Mapa Geologico De Chile: Version Digital
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Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus Humboldti Population in Chile: Counts of Moulting Birds, February 1999–2008
Wallace & Araya: Humboldt Penguin population in Chile 107 HUMBOLDT PENGUIN SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDTI POPULATION IN CHILE: COUNTS OF MOULTING BIRDS, FEBRUARY 1999–2008 ROBERTA S. WALLACE1 & BRAULIO ARAYA2 1Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 W. Blue Mound Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA ([email protected]) 2Calle Lima 193. Villa Alemana, V Región, Chile Received 19 August 2014, accepted 9 December 2014 SUMMARY WALLACE, R.S. & ARAYA, B. 2015. Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus humboldti population in Chile: counts of moulting birds, February 1999–2008. Marine Ornithology 43: 107–112 We conducted annual counts of moulting Humboldt Penguins roosting on the mainland coast and on offshore islands in north and central Chile during 1999–2008. The census area included the known major breeding colonies in Chile, where many penguins moult, as well as other sites. Population size was relatively stable across years, with an average of 33 384 SD 2 372 (range: 28 642–35 284) penguins counted, but the number of penguins found at any individual site could vary widely. Shifting penguin numbers suggest that penguins tend to aggregate to moult where food is abundant. While many of the major breeding sites are afforded some form of protected status, two sites with sizable penguin populations, Tilgo Island and Pájaros-1 Island, have no official protection. These census results provide a basis upon which future population trends can be compared. Key words: penguin, Spheniscus humboldti, census, Chile INTRODUCTION penguin taking less than three weeks to moult (Paredes et al. 2003). Penguins remain on land during moult, and they return to The Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus humboldti is a species endemic sea immediately after moulting (Zavalaga & Paredes 1997). -
PUNTA ARENAS CAMPANA CAUTIN Colegio 0950 LONGAVI 700 600 CARAHUE 0700 VALDIVIA 8647 SANTA RAQUEL
CANCILLER BRANDT CHAÑARCILLO G. ACOSTA PJE. EL TENIENTE POTRERILLOS FAMASOL SANTA ELENA Pasarela Peatonal 7750 EL BLANCO G. ACOSTA LOTA EL TOFO 300 7600 Sede Social ANDINA PJE 12 COLIPIT. PEREZ Restaurant Capilla R. TORO SAN JAIME 300 Villa GERONIMO DE ALDERETE 01200 PEÑUELAS Junta de NIEBLA DICHATO PJE. E03 Vecinos SURVEYOR Colegio LINARES GEMINIS Jardín 850 0700 GERONIMOInfantil DE ALDERETE 500 DON PEPE 300 1290 PJE PAIPOTE 7800 LUNIK HANGA-ROA MARINERS 1200 SPUTNIK RANQUIL Multicanchas LA SERENA Sede Social Pasarela AVDA. CORONEL 7900 Peatonal SOYUZ COSMOS Colegio MARINERS CORCOVADO 0800 Iglesia 400 1200 500 GRUMETE CORTÉS TELSTAR APOLO XI 850 Cancha PICHINMAVIDA 8000 0500 GERONIMO DE ALDERETE GRUMETE HERNANDEZ GRUMETE MACHADO GRUMETE VOLADOS Capilla G. BRICEÑO G. ESPINO 1200 G. VARGAS Capilla 0990 STA. JULIA VOSTOK 8000 Paso Club 850 Bajo GRUMETE SEPULVEDA Deportivo 0900 Multicanchas PIUQUENES PANGUIPULLI Nivel 7900 7900 0850 8000 7900 TELSTAR 7900 Cancha Junta de 0810 PJE 3 850 Vecinos 0700 7900 CRUCES 7900 Cancha GRUMETE PEREIRA G. QUINTEROS Capilla 7900 Hogar de Niños G. MIRANDA COMBARBALA ACONCAGUA y Ancianos G. PÉREZ 7900 DARWIN E10 MONTE 850 STOKES 100 8200 8200 PUERTO VARAS PJE LA PARVA CHOSHUENCO 8100 VILLARRICA CAÑETE INCA DE ORO SANTA RAQUEL AVDA. CORONEL 100 P. EL PEUMO P. EL QUILLAY LOS ALERCES PJE LA HIGUERILLA 01000 AV. AMERICO VESPUCIOOJOS DEL SALADO P. LA LUMA CALLE D LIRQUEN 8100 CALBUCO TRONADOR 100 ACONCAGUA 500 PJE EL PEUMO LOS CONDORES Iglesia ARICA EL QUILLAY COLBÚN SAUSALITO CALAFQUEN EL LINGUE Iglesia 0990 PASAJE 41 EL LITRANCURA TAMARUGO PJE TUCÁN 0905 PJE EL PEUMO 8000 PasarelaPasarela E10 LEONORA LATORRE CACHAPOAL PeatonalPeatonal 0800 TOME 8000 8300 8000 8000 PJE ALONDRA 0700 PELLÍN 8377 8377 8377 8377 9 ORIENTE LIMARI 8000 TOME 8 ORIENTE 0964 7 ORIENTE 5 NORTE 6 ORIENTE 8000 4 ORIENTE 5 ORIENTE LAUTARO 10 ORIENTE MIÑO Comercio 0700 0750 C. -
