Newsletter of the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) Working Group

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Newsletter of the History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) Working Group Newsletter of The History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) Working Group ISSN 1527-9332 deserves the continued support of the Fall 1999 From the Editor philosophy of science community. Volume V, Issue 1 The autumn brings on for most of us Yet another manifestation of our the delights of a new academic year global focus is the ongoing series of and perhaps the pleasant onset of cool HOPOS ‘travelogues’. The weather. Not all of our kindred installment for this issue features a scholarly souls are looking forward to guide to resources of Ireland. Charles a change in the temperature, though. Mollan has assembled a charming Inside this Issue As some three months have passed and useful overview of Ireland’s since the earthquake in Western intellectual assets in history and Turkey, we might do well to recall From the Editor philosophy of science. the destruction wrought upon persons 1 and properties—but also upon This issue closes with two reviews of schools and universities. Stephen books that address relations between Conference News Voss (Bogazici University, Istanbul, early modern philosophy and science 2 [email protected]) has kindly put us on one hand and mystical or hermetic in touch with representatives from traditions on the other. The first News of the Profession Sakarya University, which was looks at recent works in translation of Call For Reports severely damaged in the earthquake. and commentary on Giordano Bruno, 2 Conference and Talk As the winter nears, those in the and the second looks at Lawrence Calendar Sakarya community have a growing Principe’s recent view of Robert need for shelter. Their plea for Boyle as not entirely divorced from Colloquia, Symposia, and assistance appears in this issue of the Seminars alchemical thought. 3 Newsletter, affording us an opportunity to help our fellow Several announcements bear Competitions, scholars in true need. Please do what highlighting. HOPOI who have been 4 Calls for Papers/Proposals you can. concerned about the unavailability of classic HOPOS-related works should Electronic Resources, This appeal is a natural extension of be cheered by a request from the distinctly international character Journals, Books Published Thoemmes Press editor Kirsten 4 the HOPOS Newsletter has taken on Robertson for suggestions and these past few issues. This reflects proposals for publications in this area. Jobs, Fellowships, Grants, the international flavor of the HOPOS Let us also take note of the and Awards, 5 Working Group—rather fitting for a semisequicentennial of the HSS, and Announcements scholarly group whose formative the PSA’s selection of a new Request for Assistance transactions have been through an newsletter editor (Malcolm Forster) electronic mailing list. One sign of —and extend our congratulations. 6 the flowering internationalism of our scholarly work is the upcoming Finally, let us not rest in our efforts to Regional maps of HOPOS HOPOS 2000 conference, to be activity and infrastructure: improve upon the Newsletter. The 6 hosted by the University of Vienna. current format is apparently popular Ireland A reminder concerning this exciting but why not consider other features Book Reviews event appears on page two. for the future, such as notes and 13 comments, bibliographic surveys, or Looking backward, David Spurett syllabi? Please provide feedback! The History of Philosophy of offers a report on the annual Science (HOPOS) Dubrovnik philosophy of science Cheers, Working Group conference. This conference has Saul Fisher http://scistud.umkc.edu/hopos resisted a great deal of manmade havoc and trouble in recent times, and ! . Newsletter of The History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) Working Group mortar emplacements in action on For information concerning the 1999 Dubrovnik hills overlooking Dubrovnik, though, conference, contact James Robert and in any event the period passed Brown (University of Toronto) at: Philosophy of without incident in Croatia. [email protected]. Science Conference The conference was a great success. David Spurrett The papers were generally of high Departments of Philosophy A Report quality and covered a wide range of University of Natal, Durban and problems and approaches. Further, in King's College, London. Between April 12 and 17 of this year the all-too-rare absence of parallel [email protected] I attended the annual philosophy of sessions (even though it meant ! science conference at the Inter- hearing two papers on Saturday University Centre in Dubrovnik, morning) the level of discussion was Croatia, for the first time. The Inter- also high, and in time took on the HOPOS 2000 University Centre in Dubrovnik holds quality of a short intense seminar as a range of conferences and courses in we all got to know one another better, University of Vienna many fields every year, but the and had more and more common philosophy of science conference has points of reference and shared debate. The History of Philosophy of Science a