Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 78, No. 11, pp. 2075–2154, 2006. doi:10.1351/pac200678112075 © 2006 IUPAC INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION* GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO PESTICIDES (IUPAC Recommendations 2006) Prepared for publication by GERALD R. STEPHENSON1,‡, IAN G. FERRIS2, PATRICK T. HOLLAND3, AND MONICA NORDBERG4 1Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada; 2FAO/IAEA Programme, Vienna, Austria; 3Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand; 4Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden *Membership of the Chemistry and the Environment Division Committee during the preparation of this report (2004–2005) was as follows: President: K. D. Racke (USA); Secretary: P. T. Holland (New Zealand); Titular Members: E. Anklam (Belgium, 2002–2005); P. Dysseler (Belgium, 2000–2005); L. Klasinc (Croatia, 2002–2005); W. Klein (Germany, 1994–2005), L. McConnell (USA, 2004–2007); W. J. G. M. Peijnenburg (Netherlands, 2000–2005); N. Senesi (Italy, 2002–2005); R. D. Wauchope (USA, 2002–2007); Associate Members: W. R. Benson (USA, 2004–2005); R. Cantrill (USA, 2002–2005); O. Hertel (Denmark, 2004–2005); P. M. Huang (Canada, 2002–2005); W. Kordel (Germany, 2004–2005); Y. Shevah (Israel, 2000–2005); K. Tanaka (Japan, 2004–2005); National Representatives: P. S. Fedotov (Russia, 2002–2005); M. Fitzgerald (Australia, 2004–2005); S. H. Herve (Finland, 2004–2005); Y. H. Kim (Korea, 2002–2005); E. Resto (Puerto Rico, 2002–2005); T. Taveres (Brazil, 2004–2005). ‡Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgment, with full reference to the source, along with use of the copyright symbol ©, the name IUPAC, and the year of publication, are prominently visible. Publication of a translation into another language is subject to the additional condition of prior approval from the relevant IUPAC National Adhering Organization. 2075 2076 G. R. STEPHENSON et al. Glossary of terms relating to pesticides (IUPAC Recommendations 2006) Abstract: The glossary contains definitions of more than 500 terms frequently used in relation to the chemistry, mode of action, regulation, and use of pesticides. A wide range of disciplines is involved in this field, and the glossary was developed as a step in facilitating communication among researchers, government regulatory authorities, and chemists in associated professional areas. The range of terms re- lates to pesticide residue analysis, sampling for analysis, good laboratory practice, metabolism, environmental fate, effects on ecosystems, computer simulation mod- els, toxicology, and risk assessment. The number of important, “pesticide-related” terms has more than doubled since 1996, when the first IUPAC glossary of this type was developed [1], an indication of how this field has become so integrated with many other scientific and regulatory disciplines. Keywords: IUPAC Chemistry and the Environment Division; glossary; pesticides; regulation; pesticide residue analysis; sampling for analysis; good laboratory prac- tice; metabolism; environmental fate; risk assessment. CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ALPHABETICAL ENTRIES ANNEX 1. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS OF NAMES OF INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL BODIES ANNEX 2. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS OF TERMS RELATED TO PESTICIDES ANNEX 3. SOURCES PREFACE Pesticides are a broad class of bioactive compounds important for food and crop production and for human health. The development, production, use, and regulation of pesticides encompass a very wide range of disciplines including synthetic chemistry, chemistry of formulations and residues, biological and environmental fate, soil and plant science, toxicology, ecotoxicology, and risk assessment. Biotechnology, good laboratory practice, and computer simulation modeling are also very important to this field. There is a high degree of interest within regional and national government authorities as well as within international organizations. Educational institutions, media for mass communication, non- governmental organizations (e.g., consumer associations, environmental groups, and the general pub- lic) are also concerned with the complex issues surrounding pesticides. The need for good communi- cation among all the groups involved with, or interested in, pesticides is obvious. This IUPAC project develops a new glossary on pesticide nomenclature, terminology, and definitions which will also be published electronically to assist in this process. It is an update of an earlier IUPAC glossary of terms related to pesticides that was published in 1996 [1]. The glossary has drawn on a wide variety of sources. Some