translated Tafsir explains the above verse as follow:

“Allah informs of he who fears standing before his Lord, being frightened about matters between himself and Allah when he is not in the presence of other people. So he refrains from disobedience and he performs acts of obedience when no one sees him except Allah. Allah mentions that this person will have forgiveness and a great reward. This means that his sins will be remitted and he will be rewarded abundantly.”

8. Fifteenth verse

It is He Who has made the earth manageable for you, so traverse ye through its tracts and enjoy of the Sustenance which He furnishes: but unto Him is the

Ressurection.

Inversion pattern: full verb inversion

traverse ye through its tracts

Verb Subject Noun phrase

traverse ye through its tracts

Process: material Actor Range

Normal pattern: ye traverse through its tracts

Subject Verb Noun phrase

ye traverse through its tracts

Actor Process: material Range

The above verse in Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir means:

“travel wherever you wish throughout its regions and frequent its country sides and all the areas of its domain in your various journeys to seek earnings and trade. And know that your efforts will not benefit you anything unless Allah makes matters easy for you.”

Inversion pattern: inversion after preposed adverb unto Him is the Ressurection

Prepositional phrase Verb Subject (noun phrase)

39 unto Him is the Ressurection

Value Process: relational Token identifying

Normal pattern: the Ressurection is unto Him

Subject (noun phrase) Verb Preposistional phrase

the Ressurection is unto Him

Token Process: relational Value identifying

Ibn Kathir in his translated Tafsir explains the line above as “the place of return on the Day of Judgement.”

9. Sixteenth verse

Do ye feel secure that He Who is in heaven will not cause you to be swallowed up by the earth when it shakes (as in an earthquake)?

Inversion pattern: inversion of subject-verb with helping verb in question

Do ye feel secure

Auxiliary Subject Verb Adjective

Do ye feel secure

Senser Process: mental Phenomenon

Normal pattern: ye feel secure

Subject Verb Adjective

ye feel secure

Senser Process: mental Phenomenon

10. Eighteenth verse but indeed men before them rejected (My warning): then how (terrible) was My rejection (of them)?

Inversion pattern: inversion after preposed adverb indeed men before them rejected (My warning)

Adverb Subject (noun phrase) Verb Noun phrase

indeed men before them rejected (My warning)

Actor Process: Range material

Normal pattern: men before them rejected (My warning) indeed

Subject (noun phrase) Verb Noun phrase Adverb

men before them rejected (My warning) indeed

Actor Process: material Range

According to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, this line means “from the previous nations and the old generations that have passed.”

Inversion pattern: inversion of subject-verb with question words how (terrible) was My rejection (of them)?

adverb Adjective Auxiliary Subject (noun phrase)

how (terrible) was My rejection (of them)

attribute Process: relational Carrier attributive

Normal pattern:

My rejection (of them) was (terrible)

Subject (noun phrase) Verb Adjective

My rejection (of them) was (terrible)

Carrier Process: relational Attribute attributive

In relation to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, this line means “ „how was My rebuke of them and my punishment of them.‟ Meaning, it was great , severe and painful.”

11. Nineteenth verse

Do they not observe the birds above them, spreading their wings folding them in?

None can uphold them except (Allah) Most Gracious: Truly (Allah) Most

Gracious: Truly it is He that watches over all things.

Inversion pattern: inversion of subject-verb with helping verb in question

Do they not observe the birds

Auxiliary Subject Verb Noun phrase

Do they not observe the birds

Senser Process: mental Phenomenon

Normal pattern:

They do not observe the birds

Subject Auxiliary Verb Noun phrase

They do not observe the birds

Senser Process: mental Phenomenon

12. Twentieth verse

Nay, who is there that can help you, (even as) an army, besides (Allah) Most

Merciful? In nothing but delusion are the Unbelivers.

Inversion pattern: inversion after preposed adverb

In nothing but delusion are the Unbelivers.

Prepositional phrase Noun phrase Verb Subject (noun phrase)

In nothing but delusion are

Circumstance Attribute Process: relational attributive

43 the Unbelivers.

Carrier

Normal pattern: the Unbelivers are nothing but delusion

Subject (noun phrase) Verb Prepositional phrase Noun phrase

the Unbelivers are nothing but delusion

Carrier Process: relational attributive Attribute

According to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, the above verse means:

“Allah addresses the idolators who worship others besides Him, seeking help and sustenance from them. Allah rebukes them for what they believe, and He informs them that they will not attain that which they hope for”.

13. Twenty third verse

Say: “It is he Who has created you (and made you grow), and made for you the faculties of hearing, seeing, feeling and understanding: little thanks it is ye give.

