Two Doges of Venice

F AR M S O T H E MOCE N I GO F AM I L' . T WO D O G E S ' O F V E N I C E

BE IN G A SLI GHT S' E TCH OF TH E LIVE S

AN D T IME S OF

T OMASO M OCE N I G O A N D F RAN CE S CO

F OSCA R I

AL E T H E A W I E L

AUTH “ ITT RI L N A T OR OF V O A CO O N A, S U D'

LON D ON

PR I N T E D AN D PU BLI SH E D AT T H E CH I SWI C' PRE SS

so 6a 2 1 T ' S COU RT H N E R' LAN E , OO , C A C

M D CCCXCI

M ' I S S TE R,

C O N S T A N C E V E S E ' .

L I T I L T R A T S S OF L U S I ON .

PAC 8

' ' A M H R S OF T E MOCEN IGO F AMI L' F rontzspzece. ’ M O E N I T B H R H G V C GO S OM I N T HE C U C OF SS . IO ANN I E PAOLO PORTRAIT OF F OSCARI ARMS OF F OSCARI PRESENTATION OF “ MARI E GOLA TO T H E D OGE CA F OSCARI ON T H E GRAN D CANAL COU RT'AR D OF CA F OSCARI D OORWA' OF LAN D E NTRANCE TO CA F OSCARI BUST OF D OGE F OSCARI COI NS AN D A U TOGRAPH OF F OSCARI

A E PRE F C .

0 write a min u te history o f Ve nice d u ri ng the

i ns f T o maso o e ni o and ances o re g o M c g , Fr c F o scari wo u ld be a wo rk at o nce beyo nd my

n i i a e powe rs a d my ntent on . I h ve endeavour d simply to give the reader some idea o f the state

and to to i and the of Venice at that epoch , point the ch ef events

o h in in o we act rs w o to o k part them dur g that peri d . I have d lt

o n the o i i i s two o fo r the but slightly opp s te pol c es of the e D ges, questio n is o ne o f such impo rtance and m o ment that it co uld no t mee t with all the co nside ratio n it re q u ires i n a wo rk o f such

i o o io ns as o o wi f o sl ght pr p rt the f ll ng. In the sketch o D ge

’ F o scari s if e i owe e to i a w l e I hav tr ed h v r, g ve some hat truer

’ view of those fami ly misfortunes which blighted that Do ge s

fe w a e i his i o r a i e li , and hich h v g ven to h st y the tr g c elem nt by which it has become familiar to us and have also e ndeavoure d in relating those misfortunes to give a cle arer view o f the sto ry in all its inte rest and sadness than the o ne which no ve lists and

e a a o w o po ts h ve m de kn n t us . The scantiness of re co rd as to perso nal deeds and tho ughts i n the history o f the se Doges o f Ve nice has no w and again pro mpted me to bring forward trivialities and details re lating to th e m o f

o f i anc o a is n o f ew it is small or no mport e fr m h torical poi t vi , but done in the ho pes o f gi ving promi nence to live s and characters I r o P eface. w o s i i i w o e wi w o ie h e nd vidualit es ere th r se sunk, and h se identit s w a o o f i n a io o f is o o f ere lmost l st sight , the contempl t n the h t ry

e ea u i a e u ic to w c f o o u th ir gr t Rep bl c ; th t R p bl hi h , r m the pr d

i i o f u e e u a pos t on r lers and governors, they v nt lly became mere

- se a i ﬁgure he ads and o rnamental repre nt t ves . The sou rces from which I have gathered m o st o f my mate rial

o w a are ' a i de i i di e e z i n the foll ing p ges S nudo V te Duch V n ia.

o i c a a di i i i Ro manin ; St r a Do ument t Venez a. L tta ; Fam glie

i a du e F o scari etc . Celebr . Berl n I , I m ust also ackn owledge with most grate fu l thanks the help

i s av i Co m . o i m f i and k ndnes I h e rece ved from Bar zz Co . Ste an (fro m who m I have also received a large amo unt o f m o st u seful

i av a o s a i o u i o o ranz o i nformat o n) ; C . C rl Ca tell n C nt Cam ll S ;

n a N icco letti o f the o e se u a d Ab te C rr r Mu m . T W O D OG E S OF V E N I CE ;

B D M EI NG A S' ETCH OF TH EI R L I VES A N TI ES .

PA RT I .

H A PT E C R I .

F the seve n Do ges sprung fro m the family o f

o e i o and who in u e o es i ie M c n g , t rn rul d ver the d t n s

o f i e the and e a e o f e was Ven c , ﬁrst gr t st th m

i was ca e o the u e To maso M o ce n go . He ll d t d k

do m i n 1 1 o n the e a o f his re e ce so 4 4, d th p d s r,

i e e e o w o se i n e e n e o e e io o f i e n M ch l St n , h re g xt d d v r a p r d th rt e

1 00 u i n w ic i o wns o f ce n a years ( 4 d r g h h t me the t Vi z ,

a u a o e and i i a di e o ca e u e P d , Ver na, Feltr , C v d le B llun m nd r the

e a i e f i Venetian do minio n . St no w s ev d ntly a man o determ n e d

e and o u his e i a e s o f him as a i e ' natur , th gh p t ph Sp ak h v ng be n “ ” amato r ustitie cis e t u be rtatis a o e o f s i e e j , pa , ( l v r ju t c , peac , and we see i n him a c a a e no t e i a n plenty) , h r ct r as ly d u ted , and o ne who his o wn io in ee all i io held opin n the t th of oppos t n .

o ani i e s e a e o f the wa in w i i n the a R m n g v us an x mpl y h ch, ye r

1 1 0 he ass e i e f ai ns his w o e u ci and ho w he 4 , ert d h ms l ag t h l Co n l ,

s ee e i n aini his o i . was e o we at a ea ucc d d g ng p nt It don , h ver, gr t

oria D ocumen a a di ene ia di . Romanin om o iv . ca . I I . . 6 . St t t V z , S , t , p , p 4 I 2 D Twe oges of Ven ice .

co e e o o f c o f his o wn w as e st, and nd d by the l ss mu h po er w ll as that ofsuccee di ng Doges ; fo r new laws and re gulatio ns were no w passed to limit and circu mscribe the pre ro gative o f the so -calle d

u s e i i ees o f an a i r ler of V n ce, and to depr ve them by degr uthor ty w i i and po er wh ch they were to represe nt but no t to exe rc se . Commands o f a more stri ngent nature than those fo rm e rly laid

o n w no w a o f o . was o e him ere passed in reg rd the D ge He rd red,

e w his i o to o i i e da tog ther ith Counc ll rs, h ld publ c aud enc s every y

o f ea e a o ce e he was the y r, f stival days l ne ex pted ; ev ry month

to o u e o f the a c and a o i to summ n the J stic s P la e, dm n sh them as the administratio n o f equity he was fo rbidde n to asse mble the Councils witho ut havi ng ﬁrst obtained the approval o f his Councillors ; and except in the ducal palace itself he was no t

r i i n a fas o n allowed to have his arm s painte d o d splaye d ny hi .

in o u e s i e his ow and e u a a And rder to red c t ll mor p er, vent lly th t o f eo e a o e was ass w ic e e the the p pl ls , a d cree p ed h h pr vent d

o f o o n o i the A rre n o o r u i a e D ge r m c v k ng g p bl c har ngu , unless he had ﬁrst gai ned the consent Of th e maj o rity o f

e o i i s s se ho w a the members b l ng ng to the Co unc l . We hall e t

’ time o f F oscari s electio n ( 1 42 3) this law was the m e ans o f pre ve nting the pe o ple fro m having a vo ice in the se lectio n o f the ir

o e and ho w it co e new i i e e to the aris o a i D g , nﬁrm d a pr v l g t cr t c party and stre ngthene d to the m ano ther o f tho se prerogatives fo r the which they were always striving with unwearied e nergy

i o and dete rm nati n . It was when the po wer o f her leaders had been circumsc ribed in such a way that Venice made cho ice o f To maso M o ce nigo to

e ﬁll the ducal thro n .

T o the fa i o f o eni iff e o i s a e e assi e m ly M c go d er nt rig n h v b en gn d,

o i the a a and i n i o f its o ni e o e acc rd ng to f nt sy genu ty chr cl rs . S m asse rt the family to be d escende d fro m the Carl o vingian ki ngs ; o thers declare them spru ng from Roman ancestors others Twe Do es Vm ice 1 g qf . 3 a a a e w i ne l g in speak of humbler p digree, h le the ge ral y accepted i a is e e o i T e a de that th y cam fr m M lan . h d te ﬁxe d for the ir se in in e e was so o f the ea 1 000 and is ttl g V nic n a ter y r , for th cause they were not recko ned among the old no bility o r ancient ho u ses case vecchie who only ranke d among the ir members

o se who oo rt i n the io o f the th t k pa foundat n seat of government, ( w the i e u was es a i ia o hen, in e ghth c nt ry, it t bl shed at the R lt . I But if the M o ce nigo did no t count amo ng the earliest o f the principal families of Ve nice th ey we re i n no way behind the chie fest and the best i n all that constitutes real great ness and no i o a b lity. Fr m very early date we ﬁnd the m acting as senato rs o f state they to o k their seat with the Patricians at the closing o f the o i del o 1 2 and n e C unc l (Serrata Consigli ) in 97 , they cou t d

iffe t the ei i w at d ren times among members of th r fam ly, arriors,

a e wn o f e s and o f i . A e st t smen, men of reno , l tter , learn ng Ven

a b a s ' N e a i i né Moz eni hi o vari and ti n prover s y B lb ricch , g p , a pro o f o f the wealth of the M o ce nigo is evident when we read o f as e n o o f the r and o f them b i g in turn pr tectors a ts letters, as w e o n e s u c e a e a e i se and ll as f u d r of ch r h s, p lac s, g ll r es, mu ums,

i a i s I n the s o u i a s o f the e u i no e l br r e . mo t ﬂ rish ng d y R p bl c l ss than twenty o f the great ho uses o f Venice were owned by this family ; in the seventeenth century fourte en branches o f the

o n u e i and - two M ce igo ho se became xt nct, to day branches only

e a e o f i i i ame r m in as r presentatives th s llustr ous n .

’ To maso M o cen igo was bo rn i n 1 343 ; his fathe r s name was

ie o w e no e n w a e is a o f his mo . H e P r , hil m ntio h tev r m de ther

’ to o k part in the de feat o f his country s navy by the Geno e se at

o a i n w e he u e Vitto r is i was P l , May, h n acted nd r P an and

Romanin s ea s of is efe a as a in ace on the th Ma w i e p k th d t t k g pl 7 y, h l

ismo n i i e s the a e of M a z th and anu o the 2 th o f Ma . The S d g v d t y 7 , S d , 9 y

enoes fl e we re comman e Lusciano and ie ro D o ria. Rom . o . G e e t d d by P t , p i i m i u 60 . ii i n u es iv h ii . t i iv . . 2 . o Ré i nne . c . c ca . 66 s e s . . , t . . , p , p S d , p bl q Ital , t , , p 1 Two Do e V i 4 g s of en ce. i n c o o f a e s e e s i n mmand the g ll y . The V n tian fleet wa far fe rior in fo ce e s o se the e and i ani i e e r and numb r to th of nemy, P s y ld d against his bette r judgme nt to the e ntreatie s o f his o ffice rs and

m en g w the ese o e T he resu l was th to enga e ith Geno f rc s. t e co mpl ete overthrow of the Ve netian s and the de structio n fo r the time being o f their ﬂ e et ; and Tomaso was d espatche d to 1 e i e o n the ca t a Two e V n c to ann u ce lamity o the Sen te. y ars late r he acco mpanied Carlo Ze no in his expe ditio n to the

o a o f a i n 1 he we to a e e i n c st Liguri , and 395 nt t k poss ssion

the ic o f the di i w i the name of Republ Polesine Rov go, h ch

a had a e I n is the Marquis of Ferrar m de o ver to V nice. th

1 was a i o o n o n same year, 395 , he ga n empl yed active service ’ a o i e w e beh lf of his c untry s , nt rests in the East, here the stat o f affairs was o f a nature to claim the attentio n and i nterve ntio n w of the Western po ers .

Ba az had A mu r th I et . e t a . 1 8 j I succeed d his fa her, , in 3 9 , and had asserted his dominion with such supre macy and vigour

a a a o o u o o ns ag inst Em nuele P le l g s, Emper r of C tantinople, that this latter in his distress appealed fo r help and protection to

r s a at a a Ch i ti nity l rge . The Pope pre ched a crusade in aid of

and a e a e was en e e o e the Emperor, l gu t r d int by the Pop , the

in o f a the s a e s o f e ice o e e e o a K g Hung ry, t t V n , Fl r nc , and G n ,

o h o a e e ia and thers to succour t e ppressed mon rch . The V n t ns

e e co o f o i and it sent a ﬂ et und r the mmand Tomaso M cen go, was his i a i o n i o on board sh p th t S gism d , K ng of Hungary, t ok refuge after the d e feat o f the allies at N ico po li on the 2 8th

anu o i e dei D uc i di ene ia. Rerum I talicarum Scri tore s . xxi I . S d , V t h V z p , t ,

68 . p . 3 n r n So say Sanudo and Litta. Roma in does no t speak of his be ing p ese t at the battle of o a o n the con rar he re a e s how his esse was ca ture P l t y, l t v l p d w en re urnin from the Eas a en wi me rc an ise and ho w is h t g t, l d th h d , th w misfo rtune increased the te rror and dismay hich already reigned in Venice .

e 1 6 Two Doges of V n ice. him 011 i casio w i e e w s i th s oc n, and h l th y ere discu s ng the

o i i o e ie o n 2 6th o f e c nd t ons for peace , D g Steno d d the Dec mber,

1 1 4 3 . To maso Mocenigo was electe d to the duke do m o n the 7th

a r o f wi a and a co ie was e a e to J nua y the follo ng ye r, ur r d sp tch d the three o rators (for such was the ir title e qually with that o f a a n w to we e mbassador) to nnounce the e s them . They r then

o we i a i e e a w at Crem na, and can m g n the xcitement th t ould arise i n the ir minds wh e n the m e ssenge r conﬁd e d i n secre t to ” them ' One of yo u three has bee n made D o ge U no di v o i tre é stato fatto d oge The lette rs fro m the Signo ry were then

a wi w i e e w e can we a and the ec e re d, th hat mpati nc ll f ncy, s r t

a e n o a i a e n e f ithfully k pt, Moce ig only st rting nst ntly for V ic , the o e The new was m et thers r maining at Cre mo na. Doge at

e o n e e s o f the o i s to him and V r a by some m mb r C unc l ent greet , at a r u a a to a him a and M rghe a , the B cent ur c me t ke on bo rd

i w a 2 th o f an r convey him to Ven ce, here he rrived on the 7 J ua y.

e a i o to o a o The c remony of h nd ng ver the Doge, the G nf l n or

o f i s e e i e i e o n . standard the Republ c, mu t have b n an mpr ss ve It

o o ac i n o f a w the a e w t k pl e the Church St . M rk, hen b nn r orked i n o was ace wi i his a am e was ad g ld pl d th n hands , the S cr nt

i i e to hi m and h e aisin his an s w e o m n st red , , r g both h d , s or t ’ i n s i s o he u c he we respect h s cou try r ght . Fr m t ch r h nt to the ” 1 a a in as he it ' Pax u i o . pal ce, s y g entered h c d mni Flore nce was am o ng the ﬁrst o f the states of Italy to o ffer

o n n i e o n a o i o f n e c gratu latio s to Ven c the pp ntment the ew Do g .

r naca o ro sini The o ri ina of is r ci us o iii o e o c is o . mm C M . g l th p de x N xlv mm i Cl. v ii . e i a iani b ut fo r the ri i e e o f co nsu in the uni ue xl x, d gl It l , p v l g lt g q co w ic e is s in the arciana i rar at e nice am i n e e to the py h h x t M L b y V , I d bt d in ness and co ur es of two of m earne frie n s omm en a ore e e ri o k d t y y l d d , C d t F d g efani ea of the s a e arc i es of e nice and a aiere ar o as e ani St , h d t t h v V , C v l C l C t ll , re fe o of the arciana P tt M . Two Do e o en g s f V ice. 1 7

“ She sent a solemn embassy u na sole nne ambasciata in

arc o i e M h for this purp se, and to entreat at the same t m that she

i be i in the e w a is m ght ncluded treaty lately mad bet een L d laus,

in o f and the e i . s K g Naples, Venetian R publ c To thi appeal Venice replied by an endeavo ur to arbitrate betwee n the two ’ a and the o f Moceni o s e i as St tes, ﬁrst year g r gn w devoted to this

o se purp . Be fo re entering at once i nto the more we ighty matters of his

n we fo r to the o i s e reig , must turn a moment rej cing and m rry makings which took place o n the appo i ntment of Moce nigo to the u o a e how e e e n d ked m . Sanudo rel t s th se f stiviti s began o the

2 th o f i and e fo r r a s in e 5 Apr l, last d seve al d y honour of the ev nt.

H e u s ho w the u i iffe e e a ti tells g lds of the d r nt trad s or arts ( r ) , no w a to e a o s s o r e s in beg n give f sts , revels, and j u t tournam nt the

' w and af n how a ic and scaﬂoldin s to n, ter recounti g the b rr ades g we e set u u a e o f t l ho w a r p in the Sq r S . Mark, he exp ains mple the a o was fo r e o s the cc mmodation the sp ctat r , and that chief

’ o n i io n we N o d E ste e guests th s occas re icol , Marquis of F rrara,

and a ce c o . o r Fr n s o G nzaga, lord of Mantua The Company Guild o f Goldsmiths and J e wellers we re the ﬁ rst to ho ld a revelry

a o . we a e l e i o e (b lo rd ) They re dressed in sc rl t c oaks, th r h rs s all

i fo r a The i w . decked th lace, and all eager the fr y pr ce for

i was ee and w e e we e hir ng each horse thr ducats, h n th y r mounted ,

i a e a o u o n o f u e s ﬁ fes the kn ghts par d d r nd to the s u d tr mp t , , and

e ins e . T wo w e set a e o ne oth r trum nts prizes er part for th m , for

o s i two e w 1 0 o e uc s w i e the g ld m ths of helm ts, orth 5 g ld n d at , h l the j ewe lle rs were to be re warded with a collar o r necklace Of

d i o n a 2 set w t e a an t 0 a . gold , i h p rls prec ous st es, valued 5 duc ts A s these companies cam e on to the Piazza they we re m e t by the

a is o f a and his m e o o w the e o f M rqu Ferrar ount d f ll ers, to numb r two n in all o o f w -a e e hu dred, the gl ry ell ppointed dr ss s and

co e s o to e was the o an w ac utrem nt . Opp sed th m L rd of M tua ith B 1 Tw Do es o en ice 8 o g f V . his e aine s a we and we h e i o r t r , equ lly ll equipped, av l ttle d ubt of

he e aci o f o ur o ld o c w e he we s o n the s n t v r ty chr ni ler, h n d ll ple dour and a ni ce nce o f the cene o e e wi the no e ese n e m g ﬁ s , t g th r th v lty pr t d

s a is o f o se s the ce o f e n i I Vhen all by uch d play h r in ntre V ce . had a a e o the ua the o u a en e a nd as e p r d d r und Sq re, t rn m t b g n a l t d

o r u s N o ea o can a e n e o e as to the f so me ho r . j l usy h ve be v k d

is i u io o f the i es fo r o we are e i n i o an e as d tr b t n pr z , th ugh l ft gn r c as to who was v i o io we a a o ne e was awar e ct r us , re d th t helm t d d to the m e n o f e a a the e to o s o f an a so F rr r , oth r th e M tu , we can but ho pe that the satisfactio n was as ge ne ral as su ch a pro o f o f equ ity wo uld se e m to de mand This ente rtainm e nt was fo w o n u n the 2 8th o f i a o u the w i llo ed S day, Apr l , by j st, h ch ” was a no table thi ng to see (la quale fu u na no tabil co sa a

T he same ac o rs o a in i who had s a e i n ve de re) . t t ok p rt th s h r d the e e ec e in e v e r o o f s e i re ss and a o ne d r v lry, d k d y s rt pl nd d d , d r

i es and eco ra io s all i wi n to the with d ev c d t n of k nd s. O g

o im o f s e sio n D a e i e was o e wi si o pr x ity A c n y, V n c thr ng d th vi t rs, and it was estimate d that no less than fro m ﬁfty to sixty tho usand i we a e e a da n the a e o f . a w people re g th r d th t y Squ r St M rk, hen the prize o f the n ecklace was carried Off by o ne o f the lo rd o f

’ nd e e s su e i in a u as in s. e o u s a M nt reta er Oth r j ts r v l cce ded , t ll

e o n o f Ma the o w n u ie e o w n o n e m o e and th m th y t q t d d c r , the so be rer affairs o f life and o f histo ry reasse rte d th eir sway and claime d the i nte rest and attention which fo r a while had bee n

i e ss io u i s g ve n to l ser us purs t . Peace was far from be ing the ru ling el eme nt in Italy at this

m o e n and no s a e was in i io e f o is u r a m t, t t a pos t n fre r m d t b nces

o f a o e o r e s io s na o nci o f o n ance m r l ss er u ture . The C u l C st ,

i had e e e f e w c o o n . o n th o h h b n pen d by J h XXII I the 5 Novemb r,

1 1 was S i in and n a o in to a u d e e wee n the h e 4 4, tt g e de v ur g dj g b t t r e

ss e ic . ie u n nd o e o . o a e o a P p s, J hn XXII I (C ) , B n d t XI II (P tr di L a) ,

o e r who eac c aime i el the i to Gregory XI I . (C rr ) , h l d for h ms f r ght Two Do es o enice g f V . 9

i ’ ‘ s t i n . e e s c ai The e ic f o was is e St P t r h r. R publ o Gen a d turb d by the agitatio n o f o ne D o ge following ano th e r in rapid su c cessio n Bo lo gna was making trial o f diffe re nt fo rm s o f go vern

e ea i ice o o f e n s and m nt, and app l ng to Ven for help b th gov r or m o ney ; Anco na o ffe re d to place itse lf unde r the ru le and

o ec io o f e i e o ff o we e w ic the e u lic pr t t n V n c , an er, h v r, h h R p b tho ught prud ent to de cline ; while o f m o re imp o rtance eve n than

e e a i a io ns a o n a i n a e was the o i io n o f th s g t t m g the It l a St t s, c nd t “ affai in the as the o e o a in w o e i a rs E t , g rg us E st h se d st ny th t o f nic was o e n i o e in w o o e own Ve e so ft nv lv d, and h se f rtun s her w e so c o e o n e e er l s ly c c rn d .

T o u n e a the a e had a e we s d rst nd turn th t ev nts t k n there, mu t go back fo r a whil e and retrace the co mplicatio ns and irregu larities w i h had ise in r is i e and w ic h c ar n the Tu k h Emp r , h h w e o f so i o a a u e o e i i n r io and aid er nv lved n t r , that f r gn te vent n

i i to e o u ie d e r had to be nvo ke d n order r st re q t an o rde r. Aft

h n B az et the o u n r was dis t e d eaths o f Tame rla e and aj I . c t y

n h a e tracte d by di visio ns and wars betwe e n the so s o f t e l tt r.

e a na e i u e w e the o e a o m e in 1 1 Aft r lter t tr mphs b t e n br th rs, M h t, 4 3 , succeed e d i n e stablishing him self o n the th ro ne that had bee n o cu ie in u n his two o e o e s and i n the a e e a c p d t r by th r br th r , s m y r

e i e a to the ana e and i o ac o f n es o V n c , th nks m gem nt d pl m y Fra c c

o scari o c u e an ia wi him i n w ic c o f F , c n l d d all nce th h h the se urity

the e ne ia s was fo r the o e ta is e . e a V t n , m ment, ﬁrmly s bl h d R g rd

s o f is a o w a was no t ai ain and e nice les th tre ty, h ever, pe ce m nt ed, V d e e m e d it prude nt to se nd a ﬂee t to the East to watc h m o re

o se o e the i n e es s o f her s e s and o f her co e c e . cl ly v r t r t ubj ct , mm r

i a n was e the o an o f i o o e ano Th s arm me t und r c mm d P etr L r d ,

1 i r e r H eno unce his c aim s to re o r was a ene an n e o o r . e r G g y V t , A g l C d l the a ac in u 1 1 w en he re sume his old name and i e o f ar ina P p y J ly, 4 5 , h d t tl C d l and is o of o r o and re ire to Recana i w ere he ie o n the 1 8 of B h p P t , t d t , h d d th

O c o er 1 1 a the a e of nine ears. t b , 4 7, t g ty y wo Do es enice 2 0 T g of V . while the offi cers serving und er him were his o wn brothe r

i i o eda a o Barbari o is o o a o and G org o L r no, J cop g , Cr t f ro D ndol ,

e e a s we at i o o o Piero Co ntarini. The V n ti n re ﬁrst d sp sed t ad pt

e ea ea and to o i a as i the p ac ble m sures , c nc li te, as far m ght be,

i o we i o i i i e t e s Turk sh p rs, but th s pr ving mposs ble, and the r ov r ur o f peace being answered with replie s that l e ft no alte rnative save

a o f war a e fo r a io o n 2 th Ma th t , they prep r d ct n, and the 9 of y,

1 1 6 a e i o i was f . e at 4 , the b ttl of Gall p l ought The ﬁght b gan ’ s i and a i a two o o c in the a unr se l sted t ll fter cl k afternoon , and long and minute acco unt o f i t is to be fo u nd in Sanudo from the

e n o f o re i se f who ri s the w o e o f i n p L dano h m l , desc be h l the ﬁght

e o and i wri e n o e o and a l tter to the D ge the S gnory, tt fr m Ten d s

hearin e ne 2 nd 1 1 6 i a e wi g dat Ju , 4 . The v ctory rem in d th the

e ne ia and was o f i and so a u V t ns, so br lliant import nt a nat re that the Gove rnment thou ght ﬁt to announce it to all the Christian

r er o e a sio s in ul s and p t nt tes. A solemn proces n wa he ld honour

o f o n n a th w e e e a es the event Su d y, s of July, h n all the cl rgy, pr l t

’ and is o s e i n e i a a s u a e b h p , b ar g r l cs, par ded through St. M rk Sq r

to se f w e a o wi e a s the Church it l , h re dev ut mass th d vout l ud

was . o f e u i and all sung The Doge, all the members th Co nc ls, the chie f no bles o f Ve nice to o k part i n the processio n and in the public se rvice o f than ksgiving o ffe re d to Go d fo r the triumph

o s e T he i o a o f i i n v uch af d to them . mp rt nce th s v ctory was i d ee d

r i e N o t o was o r o f suﬂi great fo Ven c . nly the gl y such a day cie nt to upho ld he r supre macy and magnify her powe r amo ng

the na io s bu t o a in e e o f c a o was o f t n , the m r l ﬂu nc su h vict ry

i ea e we i i n a it e e to he r a s i e w ic st ll gr t r ght , th t s cur d pre t g h h

a e fo r a s w i it a a e at the sa e i to l st d ye r , h le gu r nt ed m t me both her co lo nie s and to he r co mmerce su ch pe ace and secu rity as to e stablish their pro spe rity fo r many a day in u ndisturbed

su premacy.

i the e a wi a m ni was Bes des l gue entered into th M ho et, Ve ce Two Dog es of Ve nice. 2 1 no t neglectful to secure her o wn positio n and well-being in

a the o i s mo e i ia o and we reg rd of c untr e r mmed tely ar und her, trace the i nﬂuence that M o ce nigo bro ught to be ar in the po licy o f his co untry when we read o f treaties o f peace signed betwe en

i and a a T he aim o f the Republ c the St tes all round her. the ’ ia i in the w o o f M o ceni o s e i n was as is Venet n tact cs dur g h le g r g , w o w e i e a and o f to e e ell kn n , m n ntly pe ceful , a nature r ﬂ ct the greatest glo ry o n the name and m emory of her leader ; but while all the facts re lating to this reign must be taken into considera tio we o w i e o ne w i wo o f a n, cann t dra a ve l ov r h ch is un rthy a i great nation governed by gre at men . I llude to the des gn

1 i h e i i n made i n J u ly o f the year 1 4 5 to po so n t e Emp ro r S g smu d . T ho ugh Sigismu nd had co nstantly sho wn himse lf an implacable fo e to e i and had a e e e ffo r a V n ce, repe tedly r fus d all ts m de by the Re public to preserve the peace fo r which she strove wi th

a as n ss the es e to a e ife i n suc such ste df t e , means sugg t d t k his l h

n s i e o e ni the a manner were base a d di honourable. Wh l c nd m ng

i o we o n the o e a a o wanc fo r a e nat n , must, th r hand , m ke ll e the g

’ o f w i we are ea in w e i e a io s fo r an a s h ch tr t g, h n cons d r t n dversary life would no t be so clo se ly we ighe d as in more m o de rn time s

nd e too h ea i w ic wo now c o e a rememb r, , t at d l ngs h h uld be re k n d i i disho nourable we re at that period co untenanced as leg t mate . ’l a u n was a a e i si e ro ved Th t s ch a pla ctu lly und r d scus on is cl arly p , but th e fact that so dark a purpo se was no t put into execu tio n is e ain and e ni ma be fu u i the equally c rt , V ce y lly acq tted from pe rpetration o f a dee d which co uld no t but have cast a lasting

a he r o e e n and o n he r repro ch on g v rnm t ru lers. It was at this time that the territo ry o f Ro ve re do came i nto

he ss o f e i e a o se s io w i as to i t po ession V n c , p s s n h ch w br ng with it pe rpetual bro ils and complications be tween the Republic and

he u ia t d kes of Austr .

I See h i r io n fo r ul 1 1 n X N o 1 t e e e a s o s. . . . 6. d l b t 3 J y, 4 5 , C , 9, p 3 2 2 o D Tw oges of Venice.

The i o o f o w i was e n o wa d pl macy M cenigo, h ch ev r tendi g t rds

a o in ce and e i e was ma f all th t c uld br g pea prosp r ty to V nice, ni est at this period by a sche me which he had co nceive d o f a league

ffe s e e e i a The o n iv and d f ns ve throughout the who le o f It ly.

o c was n o o w o e i to a e e n pr je t a ble one, and sh s M c n go h v b e

o se e o f wis o and o e far i n a a c o f his a e p s ss d a d m f r sight dv n e g , bu t it m et w no o f o ei in es and ith supp rt r m the n ghbour g stat , Venice had to be content with a treaty signed between herse lf and i i i n i o f i n w i she e a o u F l ppo V sco t , lord M la , by h ch end v red

the a io n o f i and i o m to curb mbit th s latter, prevent F lippo fr

o i in e a e o o win we i o f hi s j n g the G rm n emp r r, and thr g the ght

and o e i e ia ca arms f rc s nto the Imp r l use . In Nove mber of the year 1 4 1 7 an impo rtant event fo r

i e n o o o la e at o i o f o s a c w en the Chr st d m t k p c the C unc l C n t n e, h schisms which fo r thirty-eight years had divided the Ch u rch we re brou ght to a clo se by the ele ctio n o f Oddo Co l o nna to the

a a i ni . He e a o e u e na e o f a i V . P p l d g ty b c me P p nd r the m M rt n , and in the n o f ec e i e s n f u e a e to mo th D ember, V n c e t o r del g t s

o o a e o o n his e le io o f R me to c ngr tulat the P pe ct n . Sh rtly a ter, the e e a an o to nice who was e i e wi h Pop d sp tched env y Ve , rec v d t

’ u and who o ffe he o e e ff a all hono r, red in t P p s name to ect

e n i ia i wee i i and the e u ic all r co c l t on bet n S g smund R p bl , but e ffo ai e to n c e o a an e s nd rts f l d i du e the Emp r r to ccept y t rm , a

o o wi 1 8 war o e ut The i c the f ll ng year ( 1 4 ) br k o . prov n e of

ri u li was the ce ne o f o i i w i a i an s w e F s h stil t es, here the nh b t t er

i i e i n o two a io s a u o f the a ia o r d v d d t f ct n , the one in f vo r Hung r n

ia ca a a o i o f e Imper l use, he ded by the Patri rch L u s T ch ; and the o th e r fo r the Ve netians u nd er the lead e rship o f Tristano

a o an e e a e we e e info o o o S v rgn o . Th s l tt r r r rced by tr ps fr m

e ni e co an e n o fo a a es a a i n- e e a V c , mm d d by Pa d l M l t t as C pta G n r l,

e were arino ara e o n o nio o n arini rancesco F oscari Th y M C v ll , A t C t , F , ino i i and Fant M ch el .

2 Tw Do es o enice 4 o g f V .

ea o f sit e i V o n S We r d a vi b ng made to enice Palm unday,

2 th o f c 1 1 8 the i i e the 0 Mar h , 4 , by B shop of W nchest r, uncle of “ ani o o f a o f o u r i V . o . K ng Henry , acc mp ed by the Pri r St M ry ” ’ I n hil r H e was i e England (Santa Maria d g ter a) . rece v d and

e wi o u the in e in ent rtained th much h no r, Doge going p rson the

was o n wa to o d Buce ntaur to meet him . He his y the H ly Lan , and we can but regret that no de tails are given o f his stay in a

i w e if we i s a he m m et wi no i c ty h re, m t ke not, ust have th l ttle difli culty in fi nding accommodation for the sixty ho rses which we are to ld he brought with him . He was e vidently satisfied wi re e isi e i e o f th his ception , for he r v ted V n ce in S ptember this s e ea his u n to a f o o am y r on ret r Engl nd r m the H ly Land , whe n he was again receive d and entertaine d with hono ur (E fu

o o o a o si arti e r n . m lt nor t , e p p I ghilterra)

’ T he D oge s duti es we re such as to require his prese nce on occasio ns of all and eve ry so rt besides assisti ng at the reception o f is in is s had s a e a a e i n d t gu hed guest , he al o to t k sh r more

o e n e o ie in Ma i e ea he was e s l m c rem n s, and y of th s sam y r pr sent “ the ne a lo o ne o f the ea e s a o n at fu ral of C r Zeno, gr t t m g the ” ea o f who ie the 8 a e o f gr t Venice, d d on th of May, at the g

e eighty y ars . H P E R C A T I I .

H I LE the affairs re lated in the last chapte r had

ee n as in i n iu i and the a e n io n o f b p s g Fr l , tt t

e ni e co n en a e in a i ec io n the e V c c tr t d th t d r t , Duk o f Milan j udge d the mo ment aﬁtting o ne in which

to fu e his o wn o e s in o a and o rth r pr j ct L mb rdy, pr ﬁt by so favourable an o ppo rtu nity as that now o ffe red him fo r advancing his troo ps without fe ar o f interruptio n from awatchfu l a e sa dv r ry.

i i a ia e o f i an was o ne o f he o s in F l ppo M r , Duk M l , t m t

o i a e e the e u ic e e had and as the a he a e d m t bl fo s R p bl v r , p rt pl y d i n the e i o f o ce n i o and o f F o scari was ea it ma r gns both M g gr t, y no t be o u t of place to give he re a slight sketch o f his characte r

n H and is o si i . e was the a o f is o n i and in 1 1 2 d p t o l st the V c t , , 4 , had c e e his o e ia a ia n the o c a i n o f su ce d d br th r, G n M r . O c s o

’ is a e e i i o had o wn a i o u an a i i th l tt r s murd r, F l pp Sh v g r and ct v ty w c H e i e i i h ho lly une xpe te d . ﬁrst ga n d o ve r to h s s de t e gu ard

at a ia w e e he was in s o he e n co nc i ia e the P v , h r cu t dy ; th l t d partisans o f Paci no Cane ; and to stre ngth en his cause still more

m he a ie ea i di en a wi o w o f is e e a ﬁr ly m rr d B tr ce T d , the d th g n r l,

in s i o f he r e i n fo ea o f a e whi i se was p te b g rty y rs g , le he h m lf

a we . She o u him o we e e e i n o f h rdly t nty br ght , h v r, the sov r g ty

o r o a ov a a V e rce llo and e sa ria as we as the T t n , N r , Al s nd , ll 6 Two Do es o e i e 2 g f V n c .