special place in the programme. It Finally, it was a pleasure to attend a Working Group will hold its Third has been held every year without fail International Conference at the th conference where every single paper since 1974, making this year the 25 was heard in a full 90 minute session, University of Vienna, in July 2000. anniversary. The original conference allowing plenty of time for questions, The conference is being organized was opened by Werner Heisenberg. discussion and debate. together with the Institute Vienna There were times when it was the Circle and the Center for largest annual philosophy of science Given my own interests and International and Interdisciplinary conference in Europe. specializations, I found these papers Studies (ZIIS) of the University of to be especially stimulating and Vienna. This year the themes of the memorable: ‘What's Right about conference were (1) Rationality, and Formalism’ (James Robert Brown, For further information, contact (2) The Sciences: Natural and Social. Toronto), ‘Balancing Acts: Rational Michael Heidelberger Conference participants came from a Agency and Efficacious Action’ ([email protected] wide range of countries and (Mary Tiles, Hawaii), ‘Nativism, berlin.de) or Friedrich Stadler institutions, including Canada, the Defeasability and A Priori ([email protected]). The US, Sweden, Poland, Romania, Knowledge’ (Ben Young, conference website is at: Slovenia, Singapore, the Netherlands, Edinburgh), ‘Historicism and http://hhobel.phl.univie.ac.at/wk Russia, South Africa, the UK and, of Philosophy of Science’ (Andrew course, Croatia itself. ! Reynolds, Harvard), ‘Rational Mathematical Change’ (Jean-Pierre For those who haven’t been, Marquis, Montreal), and ‘Living in News of the Dubrovnik is an astonishingly the “Space of Reasons”: The beautiful city, the old part of which is “Rationality Debate” Revisited’ profession. a charming stone haven with no (David Davies, McGill). The vehicular traffic and a disarming majority of the papers focused, Call for Reports. charm. This year’s conference fell broadly, on rationality. A wider The Newsletter features occasional, near the beginning of the NATO debate ensued over the course of concise reports on conferences of bombardment of parts of former conference regarding excesses of interest to HOPOI. If you are Yugoslavia, which resulted in a great relativism and claims for rationality interested in writing such reports, deal of cancelled trips on the part of or realism. A selection of papers please contact the Editor. nervous tourists. In fact, at least at from the conference is forthcoming in the beginning of the week it seemed the journal “International Studies in like the conference was the only the Philosophy of Science”. Conference and Talk activity in town which involved visitors, except for journalists en I left with a firm resolve to attend Calendar. route to or from other parts of the next year, when the themes will be • region. It takes more than a war two (1) Causality, Laws, and Explanation, October 1-2, 1999, University of countries away to stop a conference (2) Philosophy of Biology and, given Oklahoma which has been held with snipers and the timing, (3) 100 Years of Quanta. 2 Newsletter of The History of Philosophy of Science (HOPOS) Working Group 18th Annual Mephistos Conference. The Rutgers Center for Cognitive • August 25-28, 2000, Cardiff The annual MePHiSToS graduate Science and the Hang Seng Centre for University. student conference focuses on the Cognitive Studies (University of ‘The Demarcation Socialised: Or, history, philosophy, and sociology of Sheffield) will sponsor the first of 2 How Can We Recognise Science science, technology, and medicine. conferences on The Cognitive Basis When We See It?’. For information, For information on Mephistos of Science. For information go to go to conferences, follow these links: http://philosophy.rutgers.edu/cbs- http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/research/ke 1996—University of Toronto— conference or contact Stephen Stich s/milquin.html or contact Robert http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~mephi ([email protected]) or Gary C. Evans at [email protected]. sto/meph96/ Bartlett ([email protected]). 1997—UCLA— Colloquia, Symposia, and http://scow.gslis.ucla.edu/students_m • November 26-27, 1999, Institut -z/mephisto/HTML/home.html Henri Poincaré, Paris Seminars. 1998—University of Minnesota— “Journées Ernest Coumet: Histoire http://home.att.net/~Olorin/mephistos des jeux, jeux de l’histoire”. • Centre Alexandre Koyré /meph2.htm Organized by the Centre Alexandre Research seminar “Formation des 1999—Univ. of Oklahoma— Koyré, EHESS and Centre savoirs au début de l’époque http://aftermath.math.ou.edu/~jjwhite international de Synthèse. For moderne: Humanistes, Géomètres, /Mephistos/index.html information, contact Sophie Roux Mécaniciens”. Pavillon Chevreul, 57, ([email protected]). rue Cuvier 75231, Paris, France. For • October 31-November 2, 1999 information, contact Sophie Roux Université de Genève, • December 2-4, 1999, Max ([email protected]); or Switzerland Planck Institute for the History of Hélène Vérin International Colloquium on Bolzano Science, Berlin ([email protected]).
