Efeitos Do Teremin No Imaginário Cinematográfico Norte-Americano

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Efeitos Do Teremin No Imaginário Cinematográfico Norte-Americano UNIVERSIDADE ANHEMBI MORUMBI FABRIZIO DI SARNO EFEITOS DO TEREMIN NO IMAGINÁRIO CINEMATOGRÁFICO NORTE-AMERICANO SÃO PAULO 2011 FABRIZIO DI SARNO EFEITOS DO TEREMIN NO IMAGINÁRIO CINEMATOGRÁFICO NORTE-AMERICANO Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Banca Examinadora, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre do Programa de Mestrado em Comunicação, área de concentração em Comunicação Contemporânea da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Gelson Santana. SÃO PAULO 2011 D639e Di Sarno, Fabrízio Efeitos do Teremin no imaginário cinematográfico norte- americano / Fabrízio Di Sarno. – 2011. 169f.: il.; 30 cm. Orientador: Gelson Santana Dissertação (Mestrado em Comunicação) - Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, São Paulo, 2011. Bibliografia: f. 145-160. 1. Comunicação. 2. Teremin. 3. Trilha Sonora. 4. Música. 5. Imaginário. 6. Estranho. 7. Cinema norte-americano. 8. Efeitos Sonoros. 9. Sound Design. Título. CDD 302.2 FABRIZIO DI SARNO EFEITOS DO TEREMIN NO IMAGINÁRIO CINEMATOGRÁFICO NORTE-AMERICANO Dissertação de Mestrado apresentado à Banca Examinadora, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre do Programa de Mestrado em Comunicação, área de concentração em Comunicação Contemporânea da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Gelson Santana. Aprovado em 12/12/2012 Prof. Dr. Gelson Santana Profa. Dra. Suzana Reck Miranda Prof. Dr. Vicente Gosciola AGRADECIMENTOS A Leticia Falletti Di Sarno e Verônica Falletti Di Sarno pelo apoio e amor incondicional. À minha mãe, Maria de Fátima Gallinari, pela cuidadosa revisão e pelo apoio interminável. Ao meu pai e aos meus irmãos pela ajuda que sempre me deram durante toda a minha vida. Aos meus sogros Vitório e Rosemilda pelo importante apoio. Ao tereminista brasileiro, Silas Cordeiro, pela ajuda e pelo entusiasmo na divulgação do Teremin. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Gelson Santana, pela paciente orientação e pelas maravilhosas aulas. Ao tereminista holandês, Thorwald Jorgensen, pelo auxílio e pela dedicada pesquisa de filmes com som de Teremin. À todos os professores e alunos do Mestrado em Comunicação da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi. Aos professores Vicente Gosciola e Suzana Reck Miranda pelas excelentes contribuições ao meu trabalho de pesquisa. Ao meu eterno professor, Ricardo Rizek (1953-2006), por ter aumentado o meu gosto pela música e pelo conhecimento. RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar o papel do Teremin (considerado o primeiro instrumento musical eletrônico da história) na trilha sonora do cinema norte- americano. Para tanto, procuramos fazer um levantamento desde o princípio de seu uso na indústria cinematográfica dos Estados Unidos. Constatamos cinco momentos cruciais do uso do Teremin nesta cinematografia: os três primeiros compreendem, respectivamente, as décadas de 1930, 1940 e 1950; no quarto período, iniciado em 1966, o uso do instrumento entra em decadência ao perder a força de representação que vinha tendo até então; o quinto período tem início no princípio dos anos 90, neste momento o uso do instrumento é recuperado pelo cinema norte-americano sob uma nova perspectiva. O Teremin é visto de duas maneiras nesta pesquisa: 1) como instrumento melódico; 2) como produtor de efeitos sonoros. Nos dois casos procuramos entender as estratégias utilizadas pelas trilhas sonoras que levam a representação do estranho, do desconhecido, do monstruoso. O percurso histórico do instrumento pelo cinema norte-americano aponta para motivações que o fazem lugar ideal para representar efeitos sonoros que tem seu uso associado a um território governado por fenômenos inexplicáveis. O processo de representação ao qual o Teremin foi associado acompanha um período histórico singular, que vai do nazi-fascismo, passa pela Guerra Fria e desemboca na queda do muro de Berlim. No entanto, no início dos anos 60, o instrumento perde seu poder de sedução no momento em que, por exemplo, as viagens espaciais começam a se tornar realidade. Além de catalogar os filmes mais importantes que fazem uso do Teremin como instrumento melódico ou como instrumento responsável pela execução de efeitos sonoros, estudamos os tipos de uso do som do instrumento, para que se possa entender a sua influência no imaginário cinematográfico norte-americano. Palavras-chave: Teremin. Trilha sonora. Música. Imaginário. Estranho. Cinema norte- americano. Efeitos sonoros. Sound Design. ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to study the role of the Teremim (considered as the first electronic musical instrument in history) in to the soundtrack composing process of the American cinema. In order to do that, a data collection of its use in the USA film industry was done. Five crucial moments of the Teremin were noticed in this industry: The three first periods occurred respectively during the decades of 1930, 1940 e 1950; the fourth period begins in 1966, with the discontinuing use of it due to the lost of the representative meaning this instrument had until that moment. The fifth period starts in the beginning of the 90’s, when the role of the Teremim was recovered by the American cinema, carrying a new perspective. In this research, the Teremin is analyzed in two ways: 1) as a melodic musical instrument; 2) as a producer of sound effects. In both cases, understanding the strategies involved in the soundtracks that lead to the representation of the Uncanny, the Unknown, the Monstrous is the purpose of this study.The historical route of the Teremim in the American cinema indicates why it is the special musical instrument to represent the sound effects which has its use associated to a territory governed by inexplicable phenomena. The process of representation that was associated to the Teremim accompanies a singular historical period that starts with Nazi-Facism, goes through the Cold War period and reaches the fall of the Berlin Wall. However, in the beginning of the 60’s, the instrument loses its seduction power when, for example, the space journeys became a reality. Besides cataloguing the most important movies that use the Teremim as a melodic instrument or sound effect producer, the different uses of it was also analyzed, resulting in the understanding the great influence in the American imaginary in the film industry. Palavras-chave: Teremin. Soundtrack. Music. Imaginary. Uncanny. American cinema. Sound effects. Sound Design. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 – Léon Theremin tocando Teremin..............................................................17 Figura 2 – Réplica atual do Violoncelo-Theremin.......................................................20 Figura 3 – Ensaio do semicírculo com dez Teremins simultâneos............................26 Figura 4 – Interior do Teremin da RCA......................................................................31 Figura 5 – Interior do Teremin customizado de Clara Rockmore..............................31 Figura 6 – Teremin Etherwave Pro, fabricado pela Moog..........................................32 Figura 7 – Paul Tanner tocando o Electro-Theremin nos anos 50.............................34 Figura 8 – Electrio durante apresentação ao vivo na rádio Columbia Network KNBC.........................................................................................................................44 Figura 9 – Divlugação de um concerto erudito de Clara Rockmore..........................45 Figura 10 – Ensaio atual da música Ecuatorial (1934) de Edgard Varèse................46 Figura 11 – Samuel Hoffman tocando Teremin.........................................................55 Figura 12 – Cena do misterioso assassino em “The Spiral Staricase”, 1945............56 Figura 13 – Cena de Jerry Lewis com o Teremin de Samuel Hoffman em “O Delinquente Delicado”, 1957.....................................................................................75 Figura 14 – O sintetizador portátil Minimoog.............................................................88 Figura 15 – Os extraterrestres Kang e Kodos no seriado “Os Simpsons”.................97 Figura 16 – Notação musical de Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1958), de John Cage........................................................................................................................116 Figura 17 – Notação musical de 27’10.554″ For a Percussionist (1956), de John Cage........................................................................................................................116 Figura 19 – Extraterrestre Gothe “Alien Trespass”..................................................129 Figura 18 – Robô Gort “O Dia em que a Terra Parou”.............................................130 Figura 20 – Monstro marinho “The She-Creatrue”..................................................130 Figura 21 – Extraterrestres “Marte Ataca!”...............................................................130 Figura 22 – Extraterrestre “O Monstro do Ártico”......................................................131 Figura 23 – Monstro em forma de casa “A Casa Monstro”.......................................131 Figura 24 – Conde Drácula “Billy the Kid vs. Dracula”…………..……………..……131 Figura 25 – Aranha gigante “Earth vs. the Spider”...................................................132 Figura 26 – Mutante “Day the World Ended”…………….. ………………….….……132 Figura 27 – Extraterrestre “It Came from Outer Space”……………………….……..132 Figura 28 – Rainha mascarada “Queen of Outer Space”.........................................133 Figura 29 – Extraterrestre “Queen of Blood”............................................................133
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