‘l o m a o f a a e and we -di arm e r o f c m nd l rg ll sciplin ed y. S ve al the ai of his fa e ian Galeaz isc n i w be tr ts th r, G V o t , ere to found

i n i i u in e H e had the i i o a e e e . a F l ppo, th gh l ss ned d gr e s me t m d

a i io n w ic a him o ns a es o u o f co u es s mb t h h m de c t ntly d ir s fresh nq t ,

w i he ac e the o a ea his o wn a m e e n fa e h le l k d c ur ge to l d r y, or v c

his own i . H e e o the a e erﬁdio us o i the sold ers mpl yed s m p p l cy, same de vio us line o f actio n by which to dece ive friends and fo e s

i e the s art o f a wa a i n a iffe e n aim in i w to al k , ame l ys h v g d r t v e

o ne fo r w i he e e be a in w i e he had to o the the h ch s em d to m k g, h l , , same mixture o f gene ro sity all unloo ked -fo r in a lo w and cru e l

a e r. at the sa e i e had o f wi ch ract But m t m he less strength ll,

e s o we o f ca in o u t his s e e s o r o f s e his l s p r rry g ch m , el cting

o o r ni s ess no w e e a i is i e a e n fo r pp tu tie , l k l dg of dm n trat on, l ss t l t

isin his e o e o r fo r a i n i se o e e surpr g p pl , m k g h m lf bel v d by th m ,

Gal az h d had H is o wa ice and than his fathe r Gian e a . c rd

s icio s ess we e e e w i his o o f in i ue led him su p u n r extr m , h le l ve tr g to spi n o ne plo t afte r ano ther till the web o f e ntangle me nt had

f f nd n in But destroye d e ve ry c l u e i n a labyrinth o cra t a cu n g.

ll i he o u fai fu in his ie n s i new ho w with a th s c ld be th l fr d h ps, he k

to c o o e his se i o and i e o f his o wn wa o f fai h h s rv t rs , in Sp t nt t , and is e ar o f his i e wo and o ise was e d r g d g v n rd pr m , he nev r

e e i e se w o he had se ec e to e e him no r d c v d by tho h m l t d s rv , 2 i e is i nis e s o r his s be traye d e th r by h m t r gene ral . The atte ntio n o f Ve nice having been fo r the mo m e nt

e n o s e war in i u i i i was en e to o gr s d by the Fr l , F l ppo abl d pr ﬁt by

so fa o u a e an o o ni and u su e his o wn a an a es i n v r bl pp rtu ty, p r dv t g

i o un i w s no t s o w a ai Lo mbardy. Of th s Opp rt ty he a l to v l

i se f H is s e was sec e o w ia e n the h m l . ﬁrst t p to ur the t n of P c za,

F o r his ase con uc to ea ri ce di en a see ismon i Re . I t. b d t B t T d S d , p ,

6 . h xi v . . 6 tom . iv . c . , , p 3 9 in is a en fr i i much of it ein The fo re o s e c o m smo n Re . I t. g g k t h t k S d , p , b g ’ r i s an amos i era rans a ion and f om . . ro wn s ene ian u e . l t l t l t l t , H F B V t St d Tw Do e n ice 2 o g s of Ve . 7

o o f w ic A rce lli had ie w i e in o a o f a i isi n l rd h h , , d d h l c mm nd d v o o f the Ve ne tian fo rces in Fri u li ; his next actio n was o f m o re i m o ance s i and was no i n e an the o n e s o f p rt t ll, th g l ss th c qu t

e no a w ic o n the 2 nd o f o e e 1 2 1 fe u n e G , h h , N v mb r, 4 , ll d r the

M i an s m ini n The m an o o i i e his l e e d o o . t wh m F l ppo o w d succe ss i n this and in so many o f his warlike e nte rprise s was

n e H a esco u sso n e e o w to a as a a no a. e Fr c B , b tt r kn n f me C rm g l

’ an e i at is i i n the e e es o as o n e ia r k d h gh th t me Duk s y , b th c ﬁd nt l a ise and as e n a and i n the fo o win e s a se e dv r g er l , ll g pag s we h ll ho w important a part he was afte rwards to play i n Ve netian

is o h t ry.

’l e u a 1 2 2 a ea was e e we i i In F br ry, 4 , tr ty conclud d b t en F l ppo and e u i o f e ic w ic e e ne an at i e the R p bl c V n e , h h l ft the V ti s l b rty

i e e i o c es a ain ia Abro io i o a a e no ese to d r ct th r f r g st G n g Sp n l , G pirate who was the n o ppre ssi ng and pillaging the V e ne tian m e rchants with u nbo u nde d su cce ss . Jaco po Trevisano was e n u s e to n e a e the s ess o o f i sea- o e tr t d u d rt k uppr i n th s r bb r, and sailed from Ve nice with e ightee n galleys to put do wn this

a au e . H e i es e the o wn o f ae a w e i o a had m r d r nv t d t G t , her Sp n l

e i e and e an e a the co sai s o u be an e o e to r t r d, d m d d th t r r h ld h d d v r him is a e o w e was e e ine se his ife ea . Th l tt r, h ev r, d t rm d to ll l d rly,

n s h s in w i i n the c io a d a e e a e e u e . o a as e a d p r t ﬁg t n d Sp l k ll d t n , and the i o i a e a ne wi e e ns who had v ct ry ult m tely r m i d th the V n tia ,

e he e e wi is a o e fo r the e o ese n to cont nt t ms lv s th th l n , G n bur t

’

i i s and no o i o f an so e i n o the ic o s an . the r sh p , Sp l y rt f ll t v t r h ds

min e ness wi w ic an o en e s i o e e e ai The ut th h h S ud t r nt v ry d t l, no matte r whe ther i t be ars o n the eve nts o f re al histo rical i e es o r no t has i n i se f a and ain e ss w ic e nt r t , t l charm qu tn h h t mpt

m e to fo o w o we u i n his s e . F o r i ns an e i n the ll , h ver h mbly, t ps t c , midst o f re lating ho w Ve nice had co nque re d succe ssfu lly o ne

o af e a o e i n a ia he e a s awa f o e t wn t r n th r Alb n , br k y r m th se

anu sa s on the 2 th Romanin on the ﬁ st o f e ruar . S do y 4 , F b y 2 8 Two Doges of Venice.

victo ries to say ho w the town of Scutari se nt two ambassado rs

to en i e to ea e a and who if s V c tr t for p ce, brought as g t to the

i n r ﬁ v a c n o s w n the a e was S g o y e f l o s and ﬁve g ha ks. Amo g l tt r

a w i e o ne a a in o o as we o h t , be uty sooth to l ok up n , ll as a m st ” l a i D id o the n e a a o e r re th ng. the s ul of old chro icl r so r b v the n arrow streets and beyo nd the dark canals o f the wate r city to

ee and e i n anc wi a e e e gr n ﬁelds open glad s, and f y pursue th e gl y

a i a i w e ee a e i ed the d ring ﬂ ght of th t b rd, hose b auty s ms to h v st rr in his spirit the ardour and sympathy o f a hu nte r ' Who can say ' We alm o st think it may have bee n so when we see m to read betwee n the line s and fancy we trace his regre t at the

de part u re o f this rare and precious bird . F o r he tells us all the birds were dispose d of as presents two falco ns and two go shawks (among the m the white be auty) to the Duke o f Milan ; two o f e ach sort to the Marquis o f Fe rrara ; the sam e numbe r to the Marquis o f Go n zaga; and o ne falcon and o ne goshawk to

e n a o f a na w i in e an e fo r the Pol t , lord R ven ; h le xch g birds

e se ni se n ffe i s o o f o and ff th m lves, Ve ce t o r ng of cl th g ld , rich stu s

f e o and w a was e a o f i a e i o oth r s rts, h t , p rh ps, more mport nc st ll,

she o en the c e a c ns ted to terms of peace, and onclud d a tre ty with the to wn o f Scutari .

Bu t e to o s i u a e T he e o f e to r turn m re er o s m tt rs. obj ct Dog

’ ’ M oce nigo s who le re ign had bee n to stre ngthe n his co untry s

i i e e e ea e far s i n pos t o n by an adh r nc to p c , as as pos ible all

u a e o e ia in a se . o f the m q rt rs, but m re esp c lly It ly it lf One ost important feature s of his reign had be e n his steady refusal to agree to the entreaties o f the Flo rentine Go ve rnme nt to join with

i n ea a ai s the o f i e the m a l gue g n t Duke M lan . The sp ech he

o n i o asi n is w o f e not n as in made th s cc o orthy r cord , o ly be g

a a s i o f the i e f its is o i ch r cteri t c the man and of t m s, but rom h t r c

l o n i o had e to him o n a value as we l . M ce g oppos d a str g p rty

’ ” h e issimo a e r ed é co sa rera. C 8b ll v de e . Two Do es o enice g f V . 2 9

ea e a F o scari w n e was e and h d d by Fr ncesco , hose inﬂue c gr at, w o se co e fo r war had e e e e m ne and o en h uns l b n d t r i d el qu t. That the Doge was able to carry his audie nce with him and gain a maj o rity o ve r F o scari and his fo llo we rs i n favo ur o f peace shows how ﬁrm a hold he had over the minds and j udgments of his ea e s h r r . “ I n his a f o a er speech he s ys Our youth ul Pr cur tor, S Francesco

F o scari e e the o u nci has ai efo e , m mb r of C l, l d b r you i n pu blic harangu e all that the Flo re ntin e ambassado rs have e xplained to

o i and t a w i we i n a i the C unc l, h t h ch reply h ve la d be fo re yo u r

s i H a i o . e s we s co u the o i e s W r h ps s ys it ll to uc r Fl rent n ,

e a se w i is ei o o is o u i wis b c u that h ch th r g d rs l ke e, and couse

e n e i ua fo r u s i n i qu tly th ir ev l is eq lly bad . In t m e a d n place

e wi a im the o e o fu o o w ll nswe r h to purp s . Y uth l Pr curat r ' God

e a e and a e n e i n w ic was a e cr t d m d the a g l c ature , h h more ex lt d

a an o e in and it e ain es ic io ns th n y ther creat d th g, gave to c rt r tr t

s f o i T he an e e e i by which to d i ce rn goo d r m ev l . g ls cho s the v l

a e a the o o o d nis e e and a e r th r th n g d . G pu h d th m dr ve th m

o a a is to e and f o ce e nce e e to e i i o . fr m P r d e h ll, r m ex ll th y f ll p rd t n

The a e ma be ai o e ine who se e aft i s m y s d of the Fl r nt s k er ev l .

to o wi efa if w e ac in to the wi o f o u r Such , , ll b ll us do cord g ll

o u fu o o S er a e o o scari . we o y th l Pr curat r, Fr nc sc F And exh rt of

u i a ac o e e wa e war yo to rema n t pe e. Sh uld the Duke v r g H w u n u is o e o u and e all . e i justly pon you , God v r y se s ll do

a w a e us ic o . L e t u s e in ea and th t hich sh ll giv the v t ry liv p ce,

he who wi e fo r war let him o to i io . sh s , g perd t n “ o u c a o ' Go d e a e a wi e o and Y uthf l Pro ur t r cr t d Ad m s , g od ,

e ec and a him the e a a a i w e e was ea p rf t, g ve rthly p r d se, h r P ce , with two o f his co mmandme nts which said Enj o y the peace o f

a i is in a a is but e n o f su a e w at o t . all th t h ch P r d e, ch tre And

he was i o i n and i n f no t wi in to d s bed e t, s n ed rom pride, ll g

ac n w e e a he was a Go d e s i k o l dg th t but creature . Then d po led T 3 0 wo Doges of Venice .

him a o a a is w e e was e and and dr ve him forth fr m P r d e h r p ace,

a e him m i war a is i n t i wo and asse co nde m pl c d a d , th t , h s rld , p d h n atio n o n im to gether with all h u manity . A nd o ne bro ther

ew ano e and all we f o m bad to w se . su wi sl th r, nt r or And ch ll

lo r n i i n s i be fall the F e tines fo r indulg ng n war. A d u ch w ll befall

s if w e o o i h i o f o u r u o c a o u d acc rd ng to t e w ll yo thfu l Pr ur t r.

o fu o u a o ' f e o f ain w e wo Y uth l Pr c r t r A t r the sin C , h n the rld

e ne w no t Go d to do His wi H e u is e the by vil k ll , p n h d them by

o o d wi the e e i o o f o ah w o Go d wi e sho u be ﬂ , th xc pt n N , h m ll d ld

s wi fa lo re ntines fo r o o wi n e i o wn aved . Such ll be ll the F f ll g th r

o d wi e o i an s and e i o o s e wishes . G ll d str y the r l d th r g d ; th y will take refuge i n this land and su ch will be fall us if we

a o in to the wi o f o u r o u fu o u a o w e s a do cc rd g ll y th l Pr c r t r, h ll i f be Scattered abro ad and dwe ll in fo re gn lands. Yo u th u l

o a o a was a sain se o f Go d H am e a Pr cur tor N h t cho n , but d p rted

f o G o d and s e w a e fo r w ic Go d u nis e him . r m l J ph th, h h p h d

o his se e s an t e ian s who anni e o e all o in Fr m d pr g h g t , tyr z d v r , d g

e w a e w e wi o ea o f Go d. o o ne n e ver h t th y ish d, th ut f r Fr m to gu

Go d a e -six and a es o e o ne wi ano e i m d sixty , ﬁn lly d tr y d th th r, t ll

i s i a e wi e the race o f g ants wa exterm n t d . Such ll b fall the Flo re ntines if they will fo llo w th e ir o wn will witho ut fearing

o d f e i o n ue s a s in si -Six da da G rom th r t g h ll pr g xty , and y by y

sha e i a e to a c to e an to a ue o c to ll th y m gr t Fr n e, G rm y, L ng d ,

a a o nia to n ar and i e s a s o f a i e C t l , Hu g y, to d v r p rt It ly, t ll th y

be so e is e se a o e n e a no o e S o e o f utt rly d p r d th t Fl r c sh ll m r be p k n .

S o to o s a be s i o f u s if we do acco in to the wi o f o u r , , h ll a d rd g ll ”

f o Go d o w e and e in Hi . o u u u a o . e a m y th l Pr c r t r F r , h ev r, hop H e the n go es On to bring forward m o re scriptural examples to a e eac as o se to war efacin prove the advant g of p e Opp d , pr g ” m o st of his remarks with Youthfu l Procurato r (Gio vane

u a o e as he a wa s ance o F oscari i n a wa Proc r t r ) , l ys call Fr sc , y

e e w a i i a n his is e ne and that must hav be n some h t rr t ti g to l t rs,

2 Two Do es o e e 3 g f V n ic . that date was wide ly diffe re nt to the gorgeous pile of b u ildings with which we are no w accustomed to asso ciate the nam e o f “ ’ ” o i D ge s Palace . T he Hall o f the Great Co un c l (Sala di Maggio r Co nsiglio ) was the n o n the ve rge o f co mple tio n ; and by its splendo u r and no velty it cast into shad e the o lde r build

i w i s o n e it w i we fa i i o ui n and ngs h ch urr u d d , and h ch re ll ng nt r

e Th d cay . e co ntrast was the mo re co nspicuous fro m the new

i e no w e e c and e s e n e e is i n ed ﬁc , r ted, r plend t by the sid of the x t g

i s and us e o e o n e o se n th ru n , m t hav f rc d up ev ry b rvant mi d e

n o f es i if o f s i l o n o u o . aw was ho w eed r torat , not rec n tr ct n A , e e e an w ic fo e an n en es in i th v r, xt t h h rbad yo e ev to sugg t publ c e

’ idea of re bu ilding or o f making any alteratio n in the Do ge s

a e e a a o s n u a s i l w ha e n Pal c , under a p n lty of th u a d d c t . Th s a d be

a se in the e in en at a o e w the e u ic p s d prec d g c tury, m m nt hen R p bl had e e e n a e in war wi the o e e and w e n the w o e b n g g d th Gen s , h h l o f her political horizo n was o vercast i n a way to prec lude any

o u o f e e n u wh fo r i e in w th ght xp dit re on at, the t me b g, ould be

a ea in o f i c d ee med un necessary or e xtrav gant . Sp k g th s de ree 1 “ s ' e n ea fu i e e Ru kin says The S ate, f r l of ts lf, and d sirous to

a a i s w a e o f its own e gu rd ga n t the e kn ss nthusiasm , passed a

e e i e the ffo a fe u o f o e n i n d cre , l k e rt of man arf l s m stro g temptat o

o in t k eep his thoughts ave rte d from the po t of dange r.

he e ee u s e i n to u a a ai i own T d cr , th s pa s d order g rd g nst the r wea ess fo a e a ea o f i in o ld a a kn , rb d nyone to sp k rebu ld g the p l ce ,

u ca e had e unde r the pe nalty o f a thousand d ts. But th y rat d their o wn e nthusiasm to o lo w ' th e re was a man among the m who m the lo ss o f a tho u sand ducats could no t d ete r from pro ” si e be fo r the o o f the i po ng what he believ d to go d State . Th s m an was o aso c ni o who o n the 2 th o f e 1 2 2 T m Mo e g , , 7 S ptember, 4 , appeare d before the Senate with the ﬁ ne o f the tho usand ducats

and n i n is wa e u to i i in his hand , havi g th y s c red h mself the r ght

Th u a ace . f v l i . c a . v . e D c a ones o enice o . St V , , h p , l P l Two Do es o en ice g f V . 3 3

to be e a o n the e u fo wa o sa to h rd subj ct, he bro ght r rd the pr po l

e u i uca ﬁ i r b ld the D l Palace . A re wh ch had o ccu rre d i n 1 4 1 9 fu rnished the Doge with a po we rful plea by which to suppo rt

his a e n fo r the a a e o ca i i ﬁ re o to rgum t, d m g c s oned by th s b th the

c o f San a c and u a a ace had ee ea Chur h M r o to the D c l P l b n gr t,

and had o n e e ie S i and e a an e ly b en rem d d in a l ght t mpor ry m n r.

u n o f ho w o e u fo wa his o o sal and The acco t the D g bro ght r rd pr p ,

wa i n w ic i t was c e e are i en a o in wo s the y h h a c pt d , g v by S nud rd which Ruskin has already made k nown to us Therefore they set themselves with all d iligence and care to repair and ad o rn

’ ’ o u s o s o e ' i n ince s o e in sumptu ly, ﬁrst G d h us but the Pr h us th gs

we n o s o w fo r it did no t ea o e e s o e t on m re l ly, pl se the D g to r t r i t in the fo rm in which it was before ; and th ey co uld no t

i it a o in a e e anne so e a was the a i rebu ld lt gether b tt r m r, gr t p rs

m o f es o ld fa e it was fo i e w ony th e th rs because rb dd n by la s , which co nd e m ne d in a pe nalty o f a thousand ducats a nyo ne who

s o o o s to w o wn the o ld ac and to e i h uld pr p e thro d pal e, r bu ld

ic i e ns h o w e e . t e o e who it m re r hly and th great r exp But D g ,

was a nan i s and who esi e a o all in s w a was m g mou , d r d b ve th g h t

o n a e to the ci had the ho sa uca s a ie i o h our bl ty, t u nd d t c rr d nt the

e e and en o o se the a ce s o be S nat Chamber, th pr p d that p la h uld

‘ e i a i ha i ce the a e ﬁ re had i ea r bu lt ; s y ng t t, S n l t ru ned in gr t

the ca a i a io no t o his o wn i a a a e part Du l h b t t n ( nly pr v te p l c , but

all a es fo r i sine ss is o c asio n was to the pl c used publ c bu ) , th c be

a e fo r an a o nis e s n f o Go d a to t k n dm hm nt e t r m , th t they ought

e ui a a e o no and in w a o e t i the r b ld the p l c m re bly, a y m re b ﬁ t ng

’ ea nes w i o a e e i o ini o ns had eac e gr t s to h ch , by G d s gr c , th r d m r h d and that his m o tive in proposing this was neithe r ambitio n no r

. v n . a ar i n . anu o Cod. . cl a c a a S d , CXXV , , ll M 9 l a e s u ie is co ice in the o ri ina and rus the rea er wi be h v t d d th d g l , t t d ll ’ u in s grateful to me fo r giving him M r. R sk s tran lation in prefe rence to my

o wn . Tw Do es o enice 3 4 o g f V . s s e s ' a as fo r o n h e e elﬁ h inter t th t, ambiti , they mig t hav s en in the w le co u rse o f his ife so ea he ho l , through many y rs , that had

e e fo r a i o n i e the i fo e i n n v r done anything mb ti , e th r in c ty, or in r g business ; bu t in all his actio ns had kept j ustice ﬁrst i n his

u and e n a a e the a e and the o o tho ghts, th the dv ntag of st t , h n ur o f ne ia e a as far as e a his i the Ve t n nam ; and th t, r g rded pr vate

n e es if had e e fo r is a ci the he w i t r t, it not b n th c dent of ﬁre, ould ne ve r have tho ught o f changing anything i n the palace into

i e e s u o r a e h u e fo and a e th r a mor umptuo s mor ono rabl rm th t,

u in an ea s in w he had e i n it had n d r g the m y y r hich liv d , he ever

e ea o e to e an c u t had a wa e o n nd v ur d mak y hange, b l ys be n c tent with it as his predecesso rs had le ft it ; and that he kne w we ll

a e o o in an to u i as he e o e and th t, if th y t k h d b ld it xh rt d

' eso u e m e n no w e o ld and o o wn wi b ght th , b i g v ry , br ken d th

an o i s G o d wo c a him to ano e ife e fo the wa m y t l , uld ll th r l b re lls

n a e e o e e we re raised a pace abo ve the gro u d . And th t th r f r th y might pe rceive that he did no t advi se the m to raise this bu ilding

fo r e i o wn o e e c o fo r the o o f th r c nv ni n e, but nly h nour the city and its duke do m ; and that the goo d o f it wo u ld neve r be fe lt

’ ‘ him his s ce sso . e i a by , but by uc rs Th n he sa d , th t in order,

a he had a wa e o se e the law had o u s l ys don , to b rv s, he br ght with him the tho u sand du cats which had be e n appo inted as the

e na fo r o o i su c easu e so a he i o p lty pr p s ng h a m r , th t m ght pr ve o pe nly to all m e n that it was n o t his o wn advantage that he

s u the i i o f the s a e ' e e was o ne who o ght, but d gn ty t t Th r no d esire d to o ppose the wishes Of the Doge and the tho u sand

u ca w e u a im o s o e to the e en e o f h d ts er n n u ly dev t d xp s s t e wo rk . And th ey se t th e mselve s with m uch dilige nce to the wo rk and the palace was begu n in the fo rm and manner in which it is at

e e ee o ni had e ie no t o n a e pr s nt s n ; but , as M ce go proph s d , l g ft r

he e n his ife no t no t wo to ded l , and only did see the rk brought a Two Do es o enice g f V . 3 5

‘ l e clo se e en e n. no o d c o c s ea in , but hardly v b gu A ther hr ni l , p k g “ o f ho w o e ni o u o wa o o s a ' M c go br ght f r rd his pr p al, s ys The

o e a in o e e fo r i i o f the D g , h v g m re r sp ct the honour and d gn ty s a e a fo r his o wn n i e a a es e fo e the t t th n conve enc , m de an ddr s b r

o u ci the a i e o in the a i o to n e C n l of Preg d , xh rt g Duc l S gn ry u d r

a e the affai if o n f o the es i ne and e a e ne t k r, ly r m pr s ng ed thr t d ” u in f r o the Palace .

. i n Caroldo Cod. CXL . cl. v n a a arc a a. , II , , ll M CHAPTER I I I .

E have n o w co m e to the clo si ng sce ne o f D o ge

’ M o ce n i o s i fe san s w e a m o s ru n g l . The d e r l t

o u t and the e ini n o u s f no e ife we e , r ma g h r o a bl l r

fas e bin awa o se a ra io ns and re sto ra t b g y. Th lte t

io ns in the u ca a ace fo r w ic uccee i n t D l P l , h h s d g

a o ns u s e a e u to o ce ni o he did no t i e gener ti m t ev r be gr t f l M g , l v

A s had fo e his e a e s in e a e his a s to see . he r told h r r the S n t d y

n e arl in the fo o win A i but i e o e w e n e e a d . er umb r d , y ll g pr l , l ttl m r than si x mo nths afte r he had carried his pro posal fo r the re

h ace the e nd a e u i n o f t e a . b ldi g P l , c m

o r e o e his e a fe e in his as ho u was e a Sh tly b f r d th , l g l t r n r, he

e n fo r e na o s and a ai in i se lf o f all the i ni and s t the S t r , v l g h m d g ty so e i o se e o n s c a o m e n he e an i s l mn ty c n qu nt u h m t, b g S r , I

a e sen fo r o u in e Go d has wi e ut o m e hi h v t y , s c ll d to p up n t s

i w i wi be the e nd o f m il i e . A nd e n inﬁrm ty h ch ll y p gr mag th , in a spee ch which has live d i n history from its fo re sight and v i he e n e o n the a a a e s aine e nice i n e a d gour, larg d dv nt g g d by V r g r

f a and co e and a e e m be o ne in all e i o tr de mm rce, b d th h st th r

e in s H e o in e o ut the e ci i n the a e e e nu e s o win d al g . p t d d ﬁ t st t r v g

to wa wi a ua ice a and e o na and e n we o n the rs th P d , V nz , V r , th d lt

e no s o s o i n the e ne ian a e and the the rmou pr ﬁt br ught by V t tr d , co mfort and compete nce in which bo th the gentlefo lk and the o Two Doges f Ven ice. 3 7

“ he as o u o we as e we i in . wa e w lo r cl s s re l v g Be r , continued, y uld

o f ﬁ re o f a in w e o s to e e , t k g hat b l ng oth rs, and of und rtaking

s f in i H is n s w fo r wi no t e n u a n . u ju t ar , God ll dure s ch ults pr ces

a ie who s o be his s e s was n e e and nx ty as to h uld ucc sor i t ns , the desire to have so imp o rtant a fact whispere d into his dying car “ has in it so m ething m o st e mine ntly pathe tic and human . In o rde r that I m ay k now from yo u who yo u will cho ose to be

o a e m e e it e c e l ear a m a se D ge ft r , t ll me s r t y into my , th t I y advi

f r o f h o u as to who is de se rvm as a so o t e . y g, l the good state

i s se e an o f o u who wo u c o e w o wi S r , I m y y ld h os those h m I ll

no w na e ' e sse a a a wo r man as m M r M rino C v llo is a thy , and

s i n f r i d e e rv g o inte llect as fo r goo dness . So also s M esser

ancesco e o and a so e i o o e a Fr B mb , equ lly M sser P e tr L r d no .

e e a o o e i a o sse n o n n in e s M ss r J c p Tr v s n , Me r A t io Co tar i, M ser

o i ie and e e ano Bado er are ll o f Faustin M ch l, M ss r Alb a them

is - w e i n and we e e i . an are i c i e fo r e , ﬁtt g, ll d s rv ng M y n l n d M sse r

ance s F o scari and no w no t a is a ia and o Fr co k th t he l r pr ud , and i n d esiri ng him fo r Doge they say thi ngs that are untrue

and ha a e no o n a io n Go d o e no t w l it t t h v f u d t d s i l . If

o u a him o e o u wi s o be at war H e wh h y m ke D g y ll h rtly . o as te n tho usand ducats will the n have bu t one thou san d who has te n es w n e o ne who has a s wi ﬁ n hous , ill the hav but ten co t , ll d

e wi b ut o ne e so in e a o e i hims lf th . And qually r g rd of th r th ngs, so that spee dily yo u will have made away with your go ld and

i w o and e w . o o u o si i s lver, ith y ur honour r no n Fr m y r p t on of

o s o u wi i a o f as a e an s to m e n o f l rd , y ll s nk to th t v s ls and s rv t

fe e s and to o a e a o o o ie . no t ee rms, to f t s ld rs, to pil r r , b ys I h v b n able to re frain fro m d e c laring to you this my advice ; may God

o u to e e es and i and e in eace cause y l ct the b t, d rect pr serve you p .

H e e o in s the a o f a ai a e to th n p t out st te the n vy, ag n llud s the traﬂi c and ne go tiations carried on be twee n Ve nice and o the r to w and u i i e u w s a ns co ntr es, and ﬁn sh s p ith a fre h appeal th t Two D 3 8 oges of Venice.

Go d ma o e n and i in i h y g v r and guard them , gu de them the r g t wa 1 y.

On the th o f i 1 2 e i e o ld o 4 Apr l, 4 3, aged ghty y ars , T maso

en i i f i . was ie in the u c io a Moc go d ed He bur d Ch r h o SS . G v nn

e ao w e e a i u o the wo o f ie di i o P lo, h r a be ut f l t mb, rk P tro N col

o f n e i a i i o o f ieso le and d Flore c and of G ov nn di N col F , sculpture “ “ i n 1 2 is s e i si a e 4 4, thu d scr bed by Ruskin The clas c l elem nt

e e s ar e i o its ai fee in o f w o is as e t nt r l g ly nt det ls, but the l g the h le y

u naffe e i all o ve o f e i and o a it is ct d . L ke the l ly tombs V n ce Ver n ,

a a a s wi u n e a and e is s rcoph gu th a rec mbe t ﬁgur bove, this ﬁgur

fai but e o ai w as as it wi o a thful tend r p rtr t, rought far can be th ut

i n nes f n H e w his s o the e as la i e a . pa ful , Dog he y d th ears ducal — ro be and bo nnet his head is laid slightly asid e upo n his pillow

hi r f he f is ia s an s a e si s e as e a . T a e e a h d mply cro s d th y ll c m c ted ,

fe u es a e but so and o in i n a c is the at r l rg , pure l rdly the r atur l h el

in h e a e o o e i e a e in t e i l g, t at th y must h v l k d l k m rble ven h r

nima io n e are ee w awa o u an ea a t . Th y d ply orn y by th ght d d th the veins on the fo rehe ad branche d and starting ; the skin gathe red i n sharp fo lds the brow high-arche d and shaggy the eye -ball magniﬁcently large ; the curve of the lips just veiled by the s i o us e at the si e the ea s o o u e and l ght m tach d ; b rd h rt, d bl , sharp -po inted ' all no ble and qu ie t ; the white se p u lchral dust ” ar i n i e i s e r a es o f the e e and w m k g l k l ght the t n ngl ch k bro . The de ath o f M o cenigo ﬁnishe s an epoch in Ve netian

is ses the s o n o f a a i n e and h tory, and clo cene much th t m gn ﬁce c

e ess to w i had ai e his c o i e gr atn h ch he r s d ountry. The chr n cl rs o f all i e are a ai o f him and u an t m un nimous in their pr ses , tho gh

ce io to is is be fo u i n e w i e who ea ex pt n th to nd a mod rn r t r, Sp ks “ of him as be ing incapable o f a po licy su ited to the new state o f

' h o f the D e i s re r e diﬂ rentl i r n wri e rs T is speech og po t d e y by d ffe e t t . I e a n the a o e rans a io n en ire from anu o and fro m Roman in hav t ke b v t l t t ly S d . 9 i e v l . i . a i h ua r . ones of en c o c . . T e r St V , , h p , ' y

Tw D ni o oges of Ve ce. 3 9 affa man to o i i to o o e to r e irs, and a t m d and c ns rvative car y th m ” o u t f r e i n e a a e a i o i io is a f o . , th s p n n r m b g gen r lly sh r d A gl nce at what he did fo r Ve nice may be all the more interesting whe n compared with what fo llo wed in the re ign o f his successo r ; and the dissimilarity between M o ce nigo and Fo scari stands out i n o n o a o we u i fo n str g c ntr st the Cl ser st dy the r rms ofgovernme t . The ende avours o f M o cenigo to avo id plu nging his cou ntry into war o n the mai nland were as marked and d e te rm ined as

ffo f r o r an o si e Of a o n Th e the e rts o F o sca i were f opp t line cti . mark which time has stamped with appro val as to this po licy

o i o s c in fo r e e u his e o w e of M cen g mu t l g v r aro nd m m ry, h n the manner in which he asserted the po sitio n o f Venice as a

ri i o w is i o o i a io ma t me p er taken nt c ns der t n . He had the

w i was e i h r' wantin in his u o F o scari o r acumen, h ch t e g s ccess r, ,

’ was o i o f i n a o e s e o na a i io e i e l st s ght th t D g p rs l mb t n, to perc v

n the o w the a n c o f that the stre gth, p er, and perm ne t su cess

e la i n e o i all o u sea and V nice y her d vel p ng her res rces by ,

F o scari e i o u no t o r wo u restricting the m by land . ther c ld ld no t s e ni s it ri e this ; Moce go gra ped to the full . And poste ty has been left to deplo re that the ambitio n and want of fo re sight o n the part o f Fo scari had su ﬂi cie nt weight and inﬂuence to sweep away i n war and ruin the po licy which the wisdom

n to s a i . F o r w i e a d prude nce of M o cenigo had striven e t bl sh a h l ,

owe a o i e o w w no h ver, th t p l cy had b en cr ned ith success ; for at pe rio d o f her histo ry had Ve nice attained to such a he ight o f

r H er s w i i n e o a i n glo y. ﬂeet ere trad ng very port, and c mm nd g all the commerce o f the known wo rld ; he r so u rces o f reven u e in Italy and i n the East se emed ine xhaustible ; her inﬂu ence and autho rity were such as few nations co uld bo ast o f at that time in

u o i o f in e i e o w E r pe. And th s state th gs V n c ed in a great

H is e - i to measure to Mo ce nigo . cl ar s ghtedness as her true

l l on arma no a. Anto nio Battistella. C te C g l 40 Two Doges of Venice. i nterests had eve r be en emplo yed in urging the Ve netian go ve rnme nt to abstain fro m stru ggles and co ntests which co uld

i o n a e and o o w ewa s w i e he re br ng ly b r h ll r rd , h l had never fraine d from co u nselling war whe n the advantage or honou r o f

his o n had e a e . H is a io n to o we e i n c u try d m nd d it ct s, , r unsta ed

o f s ess o r na i i N o o u o f by any taint elﬁshn perso l amb t on . th ght

an i e e e e fo r i se o r his ami e e t aggr d z m nt, ith r h m lf f ly, ev r cr p into his d esigns fo r the we lfare and greatness o f Ve nice ; o n the

o a his i e his a e s his w a we e but so an i n c ntr ry, t m , t l nt , e lth, r m y stru m e nts fo r the furth e ran ce and co nsolidatio n o f the glo ry

o f ic and strength the Repu bl . M o cenigo may be also co nsid e red as amo ng the ﬁrst o rigina

a e o The e ai e a o he a e o f the to rs o f po litic l con my. d t l d cc unt g v

c i io n o f e ice i n his i e e c and at w i ﬁ nan ial co nd t V n dy ng sp h , h ch

a e o i e e n i e s him to a i a e a o n o i ica I h v nly h nt d, t tl h gh pl c m g p l t l e o is s and a s him a o n the e r s o f a s o f dis c nom t , r nk m g v y ﬁr t a cl s

o e e s and in e i n a i e who w ea in c v r r th k rs th t l n , ere but then br k g

wa f o m the fo and e e e o f e i a e w o se a y r rms in xp rienc s th r g , and h fo rethought and knowle dge e nabl e d ev e successive ge ne ratio n

h The to advance i n a light which they ad he lpe d to d evelo p.

’ wis o o f M o ce ni o s aw the and o u he a is e d m g l s, order dec r m est bl h d thro ugho u t Ve nice at a mo m e nt whe n the city was su nk i n mo re

a o i ar a e e s and i m o a it a e a e fo the th n rd n y b s n s m r l y, h v c ll d rth

n o iu s Of o s i was he who i ns i u e o i s in the e c m m p ter ty. It t t t d c n

ace o f no es o f e an and the i e he a to o e ce pl t xch ge, mp tus g ve c mm r was su ch as to bring the credit and po sitio n o f Venice to a h e ight

nd e no w i e o w fo r i his e i e i a r n h th rto unkn n, dur ng r gn the R publ c re ach e d a su mmit of glo ry and fam e such as she had n eve r

and o w ic she e e a ai The aine e o e t was a a . g d b f r , h h n v r to tt in g n e nco urage me nt that was given to art by the resto ratio n o f the T u ca a ac S a s fo r i se f and n s no o m n e . he D l P l e pe k t l , eed c m e t her

fo u n a io n o f the i a o f a has asc i e to d t L br ry St . M rk been r b d Two Do es o enice 1 g f V . 4

’

M o ce ni o s e i n bu t u c was no t a u a the a e . e a ch g r g , s h ct lly c s P tr r had bequ eathe d his bo o ks and man uscripts to the Republic i n 1 6 and the e ec wi w ic is e a was ea e has 3 7 , n gl t th h h th l g cy tr t d c a e fo u c i n i na io n o iffe e u a s H is i ll d rth m h d g t fr m d r nt q rter . g ft was allo wed to re main fo rgo tte n and u ncared fo r in a small

’ a e i n the fa a e o f a s u o to w e e the Ch mb r c d St . M rk Ch rch , cl se h r fa o us o n e o s a and w e e o e a e s i n the m br z h r es st nd , h r th r p p r

a e o he o c a i f a we e o to e . Ch rg f t Pr ur to r o St. M rk r w nt be k pt I n 1 42 2 the re was so me qu estio n o f bu ilding and e nd o wing a

o e l a and fo r i o a su m o f u a s was pr p r ibr ry, th s purp se d c t

se t a but o win to u ccessi e wa s is wo was o i ap rt, g s v r th rk c nt nued l n for o ne ce ntu ry o nly and the laid asid e .

