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Soils of Central Sudan

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Soils of Central Sudan SOILS OF CENTRAL SUDAN J. BUURSINK Stellingen 1. De aard van de kleifraktie van Vertisols en Alfisols in centraal Sudan, be- staande uit montmorillonitische mineralen, bepaalt de nauwe genetische verwantschap van deze gronden. (Dit proefschrift) 2. De verwering van montmorilloniet- tot illietkleien in Nijldelta afzettingen wordt door Hamdi ten onrechte geacht te zijn aangetoond. (Hamdi H. 1959 Alterations in the clay fraction of Egyptian soils. Z.Pflanzenern. Düng. Bodenk. 84 : 204) 3. Voor universele toepassing van de bodemtemperatuur als criterium om bodems van tropisch- en subtropisch-aride gebieden te scheiden, dienen de definities als geformuleerd door de U.S.Dept. of Agriculture te worden gewijzigd. (Soil Survey Staff, SCS, USDA 1960 en 1967 Soil Classification. A Comprehensive System. U.S. Gov. Pr. Off., Washington) 4. Het ontbreken van sediment aanvoer uit Ethiopië hoeft niet zonder meer de oorzaak te zijn van de afwezigheid van pyroxenen in de zandfraktie van oudere Nijlterrassen, zoals gesteld door Shukri. Het laatste feit dient veeleer te worden toegeschreven aan verwering van dit mineraal. (Shukri N. M. 1950 The mineralogy of some Nile sediments. Q. J. Geol. Soc. 105 : 511-534) 5. Het merendeel van de 'Zwarte Tropische Kleien' (Vertisols) in Afrika dient niet te worden geklassificeerd als Pellusterts, zoals Sys meent, maar als Chromusterts. (Sys C. 1969 Soils of Central Africa in the American Classification — 7th Approximation. African Soils 14 : 33) 6. De silt akkumulatie achter de Assoeandam zal de bodemvruchtbaarheid van de Nijldelta in ongunstige zin beïnvloeden. 7. Gezien de veelal schaarse gegevens die beschikbaar zijn ten tijde van de planning (eerste besluitvorming) van ontwikkelingsprojekten, dient hierbij ruimte gelaten te worden voor wijzigingen en aanpassingen, die noodzakelijk blijken naarmate de veldstudies vorderen. 8. Door de overheid dient op zo kort mogelijke termijn te worden verlangd dat de in talloze oudere woningen nog aanwezige loden waterleidingbuizen worden verwijderd. 9. De door 'Van Dale' gegeven omschrijving van de betekenis van 'rivierleem' berust op een fictie. (Kruyskamp C. 1970 Van Dale Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse taal. M. Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage) 10. In verband met de eis 'baas in eigen buik' kan het gepast zijn ook de hand in eigen boezem te steken. Utrecht, 21 juni 1971 J. BUURSINK Frontispiece; Photograph of northern and central Sudan showing part of the Nile River basin, taken from the Gemini XI spacecraft on September 14, 1966 at an altitude of about 600 km. Some cumuliform and cirriform clouds are seen drifting over the desert on both sides of the Red Sea (Photo credit: National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Soils of Central Sudan Soils of Central Sudan Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen aan de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr. F. van der Blij, volgens besluit van de Senaat in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 21 juni 1971 des namiddags te 4.00 uur (precies) door Johan Buursink geboren op 22 augustus 1939 te Enschede. Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU ) World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe i depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued ] information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the ! originators. For questions please contact [email protected] , indicating the item reference number concerned. Utrecht 1971 Grafisch Bedrijf Schotanus & Jens Utrecht N.V. PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. IR. F. A. VAN BAREN Abstract This research is concerned with soil formation in the tropical arid zone of the Sudan, N.E. Africa, and deals only with soils developed in the extensive deposits of the Blue Nile and Nile, between 11 and 17° N. Subsequently are treated: the physical environment, the soils proper including field and laboratory data, and the classification and genesis of the soils. Mineralogical investigations show that rocks of the west Ethiopian Plateau (Trap Series basalts, Basement Complex, Mesozoic sandstones) determine the composition of the sediment of the Blue Nile as well as of the Nile. The influence of the White Nile is negligible. The sand component of the Blue Nile-Nile sediments is characterized, as regards its heavy fraction, by a hornblende-augite- epidote association; its light fraction consists primarily of quartz and potassium feldspars and such typical volcanic components as glass and basalt fragments. The silt fraction of the sediments con- tains mainly montmorillonitic and vermiculitic minerals. The