Suggested Additions: Anatomical Pathology Tests

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Suggested Additions: Anatomical Pathology Tests

18/02/2019 Suggested additions: 1 Anatomical Pathology Tests General IVDs for health care facilities with anatomical pathology laboratories and trained anatomical pathologists Diagnostic test Test purpose Assay format Specimen type Anatomical Pathology Macroscopic assessment Macroscopic assessment of diseased tissue and Macroscopic assessment of Surgical resection selection of areas for microscopic examination surgically removed tissue Biopsy Histopathology Microscopic assessment of tissue for infection, Microscopy of tissue sections Surgical resection neoplasia, inflammatory and degenerative mounted on slides and stained most disorders commonly with haematoxylin and Biopsy eosin in the first instance, then treated with a variety of special stains, selected case-by-case, to Core biopsy identify pathogens and other abnormal features Cell block Cytology (cytopathology) Microscopic assessment of cells for infection, Microscopy of stained cells on slides Cervical specimen for Pap smear neoplasia, inflammatory and degenerative disorders Body fluids: CSF, urine, pleural and peritoneal fluids etc. Fine needle aspirate (FNA) of lymph node, spleen, other tissues Bone marrow aspirate Sputum, bronchial brushings, bronchoalveolar lavage Skin samples Immunohistochemistry Microscopic assessment of cells for specific Microscopy of tissue sections Surgical resection markers to assess infection, neoplasia, mounted on slides and stained with inflammatory and degenerative disorders antibodies to specific markers. Biopsy Refer to Disease-Specific Tests for Core biopsy individual assays. Cell block Comments received at [email protected] using the comments table before 10 March 2019 will be considered by the EDL Secretariat..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Role of the Microbiology Laboratory in Infection Control
GUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HOSPITAL CHAPTER 3: Role of the Microbiology Laboratory in Infection Control Author Mohamed Benbachir, PhD Chapter Editor Gonzalo Bearman MD, MPH, FACP, FSHEA, FIDSA Topic Outline Key Issues Known Facts Suggested Practice Suggested Practice in Under-Resourced Settings Summary References Chapter last updated: January, 2018 KEY ISSUES The microbiology laboratory plays an important role in the surveillance, treatment, control and prevention oF nosocomial inFections. The microbiologist is a permanent and active member oF the infection control committee (ICC) and the antimicrobial stewardship group (ASG). Since most of the inFection control and antimicrobial stewardship programs rely on microbiological results, quality assurance is an important issue. KNOWN FACTS The microbiologist is a daily privileged interlocutor oF the infection control team (inFection control doctor and inFection control nurse) and the antimicrobial stewardship working group. The First task oF the microbiology laboratory is to accurately, consistently and rapidly identiFy the responsible agents to species level and identify their antimicrobial resistance patterns. Traditional microbiologic methods remain suboptimal in providing rapid identification and susceptibility testing. There is a growing need for more rapid and reliable laboratory results. Important progress made in the fields of instruments, reagents and techniques have made it easier to adapt to the important changes oF the clinical microbiology context e.g. increasing use of microbiology tests, shortage of qualiFied personnel. There is also a growing demand For quality in clinical laboratories and more and more countries are elaborating national regulations. 1 The microbiology processes are becoming increasingly more complex. InFormatics are playing an increasing role in the improvement oF these processes in terms oF workFlow, timeliness and cost.
[Show full text]
Year 11 GCSE History Paper 1 – Medicine Information Booklet
Paper 1 Medicine Key topics 1 and 2 (1250-1500, 1500-1700) Year 11 GCSE History Paper 1 – Medicine Information booklet Medieval Renaissance 1250-1500 1500-1750 Enlightenment Modern 1900-present 1700-1900 Case study: WW1 1 Paper 1 Medicine Key topics 1 and 2 (1250-1500, 1500-1700) Key topic 1.1 – Causes of disease 1250-1500 At this time there were four main ideas to explain why someone might become ill. Religious reasons - The Church was very powerful at this time. People would attend church 2/3 times a week and nuns and monks would care for people if they became ill. The Church told people that the Devil could infect people with disease and the only way to get better was to pray to God. The Church also told people that God could give you a disease to test your faith in him or sometimes send a great plague to punish people for their sins. People had so much belief in the Church no-one questioned the power of the Church and many people had believed this explanation of illness for over 1,000 years. Astrology -After so many people in Britain died during the Black Death (1348-49) people began to look for new ways to explain why they became sick. At this time doctors were called physicians. They would check someone’s urine and judge if you were ill based on its colour. They also believed they could work out why disease you had by looking at where the planets were when you were born.