The s e n o u and o wo n fo r e e o e ni o he was pl d r gl ry V nic by M c g ,

an io u s she s o u e se e u n i e and his i i nc wa ne x h ld pr rv d mm d, nst t r d

him a to e ffec i his s es o u be i e i se a man th t t th s, ucc s r m st , l k h m lf,

a e e can e n o u a F o scari had a ea o f pe c . Th re b o d bt th t lr dy given

o o fs o f his a i io and in no wa o e a e his i e a pr mb t n, y c nc l d l b r l

e n e n ie s and o se a i e i i o f o e ni o u s a e t d c , the c n rv t v sp r t M c g m t h v bee n ﬁlle d with co nste rnatio n at the pro spect o f such a man

e v n s t re ign ing in his ste ad . And e ts were o o n o prove ho w we ll

i f a had e Th i e ou wa i e a o f o u e h s e . e f nd d rs b en mp tu s, rl k n ture F o scari co u ld no t s u bmit to a po licy which he co nsidere d anti

uated if no t i o us and he c a e e o n all o n o at the q , t m ro , h f d b y d c tr l

’ i e o f o owin in his e ces s s e H is e nness fo r d a f ll g pred sor t ps . ke

war and his esi e to i all o a n e the o e o f , d r br ng L mb rdy u d r y k

e ni e ade him i as to the a an a o f ea and V c , m bl nd dv t ges p ce,

e a e ss as to w a wo u ea e ne his co u r was r g rdl h t ld r lly b ﬁt nt y. He

u na e o r it ma u wi i to see t a e e i o ie o n bl , , y be, n ll ng, hat l rg t rr t r s

1 The greate st benefacto r to the library was Cardinal Bessario n of re i on a re e and a riarc o f o n s an ino e H e was a man of T b z d , G k, P t h C t t pl . rea cu ure and earni n and rese n e his rice e ss co e c io n of manu g t lt l g, p t d p l ll t scri s and co ice s o th f i t e i rar o . ar n e 1 1 pt d L b y St M k th year 4 6. e o en ice 4 2 Two Dog s f V . the mai nland wo u ld e ntail u po n Venice respo nsibilities which she was i n no wise ua i e to i n u and o sio n w i q l ﬁ d c r, p sses s h ch , i ns ea o f a in to he r w bu t i e o we t d dd g strength , ould cr ppl her p rs and a her e to e e o u e nd in in dr in resourc s an xt nt that c ld but ru .

A nd o the a fo a e a s o i n o wn as i t we fr m pl t rm of l tt r d y , lo k g d re o n the s e o the a e is o r we a n ho w c ne thr ugh p g s of her h t y, h ve see

o bu t u e e t o n and it ca e to . w m pass Sl ly, s r ly, that ruin cr p , enve lo ped he r i n the gloom which wraps a glo rio u s past ; a

o o we e w i bu t s to the a m w i ni gl m, ho v r, h ch add ch r h ch Ve ce

ﬂin s o e all who w and w i i e a o s e o f g v r kno her, h ch, l k an tm ph re

o i n w e e b ut e i e u and in ea enn bl g sorro , s rv s to h ghten the b a ty cr se

he o a o w and we a her w i t l ve th t gl s d lls in the he rts of orsh ppers .

PO I O F “OU R F RA N C E SCO FOSC A R I RTRA T .

F rom a ri nt i z rcn me b Con n' Cami l I o S aru nz a ﬁ g y .

Two Do e enice 44 g s of V .

’ A m od e rn write r has passed a milde r judgm ent on F o scari than “ the o ne e a ess ea o f as a e n gen r lly expr ed, and sp ks him prud t,

ca io u s m an o i c i e ut , th ugh n l n d to i nn o vation s and no t ave rse to ” war. o e a a e n o i On the th r h nd, events h v o t c nﬁrmed th s

u e and few i io can be fo u n o e e n his o i j dgm nt , Op n ns d t d f d p l cy ; while the blame that attache s to his nam e i n co nne ctio n with

his wa i e i w an d e a i s m e wi bu e e e e u se rl k v e s d l ng e ts th t f bl xc .

’ H e d e te rmine d to e nlarge his co untry s po ssessio ns o n the

ai an and in is as has ea ee o wn la his e o m nl d , th , alr dy b n sh , y rr r. The po sitio n o f Venice was sufﬁcie nt i n itself to pro ve ho w she was intend ed by natu re to remain almo st e xclusive ly a maritime

o we and the e ne ie and ai o f u s s o u at a p r, rg s ms her r ler h ld, th t

m o e a ee n n o n n e n a i n all the fo es o f the m nt, h ve b be t co c tr t g rc ” e u i i n s e n e nin h f h se a- i the R p bl c tr gth g e r de e nces o n t e s de. At sam e tim e all wars and cam paigns o n the mainland sho uld have

e e a i e sin e bu t wea e ne he r so u c and a e b n vo d d, ce th y k d re r es , dd d

i n n an wa to he r r to her e o n o perm ent y pro ﬁt o r n w .

’ The pe rio d o f Fo scari s reign was o ne o f the m o st remarkable

i n e e ia is o o o in e a i u s ance s and f o V n t n h t ry, b th fr m t rn l c rc m t r m the wars which the Repu blic wage d alm o st incessantly d u ring

i n w ic o scari o e N o u e o e u e the years h h F was D g . d k d m q all d

his in e n it e n e o e a e io o f i -fo u ea s l gth ; xte d d v r p r d th rty r y r ,

o 1 2 to 1 n o ne was so e wi s ife fr m 4 3 45 7, and ﬁll d th tr and

wa fa e r r . ’ I n the fo rego ing sketch o f Mo cenigo s life we have se en to

w a a ei o f a e e ni e had a ai n and w a o h t h ght gre tn ss V c tt ed , h t gl ry

in i i di l l on e arma no a. u io o rico con do cum en i e C t C g l St d St , t d t w i was u is e at An onio Battistella. T o is earne and a e wo r c t th l d bl k, h h p bl h d e noa in 1 88 the ri e was awar e at the com e i ion e in 1 888at the G 9, p z d d p t t h ld Ro a n ia n i u y l Ve et n I st t te. That the re was n eed eventually fo r Venice to exte nd her territo ry byland i s an o the r and to tally distinct que stio n but that this was not the m o ment fo r so o in e e n s a e c ear ro e . d g, v t h v l ly p v d Two Doges of Venice . 45 that Doge had shed aro und his name and re ign by his steady

’ su s F o scari s o f o n a e e a e . a a dher nce to p c To n ture ch a , str g

’ s -w and i io the i a o f o n i in in a o s s elf ill amb t n , de c t nu g n ther s tep and ai i n o as it we e o u ee g n g nly, re, reﬂ cted gl ry, m st have b n a o to a e wa i n lt gether repugnant . He seems h v been nting

ffi a e u o f u be o en to a s u no i e su cient gr nd r so l to c nt t p s n t c d , and to sink his o wn pe rsonality and great ness in the fact o f the

n o s ffe e du ring fame of his people and his c u ntry . The u rings he

e in his a e if and the co u a e and i ni pass d through priv t l e, r g d g ty he i a e u n e a u s a m o s fo e the w s he d spl y d d r them , m ke l t rg t rong did to a e and we we wi o e s a the the st t , d ll th m r ymp thy on w a in w i en was wa i to him a o n nn y h ch V ice nt ng , th n the ma er

w ic i e in h h he fa l d her .

’ The ill- es o f F o scari s o i was no t a a e w succ s p l cy pp r nt, ho ever, fo r i e and the i o i io e i e had ai e n e some t m , h gh p s t n V n c g n d u d r his e s o s e ai n ai ne fo r o e a s and pr dece s r h m t d s m ye r , then by

e e es he r a and e o wn e a to e a e d gr f me r n b g n d cre s .

’ That this falli ng-o ff might have bee n d efe rre d had M o cenigo s dying spee ch i n regard o f F o scari bee n hee ded there can be no d o ubt ; that it co u ld alto ge ther have bee n avo id ed is another

i fo r i o ni es u s w no am e as to an quest on, h st ry fur sh ith ex pl s y n io ai in as e a e a i no w at n rem n g in the c nd nt b yond a cert in t me,

e no w ss the w e e o n wo u se to e o e mor , le and h l of f rtu e ld em r v lv fo r natio ns as fo r individuals i n the same regu lar unifo rmity and

o a io n a so o si e a u o e i o was a r t t . We must l c n d r th t tho gh M c n g man o f e e and his w o e ic e o e its e a io n p ac , h l pol y d v t d to pres rv t ,

was not a wa s s u i n f e o f his o e n o r he l y succes f l the ulﬁlm nt bj ct,

i ar and no t o sea b ut an as we to a o w . able v d , that nly by , by l d ll The e nmity o f the D uke o f Milan and his aggre ssive po licy ke pt

' e ic in a a e o f o ﬂe nsiv e and e fe si i n and we a e V n e st t d n ve act o , h v

’ seen d u ring Mo ce nigo s d u k ed o m ho w d efeats and victorie s

o o w w e a e succe o a and ho w the w f ll ed ith alt rn t ss in L mb rdy, ars 6 Two Do e' o enice 4 g f V .

w a i z a and a s the e ith P dua , V cen , Verona exh u ted for mom nt the

e u e o f the s a e rev n s t t .

T o e u n o w e to F o scarI s e i . The fo f r t r , h ev r, el ct on rms o r the

c o ice o f a o e we e se e as u su al and fo r so e i e th h D g r ob rv d , m t m e l o es wa e e wee F o scari and ie o L r i v t ver d b t n P tr o edano . Th s

la e was o ne o e a o u to be o w e his c io n tt r at m m nt b t ch sen, h n ele t

was e e a o Bado er a f ie n and su ov rrul d by Alb n , r d pport e r o f

’ o scari who o in o ut a L r d no i F , p ted th t o e a s se rv ce s co u ld no t be

a o a affai wi w ic he was e o s sp red fr m nav l rs, th h h larg ly c nve r ant ; and that he alo ne was capabl e o f acting as their gene ral in case

o f war a to w i he was n and e was i e e no u ; dded h ch you g, th re t m gh

a i as o in ea to e o e ano a o e for his ppo ntment D ge y rs com . L r d r s

to his aus w i o we e did wit su c e e en e plead c e, h ch, h v r, he h h v h m c ,

’ a o inio e awa f o him F o scari s n a e a e i n o th t p ns f ll y r m , and m c m t “ o in n e . o o si io to his o mina io n was s o n pr m e c The pp t n n t tr g. It

was u e a he was o u n s e o f the o a rg d th t the y ge t memb r F rty, th t

and i i fa i and a i i i nco e he had a large ncreas ng m ly, only l m ted m .

was a i an e to e and the w s He ccused also of be ng en my peac , ord o f warning spoken by the dying M o cenigo were qu o te d to remind

o f a o f ec i him e i e e the electors the d nger sel t ng as th r l ad r. In

s i o f all ese ec io s he o i e a a o i o f o s and p te th obj t n bta n d m j r ty v te ,

is s o n i 1 th 1 2 bu h was a o e . wa t t e o decl red D g Th Apr l s , 4 3 , h ur

was to o a e fo r the e i io n to a e o w to the u i so l t d c s be m d kn n p bl c,

the a o un e e was fe r e to the e da w en an nn c m nt de r d n xt y, h Alb o

Bado er the o e s o the e o s o c a to the awai in , ld t am ng S nat r , pr l imed t g

o u a e a e o f an e co F o scari as o e o f en ice p p l c the n m Fr c s D g V .

T he o ther senato rs also talke d of fo r the d ukedom we re ' Marino ara e o who was ho we e r con si e re too o ld and im o en rance sco C v ll , , v , d d p t t ; F em o w om e a so o e to o im o en as he was ame and ill B b , h th y l v t d p t t, l ; w i e a ains eo nar o oceni o it was ur e he s ou no t succee his h l g t L d M g , g d h ld d

ro e r and a ains o n arin i a he had too man c i re n . b th g t C t , th t y h ld 2 S om e histo rians date the e nmity be tween these two great families fro m f ri is mome n the re su of w ic rou suc woe to the o use o F o sca . th t, lt h h b ght h h Tw Do es o en ice o g f V . 47

‘ o in i a a i o f F oscari i i a Acc rd g to L tt , the f m ly came or g n lly

o s e bu t e e i n e i n 882 w e fr m Me tr , th y settl d V nice , here th y

n e o e s fam i ies e c o a o n e i ra k d among the n bl t l . Th y re k ned m g th r ’ iff e m e a o s e a es and o a o s and Ca ellari d er nt embers s n t r , pr l t , r t r ; p “ e o f e as e i wi a a Go d- o e who a sp aks th m b ng th l fearing pe pl , g ve large ly i n alms and by the m was built the Ch u rch o f

i o e o fe a and a o e a a was e S . S m n Pr t , most n bl lt r erect d by them i n io w i so o o f the Church of S . G bbe , h le they can al b ast po ssessing the most beau tifu l palace that is to be fo u nd in ”

e i . We ea a i n 1 1 2 2 u i n u o e n o V n ce r d th t , d r g the d kedom of D m ic

i ie io a and u ie o F o scari we a o M ch l , G v nni G gl lm re m de n bles o f the o u ci and a ai i n 1 2 1 1 w e n e e ia e a C n l ; g n , h the V n t ns s nt

o o o f e o to e e ia e o n e c l ny th ir n bles s ttl in Cand , thr e am g th m

e o n F oscari i a f b l ged to the fam ly. NO mention is m de o ’ rancesco s o fa was ic o o scari F m ther, but his ther N ol F , much of w o e fe was e o and e i as h s li pass d in p verty x le . He w for some

i w e i s ai e a e his so n t me in Egypt, her , it s d , the gr tn ss of

a o was f o to him was n u al e a o Fr ncesc oret ld . He eve t ly r c lled t

e nice and e a ce e ao f i o ia i n 1 1 V , b c me suc ssiv ly Podest Ch gg 40 , and o f u in 1 0 and the ne ea was a e o e n o Pad a 4 9 , xt y r m d G v r o r f

e o na. H is so n a es o was o i n 1 and his s wi e V r Fr nc c b rn 373 , ﬁr t f was a a a o f a ri u i of the ea a o f a M ri , a d ughter Andre P l , gr t b nk th t

h i h i n - na e and e a e er 1 . he was w six m , m rr d 395 When t enty

e a o f a e was a a to the o u i o f o i n 1 0 1 y rs g he tt ched C nc l F rty, and 4 , i n his a a i as e o f o u nci he e a the s u e c p c ty h ad that c l , ov rc me cr pl s o f his co lle agues and pe rsu ade d them to go to war against

ra c is . o o f a a. 1 0 was e e e a ai an F n I I , l rd P du I n 4 5 he l ct d C pt n d

o e s ao f e l e and i n e e e o f a e P d t F tr , S pt mb r th t y ar was h ead o f

he o u i o f T e n H e was se n s o t C nc l . t a rato r to Parma and i Cre mo na i n 1 409 . We ﬁ nd h m mentio ned m o re than o nce as

i a ami ie e e ri . L tt , F gl C l b 2 C l ri i o a e la I l am io ene o vol ii . i . cod. xv . c asse vn . p , C p d gl V t , , , l 8 Two Do es o enice 4 g f V .

a e and o u n i o o f the o ci T en and i n Ma 1 1 2 ple d r c c ll r C un l of , y, 4 ,

e was a e a e e i o f e T he h m d S vio d lla Gu rra n the Co u ncil Pr gadi. fo llo wing ye ar he was sen t as ambassado r to the King o f

u n a we e a him o u i n i n u the iffe H g ry, and r d of cc py g t rn d rent

o s o f n u si o a fo r a e and assa o I n p st I q i t r, Ple der the St t , Amb d r.

1 1 he a ie se o n wife a ia au e o f Bar 4 5 , m rr d his c d , M r , d ght r

to lo m meo an i and e e a was a e o a o N , the n xt y r m d Pr cur t re

’ H e s e o h o c i n f a . a n t e a o o i w f o . s o St. M rk s nt c s P pe M art n V

o o nna a io n to the a a o e e wi a o (C l ) elev t P p cy, t g th r th M rin

a a e o n io a ini and n i o ic e to o ffe C r v llo, Ant Cont r , Fa t n M hi l, r the co ngratulatio ns o f the Ve netian Rep ublic to the ne w Po ntiff

o a and e ff the e i a o n i ia io at C nst nce, to ect at sam t me rec c l t n

n i o u a i he ent between Venice a d the K ng f H ng ry . T ll t mom o f his e lectio n as D o ge he was always e mplo ye d in o ne

wa o r a o i n the ser ce o f his o u and the o e o in y n ther vi c ntry, f r g g sketch ‘ will se rve to Sho w the pro min e nt part he had co nstantly

ee n a e u o to a e the o i i s i e and b c ll d p n t k in p l t c of Ven c , the

i i h d n i i appre nt cesh p he a serve d be fo re arrivi g at the highest d gn ty.

The e s act o f his was a e a a U v ry ﬁr t reign m rk d by ch nge . p till this date it had bee n the habit o n the e lectio n o f a Do ge fo r the C o u ncil o f Fo rty to addre ss the peo ple in the Church o f “ We e e e n e if . ar and to sa ' a e u a o e as o St M k , y h v l ct d s ch D g , ” i e e o il a e e i o u a o e a a o r o e se a e . y ppr v ( bb m l tt t l p d g , vi p c ) Whe th e r do ubts we re rife in the minds o f the S e nato rs that o n

is o asi n i i wo be es io n o r w th cc o the r cho ce uld qu t ed , hether they were anxio u s to avo id even the semblance o f po we r to re main

i n a s i ee s u a . But a e co the h nd of the publ c , s m ncert in Fr nc s 1 “ e e a i a e o e a e the eo d lla S g , the H gh Ch nc ll r, r m rk d If p ple

a N o w a wo u a ' e e e efo o i e s id , h t ld h ppen B tt r, th r re, m t th se

According to Ro manin the sugge stio n co uld no t have o riginated with rance sco e a e a who he sa s was no t c o sen to the o s of ance o r F d ll S g , , y , h p t Ch ll i the 8th of o em er 1 t ll N v b , 439. Tw Do es o enice o g f V . 49 — w o s and sa l We a e e u to o e . rd , y on y h v elect d s ch a one be D g

e ‘ A nd fro m that time fo rward this custo m was o bserv d .

e ec io n had a e fo r six a s and e a his The l t l st d d y , aft r the f ct of

in had e a o n e F o scari e i i n appo tment b en nn u c d , mad a str k g a ess no i e o ne to the eo e o f fe w wo ddr ( tab le s rm ) p pl , rds - and we u e se e n s w i wit u a a se. ll t rn d nt ce , h ch met h m ch ppl u Fe asts and rej o ic ings o f all kinds to ok place in ho no ur o f h is e e io n and to all o u wa a ea an e the eas was s l ct , t rd pp r c m ure mo t a po pul r.

h o n T e e was o we e a is e o ne o u o u u o e . m m t , h v r, d turb d thr gh t E r p France was disputing with the ho use o f A rago n fo r the po sse ssio n o f a es ilan was s se i n to i i o a ia the as o f N pl ; M ub rv e t F l pp M r , l t 2 the s o n i w o e erﬁdio us o ic and o o e e a in s had Vi c t , h s p p l y cr k d d l g

o u co e and at e u o n his uc o e c e t o u br ght nt mpt h r d p d hy, pr t t d h gh it was o a i The o e o f a o w as a o s the by P pe M rt n V. h us S v y lm t 3 l The e au s e ci i o we e n at e a . e no e on y p r th p ce G se , xh t d by v l disse si n and e i wa wi e ni w u ch e u e n o s by th r rs th V ce , ere m r d c d f o ei or e an e the o u se s o f s e and o n a a r m th r f m r gr d ur ; h E t G z g ,

o e e wi t o ino inc i a i i es we e i n the no m a t g th r h ther m r pr p l t , r r l s a e o f se i n t e se e a e ate to i ffe e o we s and t t ll g h m lv s lt rn ly d r nt p r ,

e a i i n n ne o e u cc e e ano e wi e u a b tr y ng all tur . O P p s e d d th r th q l i n iff n we - e i n o f a The lo re nti nes fu o f e e c to . d r e the ll b g It ly F , ll

I n is wa to uo e Ro man in a ain all s are a the o u ace en o e th y, q t g , h th t p p l j y d in the o e rn m e n cam e to an end and the owerof the ari s ocrac remaine g v t , p t y d su re m e p . i Se e ism i e . I . i . h x iv nd v h . i m . . o n R t tom . v c . . a to . C i S d , p , , , , 3 a w m e wh w h o as at a om en un e r the ru e of m e o . o as t e S v y th t t d l A d VIII ,

rs to a e the i e of Du e i ns e a Of oun of a o . H e was ca e ﬁ t t k t tl k , t d C t S v y ll d the o o m on o f his a e as fro m his wis om and sa aci he was re fe rre to S l g , d g ty d o er mo narchs w e n in ne of u i an r a i e a er in ife he by th h e d g d ce o dv c . L t l a ica e and ecam e a rie s and was ma e o e at the o un ci of bd t d b p t, d P p C l

as e un e r the nam e o f e i V . bu t he soo n re no unce the iara o n B l , d F l x , d t f of h ri f o n i f ic o as V nd i e in re irem en i his e a t u f . a b h l e ght l P t , N h l , l v d t t t ll death . 0 Two Do es o en ice 5 g f V .

i o u o a e a o eo ea h gh th ghts and c ur g , and b cked, m r ver, by gr t

i e s w e e n a o u ri n to fo u n an e s a is e o en r ch , er de v g d t bl h d g vernm t, and we e e n a i n o an w in the o es o f in r g ged c nst t ars , h p add g

i m s to o inio o r o in e i i e es. was wit the r d n , c nﬁrm g th r l b rti It h them that F o scari tho u ght well afte r a while to enter into a ia o i did no e e his i ial ll nce, th ugh th s t pr v nt giv ng a cord ’ wel o o i o de i i w e was c me to C s m Med c , hen some y ars later he e f o n xiled rom Fl re ce .

’ F s ri e i n i o ca s r g was o pened under ausp ci o u s events. In this

ea 1 2 s e i o f ea o u cil was e in the y r, 4 3 , the fir t me t ng the Gr t C n h ld m a ni ce own as a io o si io no w g fi nt room kn the S la di Magg r C n gl , o e ne fo r the s i m wi uc o and so e n i i n p d fir t t e th m h p mp l m ty, the presence o f the M arqu is of M antua and over nine hundre d

n Ve ne tia n o bl e s .

The owe e ni e so wa i e i n the as p r of V c al s ncr ased E t, by the

o ssessio o f the o w o f alo ica is o wn was o ffe to p n t n S n . Th t red

eni a e o o u s e o o f o an ino e V ce by John P l l g , then Emp r r C nst t pl , w o e i io was so w a and ns a e i e dis h s pos t n e k u t ble, he d c d d to m e mber his kingdo m am o ng his Christian ne ighbo u rs soo ne r

n see a i o an s of his Am u rath . The tha it f ll nt the h d enemy, I I

’ Se nate accepted the Empe ro r s offer ; six gall eys we re go t ready i n e nice and o e no and o e o o s es a e to V , a g v r r s m tr p d p tch d sec u e i n e w o se ssi o n to the w a and i n i a io o f r th s p s , r th d gn t n

m u rath who was a o u to i n s the o w and who w as A , b t ve t t n , e nraged that Ve nice sho uld dare to thwart his proj ects and i nte r fe e wi his esi H is e a a io ns fo r fe nce a su r th d gns . pr p r t de s med such pro po rtio ns that the S e nate tho ught prud e nt to try and n e o ia e wi him and fo r is o se n N ico o o i as g t t th , th purp se t l Z rz

’ e i a a sa o H is i ssio s u nsuc ess u u n s th r mb s d r. m n wa c f l ; the S lta an e a ains the e ne ia s was n o n e as he a e a g r g t V t n u b u d d , decl r d th t

f r a o e e his H e is isse b u t o them S l nica wo u ld have b n . d m d

o i wi o u a ea and r e ca se to be Z rz th t h ring, sho tly aft r u d him

5 2 Two Doges of Venice.

was e i n 1 2 Wladislau s V . n o f o a d to he ask d 4 5 by , Ki g P l n ,

- stand as go dfath e r to his newly bo rn so n. The Do ge accepte d

o fﬁ a e o o to o the ce, and though un bl to g in pers n P land , he

u te two ne a o e and s o o his ea dep d Ve ti n n bl s a bi h p to g in st d ,

o o fa s and to h ld the r yal in nt at his bapti m.

MS O F G F OSCA RI AR DO E . C HAPTER I I .

1 2 — 1 4 5 43 2 .

HE year 1 42 5 was famous in the war annals o fVe nice as be ing the year i n which she secu red to he rself

e i a e u o e no w the s rv ces of Fr nc sco B ss ne, bett r k n

a a no a a o u o ne o f the e as C rm g l , and f m s as great st

a s the a fo r o gener l of ge. He had been s me time ’ o f i a ies a d had i f m commander of the Duke M l n s arm , n r sen ro ’ the po sitio n of private soldie r i n Filippo s ranks to that o f

was his i ge ne ral . It to sk ll that the Du ke o we d the co nquest

e o the u i i io o f es i i s o f G n a, and reacq s t n Br c a and t te rrito ries. In re co gnitio n of his se rvices Filippo had presented him with lan ds and riches ; he had given him o ne o f his natural ’ dau e a a o wi him in o ght rs in m rri ge, all ng conseque nce t assume the a a o i and had him o n me and rms of the Visc nt , made C unt “ o o he n o f e v . was t so easa o f a a Cast lnu He of a p nt C rmagnol ,

the o f his ir a e w i he su as his o wn and name b thpl c , h ch as med ,

i s o ne w i he was alwa s o wn and w ic his the by h ch y kn , by h h

wn has o e wn to H is i o and h re no c m do us . r se to f rtune the hig

Romanin sa s she was the wi o w o f the minis e r Barbavara and ro a y d t , p b bly a na u ra au er of Du e io anni a ea o co nse ue n sis e r and not t l d ght k G v G l zz q tly t , i i daughte r to F l ppo . e f i h of urin Carmagno la is situat a ew m les to t e so uth T . Two Do es o en ice 5 4 g f V .

favo u r in which he sto o d with Fil ippo cau sed him to be an

’ o e c o f e a o us to the u e o u ie r and e e i ne bj t j l y D k s c rt s , they d t rm d to wo his o e o e u u o n i i to ea him rk v rthr w. Th y rged p F l ppo tr t w i n ss and i iffe e nc and to as e o es and th cold e nd r e, c t r pr ach i nsu lts upon him ; but the cu lminating blo w was give n i n

o e e 1 2 w e n u e e ri him o f o e no N v mb r, 4 4, h the D k d p ved the g v r r

i o f o w o e T he i e nd s i i o f a a o a sh p the t n f G noa. pr d a p r t C rm gn l

e u is H e a a e o his a a could not nd re th . ppe l d t m ster to gr nt

him an i e iew in wh to ea his se and e i nt rv ich pl d cau , b ng

e nie s a e he e so e to ea the se r i e o f so u n rate d d thi gr c , r lv d l ve v c g

l e e eo V fu a a o n and ff e i se as e e a to . p tr , O r d h m lf g n r l Am d I I I

’ o f S a o i i o narc was wa e n as to his swe r v y. Wh le th s m h v ri g an ,

e ia o e n e w o se wa ines and o ess we re the V net n g v r m nt, h r s pr mptn e ve r o n the alert to se cu re any who we re like ly to prove o f

u se in e i e o e o u t to a a no a the o s o f th r mpl y, h ld C rm g l pr pect 1 s Sh e lte r and se rvice in Ve nice . The o ffe r wa accepte d witho u t

a a e in wa o f and e so a o i an d e l y. Tr v ll g by y Tre nt Tr vi to v d y

Snare a i i i se t fo r him ar a o a i e at s th t F l ppo m ght , C m gn l arr v d

i n h 2 d e u 2 i a to the e n e n c o t e r o f a 1 . H e a a V e 3 F br ry , 4 5 l d b re S te

he e and e es o f his a a e e e i o t s crets sch m l te m st r, and r c ved fr m

e m the e i o ce w i an o w nc o f th command of th r f r s , h le all a e

u ca s a e a was a e him and o n his wo e to d t y r gr nt d , he part s r

‘ o ppo se the e nemie s o f the Re pu blic whoeve r th e y might be .

his a o in e n was ain win F scari H e had en e re T pp tm t m ly o g to o . t d

i n o a iance wi the o e n i es and was ea e e u e the t ll th Fl r t n , g r to s c r

rs e ne a o f the a e co an the ce o f e e was ﬁ t g r l g to mm d for s V nic . It hi s suggestio n that Carmagno la sh o u ld be he a rd in the Se nate

’ and afte r the C o u nt s spe ech he had bro ught the who le fo rce o f his e n e rgy and elo qu e nc e to bear in pre vailing o n the wave ring audie nce to appoi nt Carmagno la as captai n-general o f the

' So m e histo rians think that Carmagno la oﬂered his se rvices to Venice an o ffe r t ch m et wi a e r cc a ce th e g a e pt n . Tw D o en ic o oges f V e. 5 5

' e e ian a anu o e how o was e V n t rms . S d r lates a s lemn mass h ld

the u c o f h e e a o a . ar w e t e o e in Ch r h St M k, h n D g pr sent d Carm gn l at the i a wi o o a e and the h gh ltar th the bat n of c mm nd r, Count swo e a to nic r loy lty Ve e . This m easu re was highly displ e asing to Filippo ; and that Venice sho u ld pro ﬁt so large ly by his lo ss was a bitter reﬂectio n to him . H e was u eas to o i n a o f e ed i o n n y , , reg rd the r put amb ti

’ o f F o scari and so o af arm no las a in e ; n ter C ag arriv l Venic , the D uke se nt two ambassado rs to pe rsu ad e the Ve netians of

a i a i i o f ea e and o f the a a a s to be ai e the dv s b l ty p c , dv nt ge g n d

o se r in the re a had si fo r ten e a s by b v g t ty that been gned y r ,

o n the z xst o f e u a 1 2 1 e w e n e i e and i a . F br ry, 4 , b t e V n c M l n On

eari n o f i act o f the u e o e e so to h g th s D k , Fl r nce r lved do the

sa o wi the i w o f u in e ni as he r a . se me, nly th v e sec r g V ce lly The e assies had e a to be ce i and e e ai e and o mb ch re ved nt rt n d, , m re

a all sw e and ha no t i co i e a e as o n th n , an er d , t t l ghtly or in ns d r t ly,

is an w iss o f c war T he wa i n w th s er hung the ue pea e or . y hich the represe ntatives o f these two state s se t to wo rk to fu lﬁl their

i sio ns was i e issi i a T he i a es we a o e m s w d ly d m l r. M l n e re lt g ther e ngro sse d by the am use me nts and ente rtainme nts with which the i a o n e and to w ic e e s es u c ty b u d d, h h th y gave th m elv p

e n i e to e le ffai s o f a e . The o n ines t r ly, the n g ct of the a r st t Fl re t , o n the o e an we e e n o n i o u t i u o th r h d , r b t carry ng the r p rp se suc ssfu and ef no s o n u ne in e to a o is ce lly, l t t ne u t r d ord r cc mpl h this . They had i nterviews by day and by night with the

e n ian no e in w i e e e to su o r i u se V et bl s, h ch th y urg d th m pp t the r ca and t a so had o n and f e u e au ie n e wi o e hey l l g r q nt d c s th the D g , w o se s a ies as e w e l n w we re a ea o n ei Si e h ymp th , th y l k e , lr dy th r d .

e o f es i e ie w a a no a was rese n as At som th e nt rv s C rm g l p t, but he was i o in fo r e o i a io wi his f e as e st ll h p g a r c nc li t n th orm r m t r, he

o fes e no ea e e nne fo r war an d af e a e n in o ce o r pr s d gr t k ss , t r tt d g n

wi e ma e an e c e wi aw e so w e e t c he d x us to thdr to Tr vi , h r the T e ni e 5 6 wo Dog s of Ve c .

w he had e en o i t was a io w army to hich b app n ed st t ned , and here

i e nd o f e i io he awa ted the the n got at ns .

f u i eci n nd wa e i o n r o f a e A te r m ch nd sio a v r ng the pa t the Sen t ,

F o scari e su a e e to i e a e a in to o e i s p r d d th m g v h r g the Fl r nt ne , w c was cc i n o n e i s e c e a o a and e hi h a ord gly d e. Th r p e h , l b r te subtl ,

we o n the ai e ss es u e o f i an o n his o n e s d lt f thl n s of the D k M l , b u dl s

i io n o n e e he a w s s w o i n his wo amb t , the tr ach ry l ay ho ed b th rd and i n his ea i and o n an e ea e ni o e ce and d l ngs, the d g r thr t ng Fl r n

r i i s eec Venice sho uld his arms be t iumphant n the ﬁ eld . Th s p h had effect o nly on tho se o f the Se nate who we re alre ady dispo se d fo r war w i e the es and e w the a o i o u e , h l to r t, th y ere m j r ty, it s nd d o nly as a pl ea to draw them into a war that th eir po licy and i i nte rest warn ed them to avo d .