of the general definitions have been put into a pesticide context. However, in all cases, the aim has been to preserve the core meaning. Definitions for a number of formulation terms are inconsistent between different authorities, and we © 2006 IUPAC, Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, 2075–2154 Glossary of terms relating to pesticides 2077 have largely followed those of the FAO. The definitions and recommended abbreviations for the most commonly used formulations of pesticides are provided. The full list of over 60 formulation types de- fined by GIFAP [2,62] is available. The modes of action for a few fungicides, insecticides, and herbi- cides are presented, as examples, but there is no intent to be all-inclusive in this area. Furthermore, as research continues, these mechanisms will be understood more precisely. Whenever accurate and help- ful, with respect to pesticides, definitions of terms in the online version of the IUPAC 1997 Compendium of Chemical Terminology [3] are used as the preferred definitions. Toxicology definitions are also consistent with those recommended by the IUPAC Commission on Toxicology in their very comprehensive glossary [4]. However, we have not been able to examine all potentially relevant IUPAC glossaries for IUPAC-approved definitions of terms that appear here. Terms related to pesticide risk as- sessment are consistent with those developed by OECD and IPCS to advance their efforts for interna- tional harmonization and understanding in that field. Widely used abbreviations are given in the body of the glossary and can be readily found through the alphabetically ordered definitions or via cross ref- erences. Separate lists of abbreviations and acronyms of terms and national or international bodies with direct relevance to pesticides are provided. This project demonstrates a long-term commitment by IUPAC to the periodical updating of glos- saries by incorporating user as well as expert feedback. This publication ensures transparency and is an important quality control mechanism. The Web-based INFOCRIS version provides a transition mecha- nism and means to gauge client use. In addition, extensive mark-up language procedures encourage reuse of the glossary by other information systems. See the FAO/IAEA Web site for an example [5]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to IUPAC for making funds available to facilitate the production of this glossary. We extend special appreciation to Carolyn Vickers, IPCS/WHO, and Richard Sigman, OECD, for their very valuable input in the preparation of this glossary. Furthermore, the active contributions of numerous other members of the Pesticide Glossary Working Group (not already listed on the cover page) are gratefully acknowledged. Members of this group include: I. Alleluia (IUPAC, Brazil), J. Bestari (Univ. of Guelph, Canada), E. Carazo (IUPAC, Costa Rica), P. Doyle (Syngenta, Canada), A. Felsot (IUPAC, USA), J. Gilmour (BCPC, UK), K. Gross-Helmert (Joint FAO/IAEA Programme, Austria), R. Gonzales (IUPAC, Chile), D. Hamilton (IUPAC, Australia), H. Jungblut (IUPAC, Germany), J. Linders (IUPAC, Netherlands), J. Outram (IUPAC, UK), R. Parker (IUPAC, USA), B. Rubin (IUPAC, Israel), and J. Unsworth (IUPAC, UK) Without the continuing efforts of these many participants from so many dif- ferent disciplines, this glossary could not have been possible. ALPHABETICAL ENTRIES abiotic Not associated with living organisms [3]. abiotic degradation Degradation of a pesticide via purely physical or chemical mechanisms. Examples include hydrolysis and photolysis. absorption 1. Penetration of a substance into an organism by various processes, some specialized, some in- volving expenditure of energy (active transport), some involving a carrier system, and others in- © 2006 IUPAC, Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, 2075–2154 2078 G. R. STEPHENSON et al. volving passive movement down an electrochemical gradient: In mammals, absorption is usually through the respiratory tract, or skin [6]. 2. The process of one material (absorbent) being retained by another (absorbate); this may be the physical solution of a gas, liquid, or solid in a liquid, attachment of dissolved molecules of a gas, vapor, liquid, or dissolved substance to a solid surface by physical forces, etc. In spectro- photometry, absorption of light at characteristic wavelengths or bands of wavelengths is used to identify the chemical nature of molecules, atoms, or ions and measure the concentrations of these species [3]. acaricide Pesticide used for the control of ticks or mites. accelerated degradation See enhanced degradation. acceptable daily intake (ADI) Estimate of the amount of a substance in food or drinking water, expressed on a body-mass