Recommended publications
  • Publishers for the People: W. § R. Chambers — the Early Years, 1832-18S0
    I I 71-17,976 COONEY, Sondra Miley, 1936- PUBLISHERS FOR THE PEOPLE: W. § R. CHAMBERS — THE EARLY YEARS, 1832-18S0. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1970 Language and Literature, general University Microfilms, A XEROXCompany , Ann Arbor, Michigan © Copyright by Sondra Miley Cooney 1971 PUBLISHERS FOR THE PEOPLE: W. & R. CHAMBERS THE EARLY YEARS, 1832-1850 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sondra Miley Cooney, B.A., A.M. The Ohio State University 1970 Approved by Adviser Department of English ACKNOWLEDGMENTS X wish to thank first those to whom I am indebted in Scotland. Had it not been for the assistance and co-operation of Mr. Antony S. Chambers, chairman of W. & R. Chambers Ltd, this study would never have become a reality. Not only did he initially give an unknown American permission to study the firm's archives, but he has subsequently provided whatever I needed to facilitate my research. Gracious and generous, he is a worthy descendent of the first Robert Chambers. All associated with the Chambers firm— directors and warehousemen alike— played an important part in my research, from answering technical queries to helping unearth records almost forgotten. Equally helpful in their own way were the librarians of the University of Edinburgh Library and the National Library of Scotland. Finally, the people of Edinburgh made a signif­ icant, albeit indirect, contribution. From them I learned something of what it means to a Scot to be a Scot. In this country I owe my greatest debt to my adviser, Professor Richard D.
    [Show full text]
  • S7ilut€ to J. M. Smith
    $i.2j per copy Winter y ig6j S7ILUT€ TO J. M . SMITH Articles BY A. J. M. SMITH, Ε ARLE BIRNEY, MILTON WILSON, ROY FULLER, MARILYN DA V I E S , ALVIN LEE, WILLIAM TOYE Reviews BY WILFRED WATSON, ALBERT TUCKER, INGLIS F . BELL, HUGO MCPHERSON, MARGARET LAURENCE, Ε. Μ. MANDEL, PHYLLIS WEBB AND OTHERS Annual Supplement CANADIAN LITERATURE CHECKLIST, 1962 A QUARTERLY OF CRITICISM AND R€VI€W SMITH'S HUNDRED THIS ISSUE of Canadian Literature is in part a celebration occasioned by the publication of the Collected Poems of A. J. M. Smith1, one of Canada's important writers and, since the 1930's, a poet of international repute. It is an act of homage, but just as much a conversation in which various writers, including the poet himself, express their views on his achievement; as becomes evident, it is an achievement by no means confined to the hundred poems which Smith at this time has chosen to represent him. Earle Birney, who has known A. J. M. Smith ever since the early days of the renaissance of Canadian poetry during our generation, speaks of his virtues as a leader in a literary move- ment and as an anthologist who has used his trade to help shape the Canadian literary consciousness. The distinguished English poet Roy Fuller who, like the editor of this magazine, appeared beside A. J. M. Smith in the English poetry magazines of the 1930's (New Verse and Twentieth Century Verse), takes up the thread again and examines Smith's poetic achievement as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Physics Group Newsletter No 21 January 2007
