DOCSLIB.ORG

Sir Harry Kroto (1939–2016): in Memory

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sir Harry Kroto (1939–2016): in Memory SOCIETY NEWS Sir Harry Kroto (1939–2016): In memory ith the passing of Harry Kroto, of the most cited in chemistry. Let us Wwe have lost a great friend of sci- not forget that carbon nanotubes, which ence, admired by a large community of later became the subject of signifi cant scientists, teachers, and students. He had research, are extended fullerenes. The been affected by a neural disorder, but current explosion in carbon nanoscience remained active until recently. When a research, including graphene, has roots in special symposium to mark the 30th this discovery of fullerenes. anniversary of the discovery of fullerenes His family came to the UK as refu- was held in London in July 2015, Harry gees from Germany in the 1930s. Harry was there, presenting a lecture—fully was born in Wisbech in Cambridgeshire engaged. No one could have guessed that on October 7, 1939, in the fi rst month of the end would come so soon. World War II. The family later moved to I have known Harry for many years. Bolton, where Harry grew up and went We were both spectroscopists in the to school. He attended The University of early days, and I used to see Harry at Sheffi eld for his undergraduate degree Fellow of The Royal Society and was spectroscopy meetings. As a spectros- and, subsequently, carried out research a Royal Society Research Professor. He copist, he became interested in looking for his PhD degree with Richard Dixon. also received many other honors, includ- at long-chain carbon molecules; he felt He then went to the National Research ing the Copley Medal of The Royal such molecules existed in outer space. He Council, Canada, and Bell Laboratories Society. He was knighted in 1996. visited the laboratory of Richard Smalley in the United States for postdoctoral Science communication was one of in Texas to look for such molecules in work. Harry took a faculty position at his main missions, particularly in the last carbon vapor employing mass spec- the University of Sussex after return- few years of his life. Harry’s interest in trometry. This resulted in the discovery ing to Britain and became a professor in science communication for the younger of C60 and C70 and the fullerene family 1985. He raised the level of science in generation as well as for common citi- of carbon. The discovery of fullerenes Sussex, contributing to various aspects zens was contagious. His contributions changed carbon chemistry. It added a new of research and education at the univer- to this activity are truly remarkable. He dimension to nanoscience. It also became sity. The discovery of fullerenes made was a great communicator and a show- a popular and exciting fi eld of research. him and the university famous. man and gave wonderful lectures to The article on fullerenes published by Harry received the 1996 Nobel children. He was partly responsible for Kroto et al. (Kroto, Heath, O’Brien, Curl, Prize in Chemistry along with Richard the creation of the Vega Science Trust Smalley, Nature 318, 162 [1985]) is one Smalley and Robert Curl. He was a to produce science fi lms for television. Harry was also outspoken on many issues related to society and humanity. Harry passed away on April 30, 2016. Mass Spectrum of Flame Gases, Ionized with 308 nm He is survived by his wife Margaret and two sons. 1000 Time-of-fl ight mass C.N.R. Rao spectrum of carbon National Research Professor a.u.) clusters obtained by laser ionization and Linus Pauling Research Professor 60 of a fl ame showing C & Honorary President, Jawaharlal Intensity ( 500 70 formation of C60, C 50 Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientifi c C70, and C50 C molecules. Research in Bangalore, India. Editor’s Note: Harry Kroto and C.N.R. Rao were Guest Editors 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 of a MRS Bulletin theme issue on “Fullerenes” published in Mass (a.m.u.) November 1994 (http://journals.cambridge.org/action/display Issue?jid=MRS&volumeId=19&seriesId=0&issueId=11). Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.8, on 23 Sep 2021 at 13:26:06, subject to theMRS Cambridge BULLETIN Core• VOLUME terms 41 of • use, JULY available 2016 • www.mrs.org/bulletin at 567 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2016.150.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hemistry N E W S L E T T E R
    University of Michigan Chemistry N E W S L E T T E R Letter from the Chair I am pleased to send greetings and to fullerene, was a very engaging keynote Contents highlight the activities of the Chemistry speaker for this event. Before his talk, the Department this past year. The Depart- Department was awarded a 2006 Citation Letter from the Chair ........................ 1 ment is continuing to make enormous for Chemical Breakthroughs from the Di- New Faculty ..................................... 3 strides towards accomplishing its goal of vision of the History of Chemistry of the becoming one of the top Chemistry De- American Chemical Society in recognition Faculty News.................................... 4 partments in the nation. The most recent of work by Moses Gomberg. Additionally, I 150th Birthday ...................................4 US News and World Report ranking of have enjoyed meeting departmental alumni Graduate Program News Chemistry Departments listed Michigan and alumnae as well as prospective faculty as 16th in the nation; the analytical cluster candidates at the University of Michigan Graduate Awards .......................... 7 was ranked 9th, biochemistry 13th, organic reception that is held at every American Graduate Degrees........................ 10 th th 13 , and inorganic 15 . These are the Chemical Society National meeting. Please GS Council News .........................12 highest rankings for these clusters in many plan on attending this reception at the next years. We anticipate that our standing in ACS meeting. Undergraduate Program News the community will continue to rise, in REU Program ...............................12 Over the past year the department has view of the tremendous success that we recruited Dr. Anne McNeil, an outstand- Undergraduate Awards ...............