The fo llowi ng day an au die nce was give n to the M ilanese .

e i s e w ic we o n o n - an i n f e n s i Th r p ech , h h d lt the l g st d g ri d h p w ic e is e e w e ce and i was e e i e wi h h h had x t d b t een V ni M lan , r c v d t

ar o a o a n e a e and wo u o a a f m re ppr b tio by the S n t , ld pr b bly h ve m et wi a a o u e sw bu t fo r an e w i at a th f v rabl an er, ev nt h ch th t

o a e to i a a o a was we ai at e iso m ment c m l ght. C rm gn l , as s d , Tr v , w o was i c e to iso him at i ns i a io o f here a pl t d s over d po n , the t g t n ’ ’ u e i a The u e issa was e ea e and the D k of M l n . D k s em ry b h d d ,

a n a u i a all o o f eco nci ia io n wi i i o C rmag ol , j dg ng th t h pe r l t th F l pp was an as e e to e i e and a e his fo r war i n at end, h t n d V n c g v vote ,

i s wa m su e and eco e wh ch he wa r ly pport d s nde d by th Do ge .

a a o a o in e o u t ac e o f D e an C rm gn l p t d the tre h ry the uk , e xample of which was more than evident i n his o wn case he s o e wi au o as e au s e s a e o f i a o p k th th rity to the xh t d t t M l n , b th i n na ce and m e n a s e his i e ne o f the a difﬁ ﬁ n , and s ur d l st rs sm ll

a la e o e i f wi the e o f o e e o s culty th t y b f re th m , th h lp Fl r nce, th y ch e

H e was a ce r ain io anni e i Al i randi and is an conn t G v d gl p , d t tly ecte d

wi the isco n i . H e had e en o u lawe fro m ilan and was en i in th V t b t d M , th l v g is n ima e rm s wi rm no a at Tre v o on i t t te th Ca ag l .

c 5 8 Two Doges of Ve ni e.

with e ve ry de monstratio n o f exultation and rej o icing. Captives

w e e se t f e e u s o f o i e i n i and ro r r ; large s m m ney g v n Char ty, p cessio ns o f priests bearing relics parade d thro ugh the streets in

o o u o f the e The a e o f u o n in o f o s h n r ev nt . r g the D ke hear g the l s

o f escia was so a a o u e a n i sel Br gre t, that he ende v r d to ve ge h m f

ar i i in o the ea o f e e I n the by c r y ng destruct o n t very h rt V nic . l e xcess o f his rage he had the vileness to suborn an ince ndiary

B ut to pro ceed to Ve nice and set ﬁ re to the Arsenal . the

ian r s i n uar e r Venet s we re no t like ly to be surp i ed such a q t .

i i a ce be a e e ea i a i it was no t V g l n might c ll d th ir l d ng ttr bute, and probabl e that they wo u ld le ave so impo rtant a place as the ir

“ ’ a n a e e e a e was a u e and Arsen l u gu rd d. The Duke s d l g t c pt r d ,

o a e ai i o i di ra a u e f und to be c rt n R g or Arr go B b nte . He nd r we n fri fu o w e he e ea e i and t ght l t rtures, h n r v l d his des gn the i a o o f it a was e e e . or gin t r , and ﬁn lly x cut d

the ea w i e n a es o f e i e In m n h l the av l forc V n ce, und r the

a o f a o e had o ai onside ab e comm nd Fr ncesc B mbo, bt ned c r l

’ o f i es o n and the success over the Duke M lan s forc the Po,

to e ie fa e n o n s in o e the aid o f o e Duke, r tr ve his ll f rtu e , v k d P p

. to o c u a e e wee and e ne a Martin V c n l de pe c b t n him the V ti ns. ’ The Po pe despatche d the Cardinal o f Santacro ce to nego tiate

e wee the f s o u fo r w i e e a e was ai e b t n oe , and th gh a h l p c procl m d

nd e a e si e o n is a o f i a io a . o i a tr ty ven gn d the l nd S G rg o M gg re,

1 ’ ” e e cce sso e a sua ra ia a e a a u o la i a sa s a e e i N ll d ll bb v v v t v lt , y C pp ll tt ,

i . lib . . ca . xx xx , p 3 Even now admittance to see all o ver the Arsenal of Venice is no t easy fo r forei ne rs so we can u e how m uc mo re diﬂi cul i w g , j dg h t t o uld have bee n i n ose a s and how ea ous it wo u be uar e and ro ec th d y , j l ly ld g d d p t ted . 3 H was N icolO e r i n o e a a d rn at o o na in 1 . H e was m a e Alb g t , b B l g 3 75 d is o of is o wn in 1 1 and in Ma 1 2 6 was a o in e ar ina f b h p th t 4 7, y, 4 , pp t d C d l o

an acro ce in e rusa emme . H e ie at iena in 1 and e e n ua wa S t G l d d S 443 , v t lly s anu nd cano nized . S do a o the rs have e rroneously named Cardinal Gio rdano ’ — O rsini as the Po pe s d eputy on this occasio n an e rro r demonstrate d by it lla o . c . Battiste , p Two Doges of Ven ice. 5 9

o nditio ns ro e so s as e fu to o ar ies t a to u se the c p v d di t t l b th p t , h t , ’ ” “ anu o s wo s i t e s o e i c e a e S d rd , nded in m k ( s c h la p c ando in fumo and in a few m o nths the two state s we re again at war ;

a io e in the sie e a a a io the ﬁrst oper t n b g g of C s lm gg re .

is o w e o n i n to e nice was e fe e an i o Th t n , b l g g V , d nd d by F t n

i san i who i n so re ee m e n and s e fo r P , , n d of store , appli d 2 reinfo rce me nts to C o ntarini (at that mo m e nt in co mmand o f h t e n a a o s and a a o a. H is e n v l f rce ) , to C rm gn l d ma ds

‘ m et wi no e io o e i e e th att nt n fr m th r gen ral . Pisani had no

o ic bu t to u e n e and in is wa a a a io as ch e s rr d r, th y C s lm gg re w

’ o s i e arm a no l s o n u c t l t to Ven c . C g a c d t e xcited he wrath o f the

e u ic bu t a i ian ic o ai e him o n h R p bl , br ll t v t ry g n d by t e 1 2 th

’ o e 1 2 o e the u ies u de the co o f Oct b r, 4 7 , v r D ke s arm n r mmand

a o a a e s a so n the o o f e sa o at Maclo dio a C rl M l t t , of l rd P r , , c lme d fo r the i e i n n i o e o w o f i an t me th r rese tme t. Th s v rthr the M l ese

’ fo was o e d f e . a a es a an a a e o o fﬁ ce rs rces c mpl t M l t t , l rge numb r and m e n we e a o e the m o rtiﬁ catio n f th , r t ken pris n rs , but o e

e ne i can i w e o n da a the a e V t ans be conce ved, h n, the y fter b ttl ,

a a o a e i e f o a nse o f e ne o si o r o o u C rm gn l , th r r m se g r ty, fr m th ght le ne s o f the i i n his o sse io n e s o e all the iso ne s ss s pr ze p ss , r t r d pr r to i e e i i n o n e i a s and e ac in o l b rty, d pr v g them ly of th r rm , x t g fr m ‘ no a . en fe i n to a c i i them r nsom The S ate, pre rr g s r be th s policy

’ anu o i e de uc i di ene ia Re rum I talicarum Scri to re s omus S d , V t D h V z , p , t

xxi I .

n Fra ce sco B embo was reinstated to his co mmand in the fo llo wing ye ar. 3 The principal o fficers serving unde r Malatesta were Ange lo de lla Pe r

o a u i o o re o rance sco fo r a and ico iccinino . The two g l , G d T ll , F S z , N lo P ’ a e r sa e e mse es ﬂi fro m fa in in o the co n ue ro r s an l tt v d th lv by ght ll g t q h d s. M uch o f the succe ss o f the Ve ne tian arms has been ascribed to the divisio n s w ic e is e in the i anese m a a e s a im se f was en u h h x t d M l ca p . M l t t h l th a yo ng and ine e rience enera and had o o se to him n ot on the su e rio r xp d g l, pp d ly p now e e of arma n o a but a of on a a and ico da o e n ino as k l dg C g l , th t G z g N lo T l t well . I n j ustice to Carm agno lait m ust be bo rne in m ind that the co ndo ttie ri 60 Two Doges of Venice. o f th e ir ge neral to heedle ssn ess so oner than to treason (o f which i n e a i i e e it o f o o u w o o f r l ty they cons d r d a pr o ) , t k no o t ard n tice an act w i o o e e and to ncea he i h ch pr v k d them sor ly, , co l t r sus i i ns n e a a a wi e e i p c o , prese t d C rm gnol th a castl in the t rr tory o f B i o o f 00 a and to him a al e rescia , an nc me 5 duc ts, assigned p ac

at . u r o w a o fo a a. Co n St E stachio, forme ly ned by P nd l Mal test

a i ns and an w e al o u o n gr tulat o th ks er s poured pon G zaga, and “ ” he too was prese nte d with a b e lla e onorevo le ho u se in

e ea was a ai d e w e e i i an V nice. P ce g n ma e b t e n V n ce and M l

o i io o f the a e a e a i a a a thr ugh the ntervent n P pal L g t , C rd n l S nt c o and i in A i 1 2 8 at a a the a e i at r ce, s gned pr l, 4 , Ferr r , pl gue b ng

a o e e i the e u i e i e i n th t m m nt in V n ce . By it R p bl c r ma n d l o sio o f e o and e o ce s in the o a p sses n B rgam nin pr vin n rth of It ly, but o n the o th er hand her e xch e quer had been drained by this

i a o who in the a h d se e he a a . a a a t c mp gn C rm gn l , tre ty cur d

es i u io his an and fo was o no u e wi r t t t n of l ds rtune, h r d th a

i a e r i n o ice e i e i e e e wi e s tr umph l nt y t Ven , b s d s be ng pr s nt d th div r

if and i i e o Ca a o a e the g ts pr v l ges . The hon urs done to rm gn l aft r ’ si n o f i was e his gni g th s peace we re marked . He conﬁrm d in

o s o f a ai - e a and o we w n o f 1 00 1ances p t c pt n gen r l , all d a follo i g , 5

s o n c H is i e o f o u n and an ann ual pen io n o f g lde du ats . t tl C t

was a i e and the e o e ssi o f o o o fChiari r t ﬁ d , f udal p ss on the str ngh lds

and Ro ccafranca i n Brescia grante d to him . A gre at functio n

was a o e his o u in u Of w e e ls h ld in h no r the Sq are St . Mark, h r a

f a da i ri re ease eir ri so ners af e r an en was o th t y nva ably l d th p t gagement. It co nsi e re as a ma er of e i ue e em and one wi the iew o f ro d d tt t q tt by th , d th v p on in a cam ai n and us ro i in a so increase a and o ccu a io n l g g p g , th p v d g l d p y p t fo r emse es th lv . Speaking o f the se pro vinces and the small advantage the ir possession ’ ro u to e nice Daru sa s ' C étaient de e e s con uétes sans ou e b ght V , y b ll q d t ; ’ ’ ce en an e e s ne fo rm aie n u un é a une im o r ance medio cre et ui p d t ll t q t t d p t , q ’ n assu rait o in au x éni iens sur e rre u ne su ério ri é e e ue ce e o n p t V t , t , p t t ll q ll d t ” ils a aie n o ui sur r me . ru i ir d i v . a s o e e enise lib . x v t j D , H t V , Two Do es o enice. 6 1 . g f V

affo di e o r e w a r was e e e and sc l ng , b autifully ad n d ith t pest y, r ct d,

i a e e a o n it. o n u io o f is the o e h gh m ss c l br ted At the c cl s n th D g

’ and Co u ncil and a host o f ge ntle men pro ce ede d to Carm agno la s “ ” u s w e e a s no tabilissimo o was i n ho e , her a gr t fea t ( past ) g ve

o i i amid much rej c ng.

o f ie a n o f e e e a i w ic w S me r ndly rel tio s, in spite th s tr t es h h ere

o o w m s e i e wee broken as s n as they ere made, u t have x sted b t n

eni an fo r we a 1 2 8 i i o w V ce and Mil , read th t in 4 , F l pp rites to the Signory to annou nce his marriage with a siste r o f the Duke of “ a e es o and his o s S voy, and he invit s M ser the D ge Councill r ,

a e o f e a and s the s i w n and the M rches F rr ra, other , to a d eddi g ” T e a we i was a n feasts. h ns r to this inv tation th t the plague bei g

e and s o e no t wi n i o c then in Venic , Me ser the D g shi g to ntr du e

’ s c an i i u no t t the s u h ev l nto Lombardy, he co ld at end Duke

w d in in e so his re re e d g p r n , but he deputed as ambassador and p

se ntativ e i io a o . , G org Corn r The follo wing year the to wn o f Bologna rose in open revo lt

a i s the o e i V . w a e a was ga n t P p , Mart n , hen the Pap l L g te

e e the aid o f en c o the i nsu e . exp ll d , and V i e impl red by rg nts

e e ia we o we e wa m a an e o f The V n t ns re, h v r, too ry to ke nemy

fo r ro ﬁ tless and fus e i e . the Pope so p a reason , re ed th r h lp But

ea e was u a i to a e ns p c proc red , ccord ng C ppell tti , by mea of the

n e es and in i i e a who a e ge tl n s s nuat ng manners of the Ven ti ns, c lm d

wr of the n i ar e o e e a the ath co tend ng p ti s, and rest red fri ndly r l ' 2 tio ns once more .

20th a i n 1 1 o a . i On the of Janu ry, 43 , P pe M rtin V d ed ; and

him e o f i n o s a an ie o f the in the Duk M la l t a ﬁrm lly. The x ty Ve netians was great that his successor should be o ne who wo u ld

a e n e n o a ei o e h ve th ir i terests and conc r s m re at he rt . Th r h p s were fulﬁlled by the appo intment to the Papacy of Gabrie le

u o San d .

a e e i lib . . ca . xxv n C pp ll tt , xx , p . 62

o ndu lme r Bis o o f e who was V e ia and C , h p Si na , a en t n by birth ,

h n e o f u i us I V who became Pope under t e am E gen . The aspect o f affairs thro ugho u t Italy was far fro m peace fu l

is o and ia e a we o n ev e o f e i at th m m e nt. Parma P c nz re the b ng as a e i o a i i and ian ia o o di Mo n fe a o s ult d by R nald P llav c ni , G G c p rr t

n san ri e o the was carryi g his arms against Ales d a. In G n a factio n o f the Fiesco was cau sing civil dissension ; the lo rds of Ferrara and of Mantua we re at war ; while the Duke o f M ilan

’ i n o e e o e co m was ﬁght ng agai st Fl r nc . The Duke s f rces w re

anded N ico le i nino and a e o f a two m by Picc Fr nc sc S orz , of the m o st famous ge n erals o f the day ; and his cause was supporte d

the wn e o e ucc and io i no w i e by to s of G n a, Si na , L a , P mb , h l the e nmity borne by the Pisans and the people o f Volte rra against

e c e e w n s f th i o F lo r n e mad th m arm adhere t o e V sc nti . The success hitherto obtaine d by the Ve n etian armies was

i e a the e a e u ai e at o i no d mm d this ye r by d fe t th y s st n d S nc , w n e i o an e a a o a was o i to and he th r c mm d r C rm gn l bl ged ﬂy, 1 o w his sa e to w s o f his se is was o we ed f ty the s iftnes hor . Th f llo d by a still more ove rwhe lmi ng naval d efeat o n the P0 in J u ne o f the s a i n m the a o f ame ye r. Th s e gage ent took place on b nks the a o o n and was o ne o f o e s s Po b ve Crem a, the m st serious rev r e

e i e had m et wi i a s we e o V n c yet th . The M l ne e r c mmanded by

asino us io u o e ic ini o and o a e e P E tacch , s pp rt d by P c n Sf rz . The V n

n a m i a was i o o e sa o w i e a a fo was e tia d r l N c l Tr vi n , h l l rge rce clos at a o n e a fi rma u n a a no a who w e e no h nd t rr der C rm g l , ho ev r mad a e to e his o e o fli ce r bu t o o o n a the o e tt mpt h lp br th r , l ked t c mpl te o e r o w fo r su it was o f the e ne ian ee wi o u a i n v thr ( ch ) V t fl t, th t m k g

eas e ffo to o e to he e scu was ic o o the l t rt c m t r e . It a v t ry f r M ilan that mo re than wipe d o u t the disgrace o f the d e feat at Maclo dio ; and the D u ke wro te to annou nce his triumph to the

cco r in to anu o rancesco a e o was the comman er A d g S d , F C p ll d . Two Do es o en ice 6 g f V . 3

Empero r Sigismund with a pride and satisfactio n that were bu t a a n tur l.

The i n iffe e nce o f a a no a w ic had ee i e n o n d r C rm g l , h h b n ev d t

e fo u o o ns and had a e a e i e su s ic o ns thr e or r ccasi , lr dy xc t d the p i

o f e e i e na e was no w o f s a a e as to e x the V n t an S t , uch n tur

s a e in a a ne o u in o i wi e i a per t them re l e r st, th gh c nform ty th th r

t e e o a io o f i i o s bu t actics they mad no op n dem nstr t n the r intent n ,

’ awaited so me furthe r pro of o f Carmagno las pe rﬁdy to reveal

t e i o ic i na v o ai ne e h r p l y. A s g l ict ry obt d by their ﬂe t und e r

ie o o a o o e e no e e at Po rtoﬁ no in u 1 1 P tr L red n v r the G s A gust, 43 , se rve d to co mfo rt them to so me exte nt fo r th eir previo us

sas e di t rs.

i i i ians had an e - i a In F l ppo Viscont the Venet ev r vig l nt foe, and we ﬁnd him making attempts this ye ar to e mbro il th e m

s e i io n in ri u li e ea u w ith the ir states and rai e s d t F . The nd vo r

fai e b ut e ice to S o w e e n and to a n e he se f l d, V n , h her r s tment ve g r l ,

The c e e whic was no t a o i n the e . e reso lved to po so Duk s h m , h n bl

ne was sse e o e o u i o f w e u diffi cul o , discu d b f r the C nc l Ten , h n s ch

ee i n its fu a it was a a an o e . t ies were fo res n lﬁlment, th t ﬁn lly b d n d There was also at this time grave cause fo r uneasine ss i n

no and u s i io ns in the i s o f the e regard o f Carmag la, s p c m nd rul rs

i s his a o wa s e i o f Venice were r fe a to loy lty t rd the R publ c. On

n his e a io u had o ffe e e m o re than o ne occasio b h v r nd d th m . He had declined to se nd h e lp to Casalmaggio re when it was be sieged ; he had re lease d withou t ranso m priso ne rs with the ir

e e a a e a the a e o f Mac lo dio his n tio he l ad r, M l t st , at b ttl ; by i ac n

i e to e e a o f the e i n ee and a had co ntr but d the d f t V net a ﬂ t l stly, he had all o we d the o ppo rtu nity of po ssessing himse lf o f C re m o na

i in his as uc o ffe ce s to e scape him when it was w th gr p . S h n

The a e s as to is a e iffer as do a so its names fo r it is s o en o f d t th b ttl d , l , p k as Po rtoﬁ no Ra al o Ca utm o ntis . ruttuoso . T he enoe se comman e r , p l , p , S F G d ino was France sco Sp la. 6 Two Do es enice 4 g of V .

no t be o e r o o e The o n i o f T e n met to n e o n co uld v l k d . C u c l co f r the

a e and es a e i e a io anni de I m rim iis m tt r, d p tch d the r secr t ry, G v p ,

’ with a l e tte r to Carm agno las castle at Brescia su mm o ning the

o n to a ea in e n i e is a u iou o ne and is C u t pp r V ice. Th s lett r c r s , a spec im e n o f ho w Ve nice d ealt with tho se o f her se rvants who

' had o ﬂe nde d he r and o n w o m she ea to e e n e . , h m nt be r v g d The c unning and d eceit of su ch d ealings strike u s fo rcibly and u n

easan we u s e e e a i e was no t i e to pl tly, but m t r m mb r th t Ven c g v n co nsid e r ways and m eans wh e n she had an o bj ect i n vie w or an

n h insu lt to be ave nged . The Ve netian histo rians e nlarge o t e

a i h e i o e e and e i wis o m i n e nsna i s gac ty of t r g v rnm nt, th r d r ng

a o a and o i n w i e the secres s e C rmagn l , p t ith pr d to y and my t ry w w ic was ec e enic We do no t wit o o ur ith h h he d oy d to V e . hh ld

' admiration whe n we read that the secre t o f Carmagn o la s trial and o o o u w fo r six o s e o it was a e d m , th gh kno n m nth b f re c rri d o ut to 2 00 e o s was ai fu e and we a e wi Ca p rs n , f th lly k pt gr e th p pe lletti that such a thing cou ld no whe re have bee n the case ‘ e e in eni e The e e o f the o u i o f T e n i s u s xc pt V c . l tt r C nc l n tr ct de I m rimiis o e e es ia o a no and p to pr c d to Br c to C unt Carm g la, a e the u a a u a io n and e o a io sa a ft r su l s l t t s xh rt t ns, he is to y th t the moment being a ﬁtting o ne fo r the advance me nt o f the

o no and o o f s a e e a io u to o fe wi h ur gl ry the t t , th y are nx s c n r th

e i nera as the o s a an a e o o e o f o ce th r ge l to m t dv t g us m d pr dure,

n a hi e n and e tre t s pres nce as soo n as possible . The le tter se t

o a ma a i se was u s t C r gnol h m lf mu ch shorte r. It ru ns th ' Our fai fu se e a io an i de I m rimiis a u e n a th l cr t ry, G v n p , pr d t man and

i u has e e a e e e ce ai n o f o u r c rc mspect, b n Ch rg d by us to r f r rt

ffai u e e ce e e we a o u to en e a a rs to yo r Exc ll n , h nc pr y y r d r th t ” f i his i n u c i w u o u i o o u s ve s a th to j n t ons hich yo w ld g ve t r el . Orders we re give n all alo ng the ro ad by which he was to pass

” e lib xxi v n . io Ch no n v d si Ch in ene ia a e i . . ca . C e e e e . V z C pp ll tt , , p

ice 66 Two Doges of Ven . put to the torture so as to co mpel him to pro nou nce himse lf

u i t and a o s f a a o n did so . T he g l y, th t under m t e rful g y he

o n i o f T en a i n i n is wa ai e e i c ro C u c l h v g th y g n d th r obje t, they p cee ded a e n e nce o n him and was o e e to be to p ss s t , he c nd mn d

e cu e e w e the two o u n w was to a e ex t d b t e n c l m s, here he be t k n ” hi s u ff s a die wi a a i n o and a c t o o . th g g his m uth, he d th t he

e did hi sa o a The Dog s utmost to ve Carmagnola . Pr b bly the kno wledge that it was thro ugh his inﬂuence that the Co u nt had

ee a o i e ca ai - e ne a o f the e ne ia o e s a b n pp nt d pt n g r l V t n f rc , m de

’ him a i u s to a e his o é é s ife and he ea e a nx o s v pr t g l , pl d d th t the se nte nce sh o u ld he comm u ted i nto the milde r fo rm o f imprison

e n fo r ife i o o a was e e ee o f m t l . Th s pr p s l s cond d by thr the

o u n i o s a o e ni nces o Barbari o and a ie c c ll r , Luc M c go, Fra c g , D n le

V itturi it was u o e e i o e o n and the , but s pp rt d by ght v t s ly, se e n i nt ce o f d eath was carried by a large maj o r ty .

’ The questio n as to Carmagno las gu ilt o r inno ce nce has be e n o f n is s e and u o o iu has een ca u o n e i e te d cu s d , m ch ppr br m b st p V n c

e ic a se u the o as w as he wa in as to the v rd t p s d pon C unt, ell t y w ic it was ca i e o ut. a e is i u n s o ne h h rr d The ch rg , I th nk, an ju t . ’ Of Carmagno las treachery to wards Venice the re can be little

o u and a no o e u was e the e ne d bt, th t th r co rse Op n to V tian

o e n e an the o ne she o o we se e e u a ce t i g v r m nt th f ll d ms q lly r a n. Against su ch an Opi nion m ay be urge d the fact that the se cre t

o cu m e n s e a i n to the ia a e is e in the ames d t r l t g tr l h v per h d ﬂ , w e e a i e n a o r esi e who wi n e a e o sa ' h th r cc d t lly d gn dly, ll u d rt k t y but apart fro m th ese a large nu mbe r of pape rs o n the su bj ect are s i e a and u n is am e o o an e i e t ll xt nt, f r h pl pr f d v d nce that the Ve n etian go ve rnme nt saw i n Carmagno la a traito r to th eir

u w o e ea was ne essa o r the a e we a e o f co ntry, h s d th c ry f s f ty and lf r 1 a The i i wi w i c e ic a no u ce he r the st te . publ c ty th h h V n e n n d

1 I am suppo rt e d in my view by Antonio Battistella i n his learned work to w ic refe rence has a rea e en ma e—l l on e arma no h h l dy b d C t C g la. Tw Do es o enice o g f V . 67 i ntentio ns and de alings towards Carmagno la to the o ther po we rs o f a is a o e o o f s i o f o u She n w It ly n th r pro f the ju t ce her c nd ct . k e

a no was is o a and she was no t a e to th t Carmag la d l y l , ash m d pro claim to the wo rld the measu re she m e ted to tho se who

a e . A nd a a n w e we e e the o n i betr y d her g i , h n r m mber that C u c l o f T e n had o n is o sio a i u o f we n e e e s th cca n g nta t ty xtra m mb r ,

o se o no es o e i es o f e e we anno ch n fr m the bl t and ld st fam li V nic , c t for a mo me nt suppo se the m all so bigote d and prej udice d as to co ndemn a man wh o m the y did no t i n their hearts Conside r

i f the o he sse o n him and e rv o . guilty, d se ng do m t y pa d

th o f Ma 1 2 en c was ca ie On the s y, 43 , this s ten e rr d out. The

o u is sc i e as a e i n fo r e u io n in a a e s wi C nt de r b d pp ar g xec t g l dr s , th ” sca e e i s e ca a a a a o a a c i o rl t l gg ng , a velv t p ll C rm gn l , r ms n

ff ll n j erkin and scarlet vest with cu s trimm e d a ro u d . He was

anie to ffo e s o f ta a ia acco mp d the sca ld by the pri st S . M r i h Formo sa bearing the cruc ﬁx . In thre e blows is head was se e e o his o H is ma s w e ai in the o is e o f v r d fr m b dy. re in er l d Cl t r

f the F rari bu f e wa s re o o c s o o t t . e the Church , a t r rd m ved S Fran c

a i n The ne ian s a e ma e sio fo r his Gr nde at M la . Ve t t t d provi n wi o w and au e w ic w e e fo fe i e so e i e d d ght rs, h h, ho ev r, th y r t d m t m

e in i wi i the i o ie o f e i e after by r fus g to l ve th n terr t r s V n c . C HAPTER I I I .

1 2 the o wn o f a o nica was s to enice o win to the In 4 9 t S l lo t V , g

w n i ce s o w b the two o m m an e s n ea a t o f v gilan h n y c d r , A dr

o n i ni T o a e n e is o ss e was Do nato and Pao lo C tar . v g th l a ﬂe t

h as e the o m an o f a i ie d espatche d to t e E t und r c m d F ntino M ch l ,

f e nice i n ica e f es co n ue s s the and the ho no ur o V v d t d by r h q t . At

s e i e the i a e who i nfes e o se se as we e o wn am t m p r t s t d th r put d ,

and an a i a e ea u e e n e e in o wi the u an A m u r th m c bl l g t r d t th S lt a II .

I n a c o f the fo o win ea 1 0 an a e was a e M r h ll g y r, 43 , tt mpt m d

f h The o u - against the li e o f t e Doge. w ld be assassin was a

o u n man o f the o n a i ni fa i na e n a who y g C t r m ly, by m A dre ,

o a u e a ains F o scari fo r a in as he o u b re gr dg g t h v g, th ght,

his a o in e n to the o f a i o f he preve nte d pp tm t p st o C pta n t Gulf.

was o e a he was o f nso u m in and o h It pr v d th t u nd d, th ugh e

ai e in his u o se he s c ee e wo n in the o e i n f l d p rp , u c d d in u d g D g the

a e e e a im es a o in to o ani n bu t o t e w i e s sa f c , s v r l t , cc rd g R m , h r r t r y

i i i was a n n . o a e and o u f h o ly sl ghtly C nt r n t k , br ght be o re t e wo Do es en i e 6 T g of V c . 9

o n i o f T e n w e he was e e to e his a C u c l , h n cond mn d hav right h nd am u a e nd en be e h o u s a ec e e wee t e two . p t t d . th to x ut d b t n c l mn

We i e e o w the se n e n e as e o n him T e n w i is g v b l t c p s d by the , h ch prese rved amo ng the pape rs o f that tribu nal in the Venetian a i es and w i ma be i e e as e in no w i e rch v , h ch y of nt r st b g publ sh d fo r i the ﬁrst t me.

X die x MarCI MCCCC XX . . j . j

Se r Alexande r geo rgio S e r J o hanne s Carisi no Capita S er Lau re nti u s Do nato

i e u is e r ea ue ic a et ec a o ro ce datu r Si v d t r nob p q d t l t sunt, qu d p

A ndre m o ar n m se r i o la militis ro co ntra Ser a c nt e o co nda N c j , p I nsultu e t Vul nere Illato in pe rso nam Se re nissimi do mini ducis

V e neciaru m

de parte

no n

no n since ri

die redicto . p .

S er Sipio bo no S e r Vit us de Canali Ser Vitalis Miani co nsiliarIj Sé ’ H o mo bo nus Griti S e r Anto niu s michae l

o o nsiliarI I S e r Andreas Baffo capu t de X L . loc c S er Ale xander georgio S er Johannis carisini et Ser Laurentius donato et

r Advocato es communis. d m N ico la militis 'uod iste Ser Andreas contareno co n a ser j , 70 Two Doges of Ve nice. de be at e x trahi de Came ra to rm e nti ho die et d u ci ad ﬁne m scala ru m la idearu m alatii i n uo oc debe at si i am u tari a s p p , q l o b p m nu de x te ra et a i a a ad o u ducatu r i n e io du aru m , cum ips l g t C l m m d

Co lum naru m v bi furcas u e ibi ﬁ eri debeant su s endatu r , ad q p , talite r o mo riatu r et a e debeat sic sus e nsus to tam qu d , st r p per

e u ro x imam di m l ne p . de parte 1 2 no n si nceri 1 Factum fu it ut in

a o in u r p rte c nt et .

° o dei X is i R 1 ar r . C nsigli , M t , c te ste go

o ns i ac h d e e o i e a the 1 2 A c p r y a b n rgan z d e rly in year 43 , by

the un e o es e ice a ai s the o u i o f T e n yo g r n bl of V n , g n t C nc l , by

w i e o e to i ea e e i we and o ain so e h ch th y str v ncr s th r po r, bt m

i n ue n e in the i s f o e e n o fﬁ e T he o was ﬂ c d spo al o g v rnm t c s . pl t

is o e e o we e efo e it had i to a s e o an d c v r d , h v r, b r t me s um imp rt t

o o r io n and its u was to o nso i a and o m pr p t s, only res lt c l d te c nﬁr - i the eve r growing po wer and prepo nde rance of the Cou nc l .

n i o i f e In the meanwhil e the war with M ila st ll c nt nued . A t r the d eath o f Carmagno la the Ve netians had trie d to persuade

e n i ne to i e e e i e e fo z i the Flor t s g v up to th m th r g n ral , S r a, alleg ng

a the o o n au se wo u ain su a as e a th t c mm c ld g by ch me ur , and th t

w e e he at the hea o f the e ia fo s in o a wo u r d V net n rce L mb rdy, it ld be o f m o re u se than l eavi ng him to devo te his tale nts to the

sie e o f u a o f w ic the o e i es e at o e n g L cc , h h Fl r nt n wer that m m t

e e ss s s l m wi f o k n to po es the mse lves . This pro po a et th no av ur

e i e f o m the o en ines o r f o o a i se f and the th r r Fl r t , r m Sf rz h m l , Ve ne tians we re o blige d to Content themse lve s with Gianfrancesco

o n a a a o f i i ua o a i a e s. G z g , M rquis Mant , to c mm nd the r rm Th s

a o in m w s o f o i s i e f e ian nd pp t ent a Sh rt durat on . In p t o th all ce a fri e ndship that were o f long standing be tween the Ve netians and Two Do o e 1 ges f V nice. 7

o s o f a a an a a a had advan the h u e Gonz g , lli nce th t ever proved ta eo us to a i s the u o f i a had g both p rt e , D ke M l n succeeded by his wiles and insi nuatio ns in induci ng the Marquis to j o in his

au and a a a o f e i H is a was c se, b ndon th t V n ce. pl ce ﬁlled by

i e e no w as a a a who was Erasmo de Narn , b tt r k n to us Gatt mel t ,

ais a o f e an i him r ed to the r nk a Ven ti noble, and to b nd still mo re clo se ly to his new maste rs he was give n a house at S . ’ ao w i S a e e a co F o scari e s o e P lo, h le the en t s nt M r , the Dog br th r, and Pao lo Tro n to co nfe r o n him the title o f Ge ne ral o f the

e i i o o f i war wi i a is o o o o u R publ c . The h st ry th s th M l n m n t n s i n e e as o two o r i ia a c the xtrem , bey nd three br ll nt ctions, su h as

’ Gattame latas march acro ss the mo u ntains of Tre ntino to the

’ o o f the a e a a and o r a a in the o w o f n rth L k of G rd , Sf z s t k g of t n

e n e io n s e no e wi s i a i V ro a, one op rat ucceed d a th r th but l ght v r ety ; treatie s were made o nly to be broken tho se who to-day were f i to - o w w o w e the e r and ai es r ends, m rro ere f es ; hil treach y f thl s ne o f i i e all n OI I his wo o o i e ss F l ppo mad relia ce rd or h n ur imposs bl .

1 o we e e a e fo r i was o ai e and F oscari In 43 3 , h v r, p c a t me pr cl m d, j u dged the mom ent a ﬁtti ng o ne fo r proposing to abdicate the

u o H h o u i to a o e o u s and d ked m . e ad br ght Ve n ce pr sp r ﬂo urishing co ndition he r territo ry was increased by thre e large

o i n e s in a the war wi i a had ee o u pr v c Lomb rdy ; th M l n b n br ght, ’ at all e e the i to and e i we v nts for t me, a close ; the Dog m ght ll have ho pe d that by resigning his o fﬁce at such a mome nt he wo u e r e w e o f his and si n e fo r e the e ld des v ll country, le c ev r nvy and ea o u e si his e e io j l sy that had pursue d him ev r nce l ct n .

’ ' F o scari s o ﬂe r o f a i a io n o no i e his is o ia s has bd c t , th ugh t c d by h t r n , so me time s bee n co nsid ere d to have bee n made mo re fo r the sake o f ffe a in ea i has no t e i e ee en io n in e ct th n r l ty. It th r b n m t ed the u i o fo r the Six o e u i e ma e o n P bl c Rec rds, v tes r q r d to k a questi

Roman in .

is eace w ic as e o n a ear was ro en i i o . Th p , h h l t d ly y , b k by F l pp w o es 72 T o D g of Venice.

’ ’ a u ic o ne no t av e n o ai e o e the a e p bl , h ing b e bt n d by the D g , m tt r 3 s no t ro u efo e the ea o n i H is ff was wa b ght b r Gr t C u c l . O er not

’ was o in d o u t to him a his u s o o accepted . It p te th t co ntry g d

e u i e e e at o f affai s a e r q r d his pr senc the head r , and to such pl a

F o scari was no t d eaf. It was in this ye ar that the Medici we re expelled fro m

o e nc and s mo a e ia e to eni e w e e he Fl r e, Co i , P t r Patr , cam V c , h r

aine fo r o e i and e o o scari a o i rem d s m t me, receiv d fr m F c rd al and ’ o e co e ho n urable w l m .

T o s a e is a e a ir the w year ft r th d t a conspir cy, st red up by Duke o f a was ife i n a ato o o f th e a e i i n Mil n , r P du rest re the rule C rrar s

’

o w and to in Oﬂ th e e e ia o . T he e that t n , ﬂ g V n t n y ke att mpt

o e ai e a i io a a a o n w e a it pr v d a f lur , and M rs gl C rr r , hose b h lf had

ee n o ni was o e e to a ea en ice w e e af e b rga zed , rd r d pp r at V , h r , t r

r o i e ina io o u e he was o n e e and unde g ng xam t n and t rt r , c d mn d,

ia i im n e h is r exec uted o n the P zzetta. W th h e d d t e public h to y

the o s o f a a a w e in du had e fo r of h u e C rr r , hos rule Pa a last d ei -six a s and w o e o wn a s e a u fo r ghty ye r , h s d f ll ecur d P d a ever

i o ini to the Ve n et an d m on .

1 w ﬁ nd the o i o f as e i si i I th ad e n I n 436 e C unc l B l st ll tt ng. b e co nvo ked i n 1 424 by Marti n V i n the ho pes o f u niting the

c e o f the as and the es F o r se e a ea s e ffo s Chur h s E t W t. v r l y r rt

e a e to e ffec is u io and an we e i s and w re m d t th n n, m y r the pr nce

o e who asse o u en ice to a the o u nci p t ntates p d thr gh V ttend C l , and who stro ve by the ir advice an d co u nse l to b ring abo u t a

u io n w i o we e a wa o e an i m o i i i j nct , h ch , h v r, l ys pr v d p ss b l ty. A mo ng the se visito rs to Ve nice was the Empero r o f Co n

r mi si M r in 1 2 o s one di . o is i P M , 49. 3 Romani n sa s a in 1 2 and in 1 6 F o scari a ain ro ose to y th t 44 , 44 , g p p d a ica e and a ne i e r o f e se o ffe rs are recor e in the a ers of the bd t , th t th th d d p p n i fo h r rea o u c r t e easo n a o e i en . G t C l , b v g v 3 H e was re ca e to o re nce in e em e r 1 ll d Fl S pt b , 434. did no t ac ua o r f e n il the 2 d o u 1 1 . It t lly p t l 3 J ly, 43

w s ic T o Doge of Ven e. 7 3

l stanti no l e wi h his ess o and a o wi his p , t brother Al i , S nud , th

s a u e e i an a o n o f ho w e w af e u u l min t n ss, g ves cc u t the Dog ent t r

i ne ac o anie the i n i n a o s a e d n r, c mp d by S g ory l rge b at (c ll d f o i S i e and a ia i — s es and a e n e r m the r z sh pe P tt di h ) , m ny g tl

m e n as we to i si him to e o i e his o in . ll, v t and r j ce ov r c m g

’ And the Do ge we nt o n board the Empe ror s galle y and

e o e his ca e o o o o o ff hat and in r m v d p'; the Emp r r als t k his ,

o se ce no o ne e s o e c n quen ventured to remain with the ir h ad c ver d .

o o n to sa how i si e i e o e He g es y , th s vi t b ng end d, the D g we the ee a c o n no o a and a nt to visit Gr k Patri r h a ther b t, lthough

o o we a o e i n a ai e o in his ca the D ge sh d the s me c urt sy g n r m v g p,

a ia c did no t o in the sa e fa io in the P tr r h resp nd m sh n, but fact 3 did n o th ing . The hospitality of Venice has always been we ll known ; and o n is o casio we ea ho w e o a o th c n r d emp r rs, p triarchs, bish ps , and o th ers we re entertai ned bo th i n the to wn and o n the island o f io io a io in i ce s e u nci o f a e S . G rg M gg re pr n ly tyl . The Co l B sl ha ffe e e in w s an o ne nd to d o o u e ni u . o e a a nd d P p E g s IV m r y th , ma his i eas he ann e it a a a u and in 1 rk d spl ure ull d by p p l b ll , 437 i n o e o ne i n its ace t e a o n i ni a ie o f v k d pl a F rr ra. Am g the d g t r s Chu rch and State who m he sum mo n e d to th is Co u ncil was the

e e m e o o a eo o u s who ca e the o a Gr k E p r r, J hn P l l g , m in h pes th t

i secu e e fo r his o wn a e s at sa e i e he m ght r h lp qu rr l , and the m t m carry o ut his desire to ce me nt the u nio n o f the two Church es.