[Show full text]
Early History of Infectious Disease 
© Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER ONE EARLY HISTORY OF INFECTIOUS 1 DISEASE Kenrad E. Nelson, Carolyn F. Williams Epidemics of infectious diseases have been documented throughout history. In ancient Greece and Egypt accounts describe epidemics of smallpox, leprosy, tuberculosis, meningococcal infections, and diphtheria.1 The morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases profoundly shaped politics, commerce, and culture. In epidemics, none were spared. Smallpox likely disfigured and killed Ramses V in 1157 BCE, although his mummy has a significant head wound as well.2 At times political upheavals exasperated the spread of disease. The Spartan wars caused massive dislocation of Greeks into Athens triggering the Athens epidemic of 430–427 BCE that killed up to one half of the population of ancient Athens.3 Thucydides’ vivid descriptions of this epidemic make clear its political and cultural impact, as well as the clinical details of the epidemic.4 Several modern epidemiologists have hypothesized on the causative agent. Langmuir et al.,5 favor a combined influenza and toxin-producing staphylococcus epidemic, while Morrens and Chu suggest Rift Valley Fever.6 A third researcher, Holladay believes the agent no longer exists.7 From the earliest times, man has sought to understand the natural forces and risk factors affecting the patterns of illness and death in society. These theories have evolved as our understanding of the natural world has advanced, sometimes slowly, sometimes, when there are profound break- throughs, with incredible speed. Remarkably, advances in knowledge and changes in theory have not always proceeded in synchrony. Although wrong theories or knowledge have hindered advances in understanding, there are also examples of great creativity when scientists have successfully pursued their theories beyond the knowledge of the time.
[Show full text]
Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 22% Specialists in 2017 = 11%3
Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Profile Updated December 2019 1 Table of Contents Slide . General Information 3-5 . Total number & number/100,000 population by province, 2019 6 . Number/100,000 population, 1995-2019 7 . Number by gender & year, 1995-2019 8 . Percentage by gender & age, 2019 9 . Number by gender & age, 2019 10 . Percentage by main work setting, 2019 11 . Percentage by practice organization, 2017 12 . Hours worked per week (excluding on-call), 2019 13 . On-call duty hours per month, 2019 14 . Percentage by remuneration method 15 . Professional & work-life balance satisfaction, 2019 16 . Number of retirees during the three year period of 2016-2018 17 . Employment situation, 2017 18 . Links to additional resources 19 2 General information Microbiology and infectious diseases focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases; thus, it is concerned with human illness due to micro-organisms. Since such disease can affect any and all organs and systems, this specialist must be prepared to deal with any region of the body. The specialty of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease consists primarily of four major spheres of activity: 1. the provision of clinical consultations on the investigation, diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from infectious diseases; 2. the establishment and direction of infection control programs across the continuum of care; 3. public health and communicable disease prevention and epidemiology; 4. the scientific and administrative direction of a diagnostic microbiology laboratory. Source: Pathway evaluation program 3 General information Once you’ve completed medical school, it takes an additional 5 years of Royal College-approved residency training to become certified in medical microbiology and infectious disease.
[Show full text]
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection Is Driven by Nonprotective Immune Cells That Are Distinct from Protective Populations
Pathology after Chlamydia trachomatis infection is driven by nonprotective immune cells that are distinct from protective populations Rebeccah S. Lijeka,b,1, Jennifer D. Helblea, Andrew J. Olivea,c, Kyra W. Seigerb, and Michael N. Starnbacha,1 aDepartment of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; bDepartment of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075; and cDepartment of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 Edited by Rafi Ahmed, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, and approved December 27, 2017 (received for review June 23, 2017) Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis drives severe mucosal immu- sequence identity, Chlamydia muridarum, the extent to which the nopathology; however, the immune responses that are required for molecular pathogenesis of C. muridarum represents that of Ct is mediating pathology vs. protection are not well understood. Here, unknown (6). Ct serovar L2 (Ct L2) is capable of infecting the we employed a mouse model to identify immune responses re- mouse upper genital tract when inoculated across the cervix into quired for C. trachomatis-induced upper genital tract pathology the uterus (7, 8) but it does not induce robust immunopathology. and to determine whether these responses are also required for This is consistent with the human disease phenotype caused by Ct L2, bacterial clearance. In mice as in humans, immunopathology was which disseminates to the lymph nodes causing lymphogranuloma characterized by extravasation of leukocytes into the upper genital venereum (LGV) and is not a major cause of mucosal immunopa- thology in the female upper genital tract (uterus and ovaries). tract that occluded luminal spaces in the uterus and ovaries.