    History of Physics Group Newsletter No 21 January 2007 Cover picture: Ludwig Boltzmann’s ‘Bicykel’ – a piece of apparatus designed by Boltzmann to demonstrate the effect of one electric circuit on another. This, and the picture of Boltzmann on page 27, are both reproduced by kind permission of Dr Wolfgang Kerber of the Österreichische Zentralbibliothek für Physik, Vienna. Contents Editorial 2 Group meetings AGM Report 3 AGM Lecture programme: ‘Life with Bragg’ by John Nye 6 ‘George Francis Fitzgerald (1851-1901) - Scientific Saint?’ by Denis Weaire 9 ‘Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) - a brief biography by Peter Ford 15 Reports Oxford visit 24 EPS History of physics group meeting, Graz, Austria 27 European Society for the History of Science - 2nd International conference 30 Sir Joseph Rotblat conference, Liverpool 35 Features: ‘Did Einstein visit Bratislava or not?’ by Juraj Sebesta 39 ‘Wadham College, Oxford and the Experimental Tradition’ by Allan Chapman 44 Book reviews JD Bernal – The Sage of Science 54 Harwell – The Enigma Revealed 59 Web report 62 News 64 Next Group meeting 65 Committee and contacts 68 2 Editorial Browsing through a copy of the group’s ‘aims and objectives’, I notice that part of its aims are ‘to secure the written, oral and instrumental record of British physics and to foster a greater awareness concerning the history of physics among physicists’ and I think that over the years much has been achieved by the group in tackling this not inconsiderable challenge. One must remember, however, that the situation at the time this was written was very different from now.
    [Show full text]
  • Third ICESHS, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2008 Electron – A
    Third ICESHS, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2008 Isabel Serra, Francisca Viegas, Elisa Maia Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Lisbon Lisboa, Portugal [email protected] Electron – a main actor in scientific controversies1 1. Introduction The story of the electron can contribute to the study of the continuity-discontinuity of the scientific thinking in modern age, as well as to discuss models and metaphors in history of science. Actually, the electron played a central role in several scientific controversies: nature of electricity and cathode rays, structure and properties of matter. The idea of an atom of electricity was introduced by Faraday and adopted by Helmholtz. In 1874, Stoney estimated its charge and named it electron. However, Maxwell had stated that a complete knowledge of electricity would eliminate the necessity of such particles. The controversy about the nature of electricity was to lie dormant for years until it was brightened by the study of discharges in gases. The nature of cathode rays divided physicists and chemists, with the electron playing the major role in the dispute. The experiences of Perrin (1895) and Thomson (1897), seemed to confirm the existence of the electron, but did not convince all scientists. The electron became the main protagonist of a controversial image of matter: the atomistic view. In 1913, Bohr’s atomic theory was received with enthusiasm by some physicists but with criticism by others. Nevertheless, the atomic structure of matter gradually wins acceptance in reason of its extraordinary power in predicting spectral lines. At last, electrons were particles, coherent with facts and theories.