Large Rock Avalanches and River Damming Hazards in the Andes of Central Chile: the Case of Pangal Valley, Alto Cachapoal
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-6079, 2019 EGU General Assembly 2019 © Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Large rock avalanches and river damming hazards in the Andes of central Chile: the case of Pangal valley, Alto Cachapoal Sergio A. Sepulveda (1,2), Diego Chacon (2), Stella M. Moreiras (3), and Fernando Poblete (1) (1) Universidad de O0Higgins, Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Rancagua, Chile ([email protected]), (2) Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Geología, Santiago, Chile, (3) CONICET – IANIGLA- CCT, Mendoza, Argentina A cluster of five rock avalanche deposits of volumes varying from 1.5 to 150 millions of cubic metres located in the Pangal valley, Cachapoal river basin in the Andes of central Chile is studied. The landslides are originated in volcanic rocks affected by localised hydrothermal alteration in a short section of the fluvial valley. The largest rock avalanches, with deposit thicknesses of up to about 100 m, have blocked the valley to be later eroded by the Pangal river. Lacustrine deposits can be found upstream. A detailed geomorphological survey of the valley and dating of the landslide deposits is being performed, in order to assess the likelihood of new large volume landslide events with potential of river damming. Such events would endanger hydroelectric facilities and human settlements downstream. A total of eighteen potential landslide source areas were identified, with potential of damming up to 10^7 million cubic metres. This case study illustrates a poorly studied hazard of large slope instabilities and related river damming in the Chilean Andes, extensively covered by large landslide deposits along their valleys. -
Gamonal S.Pdf
Indice 1. Introducción …………………………………………………………………………. 6 1.1 Objetivos ………………………………………………………………...................... 7 1.2 Ubicación y accesos ..………………………………………………………………… 8 1.3 Clima y vegetación ………………………………………………………………….. 10 1.4 Metodología …………………………………………………………………………. 10 1.5 Historia de la propiedad y trabajos anteriores ……………………………………….. 11 2. Marco Geológico Regional ………………………………………………………...... 12 2.1 Basamento …………………………………………………………………………… 12 2.2 Volcanismo Cenozoico ……………………………………………………………… 14 2.3 Tectónica y estructuras ………………………………………………………………. 15 2.4 Alteración y mineralización ………………………………………………………… 18 3. Geología local ………………………………………………………………………… 19 3.1 Rocas estratificadas e intrusivas …………………………………………………….. 20 3.1.1 Formación Pantanoso (Pz) …………………………………………………...... 21 3.1.2 Lavas de Quebrada de Tapia (Kt) ……………………………………………… 21 3.1.3 Formación Astaburuaga (FAs) ………………………………………………… 21 3.1.4 Complejos de domos y depósitos volcánicos asociados (CDDV)………………. 23 3.1.4.1 Depósitos volcánicos y volcanoclásticos (CDv) …………………………… 23 3.1.4.2 Cuerpos Intrusivos (CDIn) ……………………………………………….. 24 3.1.4.3 Brechas freatomagmáticas (Bfm) ………………………………………… 25 3.1.5 Estratos de Sierra de la Sal (ESS) ……………………………………………… 26 3.1.6 Unidad Ignimbrítica I (UIg1) ………………………………………………….. 27 3.1.7 Unidad Tobácea (UTo) ………………………………………………………… 27 3.1.8 Unidad Andesítica Superior (UAS) …………………………………………… 28 3.1.9 Unidad Ignimbrítica II (UIg2) …………………………………………………. 29 3.2 Depósitos No consolidados ………………………………………………………… 29 3.2.1 Depósitos Aluviales de gravas -