[Show full text]
Deciphering the Triad of Infection, Immunity and Pathology
INSIGHT DISEASE Deciphering the triad of infection, immunity and pathology The factors which drive and control disease progression can be inferred from mathematical models that integrate measures of immune responses, data from tissue sampling and markers of infection dynamics. FREDERIK GRAW immune actors in the body. Now, in eLife, Related research article Myers MA, Smith Amber Smith and colleagues at St. Jude Child- AP, Lane LC, Moquin DJ, Aogo R, Woolard ren’s Research Hospital, the University of Ten- S, Thomas P, Vogel P, Smith AM. 2021. nessee Health Science Center and the Dynamically linking influenza virus infection Washington University School of Medicine – kinetics, lung injury, inflammation, and dis- including Margaret Myers and Amanda Smith as ease severity. eLife 10:e68864. doi: 10. joing first authors – report how viral infection, 7554/eLife.68864 counteracting immune responses and lung pathology interact as mice fight off influenza A (Myers et al., 2021). First, the team tracked how viral load and the number of CD8+ T cells, an important immune fever, a cough, a splitting headache... actor that helps to clear infected cells, pro- Being sick often comes with tell-tale gressed over time. In combination with mathe- A signs which worsen as the disease pro- matical models, these measurements allowed gresses and tissues become damaged. These Myers et al. to estimate several parameters that symptoms result from complex interactions reflect the pace at which the virus replicates, the between the infecting pathogen, the inflamma- strength of the immune response, and the inter- tion process, and the response from the immune actions between these processes.
[Show full text]
STD Glossary of Terms
STD 101 In A Box- STD Glossary of Terms Abstinence Not having sexual intercourse Acquired A disease of the human immune system caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV/AIDS represents the entire range of Immunodeficiency disease caused by the HIV virus from early infection to late stage Syndrome (AIDS) symptoms. Anal Intercourse Sexual contact in which the penis enters the anus. Antibiotic A medication that either kills or inhibits the growth of a bacteria. Antiviral A medication that either kills or inhibits the growth of a virus. A thinning of tissue modified by the location. In epidermal atrophy, the epidermis becomes transparent with a loss of skin texture and cigarette Atrophic paper-like wrinkling. In dermal atrophy, there is a loss of connective tissue and the lesion is depressed. A polymicrobial clinical syndrome resulting from replacement of the Bacterial Vaginosis normal hydrogen peroxide producing Lactobacillus sp. in the vagina with (BV) high concentrations of anaerobic bacteria. The common symptom of BV is abnormal homogeneous, off-white, fishy smelling vaginal discharge. Cervical Motion A sign found on pelvic examination suggestive of pelvic pathology; when Tenderness (CMT) movement of the cervix during the bimanual exam elicits pain. The lower, cylindrical end of the uterus that forms a narrow canal Cervix connecting the upper (uterus) and lower (vagina) parts of a woman's reproductive tract. The most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the U.S., caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. Often no symptoms are present, especially in women. Untreated chlamydia can cause sterility, Chlamydia Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), and increase the chances for life- threatening tubal pregnancies.
[Show full text]
Anatomical Pathology Residency Program PROGRAM DESCRIPTION and OUTLINE – Non-CBME
Anatomical Pathology Residency Program PROGRAM DESCRIPTION AND OUTLINE – Non-CBME The Anatomical Pathology Residency Program at the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at Western University is a five year program based at the London Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital. There is a structured schedule of rotations designed to ensure that residents are able to fulfill all of the goals and objectives of training and acquire the necessary knowledge base to practice as competent consultant pathologists. There are also elective opportunities that permit the resident to tailor the program to their own needs and goals. There is a comprehensive education program, with various rounds and teaching sessions that supplement the rotations. Program Organization Rotations (4 week blocks) General Surgery 2 blocks General Internal Medicine 1 block Respirology or Nephrology 1 block Gynecologic Oncology 1 block Radiation Oncology 1 block Emergency Medicine 1 block PGY1 Urology 1 block Gastroenterology 1 block Hematology Oncology 1 block Anatomical Pathology 1 block Otolaryngology 1 block Pediatric Medicine 1 block The PGY1 year is a broad based clinical year designed to satisfy the specialty-specific objectives and Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination Part II requirements. Rotations are planned in conjunction with the resident in order to meet individual needs (the above-mentioned rotations may be changed). During this year, the resident attends the Pathology Academic Half Day, Department of Pathology Grand Rounds, and the Department
[Show full text]
Medicine in 18Th and 19Th Century Britain, 1700-1900
Medicine in 18th and 19th century Britain, 1700‐1900 The breakthroughs th 1798: Edward Jenner – The development of How had society changed to make medical What was behind the 19 C breakthroughs? Changing ideas of causes breakthroughs possible? vaccinations Jenner trained by leading surgeon who taught The first major breakthrough came with Louis Pasteur’s germ theory which he published in 1861. His later students to observe carefully and carry out own Proved vaccination prevented people catching smallpox, experiments proved that bacteria (also known as microbes or germs) cause diseases. However, this did not put an end The changes described in the Renaissance were experiments instead of relying on knowledge in one of the great killer diseases. Based on observation and to all earlier ideas. Belief that bad air was to blame continued, which is not surprising given the conditions in many the result of rapid changes in society, but they did books – Jenner followed these methods. scientific experiment. However, did not understand what industrial towns. In addition, Pasteur’s theory was a very general one until scientists begun to identify the individual also build on changes and ideas from earlier caused smallpox all how vaccination worked. At first dad bacteria which cause particular diseases. So, while this was one of the two most important breakthroughs in ideas centuries. The flushing toilet important late 19th C invention wants opposition to making vaccination compulsory by law about what causes disease and illness it did not revolutionise medicine immediately. Scientists and doctors where the 1500s Renaissance – flushing system sent waste instantly down into – overtime saved many people’s lives and wiped‐out first to be convinced of this theory, but it took time for most people to understand it.