H e to o ca to e ni e and the a o u n o f the ce io n i e n , , me V c , cc t re pt g v

him and to his o e e e iu s e s o o f the o ea to br th r D m tr , D p t M r , sho ws it to have be e n ind ee d m agniﬁce nt . T he Empero r was

e e i e the o e the e o s and all the i e a is r c v d by D g , S nat r , ch f m g ” f eni e o n a the u cen u w ic was o e e wi trates o V c bo rd B ta r, h h c v r d th

him m ero r o f ons an ino e i was Am u rath . anu o ca s E Th s II S d ll p C t t pl , tho ugh the Sultan s did not take this title till the year 1 453 . 3 anu o o . ci t S d , p . T 74 wo Doges of Venice. re d si ic o nam e ed and at the o w w n e o was lk r hly r nt , pr the i g d li n

is e wi o e e e o o e e wi d play d , th th r mblems, all in pur g ld , t g th r th

ﬁ ne picture s. They we re su rro unded o n all sides by bo ats and

a wi all a e o a ie b rges th the gr nd es of Venice on board , acc mp n d

an s o f i and a i n all i i n The o w by b d mus c, ﬂ gs ﬂy ng i d rect o s . r ers we re dresse d in rich stuffs embro ide red with go ld o n the fro nt

i was the o a at a the ia of the r caps li n of St . M rk, the b ck I mper l

o i was o i e a u r i n o ne wa o r eagle, and n th ng m tt d th t co ld se ve y

o e e o o f ea The e an th r to enhance the spl nd ur the pag nt . Dog

’ o a a e f e an o e u io s stepped on b rd the Emperor s b rg , and a t r bs q u

e a e i e o n his e f a and co e se gr eting, pl c d h ms lf humbly l t h nd , nv r d w him at n t in a ie ne s s o in w i e ith le g h fr ndly man r, ay R man , h l

e ee e n he T he nu e o f th y proc d d o the ir way to t to wn . mb r

c i s o a ia and e a na s is a o ne ar hb h ps, p tr rchs, oth r m g te a l rge ; and we read ho w these visito rs to Ve nice we re allo wed to i n e he r o io n we e a e to see the ewe and sp ct p ssess s, and r t k n j ls

s i n i he ea o f . o e i se o n o a o n t tr ures St Mark, the D g h m lf cc s s act g

a o f o e p rt Cicer n . The cou rtesy and ce remonial shown to wards her guests is a w - n wn ai in the i o in a and ell k o tr t h st ry of Venice, both p st

e i e and in a 1 8 we a o f the i o pres nt t m s ; M rch, 43 , re d S gn ry

o i n in s e to a e e a e o f the a i na o f en e g g tat t k l v C rd l Flor c , and of

i o in i o the o e who was i n o n fo r the the r g g w th ut D g , m urni g

s s b ca o sa fo r d eath o f his so n . Which thi o n would e we nn t y

ai as we o w o o f t e ac a o cert n, kn n thing hem b yond the f t th t f ur

ie o f a u o u e e ni o who i i n 1 1 d d the pl g e, the y ng st, Dom c , d ed 44 ,

e in i i 1 e a o is a n to o u o f . b g, ccord g L tta, a y th gr t pr m e The

’ a i o e o r o e o e a A i o had C rd nal of Fl renc , m r pr p rly of S nt ng ol ,

ee the u a a ace to isi a o o a the b n to D c l P l v t the S la Nu va, pr b bly

a a o f the a io o n i io w i had e en o e a fe w S l M gg r C s gl , h ch b p ned

e io s o to isi the e who a o m ni e years pr v u ly, and als v t Dog , cc pa d

e e ri i ie C l b Fam gl . Tw D o oges of Venice. 75

' ’ him to the a o o o f M h and who to the gre t d r St . ark s Churc , ’ n T he i s e e r isi . Card al gr at pl asure, eturned his v t next day ’ rareness with which any perso nal actio n o f Fo scari s is to be me t with makes o ne attach mo re weight than the occasion war a to s e i his i e e e mu s a e r nts the e d ta ls of l f , and the r ad r t m k a o wan fo r w a is vi in i o e i it is ll ce h t tri al th s relati n , rememb r ng do ne to try and give co lo ur and interest to a life who se personality is we llnigh lost sight o f in the events and cata

o w i n a str phes h ch surrounde d a d bsorbe d it .

’ I t was during F o scari s dukedom that the City of Ravenna

a e u e the o e io n o r to ea e u o io c m nd r pr t ct , , sp k mor tr ly, the d min n ’ o f e i 1 2 o u u i o d o e e s a V n ce. In 75 the fam s G d a P l nta had t b lished u e i n i and i 1 0 his e a his r l the c ty, t ll 39 d scend nts had

o e e e wi u wa o i au i g v rned th r th f ll s y, c nﬁrming the r thor ty by “ ” c i e s o f e T he i e n io all ng th mselve Vicars th Pope . d ss s ns that arose i n Ravenna in 1 4 1 3 assuming pro po rtio ns beyo nd the

o n o f iz z e a i e a fo r c trol Ob o da Pol nta, he ppl ed the next y r help

o o a o o e i who se n a e ato assi him to D ge T m s M c n go, t pod st st , and fro m that mo me nt Rave nna was u nder the j o int go vernment

’ o f o e a and e ni e iz z o s at his so n the P l nt V ce . Aft r Ob de h

Ostasio a i to s a e o ff the assis ce and e nc o ac n , nx ous h k tan r hme t o f e ni a a s c e wi the e o f i a w h V ce, m de e r t league th Duk M l n , hic was w o o is o e the ia s e e , ho ever, s n d c ver d by Venet n , and th y s nt

o o a o o a as e i ato a a Ant ni J c p M rcello th r podest R venn . He immediate ly to o k po ssessio n o f the to wn i n the name o f the

e i Ostasio and his a i we e e i e a ia w e R publ c, f m ly r x l d to C nd , h re t is a o f the o o f a e a i and his i was e o e h l st l rds R v nn d ed, c ty nr ll d a o n the e n e ncies o f e a o i iefe m g d pe d Venic . S nud g ves a br r

anu o S d . 3 H e was the fa er o f rancesca da o en a who marrie iancio o th F P l t , d G tt a a es a o r of Rimini and w o se ra ic is o r an e has immo rtai e M l t t , L d , h t g h t y D t l z d in th f an o o f his f rno e ﬁ th c t I n e . 6 Two Do es en e 7 g of V ic .

e i i a o e w i e o f i o ues er i d scr pt on th n th r r t rs th s c nq t, merely obs v ng

the 1 th o f u u 1 0 o ur i n e e the o w On s A g st, 44 , S g ory poss ss d t n o f a e the wi of i i e ns and eo e and R v nna by ll the c t z p pl ,

a in the ai i the o e eo f who was a e s asio h v g s d c ty, l rd th r , c ll d O t da o e a wi his wif and his so n we e n e P l nt , th e , re s t into exil , and ” o io was a e to e the o w i pr vis n m de th m liv in t n of Cand a.

I n i e a a e s o a c e e we th s sam ye r Fr nc c Sforz ame to V nic , and read of su ch heavy snow and rain o n the 1 sth of April that the

o e was n to o and e him as i e e o i o n D g u able g m et he nt nd d d ng,

’ f the we a T he i o f o s i acco unt o ther. h story Sf rza intrig ues w th

e u wi his fa e -in-law the u o f i a the R p blic and th th r , D ke M l n , are

e -e and e a e wo u e o a we n ver nding, to r l t them ld tak m re sp ce than “ ” can a e bu t was i the o ie i a da sp r ; he , l ke cond tt r of th t y, a wa an i i e and we him o ne e n in he l ys ch g ng s d s, ﬁnd at mom t t

’ a o f i i o and at ne i n a o f e u ic p y F l pp , the xt comm nd the R p bl s

o ce and e rvin a e a e n the iffe e n a e o f f r s , s g lt rn t ly u der d r t b nn rs

o e i a and e i i e 1 1 w e ea e was Fl r nce, M l n, V n ce t ll the y ar 44 , h n p c ’ e and o z a es e a e i o i sign d, Sf r s servic secur d perm n ntly to the V sc nt ’ au his a i w an the i c se by m rr age ith Bi ca , Duke s illeg timate

e w s a had co s e him daught r, ho e h nd been n tantly promis d to ,

n it aw e i i i n in and as co nsta tly w hdr n . Th re is a descr pt on g ve

a o o f the ece io n i e to fo and his i w S nud r pt g v n S rza br de, hen,

si in o f i eace e a e to e ni n so o n afte r the gn g th s p , th y c m V ce a d we re re ceive d with every mark of re spect and ceremony ; and while the Princess was feted and e nte rtain e d with all co urtesy

o no u the o n was a e n the o e e o to see and h r, C u t t k by D g in p rs n

ena the e o f . over the Ars l and Tr asury St Mark , and was a h a presented by him with a jewel worth t ous nd ducats . C HAPTER IV.

E have now come to a time when the family affairs o f the Doge prese nt themse lves be fore — the pu blic th o se affairs which were to play so

’ im o a a a in F o scari s i o and w i p rt nt p rt h st ry, h ch we re to characte rize it with all the dignity and intere st that so rrow and misfo rt u ne can stamp upo n the drama

o f i e l f .

an e s F o scari had i w his s wi e e i n Fr c co been marr ed t ice, ﬁr t f b g

a ia iu i and i i H e ha had te a . d n M r Pr l , the second M r a Nan

c i e so and au e s b u t o f ese so ns o u had h ldr n , ﬁve ns ﬁve d ght r , th f r

ie the a u e o s i e o f o o ne a o . d d pl g , and nly , J c p , urv v d The “ a i e o f is so n iffe o e sa i a he was a ccounts g v n th d r, s m y ng th t yo u th o f great pe rso nal beauty (u n giovane leggiadro de lla

e s n we - anne e and o f a wit o o f p r o a) , ll m r d, re dy a l ver study, and ” i e in o ce e a ne m en. e a n h ld c nﬁden by grav and le r d Oth rs, ag , s e a o f as a i u ess o u wi uc se nse p k him g ddy, tho ghtl y th, thout m h “ ‘ i co e s and e a H is a ia ( d po reckl s xtrav gant . m rr ge with Lu cre zia Co ntarini i n 1 44 1 was ce l ebrate d with a state and

a i e n e e a a e e en i n e i e and no ce m o n o f m gn ﬁc c r m rk bl v V n c , re y

a na u e has e e e u a it We are e to ud e fo r o u r th t t r v r q lled . abl j g

o f its o and s n o u f o a e e s i e a se lves p mp ple d r r m l tt r t ll xt nt,

io l ne . i ni i ri a. V . R n n e o d o a ne o . e See o ma i . L z St Ve t I L z XX T e o e 78 wo Dog s f Venic . w i e o and a o a i o s o f r tt n by Rambert J c po Cont r ni, br ther the

ano e o e e a who was e at a i bride, to th r br th r, Andr , th n Const nt 1 no le an io o f so e o f i e e ma e o f p . A tr slat n m th s l tt r y prov i n s f o its inu e ness w i o i o a tere t r m extreme m t , h ch , c m ng fr m

’ a en i es u i e o u at sa e i e w e m n s p , exc t our s rpr s , th gh the m t m can no t bu t be grate fu l fo r so e xact a desc riptio n o f the tro usseau

s s c o nside re d necessary fo r a no ble Venetian bride i n th o e day . “ ” We a e o e s o io n o f ca s g v her, say the br th r , a p rt du t ,

and uca i n oan and i s o e in ha d ts l , her th ng (c se) , and s e g t t she was o in i o the u a a i we co no t do o rwi e g g nt d c l f m ly, uld the s

ic le m e s o n he r in s 600 a . si s w t than pend th g duc ts Be de h h,

e o u she n in o a au a had e a t ll y , had oth g m re th n P l , exc pt th t, instead o f a gown fo r the ho u se (vesta pe r casa) she had had

o f o o a e wi sh s e e w i in made a dress g ld br c d th ort le v s, h ch cost

ll 1 2 o e u a s e s i w a o was e in the a 5 g ld n d c t . Aft r ay ng h t j y f lt

F o scari fa i f i s a ia as e se e e fo u d m ly rom th m rr ge, th y med to hav n

all a u be o e fo r in the e e o e o n to th t co ld l ok d the bride , l tt r g s ” s a o f wa in w i h a o n a e i e f pe k the y h c M d n Lucr z a bore hers l , “ saying ' And truly the maiden behaved and do es be have so

we o w a a e ee o o fo r e ie S he ll , bey nd h t could h v b n l ked ; I b l ve

was s i and ma H e he r to o o n in p red by God , y grant g ever ” e i f o w improving . Th n follo ws a deta led accou nt o her g ns ' o u m u st kno w that so far there have bee n made and cut fo ur

e ses o f o w ic are ' I st a e s o f o i dr s g ld, h h , dr s g ld and cr mson , and that it sho uld be as rich as po ssible it co st 1 8 du cats the

wi o e s ee in wi e fu r wi a ai ell , th p n l ves, l ed th squirr l , th tr n ‘ — (literally a tail u na coda) o n the gro und o f an e ll and a half

i n e n n was a c o o f o n ea l gth . The ext l th g ld gro u d and p cock

o a co s 1 2 a s the a e i o e n col ur, th t t duc t ell , m d l ke the th r, o ly that the sleeves we re l ine d with e rmi ne ; ano ther was o f go ld

o w s e s is to o i e o e s was o n br cade ith open le ve ; th , , l k the th r , l g

Viae laminii Co rnelii O uscu a ua uo r a . 1 6 . F p l q t , p g 7

80 wo e e T Dog s of Ven ic .

i m to the e o f i we n i n two ar s suc as br degroo , numb r s xty, t b ge , h “ ” we e o w s i c c e e a ea a a o n a a e . r kn n Pi tt , to the Du l P la H r gr t su e was se e in the e e i afte w i the i e e e pp r rv d v n ng, r h ch br d r turn d

e few a s ft the we in i s w e e a e d at hom . A d y a er dd g t elf as c l br t the a ace bu t i a e o o o essa and a p l , pr v t ly, nly the D ge, the D gar , fe w e a io i and e n it was se e o n r l t ns be ng present ; th ttl d , that

n a the 2 th o f u ar i e s o a e he r so e Su d y, 9 Jan y, the br d h uld m k l mn

e n r i the a a a e . a da a o in the t y nto Duc l P l c On th t y, cc rd gly, festival was inaugurated by e ightee n m e mbe rs o f the Gu ild o f Sto c kings (Co mpagnia d ella am o ng who m we re J aco po

F o scari and his e s-ln-law a i i n o n o se ac at broth r , rr v g h r b k the ho se o f the i f h f s h s i i Th e o t e w o wa a e a a . u g v r ea t , c rt n B lb e

es o f e s s w s o f i o f e an ia wi dr s th e yo u th a s lver bro cade Al x dr , th

ac e o f i s e e wi s as e e e e s ine wi s u i e j k ts cr m on v lv t, th l h d sl v l d th q rr l fu r and im so s o n e i eads wo e a e , cr n belt , and th r h they r l rg caps ” a a fo es a o f a i h red co o u e we e a en ll S rz c , br g t l r. Th y r tt ded

six wai in m e n esse i n fanci u a s wi the i i e by t g , dr d f l co t , th d v d d

o c i n s and ac o ne was m o n e o n a o e s e e w o e st k g , e h u t d n bl t d , h s

a i s we o f n e e o e e wi iffe e n in o tr pp ng re gree v lv t, c v r d th d r t k ds f

si e e co a io s. ain o f o u t fo o we is ca a a e lv r d r t n A tr y hs ll d th v lc d ,

e i n si s and o ca es and a e e so ie s so a dr ssed lk br d , tt nd d by ld r , th t the

1 is com an did not e o n as has ee n so m e ime s ima ine to an Th p y b l g, b t g d , y ni o r e r b ut was a so cie fo rm e in the f eent cen u r o f k ghtly d , ty, d ﬁ t h t y, e ne ian e n em en who un e r the a ro na e o f the ru in o we rs ro V t g tl , , d p t g l g p , p v ide d s o r s and am usem en s at eir o wn e e nse an d e s e cia urin p t t th xp , p lly d g i a o r w e n an is in u arn is e ue s s cam e to e nice . hei r name C v l, h y d t g h d g t V T came fro m the ecu iari o f eir s o c in s w ic we re of iffe re n co o u rs p l ty th t k g , h h d t l , and ar i -co o ure from the i o wn war s as i s seen a ain and a ain p t l d th gh d d , g g ’ Th i n Carpaccio s picture s. e sto ckings were so metim es of go ld o r silve r o r de co ra e wi ear s and o e r re cio us s o ne s and the i i sio n of the t d th p l th p t , d v sto ckin g se rve d also to de n o te the diffe re nt factio n to which the weare r belo nged ; tho ugh afte r a while these se cts be cam e so nu m e ro us that the split co lo uring was insuffi cient to po int out the party re presented by its

weare r. en i e 81 Two Doges of V c .

a a e in all to 2 0 e o s o fw w co mp ny mount d 5 p rs n , all hom ere mounted

e o e e o o wn and we u o n ho rseback. Th y pr ce d d thr ugh the t ( m st re e a eni e u n i e i ies was no t o e to m mber th t V c , l k other c t , accust m d the sight o f pro cessio ns o n horseback) by circuito us ro u tes to the

a and he o a o f c a a and Square of St . M rk t c urty rd the Du al P l ce, f o e sse o n to San a e e w e e a i e o f o a s r m h re they pa d S mu l , h r br dg b t

w e i led o s an a . a a a them acr s the Gr d Can l to S B rn b , her the br de

i e She was o n e co r e to i w l v d . c duct d by the t ge th s church , hen

a was e e a w i i n a f o f the m ss c l brated , fter h ch , the sp ce in ront

u w i was e wi e i n the e e the ch rch, h ch ﬁll d th p ople , and pr s nce of

and a a e o an o f fo ei i es and as Doge l rg c mp y r gn pr nc amb sadors, an a io n was a e i n w ic i e o f the es o f or t m d , h h the v rtu s anc tors

o fa i ie w we o a e and ei es e an s b th m l s ere d lt up n l rg ly, th r d c nd t i i n i to w i n i e s. e we e c ted follo the r st p The br d then nt hom , w i h a e i a a o the o w is i n h le t e c valcad aga n p r ded thr ugh t n, d play g

i u s i in o s i i h his a the r eq e tr an skill sp rt and m m c ﬁg ts . After t

rea an was i e in the a a a e and w n is was g t b quet g v n Duc l P l c , he th

a a o f a i e i n e i a e a i e we in the over p rty l d es, dress d th r g y st tt r , nt

” ’ uce a to i e s a ac who w he r o o win o f a B nt ur the br d p l e, ith f ll g

u e ie s e e o n a the sta e a e and o c e e to h ndr d lad s t pp d bo rd t b rg , pr e d d

’ f s ac The i e o he r we Co nte Francesco S o rza pal e . br d to k seat bet e n him o e i ne a a o and all e ai to the u a and the Fl r nt mb ssad r, r p red D c l

a a e The e to ia a his au e -ih P l c . Doge cam the P zz to meet d ght r law who wa e w him fo a to the o f the , lked b t een and S rz foot s ai w e e she was met o a e ssa a ai o f t rs , h r by the D g r and tr n ﬁfty

ies e e n the a a e w e e am i s u s o f e e a . l d Th y tered p l c , h r d o nd r v lry “ ” i n all e m e as a a ia e - e and danc g w nt rry m rr g b ll .

The n da o e fo a in a co an e wi the s o s o f ext y C nt S rz , c rd c th cu t m

a au se a u a e n to be e i n o o o f the th t time, c d to rn m t h ld h n ur

we i i n a o f . a w e n the i e was iece dd ng the Squ re St M rk, h pr z a p

f c o f o a ue a at 1 0 i i and fo r o loth g ld , v l d , says S nudo , 4 zecch n , which forty competitors co ntended . In the eve ni ng there was F Two Do es o enice g f V .

an in a a n i n a ace w e n u i o f o c i n s a d c g g i the p l , h the G ld the St k g g ve

the su ppe r. The fo llo wing day the j o usts we re sto ppe d on acco u nt o f such he avy rain that the o nly e ntertain m ent possible

was a o a e e o n is o ne i e u io o in see b t rac , but b y d th nt rr pt n n th g ms

to a e a the o se o f e as in and ncin w ic a e h v m rred c ur f t g da g, h h l st d

fo r e e i in s s v ral days. The rejo c g came to an e nd after a tou rna m ent give n by the Doge as a return for all the cordiality and

’ e e o i w i had ee so ar e in his so o o u g n r s ty h ch b n l g ly shown n s h n r.

i a e fo r ee a s and was i e n a in e Th s l st d thr d y , ev d tly ﬁtt g Clos to a sce ne o f magniﬁcence and Splendour such as Venice neve r wi ne sse inc t d before or s e.

I n e 1 2 o o win s i o f all s Jun of 44 , the f ll g year, in p te the e

a ea s e o i i s F o scari a a n e e his esi i n p g nt and r j c ng , g in te d r d r gnat o , whic was o we e fuse the a e is o ffe was h , h ver, r d by Sen t . Th r

’ e i e n e e a o n the o e s a fo r ee a he v d tly v ry r l D g p rt, as thr d ys

e aine s in his o o s e f si to a e his e i io b ut r m d hut up r m , r u ng lt r d c s n ,

a be was ai o n to do he co nse n e a i ﬁn lly prev led so, and t d ga nst

his i n hi o affai s w ll a d s bette r j udgme nt to remain at the head f r . Was it that he fe lt his stre ngth and his po we rs unequal fo r the “ o s o r was i t a the o o o f n e e a i p t, th t gl m comi g v nts c st the r shado ws to o pro phe tically o ver a future fraught with such wo e

We c We n w a and misery to his house ' annot say. o ly kno th t F o scari remaine d to m ee t the fate fro m which he had tried in

ai to e s a e w ic was to the ain e his v n c p , and h h embitter rem d r of

if d ei l e an r gn .

e e n o n es d i es we ma n e B for enlargi g th e omest c troubl , y ot

a the t st o f a u a 1 e u e i u e th t on J n ry, 44 3 , Pop E g n s preach d

a sa and e u o i is o n cru de, call d p n Ven ce to furn h a c nti gent o f war to c e a was help the good aus , and the c ll promptly o e bey d . This same year bro u ght with it a serious lo ss to the Venetians

the ea o f e n a a e who die ua in d th th ir ge er l , G ttam lata, d at Pad , Two D e e og s of Ven ic . 83 w e he was i e and w e e the a i ce u st ian s a ue h re bur d , h r m gn ﬁ nt eq e r t t 1 e rec e his o o ai his a e to all a es t d to mem ry pr cl ms f m g .

f o w n e a io an ni an e co o a a o o f The oll i g y r G v Fr c s G nz g , L rd

' n ie a u a . H e se r i s as e ne r l M t , d d had ved dur ng several year G a o f e u i but had e e ai ne o e the u e o f the R p bl c, b n g d v r by D k

i an to e s o use his au se and fo r so e ime had a s ro n M l p c , m t proved t g and a i e fo e e i ct v to V n ce.

i s i e o we F o scari fo r ro m i e io It t m , h ver, to return to , f th s p r d

a e the o u es w ic e s a o w his i and d t tr bl h h b gan to over h d h story, w i e e fa to so a i an e i the 1 o f h ch w r ted have tr g c nd ng. On 7th

e u a 1 an a usa io n ains a o o F o scari was ai F br ry, 44 5 , cc t ag t J c p l d

e fo e the o n i o f T e n I n it was sai to a e ac e e b r C u c l . he d h v c pt d

if o f ewe s and m o e and no t o o his e o w g ts j l n y, these nly fr m f ll c i i s bu t w a a the o ffe c o e e o s i o the t zen , h t m de n e m r h in u st ll , fr m

’

u e o f i a co n i n . The e was D k M l n , his u try s b tterest e emy charg a a e o ne fo r e was e a e nice a e w i h gr v , ther xt nt in V decre h c fo rbade bo th to the Do ge and to eve ry me mber o f his family the a e an e o f if s be e o f w a o e wo fro m cc pt c g t , th y h t s rt th y uld , 1 is law o f a o s in in na u e was e ne we n o e . a y n Th , m t b d g t r , r d by “ r o e i n his o issio ne and to it F o scari had u c ibe eve y D g Pr m , s bs r d i n his u n is law aco was a se o f io i and the t r . Th J po ccu d v lat ng, Co uncil o f T en su mmo ne d him to appear befo re them and ai hi a h answe r the charge l d at s d o or. The be ds o f t e C o u ncil at a o e we e ra c s o e ano io nni e mo and th t m m nt r F n e co L r d , G va M ,

o ao o na o and as was usu in ca es o f a e i o rta e a Erm l D t , , al s gr v mp nc ,

i nta o r a i io o f ten e e s was a e the u n i g u , dd t n m mb r , dd d to Co c l , and a command o f abso lute secre cy and sile nce enj o ine d o n the

1 is D ona e o and on se con in re nown to the one to Colleoni It by t ll , ly d by i nice Verrocch o at Ve . 3 “ Erano se erissime e a ra ione le e i che ro i i ano al o e e a v , g , l gg p b v d g ’ qualunque individuo della sua farniglia l acce ttar doni da chicchessia e so tto ”— ua si fo sse re es o . Romanin to m . iv . lib. x . ca . . q l p t t , , , p x es o 84 Two Dog f Venice.

e a c i o f his an is proc edings. Th t Ja opo had some susp cion d ger evide nt fro m the fact that o n the fo llo wing day he was not to

i i i was i e him i n w i e be fo und . A l m ted t me ass gn d h ch to app ar

o e the i bu t a no t es i i wi i bef r Counc l, J copo pr ent ng h mself th n

a i o e was a a e to i n his so n th t t me, the D g ppe l d order to summon and to i nduce him to appear fo r trial and submit to the investiga

i o f us i e F o scari i e was no t a w to in t ons j t c . h ms lf llo ed sit the ’ i o r to a the e i io n as to his s v i Counc l , ttend d l berat s son erd ct, there being a law which fo rbade the presence o f the Do ge when affai rs relating to him or his relati o ns were u nde r discussion by ‘ i a is law e is was e rv no t n the Counc l . Th t th x ted , and obs ed o ly no w u t we s a see o n e i as we , b , as h ll , subsequ nt occas ons ll, is suﬂi c ient proo f that J aco po did no t re ce ive the sentence o f e xile f o o u o f his o wn fa e as so e w i e a e o a r m the m th th r, m r t rs h v r m n

T he o u n i o f T e n i e e o f the o ica de c a e . e t lly l r d C c l , nd p nd ntly D ge,

asse se n e n e a o o and a se en he had bo w . p d t c on J c p , to th t nt ce to Thro ugho ut in this trial we are struck by the j u stice and in

h s f e nice H e r e u i as e o i o ut te rit o f t e aw o . g y l V R p bl c , B rlan p nts ,

was an a is oc a i o ne i n all to the a r t r t c , but honour truth be it s id ,

a e e o e an in an o the a is o c rac w e th t h r , m r th y other c untry, r t y er

ec e e wi the o i i e s to o s r o f subj t d , qually th ther c t z n , the b e vance

l w had to ne e to ec ee s o f s a e i n sa e the a . They k l the d r t t the m way that the image o f the Do ge k nee ls be fo re the lio n ho lding ” 3 i o s e n his paw the o pe n bo o k o f the G p l .

1 “ I n the re se nce o f the same Sir u e nei e r s a be rea e neit er p D k th h ll t t d, h s a be s o en n ei er s a be iscusse in s re a in to him or to his h ll p k , th h ll d d th g l t g so ns no r s a it be o ssi e to rea o f in s co n ce rnin the re a ions of the , h ll p bl t t th g g l t ” sai D u e . I n i sius omini ucis raesen ia de re us ad i sum v el d k ( p D D p t , b p , io suo s n nti us no n tractetur lo uatur v el con sulatur sicut no n ad ﬁl s ta ge b , , q , , us n d in n in i u po test quando tractatur de reb ta ge ntibus a att e tes Do m D cis. ) 3 “ 1 due F o scari m emo rie s o rico -cri ic e co n D ocum en i ne i i ra i , t t h t I d t , t tt a i arc i i se cre i del onsi io dei Die ci dei re a i e del a io r d gl h v t C gl , P g d M gg i o 1 2 o nsi io di rancesco e r an . o r n 8 . C gl , F B l T , 5 Two D es o enice 8 og f V . 5

’ o o fs o f aco o s u i we e wa i n and s e e was Pr J p g lt r not nt g, ent nc

asse o n e m in hi m to e e u a i e at au i i n p d c d n g p rp t l ex l N pl a,

o u a i e e i f R m n a. H r he was to spe nd the re ma nder o his life ;

he was no t a owe e an e e se an and v da he ll d mor th thr rv ts, e ery y

was to e se n se f to the e o o f the o w o u he pr t him l Gov rn r t n . Sh ld

e e iso e e e e e and a i n the a o f law v r d b y th s d cre s, f ll to h nds the , then all ho pe o f mercy was at an e nd he was to be taken to the

ace o f e e u io e we e two o and his ea pl x c t n b t n the c lumns, h d

se e e f o his o a he die w i e his a s v r d r m b dy th t , h l ccu er should

’ ece i e a e wa o f s to be ai f his o o s r v r rd ducat , p d rom (Jac p )

o s o u s c a su m be fo o in if no t the e go d , sh ld u h rthc m g, , mon y ‘ s o u be o i e the a e na ie s we e so asse h ld pr v d d by st te . P lt r al p d

’ u o n aco o s se an who had i n an wa o nn i e at his u i p J p rv ts y y c v d g lt,

and who as i d him i n his i to i es e w e he was s ste ﬂ ght Tr t , her still

i n i i n The e n e ce a in asse the o n i o f T e n h d g. s t n h v g p d C u c l ,

was e n e a efo the a o u i and i e s a th r d b re Gre t C nc l, l k all t te “ do c um e nts was h eade d ' N os Francisc us F o scari and these

wo s w ic we e in e a i bu t a o m i i n in rd , h h r r l ty f r mply g the name ” o f law a e i ve ise to the is a e i ea a F o scari the , h v g n r m t k n d th t

i s f ss n e n u o n his so n h m e l sat i n j u dgm en t and pa ed se t ce p . On the co a the o e in his a aci o f ince and fa was ntr ry, D g , c p ty pr ther, appl ied to by the Co u nc il to pe rsu ade his so n to give u p his i ll

o en e e n s and c n o his e in w ic c g tt pr s t o f rm to v rdict, h h ase the T en conse nted to draw a veil o ver so me past offe nces co m

mitted a o o fo r w ic he i s i be e es o nsi e . by J c p , and h h m ght t ll h ld r p bl We read that the Do garessape titio ne d fo r leave to go to Trie ste to se e he r so n bu t i was e fuse and as aco o e ine to , th s r d , J p d cl d

e i e his o o s the e na e o e e o e isa o to d l v r up g d , S t rd r d Marc Tr v n

to e e e i e e w ic o a e proceed Trie st and x cute the r d cr e, h h b re d t

’ h 1 a e ti e a o o s o sess o s w i t . Apr l 7 , 445 At the s m m J c p p s i n ere

o n sca e and all i io o n his e a fo i e . c ﬁ t d, ntercess n b h lf rb dd n

1 D l r i n o ice C . c asse vn. a . anu o o ﬁn . a c a a S d , MSS , M , C d DCCX IV , l , It l 86 Two Doges of Ven ice.

The harshness o f which the Cou ncil o f T e n has be en accused ‘ as no t so i F o r o u m o n w r go ro u s as has been repre sented . f r ths J aco po re maine d at Trie ste ; and whe n at the e nd o f that time ’ he was e n ill o f the m e s o f T e n e a e tak there, some emb r the pl d d fo r him and a u i n the a o f his i ness and o f , rg g, from f ct ll ’ ‘ T rev isano s ea a the ce was n a a e e e was d th, th t pla u he lthy, d cr

’ asse a the e a s o f aco o F o scari s hea t e o nsi e ed p d th t r son J p l h b c d r , which are su ch as to preve nt his go ing to the place o f banish

e n and a in ea o f u ia s o u e o e e iso m t, th t st d Na pl he h ld r m v to Tr v , w e a to o i o the u n a n o i e a wa s ha ith l ve g nt co try rou d , pr v d d l y t t

e s o n o t n r i he acco in h h u ld o t verste p he bo u da y. Th ther rd gly wen i i e in e e i e in a o f his t, no add tional r gour b g x rc s d reg rd

ea m a u a ase o n i nin a uan i o f u a s and tr t ent, ltho gh c , c ta g q t ty d c t o e in s was o u n i n his o ssessio n the if s a c in to th r th g , f d p , g t , c ord g ‘ i o ne a o f e a s o fo a S m tt , Cont Fr nce c S rz .

On the 1 e e e 1 to o e o anin F o scari 3th S pt mb r, 447, qu t R m ,

e se n e a o s o in i a i to o u n i e mi in pr t d m t m v g suppl c t on the C c l , r nd g

e o f his s a o ld a e o e e o u o f th m mo t unh ppy g , t rm nt d by the th ght not be ing able to do all he wo u ld and might do fo r the goo d o f the e u i a a a e to o i nsu o e o es bu t R p bl c, ggr v t d by pp rtabl tr ubl , chie ﬂy i n ﬁ ndi ng him se lf de prived o f the o nly so n le ft to him in ” H u e h he h d a i in this wo rld . e rg d o w a neve r s p red h mself

e i a as all in o un ew we and i o e s rv ng the st te, the C cil kn ll, mpl r d

Romanin says five . 1 ese we re n o nio ie o n rea Zu ian i An o nio da esaro arin Th A t D d , A d l , t P , M Zane ico e nar o and a i nz — c r i — Rom i r r n Sora o . Co d. o a c t an n . , N lo B d , M t p 3 re isano had fa e n ill and i o f i T v ll d ed so n a te r his arrival at Tr este . ’ n e o im o n e a fo r as secre ar had een em o e him in A g l S tt , S z t y, b pl y d by enice fo r i e rs m o ne ran sac io ns but the e na e n in he was a so V d v y t t , S t fi d g l e mployed by Sfo rza in nego tiatio ns not alto gethe r ho nourable i n re gard of ffairs c use him to be arr s e d wa s a e a a e an sen to an ia. H is e i e s t t , d t d t C d x l s o rt as in 1 we find him in the ca aci of m e ia o r e ween fo r a and h , 449 p ty d t b t S z ic the Republ ,

88 Tw o Doges of Ven ice.

it it a ain and a ai the i e o f ea e s m e n and w h g g n in l v s her gr t t , see ho w willingly the y bo we d their heads fo r a st e ppi ng-sto ne

i n Th that Ve nice m ght use a d then ﬂing aside . e sacriﬁce was co s an e an and i i m w e a e o n n t tly d m ded , the v ct s er r r ly f u d i want ng. D u ri ng all this time the disputes betwe e n Ve nice and M ilan

’ ne o n s e o in i i o s effo s o i n had go i n weari o m c nt uity. F l pp rt t reta his so n- i h -law o a as his e a and the es a , Sf rz , g ner l , struggl m de by

e nice to e him to i a e fo a o o u e e V s cure the r c us , rm mon t no s th m i n he n o ia io s so o e n e is in a t eg t t n ft x t g betwe en the two st tes .

h w ne o m We read o at o m ent Po pe E uge nius IV . had sco m u nico a su ono di campane e fuo co e acqu a il Co nte Francesco

o a w n i n e e o f e e i ns who it a e a Sf rz he the s rvic the V n t a , , pp rs, ‘ s we re much displea ed at this se nte nce . T o ge t rid o f this e o u nica io n fo had a e e to o m e xc mm t S rza tt mpt d g to Ro , but

ein u na e do so e is a a e o n w i was b g bl to , he d v ed b nn r h ch “ i sc i ' i a la iesa e o ia il m al o nsi io e i a n r bed V v Ch , mu c gl , v v

” ’ u nio B ut e e n i a e to f e n the o e s n e Papa E ge . v th s f il d so t P p a g r and e sen me and an s a u e ni wo u no t r t nt, S udo tell us th t E g us ld rece ive him . The cease less wars betwee n Ven ice and Milan were stopped

r a i e ea o f u i i o o n 1 o f u s fo wh l by the d th D ke F l pp the 3th A gu t,

was a o f the o se o f i n and e e 1 447 . He the l st h u V sco ti, had v r

co n i e n o f him bee n a re le ntless fo e to Ve nice . The ac u ts g v

s e e represe nt him unde r an aspect far from attractive. Po s ss d

a n i ea o f e and o f as assi a io e in by a h u t ng dr d d ath s n t n , he liv d co ns n su s i io o f all who a e him and e o ta t p c n appro ch d , s ld m

i ld o nic e he was s o we i se n ic . u o n O h d h m lf publ To q te a chr l ,

o f a e a in and o s as u e i e a i n i i and e a gr t m d m t t t ; l b r l g v ng, r dy

n at e e to fo rgive ; an enemy to slo th ; eage r to ru le. Whe p ac

he u fo r war and w e n at war he e i . H e ew so ght , h d s red peace kn

1 D olﬁn . a a arciana. MSS , ll M w D es en ice T o og of V . 89

to assu e and e e i e i o f his e a o f a we ll ho w m d c v . Speak ng f r de th a d o f nfec io n the s w i a s a who n i t , ame r ter dd th t he ordered all we re ill with the plague to be re m o ved fro m the town o f Milan

n e i u s s to be n fo r w ic Go d a a d th r ho e bur t, h h for m ny years ‘ i n wi es i e n affl icted the peo ple o f M la th p t l ce .