former dominate the clay fraction. Precipitation in Ethiopia forms the major supply of water to the Nile, especially during the summer flood. The quality of the riverwater is rated at C2-S1, its high carbonate content may lead to soil salinization in flooded depressions. The fluviatile landscape — two terraces along the Blue Nile, and up to four along the Nile — has a semi-desert vegetation in the north, and a woodland savannah south of this. The organic matter content of its soils is generally less than that of the present river sediment. Published data concerning the absolute age of landscape units as well as those on paleoclimatological conditions are scarce and often contradictory. The soils are classified into four orders: Vertisols, Entisols, Aridisols, and Alfisols. The chemical composition of the Entisols and recent Vertisols — relative to the content of Si, Al, Fe, Ti, Ca, Mg, K, Ba, Co, Mn, Ni, and Zn — is positively correlated with four grain size fractions. The con- centration of Sr is of a deviating nature. Soil formation of the Alfisols, older Vertisols, and Aridisols has generally induced some loss of Si as well as of the elements Zn, Co, Mn, and Fe (in decreasing degree) mainly as a result of intensive disintegration of silt. From a mineralogical viewpoint increasingly older soils (higher terraces) show successive loss of more resistant minerals from the sand fraction: first basalt fragments, augite, and volcanic glass, then hornblende and potassium feldspar and finally mainly epidote. As for the silt and clay fractions, montmorillonite is mainly subject to weathering, this also appears from the cation-exchange capacity of the soils. Weathering of this mineral from the silt fraction presumably led to its enrichment in the clay fraction (terrace II, Gezira and Kenana). The continuation of this process subsequently entailed loss of montmorillonite from the clay fraction of older soils leading to a relative enrichment of kaolinite, combined with new formation of the latter. Micromorphological observations especially show that the soil formation of Alfisols and associated Vertisols (levee and backswamp) is closely related. Argillipedoturbation and translocation of clay occur in both kinds of soil. The former process dominated in the Vertisols, the latter in the Alfisols. The sulphate-carbonate salinity of the cracking clay soils (mainly Vertisols) of Gezira and Kenana is ascribed to evaporation of stagnant floodwater, now a relic feature owing to the incision of the Blue Nile. Samenvatting Deze studie betreft de bodemontwikkeling in de droge tropen van Sudan, N.O. Afrika. Uitsluitend bodems gevormd in de uitgestrekte afzettingen van de Blauwe Nijl en Nijl, tussen 11° en 17° NB, zijn hierbij betrokken. Achtereenvolgens zijn behandeld: het fysisch milieu, de bodems met veld- en laboratoriumgegevens, en de klassifikatie en genese van de gronden. Mineralogisch onderzoek toont dat gesteentes van het West-Ethiopisch hoogland (Trap bazalten, Basement Complex, Mesozoische zandsteen) de samenstelling bepalen van het sediment van de Blauwe Nijl en van de Nijl zelf. De invloed van de Witte Nijl is minimaal. De zandcomponent van de Blauwe Nijl-Nijl sedimenten is, wat betreft de zware fraktie, gekenmerkt door een hoornblende- augiet-epidoot associatie, de lichte fraktie bestaat vnl. uit kwarts en kaliumveldspaat en zulke typisch vulkanische componenten als glas en bazalt fragmenten. De siltfraktie is vooral opgebouwd uit montmorilloniet en vermiculiet, waarvan de eerstgenoemde in de kleifraktie domineert. De hoeveelheid Nijlwater is in hoge mate bepaald door de neerslag in Ethiopië. De kwaliteit van het water voor irrigatie is geklassificeerd als C2-S1, vloedwater dat stagneert in depressies kan aanleiding geven tot bodemverzouting. Het fluviatiele landschap — twee terrassen langs de Blauwe Nijl en soms vier langs de Nijl — heeft een vegatatie die van noord naar zuid haar woestijnkarakter verliest en geleidelijk overgaat in een boomsavanne. Het gehalte aan organisch materiaal van de bodems is veelal lager dan van het huidig riviersediment. Gegevens betreffende de absolute ouderdom van de landschapseenheden en over paleoklimatologische omstandigheden zijn schaars en tegenstrijdig. De bodems zijn geklassificeerd in vier 'orders': Vertisols, Entisols, Aridisols en Alfisols. De chemi- sche samenstelling van de Entisols en recente Vertisols is, voor wat betreft de concentratie aan Si, Al, Fe, Ti, Ca, Mg, K, Ba, Co, Mn, Ni en Zn, positief gecorreleerd met vier korrelgrootte frakties. De concentraties van Sr wijken af in dit opzicht. Bodemvorming van de Alfisols, oudere Vertisols, en Aridisols heeft in het algemeen vooral geleid tot een verlies aan Si en aan Zn, Co, Mn en Fe (in afnemende mate) vooral tengevolge
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