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General Knowledge Today General Science-1-Biochemistry and Cell Biology General Knowledge Today General Science-1-Biochemistry and Cell Biology Target 2016: Integrated IAS General Studies Published by: UPSC Materials No Rights Reserved www.freeupscmaterials.org General Science-1-Biochemistry and Cell Biology Contents Model Questions .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Biochemistry ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Basic Features of Life .................................................................................................................................. 4 Basic Features ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Are Viruses Living Organisms? ................................................................................................................ 4 Carbon Bonds – The Basic Feature of Life on Earth . ........................................................................ 5 Molecules of Life .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Inorganic substances ................................................................................................................................... 5 Organic Molecules ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Importance of Water for Life .................................................................................................................... 6 Mineral Salts and Ions ................................................................................................................................ 8 Carbohydrates ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Lipids ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic molecules .............................................................................................. 11 Saturated and Unsaturated Fats .............................................................................................................. 12 Hydrogenation: Converting Unsaturated Fat to Saturated Fat ........................................................ 12 Trans and Cis Fats ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Cholesterol .................................................................................................................................................. 14 Importance of Cholesterol ....................................................................................................................... 14 Transport of Cholesterol in Lipoproteins ............................................................................................. 14 Proteins ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 Functional Versatility of Proteins ............................................................................................................ 15 Formation of Proteins ............................................................................................................................... 15 Essential and Non-essential amino acids ............................................................................................... 17 Examples of Common Proteins .............................................................................................................. 17 Enzymes ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Functions of Enzymes ............................................................................................................................... 18 Naming of Enzymes .................................................................................................................................. 18 Applications of Enzymes .......................................................................................................................... 19 Enzymes and pH ........................................................................................................................................ 19 Enzyme cofactors ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Use of Enzyme Inhibitors in Health Science ........................................................................................ 19 Nucleic Acids ..................................................................................................................................................... 20 Different Functions of DNA and RNA ................................................................................................. 22 How DNA and RNA Work? ................................................................................................................... 23 Vitamins and Minerals ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Important Facts on Vitamins .................................................................................................................. 24 Cell Biology ........................................................................................................................................................ 27 Largest and smallest cells ........................................................................................................................ 27 www.freeupscmaterials.org 2 General Science-1-Biochemistry and Cell Biology Cell Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 27 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells ............................................................................................................ 27 Cell Components ....................................................................................................................................... 27 Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane ................................................................................................... 27 Cell wall ....................................................................................................................................................... 28 Nucleus ........................................................................................................................................................ 29 The Cytoplasm .......................................................................................................................................... 29 Major Cell Organelles .............................................................................................................................. 29 Glyoxisomes ................................................................................................................................................ 33 Spherosomes .............................................................................................................................................. 33 Centrioles .................................................................................................................................................... 33 Cilia and Flagella ........................................................................................................................................ 33 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells ............................................................................................................ 33 Difference between Plant cells and Animal cells ................................................................................ 34 Cell Division ............................................................................................................................................... 34 Programmed cell death ............................................................................................................................ 35 www.freeupscmaterials.org 3 General Science-1-Biochemistry and Cell Biology Model Questions Prelims MCQ Topics Basic Features of Life, Living and Nonliving properties of Viruses, Comparison of Carbon and Silicon in terms of life, Polarity of Water and its implications for life, Role of Cations and Anions in our body, Hypernatremia, Hyponatremia, Types of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Unsaturated Fat and Saturated Fat; Trans and Cis Fats; Good Fats or Bad Fats, Thermal Properties of Fats and Lipids; Cholesterol-Importance, Sources, Types and control; Proteins-Types and Composition, Amino Acids, Peptide Bonds, Examples of Common Proteins, Enzyme-Functions and Industrial Uses, DNA & RNA Differences, Basics on how do they work; Various Vitamins; Deficiency diseases, Cell-structure and major organelles, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Difference between Plant cells and Animal cells, Mitosis and Meiosis www.freeupscmaterials.org
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