Inversion pattern: negative inversion little thanks it is ye give

Noun phrase Pronoun Auxiliary Subject Verb

little thanks it is ye give

Range Actor Process: material

Normal pattern:

Ye give little thanks

Subject Verb Noun phrase

Ye give little thanks

Actor Process: material Range

In relation to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, this line means “how little you use these abilities that Allah has blessed you with to obey Him, to act according to

His commandments, and avoid His prohibitions.”

14. Twenty fourth verse

Say: “It is He Who has multiplied you through the earth, and to Him shall ye be gathered together."

Inversion pattern: inversion of preposed adverb to Him shall ye be gathered together

Prepositional phrase Auxiliary Subject Verb phrase

to Him shall ye be gathered together

Goal Process: Material

Normal pattern: ye shall be gathered together to Him

Subject Auxiliary verb phrase Prepositional phrase

ye shall be gathered together to Him

Goal Process: material

This verse means in translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir as follow:

“you all will come together after this separation and division. He will gather you all just as He separated you and He will bring you back again just as He originated you. Then while informing of the disbelievers who reject the final return, and doubt concerning its real occurrence,”

15. Twenty seventh verse

At length, when they see it close at hand, grieved will be the faces of the

Unbelivers, and it will be said (to them): “This is (the promise fulfilled), which ye were calling for!”

Inversion pattern: inversion after fronted predicate participle grieved will be the faces of the Unbelivers

Participle Auxiliary Verb Subject (noun phrase)

grieved will be the faces of the Unbelivers

Process: material Goal

Normal pattern: the faces of the Unbelivers will be grieved

Subject (noun phrase) Auxiliary Verb Participle

the faces of the Unbelivers will be grieved

Goal Process: material

Ibn Kathir in his Tafsir explains that:

“when the Day of Judgement begins, and the disbelievers witness it , and they see that the matter has drawn close, because everything that is to occur will occur, even if it takes a long time. So, when what they denied occurs, it will grieve them because they will know what is awaiting them there (in Hell) of the worst evil. This means that it will surround them and Allah will command what they were not able to reckon or fully comprehend to come to them.”

16. Twenty ninth verse

Say: “He is (Allah) Most Gracious: We have believed in Him, and on Him have we put our trust: So, soon will ye know which (of us) it is that is in manifest error.”

Inversion pattern: inversion of preposed adverb on Him have we put our trust

Prepositional phrase Auxiliary Subject Verb Noun phrase

on Him have we put our trust

Beneficiary Actor Goal

Process: material

Normal pattern: we have put our trust on Him

Subject Auxiliary Verb Noun phrase Prepositional phrase

we have put our trust on Him

Actor Process: material Goal beneficiary

This verse in translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir means “we believe in the Lord of all that exists, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, and upon Him we rely in all of our affairs.”

Inversion pattern: inversion of preposed adverb soon will ye know Adverb Auxiliary Subject Verb soon will ye know circumstance Senser Process: mental

Normal pattern: ye will know soon Subject Auxiliary Verb Adverb ye will know soon Senser Process: mental circumstance

4.1.4 Archaic Words Analysis

In Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali, the researcher found some archaic words as following:

1. First verse

Blessed be He in Whose hands is Dominion; and He over all things hath Power;-

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, hath is an old use of has.

In relation to translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, this verse means:

2. Second verse

He Who created Death and Life, that He may try which of you is best in deed: and

He is the Exalted in Might, Oft-Forgiving;-

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, oft is an old use of often.

Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir implies that “He brought creation into existence from nothing in order to test the creatures. He examines them to see which of them will be best in deeds.”

3. Third verse

He Who created the seven heavens one above another: No want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of (Allah) Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw?

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, thou wilt/ wilt thou is an “old use of you will.”

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, thou is “an old use or dialect, a word meaning ‘you’, used when talking to only one person who is the subject of the verb.”

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, thy is “an old use or dialect, a word meaning ‘your’, used when talking to only one person.”

The above verse in translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir means:

“stacked one on top of the other. Are they connected to each other, meaning that they are in elevated ascension, some of them being stacked above others, or separated with space between them. There are two views concerning this, and the most correct opinion seems to be the latter as is proven in the Hadith of Isra' (the Prophet 's Night Journey) and other narrations. Look at the sky and pay close at tent ion to it. Do you see any flaw, deficiency, defect or rifts in it”

4. Fourth verse

Again turn thy vision a second time: (thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited, in a state worn out.

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, thee is “an old use or dialect, a word meaning ‘you’, used when talking to only one person who is the object of the verb.”

Ibn Kathir in his translated Tafsir explained that “if you continuously looked, no matter how much you look, your sight will return to you.”

5. Ninth verse

They will say: “Yes indeed; a Warner did come to us, but we rejected him and said, „(Allah) never sent down any (Message): ye are nothing but an egregious delusion!‟”

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, ye is a pronoun

“an old use or dialect, a word meaning ‘you’, used when talking to more than one person.”