’ the im e o f i i o s ea a o o Co lleo ni who At t F l pp d th , B rt l mmeo ,

had ee n his e ne a was in i iso n e n at a. o n b g r l , mpr m t Monz Pr ﬁti g

’ the o ccasio n o f the e s e a he o n i e es a e and by Duk d th c tr v d to c p ,

a s e e his se i e to the e ne ia e u ic . i e tr n f rr d rv c s V t n R p bl Th s y ar,

to o saw the ea o f e nius . and the e e i to the , d th Eug IV , l ct on

i o e o o o as . as a a a Pop d m f N c l V (T mm o S rz n ) .

1 0 45 .

e u in to the e e so a is o r o f the F oscari R t rn g mor p r n l h t y , we ﬁnd that fro m the time when J aco po had bee n allo wed to re tu rn i n ee o m to e i e e e ea s had a d o the fr d V n c , thr y r el pse , and fr m sile nce which co ve rs th o se years we may co ncl u de that he had live d i n su ﬂi ci e nt re tire m e nt and se clusio n to allay the su spicio ns

A s ma i n sa s is o i n o f fo rm e r times . Ro n y H t r a s and chro nicle rs

’ are alike sile nt o ve r J aco po s actio ns d uring that tim e and it is o nly whe n new misfo rtu n es arise that his nam e 15 again

in o n n e e i e s in e bro ught t promi e c . A t rr ble d t y seem d to hang o e the use F o scari and i e the o f w o s v r ho of , that pr nc , glory h e na e o u o w o e o f e was me resound d thr gh ut the h l Europ , destined ” 1 in his o wn o e ea ife o f i e ne . A nd so i n e h us to l d a l b tt r ss , de d , i t o e pr v d .

the nin o f the th o f b 1 0 e was On eve g s Novem er, 45 , a murd r

T e ic i was o o r in e n an Almoro o i . h c mm tted v t m Erm lao ( , V eti , )

1 . v a ian arciana Cod. c asse n . . See too ene M DCCLXXXVIII , l , It l , , V t ’ u ies o ra io ro wn . 1 6 and Sismondi s is o ire des Ré u i ues St d , by H t B , p 5 , H t p bl q i m v . c a . ii . . 8 a iennes to . . lt l , , h p , p 9 3 R o manin lib . x. ca . . , , p x 0 Two D 9 oges of Venice.

o na o who as the ea e ma was o ne o f the D t , , r d r y remember, h e ads o f the Co u ncil o f Ten whe n Jaco po F o scari had been e xil e d in 1 444 . He was assassinate d while retu rning to his

o use at Sta. aria o o sa o n ea i the e h M F rm , l v ng D u cal Palac ,

‘ w e e he had a e n i the o n i o f the e a i T he h r been tt d ng C u c l Pr g d . day fo llo wi ng the u sual Giu nta was added to the Co u ncil o f

T en and in u i i and i n e i a io ns we e e ia e ns i , q r es v st g t r imm d t ly i t 2 tuted. s i io s fe in u n o n iffe e n eO le no i Su p c n ll t r d r t p p , but l ght see m ed forthco ming in spite o f the o ffe r o f a reward o f li to w o e e u e no u nc the e e and ire re h v r sho ld d e murd r r, l s ho uld the denu nciatio n lead to his appre he nsio n . Large fa to o we e e o u t w o e e s o u e a the vours, , r h ld to h v r h ld b tr y o ffe n i w e e ve n o ffe e to an who m i h ave der, and br bes er r d y g t h a sis i n the c i o e a wa e we e no t the ac a s ted r me, pr vid d l ys th y r tu l

n e i h fo i n anu ar no sco e was e i . t e w i a e d l qu nt T ll llo g J y d v ry m d , but early in that m o nth a de nu nciatio n was made to the C o u ncil

T e n . The n o f the a cu e was e e bu t n e the of ame c s d utt r d, u d r seal o f such inte nse secre cy that whoever sho uld bre athe it o utside the Co uncil sho u ld i ncur the penalty o f b e i ng put to

r as nd de ath i n priso n . J aco po F o sca i w that name ; a a decre e wa i asse a o i i n his a e s ne f s acco rd ngly p d uth r z g rr t. O o the

’ reaso ns fo r this arre st was as fo llo ws The m o rning afte r Do nato s

u e a se a o f a o o i i e o am e h d b ee m e t a m rd r rv nt J c p , Ol v r by n , a n t ” e e e o i i o ne o f w o ado re di o u ne Mestre by B n d tt Gr tt , the a g c m .

is a e i n i e o f i i wh o was e o in o a i n Th l tt r qu r d Ol v ero, mpl yed l d g wo o o n a a the t est e w f i e and was o o f d b rge, la n s rom Ven c , t ld the m u o f D o a o mm i e o the nin o e rder n t , co tt d nly eve g bef r .

1 o na o i e fo r two a s af er he was wo un e and ie o n the th of D t l v d d y t d d, d d 7

o em e r e re ssin his e sire to ar on his un no wn m u r e re r. N v b , xp g d p d k d 3 The rs of e se was uc ino Ze n af e r him ico M udaz io and en ﬁ t th L h , t N lo , th ’ a eo Vittu ri the ' in of ra o n s am assa o r but the inno cence of eac M tt , g A g b d , h d in u n to eir r s had le t r th elea e.

1 Two Doges of Ven ice . 9

s s o its wa the e o f the T e n and was u e Thi tory f und y to ars , j dg d

an a cu sa io o f suffi cie nt impo rtance to fo rm the grou nd for c t n .

i i a w o f the ai e e H o w co uld Ol v e ro h ve kno n murder, s d th y, unl ss he had himse lf be e n implicate d in it ' It was also brought

h had e e se e the ni efo e at o fo rward that e b n n ght b r , the h ur

w e the e a i e u au n i the eci c s o f uca h n Pr g d brok p, h t ng pr n t the D l Palace ; so ho w came it that he sho uld ﬁ nd himself at such an e arly ho ur at M estre fo r no more o ste nsible re ason than that o f lo ad ing woo d o n to a bo at ' It was urged that he must have

ﬂed o i e a e i i the and o n is ea fr m Ven c ft r comm tt ng murder, th pl

he was arrested and brought back to the to wn . We m u st co n

clude a e e is so e e e e o f all se s a e e th t th r m l m nt truth in the t t m nts, but at the sam e tim e the re is a discrepancy i n the dates o f these

e e n s w i s i i n o n he e a i i i o v t h ch ca ts susp c o t story r l t ng to Ol v er .

T he assassina io n as we no w o ace e 1 0 t , k , to k pl in Nov mber, 45 ,

and the o o win o ni it was sai i ie was at es e f ll g m r ng, d, Ol v ro M tr

l oa i wo and e in the ew o f the i e f i d ng od, t ll g n s n ght b ore to Gr tti

his a e o ace in a a 1 1 so ho w can we a o n rr st to k pl J nu ry, 45 , cc u t fo r the inte rval o f th ese two m o nths i n which no ste ps we re

a en fo r a e i him and u i w ic i e he had he had t k rr st ng , d r ng h h t m ,

o c asio fo r i w su e a e a ai e i e f o f s c an c n ﬂ ght, ould r ly h v v l d h ms l u h

i n e r a and no t a e wai e as it we e o e as o f t v l , h v t d, r , the g od pl ure

the o i T e n to s him ' ha o to o was C unc l of arre t W t bject, , to be gained by the Co u ncil in o ffe ring rewards and bribes fo r the apprehension o f the murd e rer if all the time they had him in the ir grasp '

we u n to a a e a . o m him If t r Berl n, the c se b comes cle rer Fr we learn that the day fo llo wing the murder the who le to wn was

u o f n w and easu e w a e n the a e o is f ll the e s, m r s ere t k by st t t d

c the au o o f . i n all i ortan ue stions the us ual over th r it As mp t q ,

i u a was a e to the o i o f T en and it was eci G nt dd d C unc l , d ded that fo r three days the rewards that sho uld be give n to 9 2 the de nu nciato r of the crime should be p u blicly cried alo ud in the o wn and i n the o n a o u and a ec e e affi e to a t c u try r nd , d r x d co lu mn o n the Rialto adve rtising the p rize h e ld o u t fo r dis c o e in the e e a o Of the ee ha o n th v r g p rp tr t r d d . All t t m th e T e n awai e acc sa io s and awai e i n in n h h a . O t e 2 t o we e t d u t n , t d v 7 , h v r, a ce ain uc i o Ze n was had u e fo e e and e a ine rt L h n p b r th m x m d .

H e was fo n i o e n and ee o n the th ece e and u d nn c t, fr d 9 of D mb r, fu rthe r bribes and o ffers were held o u t in the h o pe s o f arriving a the ffe n t o der.

1 45 1 .

z ud o f an ar 1 1 o e o e we e a e the On the J u y, 45 , m r n bl s r dd d to

o n i as o o ne cau se o r ano e the e e s o f C u c l , , fr m th r, m mb r the “ ” s a e u e in n o n he m Giu nta we re o mewh t r d c d umber. Am g t we e o o f no e a e in enice and it was e o e r s me the bl st n m s V , b f r this tribu nal that an accu satio n was bro u ght against J aco po

F c ri and an awn e au o i in his a es o s a . , order dr up by th m th r z g rr t

o a so i e e was e n o i e o n all and an i The m st b lute s l nc j n d , y h nt o utside the walls o f the C o uncil Chambe r as to the name o f the

ffe was n i ea in is o r as it is o e o nder to be pu shed by d th pr on , , m r i ” ica s a e i n a ian n ca ce o i . aco e mphat lly t t d the It l , r re f rt J po

s a i n is n and two a ans we a o i e wa ccord gly impr o ed , gu rdi re pp nt d to be i n co nstant atte ndance i n his priso n i n the capacity o f

wa c e s a i was af e wa a . e an i e r a t h r , and th rd t r rds dded Aft r nt v l

a i w the ea s o f the n i and a s o f several d ys, dur ng hich h d Cou c l l o

o f e e had e e an e i ie was to so me the m mb rs b n ch g d, Ol v ro put

h u e no o n fe s io o ai e hi m . a t e tort r , but c s n bt n d from J copo him l e ne a o o f e in u e a e se lf had u nd rgo the g ny b g tort red mor th n onc , and eve n the warmest admire rs o f the Co u ncil o f T e n can hardly defe nd the treatm e nt that the unfo rt unate man e ndured at their

sa s he was o r ure se era a s e iu o rn i ormen The D olﬁ n MS . y t t d v l d y p z t

Two Do e o ic 94 g s f Ven e.

' ‘ T he i o n Ohvie ro as his e e to be verd ct , or surnam prov d ,

S u ri was s i ic e . H e was o ne e e a g , t ll str t r c ndem d to p rp tu l e i e f o m ne ian e i o and s o u he e e be x l r all Ve t t rr t ry, h ld v r ca u e he was to be to ea e w the two o u s pt r d , put d th b t een c l mn , and a reward of 300 ducats give n to his capto r.

ese eso i s a i n e en de e i e o n the o e who Th r lut on h v g b t rm n d , D g , had een o i e o e e wi all e a e to his fa b f rb dd n, t g th r th r l t d mily,

’ to atte nd the de liberatio ns o f the Great Co u ncil during J aco po s f ia was o m o u e . ea s o f the e at tr l , inf r ed the j dgm nt The h d Gr

o u i who at o e we e o o i ar o a i C nc l , that m m nt r Francesc Z rz , C l M r n , and ao a we e e a c e to a ise F o scari the P lo Barb , r d sp t h d ppr of fa o f son we no e i i the i o the te his , and can t h lp not c ng r ny of i njunctio n with which they enj o ined him to be o f go o d patience “ ” ( et ad ho rtandam suam Se re nita tem ad bo nam patie ntiam )

n hi u nde r the trial which they the mse lves laid upo m . “ T o a se e e i n o e S i n o f the c rry the nt nc to executi n , thr e g ori ” 1 night were appo i nte d by the Council to be tak e themselves o n the e ve ning of the 29th of March to the D u cal Palace with

ei o w e in o ian e wi o e s o f e i c ie fs th r b ats, her , c mpl c th the rd r th r h , ’ they we re to take Jaco po F o scari at 3 o clo ck i n the mo rning ’ nd him to a M ant llo s i The o o wi n is the a transport Luc e sh p . f ll g o e i e n to o m a a o f s i a esc o scari rd r g v the c m nd nt the h p Fr nc o F ,

a o f Go d o o f i . a. We se by the gr ce , D ge Ven ce Luc nd to

o u s i a o F o scari o u r so n who wi be si ne to o y r h p J c po , ll con g d y ur care by the nobleme n o ur o ffi cials o f the night ; and withal

‘ we co mmand that you shall guard and prese rve we ll the said

a o o u r e e o e J c po, and deliver him to government of Cr t , t g ther with the letters which we send yo u addressed to the same

1 “ ” i nore o r U ffi ia e di no e was sa s rown e ne ian u ies the S g z l tt , y B (V t St d ), ” r s h i i n i pictu re sque name for the th ee head o f t e po l ce patro l n Venice . O th s asio n e were ' arco Badoer rancesco om ar o and eonar o o cc th y M , F L b d , L d o in M l . w e T o Dog s of Venice. 9 5

o e e n us as we do in u i io s . a in g v rnm t, tr ting yo r d cret n And h v g

the sai aco o o n o a we o m an in a e f d J p b rd , c m d the n m o the

o i a o u s a o n no acco i m bu t s an C unc l th t y h ll unt d se bark, t d

a e n i e and i i an o e him o u a e to ua and o tt t v v g l t v r y h v g rd, y u shall do yo ur b est to d epart from here as speedily and se cure ly as

o ssi e and c n i e o o s a p bl , o t nu in g d cour e your voy ge to Crete . ” i e e tc . etc . G v n , ,

’ ac o s ie e i e ie a e J op ch f accuser had b en Anton o V n r, V ne tian

o e and to him the T e n an e a en io 2 u n bl , gr t d p s n of 00 d cats

ea wi e a e ea is su m at his e at his o ns y rly, th l v to bequ th th d h to s ; ‘ he was also all o wed the privil e ge to carry arm s and be atte nde d

e e se an s w i e fo r w a e o ffe he i co i by thr rv t ; h l , h tev r nce m ght mm t ,

nei e the o e an o f his nea o f k in i be i e th r D g , nor y r , m ght ent tl d

si t in u n n hi to j dgme t o m. B efo re pro ce e ding furth e r we will fo r a mom e nt co nside r the

ue s io n to in o c e i o f aco F o scari q t as the n enc or gu lt J po , a qu estio n which still re mains unanswe red in spite o f the dis

o u wh c ha c o e to i bu t whi a e no t as e t cl s res i h ve m l ght, ch h v y

i h i s he ea I f we p e rce d t e mystery wh ch enve lo p t d th of Do nato . we igh the reaso ns which wo u ld abso lve o r conde m n J aco po fro m

i i u e to him we ﬁ nd and e e ar the cr me mp t d , the pros cons v ry n ly

a anced and no e i e co nc u sio a i at. we ea b l , d ﬁn t l n rr ved Thus r d ,

’ fo r i ns an e t a afte o a o u e a o o a e no ffo t c , h t r D n t s m rd r, J c p m d e rt to s a e o e ic as had o e o n the o cas o n o f his e c p fr m V n e, he d n c i

s a a io a ai his ac s was a o n o n w o ﬁr t ccus t n ; g n , cu er not pers h m

uc iance u be ce fo r we him s o e o f as m h rel co ld pla d , ﬁnd p k n “ i e isu i v i io s and his e u n ia io to the o n i tr st , d t le, z o , d n c t n C u c l

o f T e n was asc i e to esi o f ain o lo sital r b d solely a d re g (g ) . A more fo rc ible pro o f o f his i nnoce nce is to be fo u nd in the fact

1 This was a privilege only granted o n ce rtain o ccasions to some o f the heads of the go ve rnment . 3 — o i di ronaca e nier anu a F r. oscari . C V . S d , V t F Two e o enice 96 Dog s f V .

’ a a e w i a ac o e io e ai o o th t littl h le fter J opo s c nd mnat n , a c rt n Nic l Erizzo co nfe sse d on his deathbe d that he had assassinate d

o na o a in o o u t o f e e anc o a o who in his D t , h v g d ne so v ng e on D n t , ,

a a i o f a o a o e had eno e him as ie f e e c p c ty vv g d r , d unc d a th b for

h s he o . as o e i we a a in i t F rty And , l tly, the D g m ght ll ple d th t

’ n s ia an iso e s had ee a owe e a e e s so tr l m y d rd r b n ll d, sev r l m mb r be ing admitte d to the Great Co uncil who had no right to

e n w i e o who s o a e e n e s e e att d , h l thers h uld h v be pr ent had b n exclude d to gether with the fact that no clear evidence o r pro of o f guilt was forthcoming i n the co nd e m natio n o f his son no n

’ v e ra chiare zza alc una ne co nfessio ne che lo d annasse Against all this we must also place the reaso ns which wo u ld

’ o i aco s i and o n e we a o i to p nt to J po gu lt, am g th m ﬁnd , cc rd ng

a u a in s i e o f i e se e s who w e S n do , th t p t the mm n numb r er

e o e to the e and his fa i i n en i e a o d v t d Dog to m ly V c , the m j rity

’ i n the i e ie e a o o o a o e e a so a c ty b l v d J c p to be D n t s murd r r l , th t the e nmity betwee n the ho uses o f Fo scari and Donato at that ‘ i - o o was o e and a we o w i . a e t time m st b tt r, ll kn n th ng We h v , , the d eclaratio n o f the Co u ncil o f T en ( no S light matter “ ” w e we co ide a is o u ci wi the iu n a was h n ns r th t th C n l , th G t ,

se o f no es m en i n n i who in en enci compo d the bl t Ve ce) , s t ng

a o o e i e ain aine fro o o s and wri i s J c p to x l m t d that, m the pr f t ng

o u a ains him his u i was c e We a so ea a br ght g t , g lt l ar. l r d th t

’ ’ Da Le zze s suggestio n o f abando ni ng the trial becau se Ve nie r s

ac sa io n was o n e o esi e o f ai fe to the cu t ly urg d fr m d r g n , ll

ro n no o ne a in su e the o ti and the e g u d , h v g pport d m on , v ry

n e da the au e was o u a ai the u i a io o f xt y c s c ntin ed ; g n, s ppl c t n the e a e e o ne and c e him to be wo Dog , ll g d by C r r, de lar d by rthy “ o f all cre de nce ( degnissima di is no t eno ugh to pro ve

1 Berlan enlarges on the disco rd betwe en the two families later on in his ’ ’ is o r and m o re in co nne c io n wi F o scari s e osi ion an wi aco o s h t y, t th d p t th th J p accusa io n . uc o f the fo o win cco un is fr r t M h ll g a t o m his histo y.

o n i e 9 8 Two Doges f Ve c . o n the m fo r the aid they had lent eithe r in p erso n o r i n mo ney

e o f i an to the Duk M l . We have a brilliant account i n all the histo ri es and chro nicl es i f o f the da o f the e e io i en is e a to e c . o y, r c pt n g v th y r Fr der k I I I

h e c h d e an and is i e eo no a o f o u a . e a G rm y, br d , El r P rt g l Fr d ri k

e e to a e s fo r his a ia e and had a e u o e b n N pl m rr g , p ss d thro gh R m ,

H e was w e o e i o as c owne him m o . h re P p N ch l V. had r d E per r

no w e nin e an and s o e o n his wa at e n ce r tur g to G rm y, t pp d y V i ,

w r i n the ess did no t acco a he e he arr ve d by la d . Why Empr mp ny

we an o sa she a e a few a s a e sea and him , c n t y , but c m d y l t r by , was m e at i o o de l i o a o nna la a essa OII t S . N c l L d by M d Dog r “ o a the u ce tau wi a u i e o f 200 adie de c i n i s b rd B n r, th s t l s ked s lk ,

e we s and o o f o i n o u s o . The was n j l , cl th g ld pr f i n Empress o ly

e e and a e e e o ew a o es wi all the ﬁft n, must h v b n s m h t ppr sed th

e e o nies an fu n i n c r m d ct o ns she was called u po n to partake i . A great re ceptio n was he ld i n he r h o no u r in the Sala Nuo va o f the

uca ace w e e esides e se f and the e o e e w D l Pal , h r b h r l Emp r r th r ere

’ a s e e the i o f a m o s ne e w the l o pr s nt K ng Hung ry, the E per r ph ,

f u nd i e ia e s s e aine o ia a o e s. Duke A str , th r The mp r l gu t r m d

we e a s i n e i w e re w e e r ain at the t lv d y V n ce, h they er nte t ed e xpe nse o f the state ; ﬁfte e n ho u se s we re se t aside fo r their reside nce m o st co stly gifts we re sho we re d upo n th e m no mo urni ng was allowe d to be wo rn while the y re main e d ; fetes

o f e e i n w e ins i e and a u o is e i n i v ry k d er t tut d , S n d v de tly r ght “ ” w e n he sa s e w we a e se n accarre z z to h y th y ere ll c r s d (be e a ) . ’ H e also te lls u s that the Do ge s dau ghter-i n -law co uld no t go o n the Bu centaur to rece ive the Empress o n accou nt o f the affair

o f he r u s a d and a the o e fo r th e a o e use h b n , th t D g e sam re s n r f d

to o o u the o u nci o f T e n had e i e him o do so g , th gh C l d s r d t .

his e a saw the fa o f o ns an i o The e o o n T y r ll C t t n ple . Emp r r J h

a e o o u had die i n 1 8 e a in no issu e and his o ne P l l g s d 44 , l v g , thr

was c aim e his two su i in o e s o ns anti ne and l d by rv v g br th r , C t

m t iu T he u e s io n s to e i i s s ce sio n had D e e r s. q t a th r r ght o f uc s e Two Doges of Venic . 99

e e e e to u Amu rath who e ci e in a u be n r f rr d the S ltan , d d d f vo r of

o ns a ine . 1 1 Amu rath ie and was e ede his C t nt In 45 d d , succ d by so n ah e new was we aw wea , M om t II . The Sultan ll are of the k

a i n w ic o ns i e fo n i e he w to o st te h h C tant n u d h ms lf ; kne , , the apathy evince d by the Christian rul e rs i n regard Of the

’ e o s e fen e ss co i io he u e o e Emp r r d c le nd t n , and j dg d the m m nt a in o n i n i i f s an ino e ﬁtt g e wh ch to regain po ssess o n o C o n t t pl .

H e e e the w o e his f ce w i a o u e coll ct d h l of or s, h ch m nt d to three

u n e an m e n and o e two n e a e a h dr d thous d , v r hu dr d rm d g lleys , and as e i o wn T o wi an so fo i a h ten d to bes ege the t . thst d rm d ble a host Co nstanti ne co u ld o nly muste r an army o f fro m nine to ten o u sa men b ut he a an e a e to all th nd , m de earn st pp al

i n o s ec ia eni e to assis him a ai ns Chr ste d m , and e p lly to V c , t g t ” the . is e m et wi fee e e o win Turk Th app al th but bl r sponse, g, “ a u to the us e in w the es e s ys Dar , exha t d state hich all W t rn

' o f o s p we rs ou nd the m se lves at that mom e nt fr m intestine war . ' i e no a and i e we m e an e ﬂo rt to l o ns a . G Ven c , ho ver, ad he p C t nt ne To both o f these states the o verthro w o f Co nstantinopl e was

a es io n t a se i o us affe c e e i co e e and co n qu t h t r ly t d th r mm rc ,

i i o e i o n e i sequ ently mpe rilled the r pr sp r ty t no small e xte t . Th r i nterest was greate r than that o f m o st othe r po we rs in pre venti ng the d estructio n of a to wn with w hich they drove a ﬂourishing

e and w e e s a i e u o e the trad , to hos pr erv t on th y sho ld have dev t d

who le o f the ir en ergies.

B fo r ni e i as i o ssi H er wa s o n u t Ve c th s w mp ble . r the

ai a o u e s fu fo r the o s a had x au s e m nl nd , th gh succ s l m t p rt, e h t d

he r na ce and aine he r su ies so a she was in a a e ﬁ n s dr d ppl , th t c p bl o f pro vidi ng e ithe r tro o ps o r gall eys fo r the d efe nce o f a city o n

w i so o f o wn we -b in de e e She co u h ch much her ll e g p nd d . ld

o n fu nis a e s w i w e e se n u n e the o m an ly r h ﬁve g ll y , h ch r t d r c m d o f J aco po Lo red ano to the aid o f the Gre e k Empero r bu t o wing

ne e a a a o e the s i s o n eac e o n a no to o d l y fter n th r, h p ly r h d C st nti pl e

1 D arn is o ire de cuise vo l i re xvi , H t V , . l v . 1 00 Two Do es e e g of V nic .

“ a a was a ea in he ea u in n fter th t city lr dy the hands of t l g er g i ﬁd el . ’

o a i o u a was ff c i . e Gen s cont ngent, th gh sm ll, more e e t ve She s n t

two a e s i o f war i a i s i ia i o l rg h ps under G ov nni G u t n n , and th s f rce arrived i n time to assist the noble effo rt C o nstantine was still

a i e his i n o is i B ut all was i n m k ng to preserv k gd m and h c ty .

i w o f the s i e is nd i va n . The po er Turks wa rr s tible a the r

e i au i e and o i wi his a o f resourc s nexh st bl , C nstant ne th h ndful

o we co do o i a ai u o was f llo rs uld n th ng g nst s ch dds . All lost.

ns i im e f was ai an the e nd Co tant ne h s l Sl n ﬁghting gall tly to , and

f a e e ﬁ ft -two a s o n e e n w a te r si g of y d y C nsta tinopl f ll . The e s ‘ e a o n na o o all h i e m and was i e spr d c ster ti n thr ugh C r st ndo , rece v d wi i at e i e . is o a io n did no t o we th d smay V n c Th c nstern t , h ver, bli nd her as to the wisest co u rse to pursue i n regard o f her o wn

o ic and wi a sa a i w ac e i e all her io p l y ; th g c ty hich char t r z d act ns, and which led her to place her interests befo re all o the r con si e a io ns e e i ne f en wi o d r t , she d t rm d to make ri ds th Mah met wi u e fo r his u o o o m e o a ce o was tho t d lay, and t p rp se Bart l m M r ll

en as her e n a i e to su e to the new a s t repres t t v gg st terms mon rch , and se cure conditions by which to carry o n her i ntercourse ’ i and co mmerce with the East without let o r hindrance . Th s

was i 1 w it was a an ed a an brought about in Apr l , 454, hen rr g th t age nt (Bailo) sho uld be se nt by the Signory to watch o ver the affai rs and intere sts o f all Ve netians trading at Co nstantino ple ; and the ﬁrst who was appo inted to this post was Marcello 3 himself.

1 “ ” - i ni anu o . F u pessima nuova a tutta la Crist a ta. S d is a iance errens ismon i Re . I t. to m . v . ch . vii. ea in o f t S d , p , , Sp k g h ll , P “ ’ a s en ise s en a e a ec a o me . en er u de cet a a e des s y ' V g g v M h t II , v t d g ” - a unes ' iamo ene iani oi ris iani . is o ire de o rence e uis la l g S V z , p C t H t Fl , d p ’ do minatio n des Médicis j usq u a la chute de la République ( 1 434-1 5

is 1 888 . i . ch . iv . . 1 6 . . e rrens ar F. T P , P , , t , , p 4 i im s f w a i fe w ears a er we Marcello did n ot acqu t h el ell s Ba lo . A y l t ﬁ nd him co ndemned by the Co uncil of Pregadi fo r neglect of his d uty and “ wi h ur is ono ura e a i e to God and the Re u ic fo r de alings th t e T k d h bl l k p bl ,

1 0 2 Two Do es enice g of V .

1 ’ is ns o f o ri e a o e s i n o e s o o s—a e pr o the T r c ll ; th r , the D g r m ft r

w i ill and su ffe i as was o all had u n e o e o n h ch , r ng he fr m he d rg n the

ac was s n ac to an ia w e e a a s o i e he ie . r k , he e t b k C d , h r , fter h rt t m , d d The argum e nts that dispro ve the like lih o o d Of this sto ry are

s o n . s ac the a es and asse io n o f iffe tr g In the ﬁr t pl e, d t rt s the d re nt chro nicle s are mo re than e ve r co nfu sed and i nco rrect o n th is i o i n . eco the a e is a o was as e as p t S ndly, pl n d v ed by J cop l k ly

to ai in its o se as e e was no e e and es e ain not f l purp , th r n d l s c rt ty

he w s o e to e i e fo r trial it was no t that ould be umm n d V n c , as probable that the T e n wo u ld call upo n him to answe r inqu i ries

s h n n io i a to a e w i a s es i . l tter h ch d e ve r reache d it d t at n Th rdly, an o ffe nce o f so grave a nat u re co uld no t but prove a con v i ncin a u e i n the an s o f his e n ies and e g rg m nt h d em , enabl t w his c e in u hl it was i e an en e u . o rt hem to ork ompl t r F y, qu t Op

es io n o in as he did to e nic as a a w e e he qu t , c m g V e crimin l, h th r wo be a o we to se e his fa i fo r n e u c i s a e uld ll d m ly, u d r s h c rcum t nc s s e a i h i en p ci l le ave had to be o bta ned fro m t e Co unc l of T .

as if his e had in ea i uc a o in and na a L tly, l tter r l ty s h t uch g tur l o e s e he wo u no t a e wai e i he was o n i n ie es bj ct, ur ly ld h v t d t ll t r p c

the ac to e ea its aim and o e The T en a wa s by r k r v l bj ct . l y

a e afe o n i s u e e a o ne fo r gr nt d a s c duct to ex les, ho ld th y d m nd

the r o s o f e ea in an se e affe i a e and pu p e r v l g y cr t ct ng the st t , we ca o see wh a o o did no t a o is im e me o nn t y J c p d pt th s pl r th d , and a ai i se o f is ean to eac e nice w e he i v l h m lf th m s r h V , h n m ght

u nfo e his s e e and ro a a o i e o o f the have ld d ch m , p b bly v d d s me su ffe rings which his pre se nce in Ve nice co uld no t b ut e ntail o n

nd h w a i h e o to o o f his i se a o n is o . T e a h m lf, h le f m ly ss rti n , ,

1 I n Olden days that part o f the D ucal Palace which e xte nded fro m the wi d fr m is the ri son wa er en rance to . ar was ﬂan e t o we rs an o t t St M k k d h t , th p , “ ” w ic was un ernea is ar was ca e o rrice a o r i e o we r. h h d th th p t, ll d T ll , l ttl T The riso n i se f was o n the to ﬂo or of the a ace and was reser e fo r p t l p p l , v d

e rsons of is inc ion Se e Romanin 1 . iv . ca . ii . . . p d t t . , , p , p 39 w Do es n ce 1 0 T o g of Ve i . 3

e o e o i s o e was n e having und rg n t rture impr bable . Th re no e d fo r him to co nceal his o bj ect i n co m ing to Ve nice ; o n the

co r it was a o f his an it s o u w . ntra y, p rt pl that h ld be kno n

h c s se e to a e e as ws — a in T e real fa t m h ve b n follo E rly June,

1 6 e a n u i i o e a a s a a o i o a i 45 , a c rt i L g B cch tt , l o c lled B ll tt n , rr ved

ne e e i n e nice i i wi him m e a e u xp ct dly V , br ng ng th so p p rs and le tte rs fro m the Go vernor o f Candia relating to Jaco po

The o u n i o f w o m e we e F o scar . i C c l Ten , to h these pap rs r co nsi e o n n e m o ai a s o f s c i gn d, pr ou c d the to c nt n m tter u h mpor “ tance that a Giu nta o f no le ss than twenty e xtra m embers

w s i e o n e w s e e . T e i es e c a a d mand d h str ct t s cre y mpos d th m , and e we e at the sa e i i su e a ains an e a th y r , m t me, n r d g t all d g r th t the e n eance o f the F o scari i ai o n e so a no v g m ght ent l th m , th t

restraint Shou ld preve nt free and fair discussio n o f the subject. Am o ng these pape rs matte rs we re fo u nd o f a nature to create “ ” fresh scandal and diso rde r re lating to the D u ke o f M ilan and

e e we e a so e e e s w i e n in e w i u a th r r lso m l tt r r tt cyph r, h ch, nat r lly

f ff i f u e no u i o a a o o se e ce . o ta a o f a gh , h nted rs c n q n I mp r nt m tter s i o e se io s a u was fo u nd as wi be ee f o the fo l t ll m r r u n t re , ll s n r m lo wi e e w i e o nci o f T en and e hem to ng l tt r r tt n by the C u l , s nt by t

i n i e sa o e o o f and a and w ic wi G ova n Tr vi no, the G v rn r C i , h h ll serve to Sho w ho w disho nourably Jaco po acte d in orde r to try and “ ” i We n s o a h s i e . a e sa o th i a bt in l b rty h v , y they, the 4 n t nt ,

e i the a o f u i cc e a a o a ino r ce ved by h nds L gi Bo h tta, c lled ls B llott ,

o u e e s and the u i aw o u f a a i y r l tt r , s t dr n up by y rom the decl r t ons o f Gio vanni Rosso and fro m the interro gatio ns made to the s i o e a e e wi h the o o f o i i n a d B cch tt , tog th r t c py the r g al

e e s he has had f o aco o F o scari T he e da l tt r r m J p . n xt y we

e e i o u o s e n e io a ni s u o e r c ved thr gh y ur me s g r, G v n Mus i , yo r th r

e s a i sa e affa wi the e n i e e rs in lett r tre t ng of the m ir, th auth t c l tt

’

a o o s o wn a and wi the a e w i e i n c e . W J c p h nd , th p p rs r tt n yph r e

1 iso r in i i scan a i e i . i . iu no no s . 6 8 . N v d l d d M t xv , G g , p 9 1 04 Two Doges of Venice. a a w a o u a e wa w i o u e ppl ud h t y h ve don , and the y in h ch y hav i nfo rm ed us o f all ; an d amo ng other things we have no ticed ho w i n s o n e ai e e a f o m w c the pa t m th c rt n G no se, esc ped r Ship re k , have stayed i n the ho use o f Ser Jacopo Giustiniani (a Ge no ese

i i i n and a n m was o ne ia ti a o f l v ng Candia) , that mo g the G mbat st

e i him e r a o F o scari has o a ea G n o a. W th S J c po c ntr cted a gr t

ie s i a to da n i n c him fr nd h p, t lking him every y and recou t g mu h to

f hi n affai e n he has as him o s o w rs . Among oth r thi gs ked to de l ive r some le tte rs he was writing to the Turkish Empe ro r

’ a e de to be him s his a e and a e (Imper tor Turchi) , g to end g ll y t k him a f o ia o i in i wa to e ca e ai way r m Cand , h p ng th s y s p the p ns

f e i e hi m us we n w the and privati o ns o x l . All t s t be ll k o n to

i i was ll i c ss in hi e ai o o i i n i S t a s u . s d Jac p G ust an , ince d s u ed ho s We have al so been info rm ed that this Giambattista did have

e e o f a o o F o scari to w o he a e i s those l tt rs J c p , h m m d prom e

e s e a i s i a i n and a he w that th y hould r ch the r de t n t o , th t ould

o c e fo r him we . We e i e e e a o u pr ur an ans r d s r , th refor , th t y s o o o e e e i a o o e o e e h uld summ n to y ur pr s nc the sa d Ser J c p G n s , and o n o a e a all n ws o n a that his ath he sh ll r ve l he k o such m tters, and he shall also say if Jacopo F o scari has had any answer

i e f o the o r o the sai ia a is a e e th r r m Turk fr m d G mb tt t , tog ther with all he k no ws relati ng to what young F o scari has said o r

n in r h s i do e order to b eak thro ugh i co nﬁ ne ment . ' o u w ll th e n

n the c a a io ns o f him a o o i us iniani to o u r se d de l r t , Ser J c p G t ,

o u o f T e n wi u e e s we ea e ' o u wi a so C ncil , th yo r l tt r , ll s l d . ll l

o nsi ac o F o scari to the ea e o f is s a wi his c gn J op b r r th de p tch , th se n eo r e and all o se who a ee i n his se i e sinc rva t G g , th h ve b n rv c e last J an uary u ntil no w b u t ﬁrst yo u will cause diligent search to be made i n his ho use . All yo u ﬁ nd o f pape rs and writi ngs be lo nging to him yo u will cau se to be de livere d to the abo ve i e n i ne o u e tc . m t o d C nc l, ,

1 e r an Romanin B l .