La Campana-Peñuelas Biosphere Reserve in Central Chile: Threats and Challenges in a Peri-Urban Transition Zone
Management & Policy Issues eco.mont - Volume 7, Number 1, January 2015 66 ISSN 2073-106X print version ISSN 2073-1558 online version: http://epub.oeaw.ac.at/eco.mont La Campana-Peñuelas Biosphere Reserve in Central Chile: threats and challenges in a peri-urban transition zone Alejandro Salazar, Andrés Moreira-Muñoz & Camilo del Río Keywords: regional planning, sustainability science, ecosystem services, priority conservation sites, environmental threats Abstract Profile UNESCO biosphere reserves are territories especially suited as laboratories for Protected area sustainability. They form a network of more than 600 units worldwide, intended to be key sites for harmonization of the nature-culture interface in the wide diversity La Campana-Peñuelas of ecosystems existing on Earth. This mission is especially challenging in territories with high levels of land transformation and urbanization. The La Campana-Peñuelas Biosphere Reserve (BR) is one of these units: located in one of the world’s conserva- BR tion priority ecosystems, the Central Chilean Mediterranean ecoregion, it is at the same time one of the globally highly threatened spaces since the biota in this terri- Mountain range tory coexist with the most densely populated Chilean regions. This report deals with the main threats and land-use changes currently happening in the transition zone of Andes La Campana-Peñuelas BR, which pose several challenges for the unit as an effective model of sustainability on a regional scale. Country Chile Introduction local endemic species (Luebert et al. 2009; Hauenstein et al. 2009), see Figure 1. UNESCO biosphere reserves (BRs) can be consid- Recognizing that Central Chile possesses great spe- ered laboratories for sustainability (Bridgewater 2002; cies richness and endemism, which are under immi- Hadley 2011; Moreira-Muñoz & Borsdorf 2014). -
Muntean/Einaudi
Economic Geology Vol. 95, 2000, pp. 1445–1472 Porphyry Gold Deposits of the Refugio District, Maricunga Belt, Northern Chile JOHN L. MUNTEAN†,* AND MARCO T. EINAUDI Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115 Abstract The porphyry gold deposits of the Refugio district and similar deposits in the Maricunga belt contain the lowest known copper to gold ratios (% Cu/ppm Au = ~0.03) of any porphyry-type deposit. The gold deposits are associated with subvolcanic andesitic to dacitic intrusions emplaced into coeval volcanic rocks. Both the Verde and Pancho deposits are zoned in space from a deeper zone of banded quartz veinlets associated with chlorite-magnetite-albite and/or pyrite-albite-clay alteration to a shallow zone of pyrite-albite-clay and local quartz-alunite ledges. Pancho contains an additional, deepest, porphyry copperlike zone, with quartz veinlets (A-veinlets) and potassic alteration. Relative to Verde, Pancho is telescoped, with all three zones present within a 400-m-vertical interval. The porphyry copperlike zone at Pancho is characterized by A-veinlets and pervasive potassic alteration, both restricted to intrusive rocks. A-veinlets range from hairline streaks of magnetite ± biotite with minor quartz and chalcopyrite, and K feldspar alteration envelopes to sugary quartz veinlets <1 cm in width with mag- netite and chalcopyrite and no alteration envelopes. Hypersaline liquid inclusions coexisting with vapor-rich in- clusions indicate temperatures above 600°C and salinities as high as 84 wt percent NaCl equiv. A pressure es- timate of 250 bars indicates a depth of 1,000 m, assuming lithostatic pressure. -