    [Show full text]
  • Leslie's Directory for Perth and Perthshire
    »!'* <I> f^? fI? ffi tfe tI» rl? <Iy g> ^I> tf> <& €l3 tf? <I> fp <fa y^* <Ti* ti> <I^ tt> <& <I> tf» *fe jl^a ^ ^^ <^ <ft ^ <^ ^^^ 9* *S PERTHSHIRE COLLECTION including KINROSS-SHIRE These books form part of a local collection permanently available in the Perthshire Room. They are not available for home reading. In some cases extra copies are available in the lending stock of the Perth and Kinross District Libraries. fic^<fac|3g|jci»^cpcia<pci><pgp<I>gpcpcx»q»€pcg<I»4>^^ cf>' 3 ^8 6 8 2 5 TAMES M'NICOLL, BOOT AND SHOE MAKER, 10 ST. JOHN STREET, TID "XT' "IIP rri "tur .ADIES' GOODS IN SILK, SATIN, KID, AND MOROCCO. lENT.'S HUNTING, SHOOTING, WALKING, I DRESS, IN KID AND PATENT. Of the Newest and most Fashionable Makes, £ THE SCOTTISH WIDOWS' FUNDS AND REVENUE. The Accumulated Funds exceed £9,200,000 The Annual Revenue exceeds 1,100,000 The Largest Funds and Revenue possessed by any Life Assurance Institution in the United Kingdom. THE PROFITS are ascertained Septennially and divided among the Members in Bonus Addi- tions to their Policies, computed in the corrfpoundioxva.^ i.e., on Original Sums Assured and previous Bonus Additions attaching to the Policy—an inter- mediate Bonus being also added to Claims between Divisions ; thus, practically an ANNUAL DIVISION OF PROFITS is made among the Policyholders, founded on the ample basis of seven years' operations, yielding to each his equitable share down to date of death, in respect of every Premium paid since the date of the policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Should Physical Laws Be Unit-Invariant?
    Should physical laws be unit-invariant? 1. Introduction In a paper published in this journal in 2015, Sally Riordan reviews a recent debate about whether fundamental constants are really “constant”, or whether they may change over cosmological timescales. Her context is the impending redefinition of the kilogram and other units in terms of fundamental constants – a practice which is seen as more “objective” than defining units in terms of human artefacts. She focusses on one particular constant, the fine structure constant (α), for which some evidence of such a variation has been reported. Although α is not one of the fundamental constants involved in the proposed redefinitions, it is linked to some which are, so that there is a clear cause for concern. One of the authors she references is Michael Duff, who presents an argument supporting his assertion that dimensionless constants are more fundamental than dimensioned ones; this argument employs various systems of so-called “natural units”. [see Riordan (2015); Duff (2004)] An interesting feature of this discussion is that not only Riordan herself, but all the papers she cites, use a formula for α that is valid only in certain systems of units, and would not feature in a modern physics textbook. This violates another aspect of objectivity – namely, the idea that our physical laws should be expressed in such a way that they are independent of the particular units we choose to use; they should be unit-invariant. In this paper I investigate the place of unit-invariance in the history of physics, together with its converse, unit-dependence, which we will find is a common feature of some branches of physics, despite the fact that, as I will show in an analysis of Duff’s argument, unit-dependent formulae can lead to erroneous conclusions.
    [Show full text]
  • FORMAT Bulletin
    Members’ Paper From IRPS Bulletin Vol 10 No 3 September/October, 1996 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF ELECTRONS above hypothesis but also to the brilliant discoveries made in the closing years of the 19th century: that of X- Leif Gerwarda and Christopher Cousinsb rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 and that of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896. a. Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Cathode rays occurs when electricity is discharged in a rarefied gas. At a given low pressure of the gas, rays are b. Department of Physics, University of Exeter, emitted from the negative pole, the cathode. The Exeter, UK cathode rays themselves are invisible, but they can be observed by the phosphorescence that they induce at the The search for the true nature of electricity led walls of the glass tube and by the shadows from objects to the discovery of the electron and the proof placed in their path. The cathode rays propagate in that it is a constituent of all atoms. These straight lines, but unlike ordinary light rays they can be achievements gave the scientists the first deflected by a magnetic field. definite line of attack on the constitution of the atom and on the structure of matter. The phenomena exhibited by the electric discharge in rarefied gas had long been familiar from studies by In a lecture on 'The Stability of Atoms' given to the Royal Julius Plücker, Wilhelm Hittorf, Eugen Goldstein and Society of Arts in 1924, Ernest Rutherford said: other physicists. In a lecture delivered before the British Association at the Sheffield Meeting in 1879, William The trend of physics during the past twenty-five years has Crookes first used the expression radiant matter or been largely influenced by three fundamental discoveries matter in the ultra-gaseous state, to explain the made in the closing years of the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Postgraduate Prospectus 2019
    POSTGRADUATE PROSPECTUS 2019 At the heart of our Graduate School lies a culture of opportunity, innovation and enterprise, fuelled by a diverse and inclusive social community that has ambitions to shape a better world. B Queen’s University Belfast – Postgraduate Prospectus 2019 Queen’s University Belfast – Postgraduate Prospectus 2019 C WELCOME WELCOME TO Thank you for considering joining us at Queen’s QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY University Belfast for your postgraduate studies. Queen’s is an exciting place. A place that delivers both local and BELFAST international impact. This makes us a global top 200 university*, based in Belfast, a modern capital city known for its welcome, accessibility and affordability as well as being a vibrant hub for the creative and tech sectors. It is a great place to live and work. We are immensely proud of what our city and our university will offer you. CONTENTS 3 Why Postgraduate Study at Queen’s? From the day you arrive at Queen’s, you will be part of a world-class international university with a thriving 4 The Graduate School 43 Postgraduate Taught postgraduate culture built on teaching excellence, leading- 7 Your Future Career 45 A–Z of Postgraduate Taught Programmes edge research, innovation, collaboration and engagement. 9 World-Class Facilities 83 A–Z of Professional Doctorates These components are woven together in our Graduate 10 Support Services School to deliver a truly integrated experience. 87 Postgraduate Research Programmes 11 A Global Experience 89 Your Postgraduate Research Journey You will receive an educational experience that is research-led, 13 Research with Global Impact to Queen's learning from academics who are global leaders in their field, Global Research Institutes and you will benefit from a range of academic and professional 15 91 Postgraduate Research opportunities available through our global connections.
    [Show full text]
  • Auction 86 to Take Place on 8 December 2018
    Auction 86 To take place on 8 December 2018 Please post bids to Peter McGowan, Nethergreen House, 9 The Green, Ruddington, Notts NG11 6DY Or email: [email protected] The deadline is Tuesday, 4 December 2018. Late bids cannot be recorded. Ensure you include your current address and contact details. If you are bidding by email, please make sure you have received his confirmation of receipt. Successful bidders living outside the UK will be asked to pay for their lots before despatch. If two bids of the same amount are received for a lot, then the bid received first will take precedence, so early bidding is desirable. All lots now carry reserves, either at a default value of 75% of the estimate or at an undisclosed figure set by the seller. No bid will be accepted below the reserve. Take into account that some of our estimated prices appear rather too modest, and may be well overbid. We don’t claim that these estimates are wholly consistent, so make allowance for this. Remember that revised auction rules, issued earlier this year, now apply. NB: See the members’ page of our website for images of this material. Items unsold in our auctions are sometimes added to the Web Offer pages that can be found at www.bookplatesociety.org/WebOffer2.htm where hundreds of exlibris owned by members are available for direct sale at fixed prices. £ 1 Irish arms: Earl of Limerick (Pery) F23376; DH Kelly, The O’Kelly, pasted on flyleaf with in MS “Denis H 11 Kelly Castle Kelly, Nov 24 1811, F16893; William Laird by Vinycomb, 1901, stain at top right.