The above verse in translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir implies that “Allah reminds of His justice in dealing with His creatures and that He does not punish anyone until the proof has been established against them and a Messenger has been sent to them.”

6. Twenty first verse

Or who is there that can provide you with Sustenance if He were to withhold His provision? Nay, they obstinately persist in insolent impiety and flight (from the

Truth).

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, nay is an adverb

“(old-fashioned), used to emphasize something you have just said by introducing a stronger word or phrase.

In relation to translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, this verse means:

“who is it that can provide for you if Allah cuts off your sustenance There is no one who gives, withholds, creates, provides and helps other than Allah alone, Who has no partner. This proves that they know this, yet they still worship others besides Him. They persist in their transgression, lying and misguidance. They continue in obstinance, arrogance and fleeing away from the truth. They do not listen to it nor do they follow it.”

4.2 Discussion of Findings

This part discussed about the whole materials which have been explained in the previous part. This discussion is conducted to sum up the result of the whole analysis above.

Analysis of Ambiguity

As shown from the data above, there are three kinds of ambiguity found in

Surah Al-Mulk Translation by Yusuf Ali which are lexical ambiguity, metaphorical ambiguity, and grammatical ambiguity. The example of lexical ambiguity is found in third verse, the example of metaphorical ambiguity is found in seventh verse while several examples of grammatical ambiguity are found in fifth verse and eighth verse.

It is not just Surah Al-Mulk that contain ambiguity, another example of ambiguous sentence is also found in other Surah which is:

We used, indeed, to sit there in (hidden) stations, to (steal) a hearing; but

any who listen now will find a flaming fire watching him in ambush.

(Translation of Surah Al-Jinn verse 9)

Station, according to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, has several meanings which are for trains/buses, for work/service, radio/ tv company, social position, position, large farm, and for army/navy.

In relation to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, this verse means:

“Allah informs about the Jinns when He sent His Messenger Muhammad and revealed the Qur'an to him. Among the ways He protected it (the Qur'an) was by filling sky with stern guards guarding it from all of its sides. The devils were then expelled from the places where they used to sit prior to that. This was so that they could not steal anything from the Qur'an and tell it to the soothsayers, thereby causing matters to be confused and mixed up. If this happened it would not be known who was being truthful. Allah did this out of His kindness to His creation, His mercy upon His servants and His protect ion of His Mighty Book (the Qur'an). This is why the Jinns said, (And we have sought to reach the heaven; but found it filled with stern guards and flaming fires. And verily, we used to sit there in stations, to (steal) a hearing, but any who listens now will find a flaming fire watching him in ambush.) meaning, whoever would like to steal some information by listening, he will find a flaming fire waiting in ambush for him. It will not pass him or miss him, but it will wipe him out and destroy him completely.”

Therefore, the closest meaning is position.

It is important to understand that there are ambiguities found in the Al-

Qur‟an translation especially in Surah Al-Mulk to make us aware and be careful when we try to interpret the meaning. Some verses are clear enough but some others have nonliteral or metaphorical meaning that encourage us to look up for the meaning in a Tafsir for the detail and correct explanation.

Inversion Analysis

As the reseracher has mentioned before, word-order is a crucial thing to analyse since it also determines the meaning of a sentence. Especially for a non- native speaker, it is a risk if we have no knowledge about English grammar.

Despite the grammar, the point of this analysis is to show whether the linguistic analysis and Tafsir of Al-Qur‟an have the same meaning.

From the data above, the researcher found sixteen verses that contain inversion pattern. The data show that there are eight types of inversion found in

Surah Al-Mulk translation by Yusuf Ali which are inversion of fronted predicate adjective, negative inversion, inversion of preposed adverb, counterfactual inversion, inversion in subject-verb with question word, inversion in subject-verb with helping verb, inversion of fronted predicate participle, and full verb inversion.

Overall, there are three inversions of fronted predicate adjective which found in first verse and eleventh verse, while negative inversion is found in two verses they are, third verse and twenty third verse. Next, inversion of preposed adverb is found in seven verses which are sixth verse, twelfth verse, fifteenth verse, eighteenth verse, twentieth verse, twenty fourth verse, and twenty ninth verse. Then, counterfactual inversion is only found in tenth verse. Next, inversion of subect-verb with helping verb in question is found in three verses which are eighth verse, sixteenth verse, and nineteenth verse while inversion of subject-verb with question word in question is only found in eighteenth verse. Then, invresion of fronted predicate participle is only found in twenty seventh verse. The last type is full verb inversion which is only found in fifteenth verse. Lastly, all of the verses above have the same meaning with Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir.