[Show full text]
2019-General-Pathology-Faq.Pdf
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS – 2019 Program: GENERAL PATHOLOGY Specialty/Field Questions: 1. a) What are some strengths about your specialty? What draws and keeps people in your specialty? • The opportunity to understand the nature of disease in an in-depth way that isn’t achieved in any other specialty. You get to practice scientific diagnostic medicine over a broad range of subjects and you have a fair degree of control over your schedule. You are very much a part of the team taking care of the patient (it just isn’t as obvious!), and this is becoming even more apparent in the era of precision medicine. • Although there is limited direct contact with patients, there is a great deal of contact with a variety of clinicians outside the laboratory as well as with physician, PhD, and technical staff colleagues within the laboratory. We get satisfaction from the interactions we have with others, and knowing that we are helping a clinician take the next step in diagnosing or treating a patient. The stereotypical image of the hermit- like pathologist who stays in their office and never talks to anyone is rapidly disappearing in today’s pathology practice. b) What are some common complaints about your specialty? • There is limited direct clinical contact – you’ll never have an office full of patients who regard you as their doctor and most pathologists have a hospital-based practice which can limit professional autonomy. • You often have to sit/stand at a microscope and/or computer a lot, so sometimes you need to get creative about staying active during the day.
[Show full text]
Resuming Sexual Activity How to Avoid Giving Or Getting an STD
Resuming sexual activity STOP having sex with others until you take the medicine, and DO NOT have sex for the next 7 days after taking the medicine. It takes 7 days for the medicine to work in your body and cure chlamydia infection. If you have sex without a condom during the 7 days after taking the medicine, you could still pass the infection to your sex partners, even if you have no symptoms. While using condoms correctly and every time you have sex is effective, the safest way to make sure you do not pass this infection on to anyone else is to NOT have sex for 7 days. How to avoid giving or getting an STD: •Practice abstinence •Use condoms every time •You and your partner commit to only having sex with each other •Get vaccinated for HPV •Get tested for all STDs Chlamydia Treatment Information URGENT HEALTH MATTER PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL Important information about your Yhoue haavel btehen exposed to someone who was diagnosed with chlamydia, a curable sexually transmitted disease (STD) . Chlamydia can be transmitted through oral, vaginal, or anal sex with a person who has a chlamydia infection. Chlamydia infection is easily treated with the medicine azithromycin (also known as Zithromax). People with chlamydia infection may not know they have it because most people have no signs or symptoms. Your sex partner has given you azithromycin (pills) medicine or a prescription for azithromycin medicine. This medicine or prescription was given to your sex partner by a doctor or other medical provider to treat YOU. It is very important for you to see your own doctor or medical provider as soon as possible to be examined and tested for this infection.
[Show full text]
Resilience Factors As a Buffer Against the Effects of Syndemic Conditions
tion Rese a ar uc c d h Adeboye et al., J Health Educ Res Dev 2017, 5:3 E & h D t l e DOI: 10.4172/2380-5439.1000232 a v e e Journal of l H o f p o m l e a n n ISSN:r 2380-5439 t u o J Health Education Research & Development Research Article Open Access Resilience Factors as a Buffer against the Effects of Syndemic Conditions on HIV Risk and Infection among Tanzanian MSM Adeniyi Adeboye1, Michael W Ross2, Michael J Wilkerson1, Andrew Springer1, Hycienth Ahaneku3, Rafeek A Yusuf3, Titilope O Olanipekun3 and Sheryl McCurdy3 1Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA 2Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 3Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA *Corresponding author: Adeniyi Adeboye, Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA, Tel: +447960266152; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: August 16, 2017; Acc date: September 25, 2017; Pub date: September 28, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Adeboye A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Background: In the extremely homophobic conditions in Tanzania and other countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), men who have sex with men (MSM) experience disproportionate amounts of both HIV infection and psychosocial health problems, but no research has been conducted to examine the synergistic or additive effects of these adversities on their experiences.
[Show full text]