    [Show full text]
  • British and German Textbook Publishers: a Guide to Archive Collections
    (FNHUW'RVVLHUV /DUV0OOHU %ULWLVKDQG*HUPDQ7H[WERRN3XEOLVKHUV $*XLGHWR$UFKLYH&ROOHFWLRQV 'LHVH3XEOLNDWLRQZXUGHYHU|IIHQWOLFKWXQWHUGHUFUHDWLYHFRPPRQV/L]HQ] 1DPHQVQHQQXQJ.HLQH%HDUEHLWXQJ8QSRUWHG &&%<1' KWWSFUHDWLYHFRPPRQVRUJOLFHQVHVE\QG Eckert. Dossiers Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research ISSN 2191-0790 Volume 12 (2017) Editors Nicola Watson, Tim Hartung and Victoria Schnitker Form for referencing: Müller, Lars. British and German Textbook Publishers: A Guide to Archive Collections. Eckert. Dossiers 12 (2017). urn:nbn:de:0220‐2017‐0162. British and German Textbook Publishers: A Guide to Archive Collections 3 Introduction Lars Müller Historic research is predominantly dependent upon access to source materials. The archives of textbook publishers contain material that has great potential for innovative new studies, but research in this area is hindered by a lack of access to these sources and by their great disparity. This archive guide aims to redress this situation. It provides brief information about existing archive collections and can act as a starting point for locating source material. In addition it represents the hope that the increasing interest in archive-based research into textbooks and educational materials will stimulate new research. Existing studies using archive material from textbook publishers have tended to focus on individual publishing houses meaning that international comparative analyses are a significant desideratum of research in this field. This archive guide primarily provides information about German and British textbook publishers. Defining which publishing houses fall into those categories is complicated by two main factors. The first of these is that many publishing houses were, and still are, international companies producing textbooks for diverse countries and regions; either through subsidiaries or agreements with local publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • CHRISTOPHER HILL Copyright © British Academy 2005 – All Rights
    CHRISTOPHER HILL Copyright © British Academy 2005 – all rights reserved John Edward Christopher Hill 1912–2003 CHRISTOPHER HILL was a great historian. People who question this can point to his apparent limitations. Nearly all his huge output was on the seventeenth-century ‘English Revolution’ and its origins. He seldom used manuscript records or original letters. He did not write much straight nar- rative. He said little about art or music or agriculture to add to his huge knowledge of literature. More seriously it was claimed that his Marxism, even when mellowed, led him to ignore evidence that did not support it. The ‘bourgeois revolution’ was a theme he never quite discarded but its meaning changed uneasily. None of this, even so far as it was valid, dimin- ished his great achievement—to show, largely from one period and coun- try, the role of historical studies in the sum of human knowledge. In at least twenty books and innumerable articles he made two vital additions to the old accounts of his chosen time: the impact of popular movements and the immense range of ideas written and spoken. No seventeenth- century author escaped him. No group and no person was insignificant. His regular technique was to combine close study of an individual, great or obscure, with a forthright account of the social and economic setting. His style was lucid, uncomplicated, enthusiastic. He showed that it was possible for a great historian to have a most pleasing personality, gener- ous and tolerant, warm and humorous. Belief in equality was as essential in his life as in his scholarship even when he rose to a position of power.
    [Show full text]
  • Elementary Charge and Electron: One Entity Two Identities
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 27 April 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0716.v1 Elementary Charge and Electron: One Entity Two Identities MISHECK KIRIMI1, 2 1. Department of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya 2. email: [email protected], [email protected] Our knowledge of electricity is based on two nearly parallel concepts – charge and electron. The charge concept is symmetrical: nature has equal numbers of positive and negative charges playing equivalent roles in atoms. The electron concept has two asymmetries. One, the observable universe has more positive than negative electrons. Two, atoms contain negative- but no positive electrons. Here I propose that charge is static electron and electron is moving charge. That is, resting (electrostatic) and moving (electrodynamic) behaviours exclusively make charge and electron different. The proposal reveals previously unnoticed symmetries in the electron concept and has experimental backing. Faraday, Stoney and Millikan observed charges in static conditions – electrolytes, oil drops, doorknobs etc. In contrast, Thomson and Anderson observed electrons at high speeds in cathode tubes and cloud chambers. Beta decays were initially interpreted to mean existence of electrons in atomic nuclei. Equating ‘charge’ to ‘static electron’ reinstates and validates the interpretation. Key words: Charge, electricity, electron, electrodynamics, electrostatics, elementary charge George Thomson observed that electron “can never be separated” from its charge1. This fact is unique to the electron. Other charged particles do lose their charge. Proton, for example, loses its positive charge in β+ decay2. In contrast, electron does not decay to anything simpler3. Thus, nature has no chargeless (electrically neutral) electron.
    [Show full text]