Magmatic Evolution of the Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano, Central Cordillera, Colombia Minera1 Chemistry and Geochemistry
Magmatic evolution of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Central Cordillera, Colombia Minera1 chemistry and geochemistry N. VATIN-PÉRIGNON “‘, P. GOEMANS “‘, R.A. OLIVER ‘*’ L. BRIQUEU 13),J.C. THOURET 14J,R. SALINAS E. 151,A. MURCIA L. ” Abstract : The Nevado del RU~‘, located 120 km west of Bogota. is one of the currently active andesitic volcanoes that lies north of the Central Cordillera of Colombia at the intersection of two dominant fault systems originating in the Palaeozoïc basement. The pre-volcanic basement is formed by Palaeozoïc gneisses intruded by pre-Cretaceous and Tertiarygranitic batholiths. They are covered by lavas and volcaniclastic rocks from an eroded volcanic chain dissected during the late Pliocene. The geologic history of the Nevado del Ruiz records two periods of building of the compound volcano. The stratigraphie relations and the K-Ar dating indicate that effusive and explosive volcanism began approximately 1 Ma ago with eruption of differentiated andesitic lava andpyroclastic flows and andesitic domes along a regional structural trend. Cataclysmic eruptions opened the second phase of activity. The Upper sequences consist of block-lavas and lava domes ranging from two pyroxene-andesites to rhyodacites. Holocene to recent volcanic eruptions, controled by the intense tectonic activity at the intersection of the Palestina fawlt with the regional fault system, are similar in eruptive style and magma composition to eruptions of the earlier stages of building of the volcano. The youngest volcanic activity is marked by lateral phreatomagmatic eruptions, voluminous debris avalanches. ash flow tuffs and pumice falls related to catastrophic collapse during the historic eruptions including the disastrous eruption of 1985. -
The Volcanic Ash Soils of Chile
' I EXPANDED PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE No. 2017 Report to the Government of CHILE THE VOLCANIC ASH SOILS OF CHILE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROMEM965 -"'^ .Y--~ - -V^^-.. -r~ ' y Report No. 2017 Report CHT/TE/LA Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact [email protected] indicating the item reference number concerned. REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OP CHILE on THE VOLCANIC ASH SOILS OP CHILE Charles A. Wright POOL ANL AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OP THE UNITEL NATIONS ROME, 1965 266I7/C 51 iß - iii - TABLE OP CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 RECOMMENDATIONS 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3 The nature and composition of volcanic landscapes 3 Vbloanio ash as a soil forming parent material 5 The distribution of voloanic ash soils in Chile 7 Nomenclature used in this report 11 A. ANDOSOLS OF CHILE» GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS, FORMATIVE ENVIRONMENT, AND MAIN KINDS OF SOIL 11 1. TRUMAO SOILS 11 General characteristics 11 The formative environment 13 ÈS (i) Climate 13 (ii) Topography 13 (iii) Parent materials 13 (iv) Natural plant cover 14 (o) The main kinds of trumao soils ' 14 2. NADI SOILS 16 General characteristics 16 The formative environment 16 tö (i) Climat* 16 (ii) Topograph? and parent materials 17 (iii) Natural plant cover 18 B. -
Actas III Seminario Un Encuentro Con Nuestra Historia 1