1 06 T Do es o wo g f Venice.

was t e to to the o e r e u a is h n go G v nor b aring the d c l comm sion ,

and e a a o o F o scari his v s and all his e d mand th t J c p , ser ant , pap rs

s o be i e i o his u e e a . i was to set ai h ld d l v r d nt h nds Th s done, he s l

at o and e o o ee a o o s o nce, tak g d h d that on the voyage J c p h uld

s ea to no o ne no r H e was to be we p k , land at any port . ll

u a e d e e an f to r o . g rd d , his ood brought him by some t ust d p rs n

ei e a a in was to e s a c the On th r r turn and rriv l port, Loredano d p t h

e e e a a T e n and fo i k p r of the p pers to the he ds of the , to rb d

o ne a o r s he any to l nd to acco t t galley.

ac o ni e o n 2 1 5 t o f and wi J op reached Ve c the J uly, thout

‘ a hint o f torture o r any su ch te rro rs he free ly confe ssed his

u i 2 rd his e n n e was e s s io g lt . On the 3 s te c und r di cu s n ; and on

the 2 th it was nce o isio a o se as 4 pronou d . At ﬁrst s me div n r to

the e i o e i he o e a ane af v rd ct , s m urg ng sh uld be s nt b ck to C a ter

an e i to e e e a io and Valaressa u e xhortat on b tt r b h v ur, as s gg sted , ’ with a year s imprisonment as we ll Marco Corner ple ade d that he Sho uld simply be sent back ; while J acopo Lo re dano (at the mome nt head of the Co uncil) argued that fro m the gravity and importance o f the l etters and papers in rel atio n to the

o o the e o r o ea h n ur and safety of stat , he sh uld unde g d th by ” 1 e e i e w he two o u was c u o a a b h ad ng b t een t c l mns. As st m ry, e ch ’ pro po sal was put to the vo te whe n Lo redano s mo tio n o btained ’ e o e o n two w i e n i him a sev n votes, C rn r s ly ; h l that ofse d ng b ck to C and ia with imprisonm e nt fo r a year was carrie d by twenty-two vo tes ; and to this was added an admo n ition that should he again

w i o i n s h ife i n is r te to any f re g power he should end is l pr on.

1 ’ N o n ro an osi cenno di o r ura inﬂitta li are ch e i co nfessasse il t v d t t g , p gl ” n n So at e sa o i but th asser ions and t utto spo nta eame te . l ast ys R man n e t o n ra ic ions as to w e er aco o un e rwen o r ure o r no are numero us c t d t h th J p d t t t , and the t ruth most diffi cult to disco ve r ; and he does no t hint at subseque nt

o rture but ea es D olﬁ n to s ea and eci e of o r ure un e r o ne . t , l v p k, d d dly, t t d g 3 i is . 1 00 10 1 M t xv , pp . , . T e enice 1 0 wo Dog s of V . 7

‘ A t the sa e ti e o he was a o we to see his a e his m m , th ugh, ll d p r nts ,

w ife and c i e who isi e him in the iso n o f o rrice lla. h ldr n , v t d pr T The asse rtio n that he had no t u nde rgo ne torture do es no t 1 he lﬁ n o na a c e rtai nly tally with the acco unt giv en in t D o Cr c .

The w i e o f thi was io io o r as he ca i s f i n the so f r t r s G rg ( , lls h m el t

V enetia ia e Z o rz o D o lﬁ n who as ese n at sce ne n d l ct, ) , , pr t the ,

e W and a e a io o f o scari is s e wo o f e e nc . e r l t n F , ur ly rthy our cr d wi a a his own wo s e e e i are o se o f an ll tr nsl te rd , r m mb r ng they th e ewi e was af e wa s a to his o his y tn ss Leave t r rd gr nted m ther, wife and i e n to o and see him i n e a w e e Ch ldr , g Torric ll , her th y fo und him m u tilate d by thirty stro ke s of the lash that he had

ecei e i o s H e w s en e o e to the o e e r v d n th e days . a th r m v d ro m d ll 3 o se e sic de l cavallie r w e es e his a e we to l ( ) , h re M ser the Dog f th r nt see him wit so eso u e a o i e and an a ec it e , h r l t v c , so ﬁrm sp t, s emed as though he w e re not his so n . A nd although he saw him so

is e and o e and ns a e e t was he o e . d ﬁgur d t rtur d, u h v n , y not vercom

T he ai a e en ea o u ai a e fo r m e to son s d F th r, I tr t y to obt n le v

’ ‘ A nd e o a o m o o and o to o wn o e . e c g my h m M ss r the D ge J , g ’ o i n w a o co e a and se e o e . A nd bey h t y ur untry d m nds, k no m r

a in a e a o f his fa e he was a e in a a e and h v g t k n le ve th r, t k n g ll y co e anea e se the o his a e e ai ne in nv yed to C . M s r D ge f th r r m d the o a e his had ne in his ie e w i se r om ft r son go , and gr f thr h m lf

’ i o a ai ain in ai i n a O e a an e . nt Ch r, f t g, and excl m g in te rs, pi t gr d

i io n fo r it is n in o e a o dan was The trad t , oth g m r , th t L re o all

e r an in s no t and a the D o e did not isi his son e i er in the B l th k , th t g v t th “ rison of o rrice a o r e sew ere and sa s n o m en ion is ma e of the ro o m p T ll l h , y t d ” o f the cavallier of the D o e but is is c ear ut in the D o lﬁn ronaca g , th l ly p C ,

w i c o we er er an ne e r saw. So at eas on e ami o So ranz o h h , h v , B l v ( l t C t C ll , i a th arcian m o n s ow n i io ecar o t e a o e i m e is ro naca. B bl t M , t ld , h g th C ) 3 R nin uo s t D lﬁn ro na fo r the w ce n oma q te he o C ca ho le of this s e. 1 ” “ ” Ose e o r o se e was a ene ian m one and it is o ssi e a o ne o f l ll V t y, p bl th t the ro o m s in the D ucal Palace may have been so called from this co in being r ke pt he e. Two Do es o enice 1 0 8 g f V . po we rfu l in the Co u ncil o f T e n and use d his i nﬂ ue nce for the

co is n his o wn n fa e s e the a o f his ac mpl hme t of e ds, d befor f ct

u es io in o n s e o e o u his ea fo r s gg t n ﬁnd g ly ev n supp rt rs , th gh pl

’ c F o scari s a was e u e can i e o u Ja opo de th the r s lt, th re be l ttl d bt,

c o f perso nal hat re d and ran o ur. T o Matteo Lion was e ntru ste d the Charge of taking J aco po

e he e sai f ico o a a a was e . b ck to C n , and ord r d to l rom S N l on the

I s o f . o o he had a e e ri the u n 3 t July As s n as st rt d , b a ng

u e a o o a his a i we ﬁ nd the e s ri i n fo rt nat J c p b ck to c ptiv ty, Dog t v g

’ n his e a and so cces ha wi e l o f o son s b h lf, su sfully t t, th the h p

V etto r a o Orsato i ti ian o a o e s C ppell , G us n , Pa lo B rbo, and th r ,

n f a o was a . Bu t i a e to o a o r o n the p rd n gr ted him th s c m l te ,

1 2 th o f a a 1 a o o had as e o the i e J nu ry, 457 , J c p p sed b y nd vo c o f earthly tribu nals to wh e re no pardo n o f mo rtal man co uld a i him w e no an e i o u e e to o c a m va l , and h re hum v rd ct c ld s rv pr l i

i o r his o e n e H o w o e fe w ai in o n s his gu lt inn c c . th s rem n g m th

his ife w e as no e has c o w u s the a e of l er p sed, trac ome d n to , b r

o f ea o c and o u r i a i a i is e ft to fact his d th nly is re orded , m g n t on l ﬁll up the inte rval Of tho se dreary months of exile and prison as ’ u es o as o u i o r i nno c c s eems to us be st . The q ti n to Jac po s g lt e n e

s to s il an e n o ne and w e we u na as see m us t l Op , h n read s ch mes

us i i o ne i ani L o re dan e ie Z e n an o o Gi t n an, C r r, P s , , V n r, , D d l ,

o a n So ranz o o o si i and o e and o w a C nt ri i, , M r n , Tron , th rs, kn th t the y we re amo ng tho se who fo rme d the Co u ncil o f T e n and the “ ” i n a we an elie e a we e all e i e is a e G u t , c not b v th t they r th r m t k n o r p rejudiced to the e xte nt o f co nd e m ning J acopo F o scari fo r

he i es im u e to him no t e n co n ince o f t cr m p t d , had they b e fully v d

u his gu ilt . Th o gh so m e o f the ro mance that su rro u nds his nam e and sto ry may have be e n d estro ye d i n the precedi ng

a es and s e o f o u r i fo r him e sse e it wi b ut e n is p g , om p ty l n d , ll l t o u r s m a ies o e e en o n e a f o f his fa e r who if y p th m r k ly b h l th , ,

aco o we e i n e e ui s a e had the an o f J p r d d g lty, mu t h v extra p g

C HAPT E R V .

1 456 - I 4S7

o o f F o scarI s ife w ic has e n H E st ry l , h h be u nro lli ng itse lf like a so l emn tragedy befo re

o u r e e was no w to eac its co nsu a io n y s , r h mm t

i n the fo ce a ica io o f the o e H e was r d bd t n D g .

e i -fo ea o f a e and af e all the ghty ur y rs g , t r an ie ies in o e i n a e i o f i - o u e a s and the x t v lv d r gn th rty f r y r , so rro ws and trials thro ugh which his privat e l ife had be e n

a s we canno wo n e w e we ea a he no o n e p s ed , t d r h n r d th t l g r

e e the e e i s o f the e na e and f the T e n I t ma att nd d m t ng S t o . y be as e a su es a in the o i u e o f his o wn a a , B rl n gg ts, th t s l t d p rt

e n he o ne his ea so n and the o o f his o wn as m ts m ur d d d gl ry p t, e a n e i ess a o s and o e w i an a i i n o r d by nc ant l b ur , v r h ch b d g gl om

f s in s f sa s a was no w o r e a . H e i e a e o es ver c t l v d tat dn , g

ravate d isfo ne and so i n iffe e n to i a e s g by m rtu , d r t publ c m tt r

a w n in is e ar the e o e e i a e to th t he , th y , Emp r r Fr d r ck I II . c m

e ni e o e e ine o and e e him o n o u n o f V c , the D g d cl d to g m t acc t his e a a e and i n u io n f o the o u nc i no e in gr t g , an j nct r m C l t b g

u ffi ie e issu e co an to him to o w ic he had s c nt, th y d a mm d g , h h ‘ to o e u o was no sa isfa o to the o ncil o f b y. S ch c nduct t t ct ry C u

1 ’ We see in the case o f D oge C ri stofo ro M o ro ho w Ve nice s so -called ru e rs were su ec to the o r e rs of the ounci The D o e had e cused l bj t d C l . g x

I I 2 Two Do es o enice g f V .

e w o his in u e e was n e w was ov r h m ﬂ nc imme s , and by hom he

o o e to wi e ar o f es ff c io H is l k d up th ev ry m k r pect and a e t n. elo n e was e a and ai to fa li o r a o f que c gr t, s d ll ttle sh t of th t the

o e i f and the a in e e his inio ie ws D g h msel , f ct that d bat op ns and v we re the only ones that ever prevaile d o ve r th o se o f F o scari did

m n e s is i e n ha not help to ce e t matt r be twe e n the m . It ev d t t t the o e ma o e at e to ea o the rea whe e D g de s m t mpt h l ver b ch , th r f o ea e i fo r e a e o r e e l f o o i o f o ic i n r m a r l d s re p c , m r y r m m t ves p l y wis i e u o we f an a as o e ano to his si e h ng to s c re so p r ul lly L r d d , we anno sa b ut i n an ase he s e s e a m a ia e c t y ; , y c , ugg t d rr g

’ e e n o ne o f his au e s and L o redano s se o s n The betw d ght r c nd o .

rO o sal was e ine and e usa o n a e to the e s i p p d cl d , its r f l ly dd d xi t ng

e m a o m e o e in a o e n o f bitte rness. A r ark ls ad by the D g m m t

a e in w ic he was o e ea sa i n a he s o u no t r g , h h v rh rd y g th t h ld co nsi im se f in e as o as o e ano was a i e was der h l a pr c l ng L r d l v ,

’ ‘ co e e i n o a wi fo r ie o s e a and has e n su ﬂi cie nt nv rt d t sh P tr d th, b e to s ai the e a io n o f a man who wit all his a s was t n r put t , h f ult ,

’ i ncapable o f taki ng his e n e my s life by so fo u l a me ans as po iso n .

’ i i has we e een ai at sca i o o a ian Th s cr me , ho v r, b l d Fo r s d r by It l and e n ian is o ia s see e an who a e a u e him o f V et h t r n ( B rl ) , h v cc s d ’ i s e no t o n ie o s bu t a so a o f his hav ng co mpa s d ly P tr death, l th t

The s is as s o a c o e ano o iso n . o o o w br ther M r o L r d , by p t ry f ll

I n 1 8 e na e the a i o f e i e n a a a a a 43 , the S t , by dv ce th r g er l G tt mel t , had e e in to e a co n o o f s i s to the Po as is d t rm ed s nd v y h p , to s t

ei a i i n o a ain the u e o f i an and to th r rm es L mbardy g st D k M l ,

n m i n in e e i o r The nee o f an che c k the e e my fro vad g th ir t rr t y. d

o i o e was e all i e s experienced ge ne ral to c mmand th s f rc f lt on s d ,

s and e ve rything poi nte d to Lo re dano as the man fo r the p o t . H e had Shortly befo re ret u rne d from a successfu l e xpe ditio n

ns he i ane e and o n his e to e i e had ee n agai t t M l s , r turn V n c b gre e ted with e xuberant de mon stratio ns o f po mp and rej o ici ng .

o u we a ance in e a s and n io u s fo r es he e e Th gh ll dv d y r a x r t, yi ld d e 1 1 Two Doges of Venic . 3

to the e i o f his w ai entr at es countrymen, in hich the Doge is s d to

i and e an the me a have jo ned , acc pted the comm d . In ntime the

ew o f a in e ci eac e i c the i n s the t k g of Br s a had r hed V n e, and publ c

o was ea o a e i n e j y so gr t that the p pul c , the fr nzy of the moment,

o i o and e co o i i and bl vious of rder d rum , br ke out nto riot ng

a ne e we e o n the i o f e o i a m d ss. Th y r po nt d str y ng all that c me

i n i wa and e e n i law no r is ine a i the r y, he d d e ther d cipl . M r n “ i o a ai the i di o e and o i o ne o f Am g , c pt n of S gnori n tt , C ntar ni, “ ’ Sav ii e a had e e ai i n a e to c the d ll Arm r, b n sl n tt mpting urb the

v i e e o f m o b who w e a to a o i s ol nc the , er bout bre k pen the pr son

and f ce mi w e ie o e an ea o n s e ne or the nt, h n P tr Lor d o app red the c and by his eloquence and inﬂ u e nce succee de d in calming the

u i u e in e in es c io a at o ne o e n m lt t d , and pr vent g the d tru t n th t m m t

e en s f i o e o e thr at ed to o ve rwhe lm mo t o the c ty. Sh rtly aft r L r dano proceeded to his appointm ent as co mmander o f the Ve ne tian

e e w e e s i e o f bad o i i w i he fo n ﬂ t, h r , in p t the c nd t on in h ch u d ‘ a was a e o o o f the o ssessio s w ic m tters, he bl to rec ver m st p n h h

’ o n a who was no w in co an o f e o f ilan s G zag , mm d the Duk M

a ie s had w e e f o the e u ic . o f f ee a s rm , r st d r m R p bl A truce ﬁ t n d y

o ffe o a a was a e e o r a who ce e a e red by G nz g cc pt d by L ed no, to l br t

t i n i ffi ce e n a e i c l i gave a banque t to the pr c pal o rs g g d . D re t y afte r the feast Pie tro was seize d with so sharp and sudde n an

e a e e i his as was e he e e i ne to illn ss th t, f l ng l t hour com , d t rm d

o w e r i ee n a s af his a i a return at nce to Venice, h e s xt d y ter rr v l he

’ i 1 h 1 8 H e was ie e 1 t o e e . an d d , on the of N v mb r , 43 bur d at S t

na and the ac s io o f o iso n eco e o n his o Ele , cu at n p r rd d t mb, “ ” i i ias h e no sublatu s o aine a e tai per ns d o stiu m ve n , bt d c r n

a o e e e N o t wi all o we e . D o lﬁ n o ice m unt of cr d nc . th , h v r The C d , fo r i s ance a e s in o f s an e nd but i l e a es n t , m k no h t uch , S mp y r l t “ o n 26th o f o e 1 8 ess ie o e an that the Oct b r, 43 , M er P tro L r d o

1 “ ” r r a o le na i in iso r ine e o co men che isarma Giunto in P0 e it ov t v d d p d te . r n Be la . 1 1 D ' 4 Two oges of Venice.

ar i e e nice and his i nes so e e a he r v d in V , ll s sor ly increas d th t

ie he e f and was ie at en and w no t d d t r o bur d S t. El a ; he ould

a an no s e e e s ai n th t y ho ur hould be rend r d Oth r , ag ,

e a e a the wan o f u i ie w i had e e i e him d cl r th t t s bs d s h ch b n prom s d ,

and w i we e ne e s ie w i e so o n his m i as to h ch r v r uppl d , e gh d nd cause his death ; wh ile so m e asc ribe his d eath to the grie f he

e xpe rien ce d at a Che ck given to the Ve netian ﬂ ee t by Gonzaga.

On the o e a e w e e can e no o as th r h nd, som rit rs say th re b d ubt to the cause o f death the vio le nt pains o f the sto mach j u st afte r

o o inue fai i s and n his ea in a o ies f od, the c nt d nt ng , ﬁ ally d th g n

d s in so e an s as s o in to o c e to o so . I f i e p m , p t l arly p i n th d ed be , ther

can be es io we i n o o in o n i i o i as no qu t n , th k , in l k g up F l pp Viscont

the i ns i a o o f s a e no t F o scari. N o i n e is t g t r uch d ed , and ev de c fo rthco ming i n the documents o f the time re lating to this

i m a io n a ain o and had s a c a e e e e en put t g st the D ge, uch h rg v r b

a e it wo n e e a e ee o sse o e o ci Of m d , uld v r h v b n gl d v r by the C un l

T e n. e n ar who w i es i n no f ie s i i to the o Ev D u , r t r ndly p r t D ge,

’ s e a s o f L o re dano s e e u i fr na u a a e and p k d ath as r s lt ng om t r l c us s,

a es no a u sio w e to u o f o iso n m k ll n hat ver the rumo r p . T he suspicio ns against F o scari were co nﬁrm e d i n the public

in the a o f a o o e a w c o o we o l m d by de th M rc L r d no , hi h f ll d sh rt y

af e a o had ee n se n the o i o f T e n i u i e t r. M rc b t by C unc l to nq r

' i n o inis ra io o f aﬂairs at e a o fro w e e co m t the adm t t n L gn g , m h r

ain s had ee a e to the o u nc i o f o e o n e a pl t b n m d C l the g v rn r, A dr

’ - - o na o the o e s in law. a c f u s in c D t , D g son M r o o nd thing su h

so e and so u wo than had ee e o e di rd r, m ch rse b n r p rt d , that he d ec id ed to arrest Donato and se nd him u nde r a strong esco rt to

ni e i e e in u Ve c . Wh l pr par g to ret rn himself to assist at the ia i a was se e wi su i l e ie . i tr l , M rco z d th dden l n ss and d d Th s

e e o a io e c a and in and in we v nt cc s n d mu h t lk murmur g, h ts re freely circulated as to the Do ge havi ng caused Marco to be pu t

1 D o lﬁ n M S . r i i s a c ana c t . o . , M , p

1 1 6 Two Do ges of Venice. imposed o n the transaction has been too scrupulou sly observed fo r an ra i e n in it to y y of l ght conc r g to have pierced through us.

I II c o the is ussio a c e o O t ber, though, d c n must h ve be om m re “ e io s i a a o f w -ﬁ ve a i ia was s r u , s nce Giunt t enty p tr c ns added “ ” 1 to the o u the rs i n the w o the ea C ncil, of ﬁ t land, on h m s l of ” e e was is u was e a s cr cy again impo se d . Th Gi nta d m nded by

o e n hi s w i is su e a his i fo r L r da o m elf, h ch r ly a proof th t des re

’ F o scari s deposition was actu ate d more by j ustice than by

i a e ea fo r had he e r the in the pr v t veng nce, m ant to car y decree

e e i o n o o s a so t th of all Oppos ti , he c uld m re ea ily h ve done with the original number of te n i n the Cou ncil than with the ad i io o f w -ﬁ ve o a o w se e s o e s d t n t enty n bles, m ng hom v ral upp rt r o f o w ess o o the D ge ere doubtl t be f und .

The h a T e n o e e a o e ds of the at that m ment w r J copo Loredan ,

i o and i o a Barbari o and u e i G r lamo Donato , G r l mo g , nd r the r “ si e nc o o win a e act o f e o si io — pre d y the f ll g p rt , or d p t n for — such it was in this case was drawn u p and passe d o n October “ 2 1 5 t e e e is no ne . Its t nour was as fo llows ' Th r o who does no t understand how necessary the prese nce o f the Prince is in

ffai s i in w ic as ea w a a r of state, fa l g h h ( results Cl rly Sho ) gre t ” a i e nie e ar s e n we o n the n h rm and nconv nc i es . I t th d lls responsibility i n having had so ﬁ ne a he ritage be qu e athe d to

e wis o e e o f e an o th m by the d m and xc llence th ir cest rs, together ’ w i o in i i n it as we as the nee o f th G d s mercy g v g them , ll d pre “ se i n it n i o n o f h rv g intact a d n h o ur. The prese nce t e Prince i n u en s and fo r a i is a io o f s io co ncil , at audi ce , dm n tr t n que t ns

e a i n e n n and to a e and the i r l t g to the gov r me t the st t , ma n tenance i i are i to o we own of order and d gn ty, all th ngs ll kn to

o . N o w as it i s e to all i us ri u enlarge up n , vident our ll t o s Prince

1 ’ ” D e rimi e e rra — anu o p d lla t . S d . 3 “ ar e was a reso u io n o r ar a en the o unci of Ten A p t l t p t t k by C l , e xpre ssive o f their j udgm ent o r sentence o n all questio ns bro ught befo re them . Tw D 1 1 o oges of Ven ice. 7 has e ai e fo r a lo i e f o in o e r fr n d ng t m r m govern g, has bec me ag d ,

sa e i so a he is n i no r can not to y d crep t, th t u able to re gn , it be reaso nably e xpe cted that he sho uld agai n e xe rcise his

o w . H o w in u io us i i i ffai s is ho w u p ers j r th s cond t on of a r , m ch ha in s u o is e n e rm it br g p n the state, bett r u d rstood than ex

F i s c aine . o r w c au e o i i pl d h h c s , auth r zed by th s mo t ex ellent

’ o ci i u a the o n i o r and C un l and the G nt , C u c ll s of the Doge the h eads of this Council are to prese nt themse lve s to the mo st i s i u i ce and e ain him ho w wi o u his e e n llu tr o s Pr n , xpl to , th t pr s ce and co -o e a o i n a e s o in the a e can p r ti n m tt r c ncern g re lm , th y nei e a i i e o r ul o nsi e i n the en Of th r dm n st r r e properly. C d r g l gth

i e a his e l e has ee a e to e to ines t m th t Exc l ncy b n un bl att nd bus s , and see ing no prospect o f remedy o n this po int conside ring

' so the a i o f aﬂai rs w i ma ai i nc a e all o f w ch al gr v ty , h ch y d ly re s , hi his e e c in his ea wi o us e n e s Exc ll n y gr t sd m m t most sur ly u d r tand ,

he a o n him o o f e i a e w i is a so his t y c ll up for the g od th r st t , h ch l co n f e e and ane o s i n i he s o u do u try, r ly spont u ly to res g . Th s h ld fo r an easo ns o as i ea f e to his m y r , b th a good pr nce and a r l ath r cou nt ry ; all the mo re when he co nside rs that e no ugh has bee n

o v i e fo r him i o o o u a and i n H is pr d d to l ve up n h n r bly comfort. all owance sho uld be a yearly sum o f go ld d ucats (o the rs sa o e o f a w i s o be ai y fr m the r venue s lt, h ch h uld p d

o i his i a esi es i o e i n e ase m nthly dur ng l fe, and th t b d th s s m cr

o to his a a and i e all his i s sh uld be made s l ry, from th s mom nt b ll

’ s o ai in the c u s o f six H is n s h uld be p d o r e months. High ess answe s a be o u the i who w awai its r h ll br ght to Counc l , ould t

o i n so as to a an e w wo es o s s ul if c m g, rr g hat uld be b t and m t u ef

1 “ is is re e a e as a m os im o r an o in fo r in the romissio ne Th p t d t p t t p t, P ” D uca e to whic F o scari had swo rn o n his e ec ion as D o e here was a l , h l t g , t clause which stated ho w fo r any m om entary o r tempo rary obstacle o r im e im en the D o e mi a o in a ice -D o e to re resen him but no p d t g ght pp t V g p t , a usion had e er ee n ma e t n n nme n of his o ffi e ll v b d o a pe rma ent aba do t c .

c. 5 5 . 1 1 8 Two Dog es of Ven ice. ne e be wi o e a and s o u he e u i e im e to co nsi e d th ut d l y, h ld r q r t d r it the y wo uld gracio usly allo w him till the third ho ur o f t he f o w n a o ll i g d y. This de claratio n is entire ly void o f any argu me nt o f real w e i and i n s i e o f o ns an usio ns to aw ac s ght , p t c t t all the dr b k

' i n o ve in the o e s a se nce f o m the o n i no a i v l d D g b r C u c l , v l d e u fo r e o n in him is u o fo r si e e aso n a xc se d thr g q ted , the mpl r th t

ai ns he s i n e a e as to not o ne is fo rthcoming. Ag t t as ert o s th y m k his no n-a a a c u c i i he no t a e u r e a o n ppe r n e in Co n l, m ght h v g d th t the three impo rtant d ebates whe n his so n appeare d befo re the ir

i u na he o e had not o n no t e e ese n e tr b l, the D g ly b n pr t, but th y had o rde red and insiste d o n his absence ' The m anne r i n which the affai was a s c e was ffensi e and es e ia the wo r tr n a t d o v , p c lly rd i n as to his e nsi o w i was u t i n a wa a su es e g p n , h ch p y th t gg t d

’ the D oge s Chi ef reaso n fo r re main ing in o ffi ce as be ing fo r the sa e o f his sa ar no e ff n e to the l man was the k l y. A th r O e c o d

im ite a e o f im e e a him i n w i e fo r his l d sp c t th y g ve h ch to r ply,

e ﬁ ni e answe was be i en ne o rn i n so as to a e it d t r to g v xt m g, m k i o ssi e fo r him to su o n the e a o n i w m a o ne mp bl mm Gr t C u c l, to ho l be lo nge d the right o f re leasing him fro m the d u k ed o m ; fo r sho uld the si x co u ncill o rs o f the Do ge and the maj o rity o f the

G ea u nc i e an the ica io n o f o t en he had no r t Co l d m d abd t a D ge, h

o ice bu t to o e and it was is su a io n o f a o we e o Ch b y, th u rp t p r b y nd th e ir j u risdictio n which was so great an i nj u stice o n the part o f the o u n i o f T e n and a e i e a io o wa F o scari C c l , m de th r b h v ur t rds

c an o u a e to all en e o f fai a an u i h su h tr g s s r pl y d pr g tness . The d iscu ssio n as to what m ight almo st be called an i nte r

’ e n u o r i e a wee n o s a i s e o si io n and ea r g m, the nt rv l bet F c r d p t d th, and e i u n a i o f s ce so cau se su c the r gn d ri g th t t me his uc s r, d h de bate and divisio n in the Co uncil that d u ring e ight days the

es io n was is us e and o f e n to o i n o the s a o o f qu t d c s d, t , , t m ll h urs ” in the a i a io n o f the w o e a a s the morn g, to dm r t h le rth, s y

2 Tw 1 0 o Doges of Ven i ce.

i s o d no w o ne who had a s r ght he h ul rest , and as p s ed through a

e a es he o u d e n o o ie w e a i n gr t temp t sh l j y s me qu t, hil a l st g

e e ra wo be had o f his i h m s and o f es r m mb nce uld h g erit l ty virtu .

e u o o scari who was o se o f an i d i a in Wh re p n F , p s ssed n o m t ble m d . w o i n an wa e i m e o r e u u to ith ut y y b ng ov d p rt rbed , t rned Loredano with a chee rful face and said I f I had thought that i n the few years o f my o ld age such a thing wo uld have be falle n m e as e i e o f i i ni wi u ein a o we to to be d pr v d th s d g ty, tho t b g ll d

e fo r f o f ine o f o wn pl ad my cause, and no ault m , my accord I w o l e i i w e a o e u d v r ly have laid it as de. I am , ho ev r, prep red to b y the e ee o f is u a i a si c s is ei e s e d cr th aug st m g str cy, n e uch th r pl a ur , and to pass this sh o rt te rm o f life which re mains to m e i n re tire

n a o u a o e e i so ma me t, lth gh I h ve g v rn d th s realm long, and ( y I ” be a o n fo r a in it so au s icio u s p rd ed s y g ) p ly.

e w ri e s o we e o in o u t a o scari was at s Oth r t r , h v r, p t th t F ﬁr t

o s u nwi i co se n the se nc s e o n him and m t ll ng to n t to nte e pa s d , “ ” “ a wo u sa ne i e ' es o r N o bu t n ec a e th t he ld y th r , o ly d l r d ‘ he wo u ain in his o wn i e e the u n i a e ld m ta l b rty. Wh n Co c l le rn d

a e i esi o u in i a e to o e had u e e th t th r d re, th gh t m t d the D g , s cc ded i n inin no e i e an w f o him ads o f T e n ga g d ﬁn t s er r m , the he the suggeste d they sh o u ld go i n pe rso n to the Doge and b ring back h s c de u a is answer to the expectant C o u ncil . This e o nd p t tio n w f he o e e sai ec i e as e a u n u ess u . T qu lly s cc l D g , th y d , d l n d to answe and it was ea to see ho w wis o o r, sy he hed to pr l ng the

u siness and ai o ffi ce . c o in to D o lﬁ n F o scari b rem n in A c rd g , d eclared that he had swo rn whe n he was made Doge to remai n

in a o srtio n an o w he ei w dis th t p , ath hich n ther ould nor could

e a but w u e u n e s e ic be i e r g rd, o ld ver obey, l s anoth r ed t subm tt d

to the e a un il and a o e i n w i as Gr t Co c , ppr v d by them , h ch c e he w i e it s e i i ould y eld . But sinc had plea ed the R publ c of Ven ce

1 “ N o n o e rsi eci e re ne al si ne al no ma in en e a co nser are la v l d d , t d v v ” ro ri i r é - 1 a i i . . e . s . p p l b t M t xv , p 53 Two Do es en e g of V ic . to e him as o e and c fo r his i e w as choos her D g Prin e l f , he ould

o n as Go d rve him e a i die in edo l g prese d , r m in , l ve, and the duk m , i i e o the o of the n i o f T en sse e t be ng b y nd c ntrol Cou c l , he a rt d ,

i n u o e s c in s w e e o c a o e. to rd r u h th g , h ch b lo g d to the Great C n il l n The Augusti ni Cro naca adds ho w he also remarke d that he co u ld no t admire the way in which the Co u ncil had acted

o u o i n c e in s his i s a u thr gh ut the pro e d gs, ince to l and l bo rs on be half o f the Repu blic fo r thirty-fo ur years hardly dese rved su ch a re tu rn that it was no t the case to say the country had

su ffe fo r it was we n w all o red , ll k o n to that, th ugh he did not

a e a es in u ci the ee i n o f o e e his ttend the d b t Co n l or m t gs the C ll g ,

a e n io n was iv e e e da to affai o f s a e a he tt t g n v ry y rs t t , and th t still exe rcise d his pre rogative in su ch a way as to preve nt all ‘ iso s o m isi i n the o e n en a o s ari s o u d rder fr ar ng g v r m t. Th t F c h ld appe al to the Gre at Cou ncil was a step by no means pl e asing to

' o i o f and e i a and o at o n the C unc l Ten th r Giunt , they res lved ce

to o o e isi u re e was a o i ad pt m r dec ve meas s. A d putation cc rd ngly

se e da c i in o f the ea s and co u n i o o f the nt n xt y, ons st g h d , the c ll rs

o e and ins ea o f o su in his su e w insis D g , t d c n lt g plea re th y ere to t

o n his a ica io . was to a so o his a and i n bd t n He be b lved fr m o th , 3 e ight days depart from the palace ; his pension wo u ld be

a u him and his e s ai o e i ss red , d bt p d . Sh uld he r fuse to subm t to

dec ee o f u n i his s we to ca e and the r s the Co c l, good re be conﬁs t d, i he would be conside red me rely as a private citizen . A st ll

a i was se c in in who sa h rsher ed ct pas d, a cord g to August i, ys that

esi is he w s a is e o ene an i o b des all th a to be b n h d fr m all V ti terr t ry,

w e e o n an o r se a i se t o n his a s o u he h th r l d , and a pr ce he d h ld

e ca e f o m his e i e s p r x l .

1 N o n re stava esso di vo le r ogni gio rno intendere e sapere tu tto quello si face a e uan o iso na a ricor are e rmissi one lui lo rico r a a sicc é v , q d b g v d p d v , h ” i i un n o n segu iva d so rd ne alc o . 3 Do fi n and anu o sa ree a s Ro manin and e r an sa e i l S d y th d y B l y ght . 1 2 2 Two Doges of Ven ice.

e i i n o e in o f F o scari had to s ubm it . A nd w can mag e s m th g what was i nvo lve d in that su bmissio n whe n we reme mbe r ho w

’ b u t a few ye ars previo usly the Do ge s vo ice had bee n o mnipo te nt i n Ve n ice and i n the co un cils o f state ; whe n we re ﬂ ec t that it was his e l oqu e nce and au th o rity that had o ve rru led all o s tio n i n the e na and u ne ca e w e n the ppo i S te , t r d the s l h appo i ntme nt o f Carmagno la as captain -gene ral wave re d in the

a an e ho w his wi and in u e ce is act had e o i e b l c , and ll ﬂ n by th mbr l d Ve nice in ye ars o f strife and warfare ; whe n we re m e mbe r all

is and se e him o win to a e ee su as a asse th , then b g d cr ch th t p d

o n the o u ci o f T e n we a i ho w o e e his him by C n l , re l ze c mpl t ly spirit was crushe d and his e ne rgy qu ench e d by all he had u nde r

o n and the fa e a had e to o s o n e e n fo r his g e, by t th t prov d tr g v

i l t esis H e was wo n wi rie and o we wi a e iro n w l o r t. r th g f b d th g

and inﬁ rmities and co u no o n e o o s o a ains , ld l g r pp se the t rm g t

w ic he had a e so a e and w ic was no w to o e w e h h b ttl d br v ly, h h v r h lm

h r i f n him i n t e ir esist ble fu ry o mi gled po wer and prej u dice . The acco u nts as to ho w this ﬁ nal se nte nce was co nveye d to

the o e iffe se e a o n o e sa a it was e e in D g d r on v r l p i ts . S m y th t v n g

w e n is c n sio n was ri e at and e a was u h th o clu ar v d , a pl bro ght fo rward that fo r that night at least the Do ge sho u ld be left i n

hi f u eace and i n i no anc as to s a e . s was o e p , g r e t But thi verr l d , and it was settle d to grant no de lay in i nfo rmi ng F o scari o f his

i o d e po sitio n . It was eve n ng when the heads o f the T e n went t

’ o e s i a e a a e n and no in at the oo r the D g pr v t p rtm t, k ck g d

’

e ues e to se e him . was e o o c at ni and the r q t d It ight cl k ght, 1 o e who was in re e Old a e was as ee e insis e D g , ext m g , l p ; th y t d ,

we e a he o u be aw ne o f o e i ho v r, th t sh ld ak e d t hear r m th r ’ i the s n e n e o f e h o e en he a e n e o f l ps e t c d t r n m t. T l rg r umb r

1 ’ Benche fo sse 8 o re di no tte e che il D oge do rm isse e fo sse nell estrema ie — ecc a. A u . 1 0 v h zz g C . 3 Be r an i es is esc ri io n a en fro m the ro n u ini l g v th d pt t k C aca A gust .