Nonetheless, Surah Al-Mulk is not the only Surah that contain inversion pattern, however, other Surah in the Al-Qur‟an Translation of Yusuf Ali also contain inversion pattern such as:

Soon shall We brand (the beast) on the snout! (Translation of Surah Al-Qalam verse 16)

Inversion pattern: inversion of preposed adverb

Soon shall We brand (the beast)

Adverb Auxiliary Subject Verb on the snout!

Prepositional phrase

Normal pattern:

We shall brand (the beast) on the snout

Subject Auxiliary Verb Prepositional phrase soon!

Adverb

According to Translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir of Al-Qur‟an, the verse above means:

„Ibn Jarir said, “We will make his matter clear and evident so that they will know him and he will not be hidden from them, just as the branding mark on the snouts (of animals). '' Others have said, (We shall brand him) This is the mark of the people of the Hell-fire; meaning, `We will blacken his face on the Day of Judgement , ' and the face has been referred to here as snout.‟

In short, word-order is a very basic knowledge to have when we try to understand a sentence. Besides, as the researcher has mentioned before that when we intend to interpret the Holy Qur‟an, we have to refer to the Tafsir due to our lack of knowledge of Al-Qur‟an.

Archaic Words

From the data above, the researcher obtained several archaic words that are still used in the translation. The obtained archaic words are hath found in first verse, oft found in second verse, wilt thou found in third verse, thee found in fourth verse, thou found in third verse, thy found in third verse and fourth verse, ye found in ninth verse, fifteenth verse, twenty third verse, twenty fourth verse, twenty fifth verse, twenty seventh verse, twenty eighth, twenty ninth verse and thirtieth verse and nay found in twenty first verse. To sum up, the most used archaic word is ye which is found in eight verses while the others are only found in one verse or two.

Archaic words are not only found in Surah Al-Mulk, as the researcher found other archaic words in other Surah such as:

"Further, make him march in a chain, whereof the length is seventy cubits!”

(Translation of Surah Al-Haqqah verse 32)

Whereof, according to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, is “a conjuction and an old use or humorous that has two meanings which are what or which.”

In relation to the translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, the above verse means „Ka`b

Al-Ahbar said, "Every ring of it will be equal to the entire amount of iron found in

56 this world. ''Al-`Awfi reported that Ibn `Abbas and Ibn Jurayj both said, "Each cubit will be the forearm's length of an angel. '' „

Whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and messengers, to Gabriel and

Michael,-Lo! Allah is an enemy to those who reject Faith. ((Translation of Surah

Al-Baqarah verse 98)

Lo according to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 8th edition, is

“exclamation used for calling attention to a surprising thing.”

In relation to the translation of Ibn Kathir‟s Tafsir, the above verse means „ Imam

Abu Ja`far bin Jarir At -Tabari said, "The scholars of Tafsir agree that this Ayah

(2: 97-98) was revealed in response to the Jews who claimed that Jibril (Gabriel) is an enemy of the Jews and that Mika'il (Michael) is their friend. '' ‟

Word is one of the most important elements in a sentence which also determines the meaning of the sentence. Therefore, in this case, it is important to understand the use of every word including archaic words in Surah Al-Mulk

Translation by Yusuf Ali to help us understand the meaning.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Al-Qur‟an is a collection of words of the Almigthy God, Allah Subhanahu wa ta‟ala, the owner and creator of all things. For all muslims, Al-Qur‟an is not just the holy book but most importantly, it is a guidance of life. Based on the analysis above, the researcher found several kinds of ambiguity in Surah Al-Mulk

Translation by Yusuf Ali such as lexical ambiguity, metaphorical ambiguity, and grammatical ambiguity. Ambiguity in Al-Qur‟an is such a controversial subject but we need to be aware that it does exist especially in the translation.

Besides, the researcher found some types of inversion they are, inversion of fronted predicate adjective, negative inversion, inversion of preposed adverb, counterfactual inversion, inversion in subject-verb with question word, inversion in subject-verb with helping verb, inversion of fornted predicate participle, and full verb inversion. Word-order is one of the most important thing to understand to help us have best understanding of any sentences. Furthermore, the researcher also found some archaic words in some verses. These archaic words have an important role to best reflect the whole meaning of every verse.

These phenomena implies that we need to be careful and aware when we intend to interpret any verse in Al-Qur‟an. An explanation of the implied meaning is needed because of our lack of knowledge about the history of every verse revelations. Therefore, we must refer to the Tafsir to prevent us from misinterpretation.

It is essential that all linguists especially muslim linguists undertake further research in relation to this research topic. To sum up, the researcher hopes that this research will make muslims aware that their obligation is not only to recite the Qur‟an, but also to have efforts to understand the messages involved in it.

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