Actas III Seminario Un Encuentro con Nuestra Historia 1 ACTAS III SEMINARIO UN ENCUENTRO CON NUESTRA HISTORIA SOCIEDAD DE HISTORIA Y GEOGRAFÍA DE AISÉN COYHAIQUE CHILE Sociedad de Historia y Geografía de Aisén 2 Actas III Seminario Un Encuentro con Nuestra Historia. © Sociedad de Historia y Geografía de Aisén Registro de Propiedad Intelectual Nº 173.977 ISBN Nº 978-956-8647-02-5 Representante legal: Mauricio Osorio Pefaur Producción, compilación y correcciones: Leonel Galindo Oyarzo & Mauricio Osorio Pefaur Corrección de estilo y diagramación final: Ediciones Ñire Negro, [email protected] Diseño de portada: Paulina Lobos Echaveguren, [email protected] Fotografías portada: don Baldo Araya Uribe en dos épocas de su vida. En 1950 y con 26 años, trabajaba en el Consulado chileno en Bariloche y en la radio L.U.8 de dicha ciudad. En 2001, a los 77 años, viviendo en Coyhaique. Gentileza de su hija, Inés Araya Echaveguren. Fotografía contraportada: Paisaje sector Escuela Vieja Cerro Castillo. Archivo Mauricio Osorio P. Fotografías interiores: págs 29, 59, 88, 95 y 103 aportadas por los autores. Págs 22, 40 y 56 aportadas por editor. Fono : (56) (67) 246151 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Impresión: Lom Ediciones, Santiago de Chile Tiraje: 500 ejemplares Edición financiada con el aporte del Gobierno Regional de Aisén Coyhaique, 2008 Actas III Seminario Un Encuentro con Nuestra Historia 3 ÍNDICE CONTENIDOS PÁGINA DON BALDO ARAYA URIBE 5 PRESENTACIÓN 7 PONENCIAS: ARCHIVOS: EL PAPEL DE LA MEMORIA. LA EXISTENCIA ESTABLECIDA 9 Carmen Gloria Parés Fuentes UTTI POSIDETTIS ‘LO QUE POSEÉIS’. LA LARGA CONTROVERSIA DE LÍMITES DE CHILE Y ARGENTINA 15 Danka Ivanoff Wellmann LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL PASO SAN CARLOS FRENTE AL SALTÓN DEL RÍO BAKER: APORTES PARA EL RECONOCIMIENTO DEL TRABAJO DE LAS COMISIONES DE LÍMITES CHILENAS EN LA PATAGONIA OCCIDENTAL, INICIOS DEL S. -
Reactivation Episodes of the Romeral Fault System in the Northwestern Part of Central Andes, Colombia, Through 39Ar-40Ar and K-Ar Results
REACTIVATION EPISODES OF THE ROMERAL FAULT SYSTEM IN THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF CENTRAL ANDES, COLOMBIA, THROUGH 39AR-40AR AND K-AR RESULTS EPISODIOS DE REACTIVACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE FALLAS DE ROMERAL EN LA PARTE NOR-OCCIDENTAL DE LOS ANDES CENTRALES DE COLOMBIA A TRAVÉS DE RESULTADOS 39AR- 40AR Y K-AR CESAR VINASCO Ph.D., Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, [email protected] UMBERTO CORDANI Ph.D., Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil Recibido para evaluación: 30 Octubre 2012/Aceptación: 15 Noviembre: 2012 / Recibida Versión Final: 29 Noviembre 2012 ABSTRACT: Direct dating of reactivation of the San Jerónimo Fault (SJF), easternmost limit of the Romeral fault system (RFS), is presented through 39Ar-40Ar and K-Ar results in neo-formed micas and mylonitic bands of strongly hidrothermalized gabbros. Published cooling and crystallization ages from sin-tectonic magmatic rocks exposed in the western fl ank of the Central Cordillera have suggest that tectonic evolution of the paleo-fault system began since Triassic and Lower Jurassic before the installation of Central Cordillera in its present position relative to the South American margin (SOAM). The Sabaletas greenchists (Arquía complex) yields 39Ar-40Ar plateau age of 127±5 Ma and integrated ages between 102-115 Ma eventually recording the initial accommodation of the Albian-Aptian volcano- sedimentary sequence of the Quebradagrande Complex to the continental margin. Direct dating of fault reactivation of SJF through 39Ar-40Ar analysis in neo-formed micas in mylonitic bands and K-Ar ages in a hidrothermalized gabbro belonging to the Quebradagrande volcanic rocks shows plateau ages ranging from 87-90 Ma in biotite and 72-81 Ma in sericite, whereas K-Ar whole rock ages in samples collected in the area of infl uence of the SJF range between 91-102 Ma. -