D OO W ' OF LAN N T AN C T O CA F OSCA R I R A D E R E . Tw Do es en e 1 2 o g of V i c . 3

‘ histo rians m ak e no all u sio n as to the news having bee n co nveyed

i n t is wa to F o scari bu t e a e a o n ea i n the u e n h y , r l t th t h r g j dgm t

he su i e to it ec a in a wo set i se to o e bm tt d , d l r g th t he uld h m lf b y

’ d e liberava d The decision o f the Co u ncil was th e n

e to him nce o e a ie a the i an e o and r ad by Fra sc d ll S g , H gh Ch c ll r,

1 ‘ whe n it was ﬁnished the Do ge remarke d A fo reseen m isfo rtu ne ” 3 i s e s i ia i s ai m en e g ve m uch l s pa n (P ga ant veduta a s duo l ) .

A nd e he e a a i s i n m o e t w e th n add d , th t h v ng tr ve fro the m m n h n

he was a e o to e e and e n a s a o all m d D ge k p l rge the tate, and b ve

to se r e e c in o n and o o wi and a o n pre v p a e the c u try, g d ll h rm y

a o n me n wo u no t a e his ac ic now and o w m g , he ld lt r t t s thr the

i i n o o nfu io n and be the u o f is u an e wo u c ty t c s , ca se d t rb c , but ld

e ee u and ea e the u e o f e n e ce as e Ob y ch rf lly, l v j dgm nt the s t n p s d u po n him in the hands o f Go d ; and he was ready to abide by

T o ro e his wi i o e n e he what was settl e d . p v ll ngness and bedi c

ew the uca i o ff his n e w i was o i e to dr d l r ng ﬁ g r, h ch c ns gn d ‘ Barbari o who aus it to be o e n i n his es e g , c ed br k pr enc ; the

u a onne was o an e o to the co u i and d c l b t als h d d ver nc llors, the h o rn o f the cap and the go ld fringe which su rro u nde d it we re

a e n o ff it i n S i o f e nu n ia io o f all e a owe and F o scari t k , gn r c t n r g l p r, p ro mise d to l eave the palace in two days and go to his o wn

u n n o ho se at Sa Pa tale ne.

1 anu o ro naca D olﬁn Ro man in ius inian. Ro manin sa s the s or S d , C , , G t y t y of awa en in the D o e is a o e er im ro a k g g lt g th p b ble. 3 ro naca D olﬁ n C . 1 e r a s the wo r s of Dan e we re in his min Che sae a re isa ien P h p d t d, tt p v v ” “ I u — m s m r en a. ara iso xv i. 2 ecause fo reseen an arro w co e o e p l t P d , 7 . ( B ”— ’ s o w on fe w r ns n . l ly. L g llo s t a latio ) 1 On the death of a Doge his rin g was bro ken ' Annulu s D o mini Duci s cum rci ma n u i i D u i i um t di litteri s ci rcum Vol u n tas S . Ma I gi e q e ps c vex ll ra t et ” s ii - iii D u ci u f d i D o i d e ne ia se c. x . . s i o co n rin itu r. Se e o e e i , b t g B ll g V z , xv e ne ia 1 888 ecc e i w ere we a so rea a o n the ea of D o e V z , , C h tt , h l d th t d th g i i o i e 1 the fra e n f his ro e n rin wer se . o ce n n un m s o e Alv I M g , J , 577, g t b k g i n t i g ve o his relat o ns . ni e 1 2 4 Two Doges of Ve c .

was o n 2 1 st o f o e da was to This the Oct ber, and the n xt y it

o c i e the fee n i e be pr la m d that Doge, li g h ms lf incompetent, by

e aso his e a e ain in o ffi ce e no e the r n of gr at g , to rem , had r unc d d uke do m ; and the Great Co uncil was to be summo ned to elect his e o succ ss r .

o u i n n i e is o o f ho w w e the he o f the A t ch g i c d nt t ld , h n ads

’ T e n and the o s we e e in the o o o m e e ther r l av g D ge s r , he obs rv d

aco o e o who was a o f the o wa c in him wi J p M mm , he d F rty, t h g th

en i ai r F s i l e hi m o him and o in his an att t ve . o car ca l d t , t uch g ‘ “ a as e hi m w o s so n he was an w h nd , k d h e He s ered, I am ” ” the so n o f e i e o H e is ea f ien M sser Mar n M mm . my d r r d, “ said the Doge te ll him from me that it wo u ld be pleasi ng to m e if he wo o e and see m e so a we i o u r uld c m , th t m ght go at ” e isu e i n o i l r u r bo ats to visit the m o naste r es . And thus it se e med was to pass away the life of o ne who had s o o in the io n o f ief o f the e u i is end t d posit ch ﬁrst r p bl c in Chr t om , and who fo r thirty-four years had bee n Do ge o f Venice he was to be co nte nt in pe ace and quie t to glide o ve r tranquil wate rs a strange co ntrast to the tro ubled o nes thro ugh which his life — had passed to visit with an old frie nd those res o rts whe re m e n had so ught a re fuge o r an e xcuse to escape fro m the d uties and o ccu patio ns o f an e xistence which had prove d to o hard o r too

e i n fo r e o a na u es. e ni to o no o n e xact g th ir m rt l t r V ce , , had l g r n e e o f an e o F o scari his o i s his a o u his ff i n s d Fr c sc ; t l , l b rs, su er g we e to ee wi no o nsi e a io n no o ea ce no co m en r m t th c d r t , f rb ran , p H sa o he r a s. e had ce e wo and ti n at h nd as d to rk for her, Ve nice was a mistre ss who claim ed fro m he r se rvito rs a z eal and

e o io i n e ﬂa A n i o f o es r a d v t n that m ght ev r g. y h nt c ldn s o a a in he r e r i e m et w i s an i m i F o scari ha p thy s v c ith n t t d s ssal . d

1 I n o lden tim e s the fashio n of shaking hands did no t e xist its e quivalent w in o me n o f n an e in o uc e a ai s h t r as a pass g m ve t o e h d b g t h d g n t t e o he .

Tw Do es o enice 1 2 6 o g f V . s e ndo o a e o n his e a io e i pl ur, and , acc mp ni d ly by r l t ns, d scended n sile nce tho se v e stairs by which he had so often e nte red the

a ace o u e o u ed su r u n e wi s and p l , c rt d , h no r , ro d d th uch glory,

e o ic in in the s i an s ec aro u n w ic had i en r j g mo t br lli t pro p ts, d h h ar s i nstead the bittere st so rro ws o f pri vate life and the u nd ese rve d ‘ s a i o f his a ee A n o ld o ni e s u s ho w h tter ng p ublic c r r. Chr cle t ll he was esse in sca e n e o whic the fu r in in dr d a rl t ma tl , fr m h l g had e e a en o e his s o u e s was a s a e o o w ic b n t k ; v r h ld r c rl t h d, h h same h oo d he had de sired his wife wh e n he was mad e D o ge to 3 e e rve fo r him and his esi e had a wa s e en o n his pr s , by d r l y b kept ;

ea he wo e ar du a ca o o ff whic the o n had h d r the sc let c l p, fr m h h r be en c ut and the go ld fri nge remo ved i n his hand h e he ld his s aff as wa e e r S o w H was acco anie t , he lk d v y l ly. e mp d by

esse a co his o e who was his si e e hin him M r M r , br th r, by d ; b d ca e his co usi his an so i n i o f his e a io ns m n , gr d n , and an ﬁn ty r l t , and i n is wa w n to his o w n o u se th y he e t h . “ Arrived at the l o west step o f the stairs he said ' The malice o f othe rs has driven me fro m the h e ight to wh ich my o wn m erits ” had aise m n is e f h c ll th i r d e. O h d partu re ro m t e pala e a e C ty had as e e see him and e e o was a e and fu l o f s mbl d to , v ry ne am z d l the i n us ice and wro n a had e e n o n him and the wo n e j t g th t b d e , d r was the eo e did no t ise i n e e io n co nsi e in the i n i na p pl r r b ll , d r g d g

io n and w at a we e o e n n o n a l i s e a e t r h th t r p ly a d l s de d cl r d .

esse the o we n o n his wa wit a c e e fu face and M r . D ge t y h h r l , gre eting e ve ryo ne with the greatest ki nd ness he went to his

o u se is o nic e en o e o n to sa ho w e nu e h . Th chr l th g s y a larg mb r o f e n e m e n we n to i i F o scari at his use and ho w he g tl t v s t ho ,

a e wi e o f his a e i and ac i o s and co m t lk d th th m p st r gn t n ,

ronaca u u s ini Cod. I . cl . V I I . C A g t , , 3 E in is alla un ca uccio di scar a o il ua e ca uccio uan o e i d p pp l tt , q l pp , q d gl ” fu fa o o e o r in a sua mo ie ra che sa asse e fe celo se m re sa are . tt d g , d o gl lv , p lv i 1 2 Two Doges of Ven ce. 7

ai bu t o e o s n e si a a a o f the pl ned , m d stly e m de tame t l gn v

w o h d e n o e him r ng that a be d n . The Co u ncil o f T e n had e nj o i ne d the u su al sile nce as to the ir d o ings i n re gard o f F o scari that the y al ways impo se d o n the ir

ac io ns bu t s o f hei cau io the fac s as to ho w his t , , in pite t r pre t ns, t

e o si io e n o asse had s read and ca se u ni e sa d p t n had b e c mp d p , u d v r l

disco e ince o u n a o n o f e nice s a ee had nt nt. S the f d ti V uch d d

ne e e e e a e d and u in we e be a f o ver b n p rp tr t , m rmur gs r to he rd r m the ve ry stones o f which the city was fou nded mo rmorando ﬁ no

le ie e e e fo n am n e di e esia e ne a isa o a i n p r d ll d e t V n G r l d ppr b t o ,

to o was e e at F o scari n ee o e e to ea , xpr ssed havi g b n c mp ll d br k

his o a S i n e a i swo to e ain as o i his a he th , c h v ng rn r m D ge t ll de th ,

s o u no t e be e o se f o a osi io n all the o e as h ld hav n dep d r m th t p t , m r

at his a e he o u no t a o n to i was a so u g c ld h ve l g l ve. There l m ch

i ndi na n at wa i n ic o u nci o f T e n had a e and g tio the y wh h the C l ct d,

i n w ic had u su e we s e o e i au o i and h h they rp d po r b y nd th r th r ty ; ,

i n e so o u was the o i e o f e ne is o e n the o nci d ed , l d v c g ral d c nt t, C u l d ee m ed it prude nt to sile nce the clam o u r the y had the m se lves

o use o e he wi h the u u i n s a we e e o i u ni ar d, t g t r t m rm r g th t r b c m ng

e sa e e in e a o a io n o f all o s v r l . Th y b gan by e xpress g th ir ppr b t th e

m m e who had assis e at the e i e ra io ns af e w i e e b rs t d d l b t , t r h ch th y

im o s a s ic c a e o f i nce o n he and fu e issu e a p ed tr t h rg s le t m , rth r d co mma nd fo rbidding all fre e d o m o f Spe ech o n the m atter i n

i s u a the s p u bl c . These m e asure s pro ve d o e ffect al th t ﬁr t o u tbu rst o f ind ignatio n was hardly spe nt e re the whole a ffair lay w rappe d i n all the glo o m and secrecy that i n so m any cases

e i e the do in s o f i n v l d g th s famo us tribu al .

was o n u n a o nin o e 2 rd 1 a F o scari It S d y m r g , Oct b r 3 , 457 , th t

had e e n co to a i a e and o n the fo o win da the b mpelled bd c t , ll g y

rea o u nc i was su ne to e e c his succe sso fo r o u G t C l mmo d l t r, th gh the T e n had see n ﬁ t to act OII th ei r o wn responsibility i n

1 ro naca D o lf m o . ci t C , ﬁ . 1 2 8 Two Do es eni ce g of V .

a o f e i the o e e a no t s e to e reg rd d pos ng D g , th y d red as um th m

e the o we in in n n The e a s lves p r o f appo t g a ew o e . Gr t Council m et o n the 2 th c o e and sat wi o o s i a 4 O t b r, th l cked d or t ll Sund y ,

o th w u nani u i was e at and the 3 , hen the mo s verd ct arriv d ,

as u e a i ie o was dec a e o in o o o f F o scari P q al M l p r l r d D ge the r m ,

s e ffi i o an i n he and as um d O ce the same day. The mp rt ce g ve to t i nj u nctions biddi ng him atte nd i n perso n at the m e etings and d e o f the o u n i s i n as in o and i a ia ebat s C c l , and p s g pr mpt mp rt l

u e is ar e and wo u e e to o i n iso e rs and j dgm nt, m k d , ld s m p t to d rd irre gularities having crept into the admi nistratio n d u ring the last few years .

’ Two a f e the o o f the new o e o n A ll ain d ys a t r electi n D g , S ts

e e I 1 at r u o f the da ancesco Day, Nov mb r st, 45 7, the ﬁ st ho r y, Fr

F s ri i The o a the u n o f the e whic o ca d ed . st ry th t so d b ll h

' n e is u ce s o s o in en o e his ea and was an o unc d h s c s r app tm t br k h rt,

the aus o f his e a has ee ro e to be n rue . The ne w c e d th, b n p v d u t

o e had e e and ai e o n the o th o f c o e D g been el ct d procl m d 3 O t b r,

two o o mi i and e is au o ri to o e h urs bef re dn ght, ther no th ty pr v that fo r two whole days the news was ke pt se c re t ; no r can we su ppo se that such an interval wo uld have elapse d withou t so me

ic e i i n in e n nno u n e e n o f the publ r jo c gs tak g place, or some op a c m t

’ si o new ru l e r s acces n .

’ The D o lﬁn cro nicle i es a uain ac o u n o f F oscari s e nd g v q t c t , “ and te lls u s that Messe r Pasqu al Malipi e ro havi ng assu m e d

du e it was i easin to Go d and to the a o n the k dom , d spl g p tr

a to w su nfusio n in e ice as a e e s o u St . M rk allo ch co V n th t th r h ld

o t be two living h e ads . A nd i n the sam e way i n which it was n

co n e nie fo r a a o to o ss two e a s so e u a v nt mort l b dy p ess h d , q lly was it no t co nve nient that the re sho uld be two Doges i n

i e sa i o o n e ha F oscari Ven c . The me chron cle g es to relat t t

had e to his own u se t an a e o ne w e was o a . gon h S P t l , h re he like the fruit which whe n ripe falls from the tree at the le ast

e o 1 30 Two Dog s f Ven ice .

a n i ne i as was u o at ea o f an o e . pe l t mes, c st mary the d th y D g

h s m e o nci a so e e i e o n a n i T e a C u l l d t rm n d that Thursd y ght,

o v e m e rd the s s u be a i in o o o o f N b r 3 , corp e ho ld c rr ed t the r m the ” i no ri di no e sse in a o e man e w a S g tt , dre d g ld n tl , ith the duc l

o nne o n his ea o e s o n his e the o swo b t h d , g ld n purs fe t, g ld rd by his si e o in was be wan i n to u in i i o f d , and n th g to t g the f ll s gn a

a e . a i n s a ec e o scarI ife a i a ia st t But ga st uch d re F s w , M r n or Mar

ani o se e se f wi all the e n and i - i e nes N , ppo d h r l th ergy h gh m nd d s

e wo an u u s o o f a no bl m . S ch ho no r we re a po r apolo gy fo r the

i n s ice o ne to her a an d fo r the w o had ju t d husb nd, r ngs he

e n u ed She e c in i u o w ic she had d r . d l ed to g ve p the b dy, h h cau sed to be dressed in plain and Simple Clo th es as tho u gh he

we o o man and she m ai a ne no o ne re only a p r , nt i d that but

e rse f s o u o i e fo r e a e n e o h l h ld pr v d the fun r l xpe s s, even sh uld she

a e i e u he r o we to e f a the s s u i h v to g v p d r d r y co ts. Her re ol t on

was and she was e e n i n e so ﬁrm, so d t rmi ed her purpos , she

see a o u to i he r o i but she n w med b t ga n p nt, had to co tend ith a

u n i e e ine as e se f and o ss e o f Co c l qually d term d h r l , p ess d besides

The o i Of T en n o ne o f e a gre ate r powe r. C unc l se t their h ds to

he r wi e s a ha e in n e her th a m s ge, t t should she d cl e to surre d r

’ u n o wi wi i i t o h sba d s b dy th a good grace and ll ngly, sh uld be

take n from her by force . And thus to the ve ry e nd there was to be strife and

i and the u e is u e w i as e conte nt on , tro bl s and d p t s h ch had l t d

’ thro ugh F o scari s life bade fair to be co ntinue d e ven after

ia F o scari who his d eath . The luckless Mar , had had to

the i e ea o f o so n who weep o ver ex l and d th her nly , and with her hu sband had been compelle d to lay aside the rank

i io n o f e i n a had now u n and po s t the high st the l nd , to mo r

’ a s w i she was fo at the sa e that husb nd death , h le rced m time to fo rego all those last sad d u ties so pre cious to ’ i u o rende r to the dead, and to g ve up her h sband s b dy to

CONCLU SION .

HE histo ry o f F o scarI s d u kedom should be su ch as to pro ve itse lf e ithe r a justiﬁcatio n or ’ a cond e m natio n o f M o ce nigo s dying speech ; bu t how far F o scari himse lf was responsible fo r

all the w r and is a sue in his a m ery th t en d reign, i s e io a e e i co i e e a qu st n that pe rh ps has not always b n fa rly ns d r d . We have seen ho w soon afte r his accession Ve nice was plunge d fo r i n o war o n the ai a in i io n to the years t m nl nd , but just ﬁcat D o ge we must re me mbe r how u nwilli ngly he e ngage d i n that war and ho w a ai and a i he is e to the , g n ga n refused to l t n

o f the o e i es o r to aid e i n i e overtures Fl r nt n , th m the r strif

a ai ns the u o f i an and w e n he e to g t D ke M l , h n ﬁ ally consent d

o i es wi e we ask e es w e e j n forc th th m, ours lv h th r any other

o i was o to him 'The a e was a o o ne and war p l cy pen g st rmy , was the all -abso rbing topic and occupatio n fo r great and

a a i e a F o scari s e th s i sm ll l k . Th t har d e pir t of the age to a

a e n a e e he was s a i io u s and w i l m t bl ext nt, that mo t mb t arl ke,

ma be ca fo r e e o e e a s an fo r a e y use r gr t m r p rh p th bl m . That

he did no t is s e io to his i and i e in a an e o f r e up r r t mes , l v dv c

his a e fa s a s e be e in g , are ct th t mu t ver d plored as hav g hastened Tw D e o og s of Venice . 1 3 3

the e i e i e ni it d cl n and ru n of V ce, and is on this ground that we u s wi o a i i m t thh ld our full dm rat on from him , and refuse

to n w e him H e ack o l dge as a truly great man . was u nable

’ se e i n w a his r s e act o to h t count y r al good lay, or to s lely

r e a we a is ai ai fo her p rm nent lf re. It s d that he med at

o i e a o u o f a o u n th ng l ss th n the c nq est Lomb rdy, and th gh he

’ ce ain e to e i e s o s e sio a it was o e rt ly add d V n c p s s ns by l nd , d n at

e e se o f he r o we sea and e her wea and the xp n p r by , l ft k

e e n e e wi ai and au s e e d f c l ss, th a dr ned exchequer exh t d Suppli s, at a m o me nt whe n she stood i n ne ed o f m o re than he r o rdi nary stre ngth to furnish co ntinge nts o f m en and gall eys to drive the

u r o s a ino to fu the issi n i e T k from C n t nt ple, and lﬁl m o ascr b d to

her o the o a fee and the safe o f to h ld g rgeous E st in , be guard ” 1 he e ns ea o f ne w es s o s es io t W st . I t d this her inter t and p s s ns

the ain a we e o f u e to he r o s and on m l nd r a nat r fetter acti n ,

n e he r i co i a e e i e and re d r pol cy mpl c t d, and ven at t m s mean selﬁsh add e d to which she became embroiled in tu rn with the

o the a i o f u i e e o and wit the P pe, P tr arch Aq l j a, the Emp r r, h

i nce o f a and wa her ne ie in wa and u pr s It ly, sted e rg s rs str ggle s with powe rs and states who should have bee n her alli es instead

f he r fo o es .

m u s w w o e o f a i a io f o We t not, ho ever, ithh ld our sens dm r t n r m F o scari whe n we co nsider ho w much he did fo r the adornme nt

and e is o f his i w his i a o a emb ll hment nat ve to n , and l beral p tr n ge

a e e s i n f is o f rt. B fo r peak g o th w e will glance fo r a m o m ent at his o wn a e and i e s i s e c o f its i o i pal c g v a l ght k t h h st ry. Th s

ace w ic s o n i o o f San a a e ne pal , h h tands the R v P nt l o at the

o o f a s ana and the a a re s e r c rner mall c l Gr nd C nal, p ents a v y

iffe e e c no w o f e a d r nt asp t to that bygon d ys . At the

e i in o f the 1 en it was c o wne wi two w b g nn g 5th c tury r d th to ers, and was probably ornam e nted as we ll with those Arabic

1 or swo r onne on enice . W d th, S t V 1 Two Do es o en ice 34 g f V .

u e s as are s i to be e e o n the u a a a the t rr t , such t ll s n D c l P l ce, ‘ o e i i h Cad ro . o e o a t e i ia a i , etc It b l ng d r g n lly to Giust n n f m ly,

and was o u f m i n 1 2 the i o who b ght rom the 4 9 by S gn ry,

e e e it i f n e o o a u i o f a as pr s nt d to G an ra c sc G nzaga, M rq s M ntua, a

e wa fo r se ices e e e u r rd the rv he had rend r d the R p blic, when,

e the a o f a was o i e e o f aft r de th C rmagnola , he app nt d g neral

i o . W i n 1 8 he e in ui e is o a the r f rces hen , 43 , r l q sh d th c mm nd ,

and as e e to e ce o f the u o f an his p s d ov r the s rvi D ke Mil ,

a e a ai i o o n N o t fo p lac c me ag n nt the po ssessi of the state . r

n o w as i n the o o win e 1 an e co lo g, h ever, f ll g y ar, 439, Fr c s

fo a who s e e the is i n the o f S rz , had ucc ed d Marqu command

the e ne i fo e had led o e o ces to i o and V t an rc s, th s f r v ct ry,

nice recaptured fo r the Re public the to wn o f Vero na . Ve sho wed her gratitude by presenting Sfo rza with his pre de ’ “ cessor s o e a u o the e w two h us , c lled by San d hous ith the ” 1 i a n o e s u a e t Sa a a e . t w rs, t t P nt l one

was to i e fo a a w e 1 1 he was It th s palac S rz c me, h n, in 44 ,

s i n i n e i as i at w o f a o o F o scari tay g V n ce to s st the edding J c p ,

and we ﬁ nd him a ai i n e a in the r g n res di g her l ter same yea , whe n he came i n the capacity o f mediator betwee n Milan

and e i e . the o o wi e he a e wi his i e V n c In f ll ng y ar c m th br d ,

ian i o n i his e ne i o bu t is was his ast B ca V sc t , to V t an h me ; th l

i i e fo r in 1 it was is o e he a e u se o f v s t ther , 447 d c ver d that m d

his a e fo r ea o na a i es a i the o e rn e p lac tr s ble pr ct c ga nst g v m nt,

and so o i o f o e e a ace to e the C unc l Ten rd r d the p l be clos d,

’ n th o s e u s was ut a d e Co u nt s g ods conﬁ cat d . The ho e p up to

1 ese turre tted a eries had no reference as has een som e im es Th g ll , b t su o se to efence o r fo r i ca io n but were m e re a s e of ornamen a ion pp d, d t ﬁ t , ly tyl t t that intercourse and contact with the Arabians had made familiar to the n i Ve e t ans. 3 I 1 2 o e m re 1 fu reso di o nare al co n e rancesco la casa 9 N v b , 439, p d t F ” che fu de l arc ese di an o a al e due o rri osta a San an a eo ne . M h M t v , d l t , p P t l — anu o Vi a dei D uc i di e ne ia. S d , t h V z

1 36 Two Doges of Ven ice. but he also did much fo r the e mbe llishment o f the city o f

i bu o n e i . a e a in o f him o s s t e V n ce L ug r, spe k g , says he p ses ed

ssio o f o 1 wi i to o u we pa n , that gl ry ; but thout arrogat ng m ch

u his think we may claim fo r him that of art as well . D ring dukedom that side o f the Ducal Palace was built which e xten ds from whe re the ﬁgure of Venice stands to the Po rta de lla

a a we e a ai i i u o o w C rt and , as hav alre dy s d, th s beaut f l d r ay itself leadi ng into the cou rtyard o f the palace was built und e r

his patro nage . The walls of the palace also we re the n faced with the slabs o f red and white marble which we see to this day ; the Sala di M aggio r Co nsiglio was ﬁnished and i au e i s s wo we ea o f new ee s n gurated , and b s de the e rks r d str t

a e o e wi e i and o in e m d , old n s dened and r pa red, much d ne oth r

i n ways fo r the mpro vem e t o f the town .

o n o i i inio o n F o scari a o f Am g ther cr t cs and op ns , th t the 2 Gradenigo Codice m u st be also given . Speaking o f him as a

u it s a o f wa and ifﬁ i he r ler, ays th t in a moment great rs d cult es

e e wi i o and and to o he e a e gov rn d th v g ur ﬁrmness , , that ov rc m

e o s a e w i e his e ﬁ ne i i s i gr at b t cl s, h l among oth r qual t e m ght be ranke d that o f neve r letting anyo ne leave his presence

n e e o r nsa is . The o i e a s a had disco t nt d u t ﬁed same chr n cl r dd th t,

he no t at i es i wa to io e ﬁ ts o f a and a t m g ven y v l nt r ge nger, he

wo u e a s a le f A nd a o ld p rh p h ve t a happier memory. he ls ’ ” “ ea o f F o scari s e e and o f his os Sp ks natural loquenc , m t f i i ” beau ti ul and harmo n ous vo ce . S o with these gifts o f natu re we canno t wo nde r how again and again he carried his hearers

wi him o r a his i i u a o f s o f the th , th t op n on r led th t the re t

ena e w e esi e the o w o f e o u c o i n to o S t , h n , b d p er l q en e, he c mb ed

- e s i o f a ea i i the all p r uas ve charm b ut ful vo ce.

1 ’ ’ ’ ”— n eu amais u une assion am ourde la o ire . is o ire de enise Il tj q p , l gl H t V , ii . ib. . au ier tom . v l L g , , xxv 1 “ ” o i — d ra eni . v l Co . . c c o . D o e . Racco a o rrer. G d g , Cl x x , g lt C Tw Do es enice 1 o g of V . 3 7

The ta i n i m the k ng of Consta t nople, and the inroads ade by

' i diﬂ erent s the e re e a Turks nto part of Gr ek Empi , drov n o f w w f h ir e and umber anderers a ay rom t e hom s, as among

w m o s e ma these ere any c llectors and preserver of l tters, nu

r s i who e sc ipt , and such l ke stores, sought and found a hom i n e ic the i was i the s s w V n e, c ty enr ched by trea ure hich in this wa w e e w i wa C w y ere sh lt red ith n her lls. The best opyists ere

m e w e o f wo h also to be t ith h re, an art inestimable rth in t ose

a o f i i was s i in its i c and no t days, as th t pr nt ng t ll nfan y, did

i h f ri 1 T exist in Ve nice t ll t e dukedom o C stofo ro Moro. he greatest am o unt of learning and eruditio n to be found in

a was the i i i who e o those d ys amongst Venet an patr c ans, d v ted

e to i e a u w e i i s o e thems lves study and l t r t re, and hos l brar e and c lle tio ns of manu scripts and letters were such as no othe r private

i o r o o u o f e in fam lies h uses c ld boast . The coll ct g of Gree k

u c i e and o s was man s r pts, codices, and oth r rare precious d cument a taste posse ssed and indulged i n by many of the nobles of

e i o ne in w i the n s as w as V n ce, and h ch young oble partook ell, we a in the e F o scari who was u h ve seen cas of Jacopo , acc sed of a e i a o n i o f a i cc pt ng m g other g fts that some Greek m nuscr pts.

’ I n F oscari s u e r new w w s d k dom seve al la s ere pa sed, both

i i i e i c v l and commerc al, and many old ones alter d and mproved

e a o f e u a and in r g rd ﬁr s, sanitary reg l tions, other matters that

the i f we re lated generally to publ c sa ety and lfare .

e o a w r w i u i On the oth r hand, the c nst nt a s in h ch the Rep bl c was plu nge d bro ught the state o f her trade and commerce to a

lo w ebb w i e the e a e o f e o very , h l xh usted stat the exchequ r inv lved

s oa s and a s wi an i n a e o f i fre h l n t xe , th cre s d rate mposts. The

e o f e o f the es a s in wn h failur , too, som larg t b nk the to , and t e

1 Ro manin sa s it is ce r ain a enice had rin in re sses in 1 6 y t th t V p t g p 4 9, “ when the Senate accorded hono urable privileges fo r ﬁ v e years to Gio vanni ' ’ ’ da ira to u is icero s ami iar e ers and in s a u ra is or Sp p bl h C F l L tt Pl y N t l H t y. 1 8 Two Do e o 3 g s f Ven ice.

' ea w aﬂected i n u s w a o f h vy expenses of her ars, the d try and elf re Venice to su ch an e xte nt that eve n the magniﬁcence o f he r

u i i and iu and o n s an and sea b ld ngs, her tr mphs c quest by l d , canno t be said to aton e fo r the misery and distress that fo llowed

i a F oscari on the re gn of Fr ncesco .

EPITOME OF DATES AND EVENTS OF DOGE

’ TOMASO MOCE N I GO S REIGN .

1 1 i n nd n n i f nice . 4 4. Elect o a i stallatio of Tomaso Mocen go as Doge o Ve O e nin of the ounci of o ns an p g C l C t ce .

1 1 . r r X I me in e o I . reno unces his c aims t h a c c e 4 5 G g y l o t e P pa y. S h enice for oisonin the Em eror i i smun erri or of Ro ere o V p g p S g d. T t y v d ac ui he R q red by t epublic. 1 1 6 a a a e a ains th ur s n th 2 h f M at a i i 4 . N v l b ttl g t e T k o e 9t o ay G ll po l . ic or of the e ne i ns un er r ore an ar in essario n resen s V t y V t a d Piet o L d o . C d al B p t i h s co l ec ion o f . co ices etc. to the i rar of . ar . l t MSS d , , L b y St M k

1 1 . c isms in the urc al a e e e ec ion of ar in to the 4 7 S h Ch h l y d by th l t M t V.

Papacy. W n 1 8. r riul i e w n nice and h Em r u isi 14 a i F b t ee Ve t e pe or Sigism nd. V t

o f the is o of inc es er unc e of enr V . to enice . Deat of ar o B h p W h t , l H y , V h C l

Zeno .

1 1 . on ues of riu i enice . D eat o f the ene ian enera 4 9 C q t F l by V h V t g l, d Arc lli Filippo i e .

1 20. r a con u s s in ama ia and ania orin aine the 4 G e t q e t D l t Alb . C th g d by R u ep blic.

1 2 1 . i con uer the own of e no 4 M lan q s t G a.

1 2 2 rea we n i an and eni . D e oceni o ro ses to 4 . T ty bet e M l V ce og M g p po the ena e the re ui in of ar of the uca alace and a s the ﬁne of S t b ld g p t D l P , p y uc s i on w oe er ro o un e suc a sc em in u i d at la d h v p p d d h h e p bl c.

1 2 D o e oceni o ies on th rd of ri . 4 3 . g M g d e 3 Ap l F ’ LIST OF DATES IN DOGE OSCARI S LIFE .

1 2 . On the th of ri o maso o ceni o ies and o n the 1 th of the 4 3 4 Ap l T M g d , s same mon rancesco F oscari is e ec e si -ﬁfth D o e f enic th F l t d xty g o V e . J ohn a eo o m i o e m t us E ero r of ons an n co es o enice. la ue in enice . P l l g , p C t t pl , V P g V The Re u ic ains the t wn f a oni nd ras p bl g wo to s o S l ca a Pat so .

1 2 . The fam o u a er i nni i n 4 4 s p int G ova B ellini born . H elp s gi ve to the E r r of on no e a ain the ur s The 'in of Dacia come to mpe o C stanti pl g st T k . g s

Venice o n his way to the H o ly Land .

1 2 o i o ro F o scari e ec e P ri mi ceri o of . ar . U n e r his ru e 4 5 . P l d l t d St M k d l

i o a . he ri i e e of wearin s uirre fur the canons obta n from P pe M rtin V t p v l g g q l .

W ins i i is on i u o f i an . co unci of 1 00 1 26. ar a a o c e 4 g t F l pp V t , D k M l A l

Savii e ec e reason of is war. enice a ies e rse f wi m e eo l t d by th V ll h l th A d ,

D u e of a o and the o ren ines a ains ilan . rescia fa s in o the k S v y, Fl t , g t M B ll t arma o r e co mman e r-ia-c ief of the ene ian hands of Venice . C gn la c eat d d h V t

s ain a ic or at La i n o a o er the i ane se. force . They g v t y V g l v M l

1 2 ic or of the ene ians on the Po o er the i anese . enice 4 7. V t y V t v M l V ain r a g s Be g m o .

i . 1 28 eace e ween enice and iscon i . The council of 1 00 a o s e 4 . P b t V V t b l h d w i 1 2 The ene ians at ar w th ur s t a i o i. 4 9. V t th e T k a G ll p l

1 0 The ur s a e a o n ica e ssa o nica fro m the enetians. 43 . T k t k S l (Th l ) V ’ m f r a rini a a D o o cari s lif on emna ion Atte pt o And e Conta g inst ge F s e . C d t i he w - as assin O i z o d o en a o r of Ra enn and e ecu on of t ou be s . a a x t ld b z P l t , l d v ,

ies and ea es his son to the care and ui ance of e nice w ic in case o f d , l v g d V , h h, ’ the o s ea is to in eri all hi s s a es. b y d th, h t t t

1 1 re s war wi i an . War too wi the enoese and ic or of 43 . F h th M l , , th G , v t y

the ene ians at Ra alla. a rie e Co ndulmer ene ian a rician e ec e V t p G b l , V t p t , l t d

o e and a e s the name of Eu enius . P p , t k g IV 1 2 On the th of Ma arm a no a ca tai n- enera o f the ene ian 43 . s y, C g l , p g l V t

forces is e ea e . cons irac fo rme som e o f the a ri cians to o ain , b h d d A p y d by p t bt i T for em se es the ower of es owin u c ofﬁ ces. he o isco e re th lv p b t g p bl pl t d v d,

nd the ea ers unis e in e ri e f eir i th a l d p h d by be g d p v d o th seats n e Co uncil . W in the e in ar Valt ll a. The m eror i is 1 433 . E p S g mund passes through the states of the Republic

I 2 Two Do es o e e 4 g f V nic .

1 1 iscor s s to the oun ar of s ria e ween n 45 . D d a b d y I t b t Ve ice and the

' in of the Romans . o ren o ius inian rs a riarc of e nice the g L z G t , ﬁ t P t h V ; is o ric of as e o e in no w m er e in o the a riarc a e of e nice b h p C t ll b g g d t p t h t V .

1 2 . The Em ero r re e ric . isi s enice ie ro F o 45 p F d k III v t V . P t scari made

' P n nzi e i ato f ar c r o St . M k 1 ons an ino e a en the ur s un er ah ome 453 . C t t pl t k by T k d M t II . 1 eace si ne e ween eni ce and the ur s ea 454 . P g d b t V T k . P ce al so signed e w n h D u e f i an the ene ians d o er rin ee t e o an ce s . ea ue b t k M l , V t , th p L g e ween the ene ians the oren ines for a and o ers fo r the reser a b t V t , Fl t , S z , th , p v

ion of e ir s a es . Enmi e we en the F oscari and o re ano fami ies t th t t ty b t L d l .

1 6 affeo on arini e ec e as secon a riarc of e nice . aco o 45 . M C t l t d d P t h V J p

o scari e i e to anea. ao o ar o and o ers en rea fo r his ar on F x l d C P l B b th t t p d . 1 D e osi ion of D o e F oscari on accoun of old a e on the 2 th 457 . p t g , t g , 4 O h oth of the sam e mon as ua e a i i of c o er. On t e ero e ec e t b 3 th, P q l M l p l t d

D o F sc ri i s on he I st of o em er. ge . o a d e t N v b

AD D E N DA.

omi e to s a e in re ar of i a ami ie e e ri a the eneao I tt d t t g d L tt , F gl C l b , th t g l gy i ere i en is r m h a e en f o m ederi o o f the M oce nigo fam ly th g v f o t e bl p o C . F g

efan i ea of the a e rc i e s of enice. St , h d St t A h v V 1 6 a e ma e an e rror in re ar of is ro naca M o risini fo r the P . . I h v d g d th C , original of this precious codex is in the I mperial Library at Vienna no t at

e nice w ere ere e is s on a co ma e a e from the ienna . V , h th x t ly py d l t ly V MSS i i i r i is N o . mmx i and p urchased by the Marciana L bra y. Th s co py lv

mm ix . vii . e i aiani. xl , Cl , d gl It l