Depth of Differentiation Under Osorno Volcano (Chile)
Depth of differentiation under Osorno volcano (Chile) T.Bechona, J. Vander Auweraa, O. Namurb, P. Fugmanna, O. Bollea, L. Larac aUniversity of Liège – Department of Geology bUniversity of Leuven – Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences cSERNAGEOMIN Introduction What is the depth of the magma chamber at Osorno volcanoCredit ? : H. Foucart It matters for : • Understanding differentiation in young arcs. Estimations evidence the major role of arc magmatism in the construction of continental crust (up to 60% : Rudnick and Gao, 2003). • Monitoring a major flank collapse like the one of Mt St Helens in 1980s (USA) 2 Introduction ↑ Ryan et al. (2009) Modified Credit : H. Foucart 3 ↑ After Stern et al 2007, modified by P. Fugmann Method T°C and P (kbar) of last Lee et al 2009 equilibration with mantle Assuming H2O (1%) Assuming P (0-5kbar) and H2O (0-5%) • Whole rock major elements: XRF Putirka 2008 T°C: Wan et al 2007 • Minerals major Coogan et al 2014 elements: microprobe Harrisson et Watson 1984 Depth P (kbar): Putirka 2008 Tassara et Echaurren Neave et Putirka 2017 (km): 2012 Assuming H2O 4 Results Trachy- Trachyte Basaltic- Andesite Trachy- Andesite Trachy- Basalts Basaltic- Basalts Andesites Dacites Andesites 5 Results Trachy- Trachyte Basaltic- Andesite Trachy- Andesite In addition : • Magma compositions results from fractional crystallization (mass balance model +traceTrachy elements- diagrams) Basalts • Dominant mineral phases : Ol + Plag in mafic rocks • Rather low water content (No hydrated phases except in one dacite) Basaltic- Basalts Andesites Dacites Andesites 6 Results ↑ Putirka (2008) 7 Results T°C and P° 8 Discussion P° (kbar) H2O (%wt) 9 ↓ Seismic data from SERNAGEOMIN surveillance (Chile) Discussion W E Sea level 1 Kbar 2 Kbar 3 Kbar 10 Discussion 1-3 Kbar Using crustal model of Tassara and Magma chamber Echaurren (2012) ←↓ P° ~ 11-12 Kbar Last peridotite equilibrium T°C~ 1335°C 11 Discussion N S Crustal 2 disc. -
Taxonomic Revision of the Chilean Puya Species (Puyoideae
Taxonomic revision of the Chilean Puya species (Puyoideae, Bromeliaceae), with special notes on the Puya alpestris-Puya berteroniana species complex Author(s): Georg Zizka, Julio V. Schneider, Katharina Schulte and Patricio Novoa Source: Brittonia , 1 December 2013, Vol. 65, No. 4 (1 December 2013), pp. 387-407 Published by: Springer on behalf of the New York Botanical Garden Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24692658 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms New York Botanical Garden Press and Springer are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Brittonia This content downloaded from 146.244.165.8 on Sun, 13 Dec 2020 04:26:58 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Taxonomic revision of the Chilean Puya species (Puyoideae, Bromeliaceae), with special notes on the Puya alpestris-Puya berteroniana species complex Georg Zizka1'2, Julio V. Schneider1'2, Katharina Schulte3, and Patricio Novoa4 1 Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; e-mail: [email protected]; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (BIK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany 3 Australian Tropical Herbarium and Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change Centre, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Caims, QLD 4870, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Jardin Botânico Nacional, Camino El Olivar 305, El Salto, Vina del Mar, Chile Abstract.