    [Show full text]
  • Fullerenes Finally Score As Nobel Committee Honours Chemists
    NEWS Fullerenes finally score as Nobel committee honours chemists London. The Nobel committee last week regarded as the conceptual beginning of C6 might well have stayed the curiosity it gave the answer to a favourite topic of spec­ fullercne science.) remained for the next five years if physicists ulation at chemistry conferences for several In contrast, Robert Haddon, one of the Wolfgang Kratschmer, Don Huffman and years: when would the chemistry prize be team at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey their respective students Kosta Fostiropou­ awarded for the discovery that carbon who discovered superconducting C60 com­ los and Lowell Lamb had not found a way to atoms can assemble into the C60 carbon pounds in 1991, feels that the prize "could make the compound in gram quantities in cages of buckminsterfullerene - and who have been awarded by the end of 1991, when 1990. It was this discovery that allowed would win it? it was clear that fullerenes would change fullerene science to blossom. Both questions have now been answered, organic chemistry and materials science". There is no question that fullerenes have the second with the decision to award the The question of 'who' was the hardest, as provided entertainment for scientists and prize to Sir Harry Kroto of the UK Univer­ the route from discovery to worldwide non-scientists alike. But how important are sity of Sussex (bottom right), and Robert impact has involved many significant contri­ they? Kroto feels that the Nobel committee Curl and Richard Smalley of Rice Univer­ butions. But no award would have made have taken "a gamble that fullerenes will be sity in Houston, Texas (right).
    [Show full text]
  • Graduation 2013. Wednesday 17 July 2013 the University of Sheffield
    Graduation 2013. Wednesday 17 July 2013 The University of Sheffield Your graduation day is a special day for you and your family, a day for celebrating your achievements and looking forward to a bright future. As a graduate of the University of Sheffield you have every reason to be proud. You are joining a long tradition of excellence stretching back more than 100 years. The University of Sheffield was founded with the amalgamation of the School of Medicine, Sheffield Technical School and Firth College. In 1905, we received a Royal Charter and Firth Court was officially opened by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra. At that time, there were 363 students reading for degrees in arts, pure science, medicine and applied science. By the time of our centenary, there were over 25,000 students from more than 100 countries, across 70 academic departments. Today, a degree from Sheffield is recognised all over the world as a hallmark of academic excellence. We are proud of our graduates and we are confident that you will make a difference wherever you choose to build your future. With every generation of graduates, our university goes from strength to strength. This is the original fundraising poster from 1904/1905 which helped raise donations for the University of Sheffield. Over £50,000 (worth more than £15 million today) was donated by steelworkers, coal miners, factory workers and the people of Sheffield in penny donations to help found the University. A century on, the University is now rated as one of the top world universities – according to the Shanghai Jiao Tong Academic Ranking of World Universities.
    [Show full text]
  • INGUA Ff.. Ga. , Arahumarkvis"
    ails.- archiro n the ice, cont,1: ic and cis th,u -war or ,- INGUA ff.. ga. , ARAHUMARkvis" - 1 , ,,.,••• -• rlildrri riP trIr': ri-/_rrP (‘Y• 7 C. i A r• -Nb) itz it.. — BY THE NUMBERS A LOOK AT THE RICE UNIVERSITY CLASS OF 2000 1996 APPLICATIONS PEATURE UNDER G TOTAL APPLICATIONS 7054 At Rice., forefront OFFERS OF ADMISSION 1731 FRESHMEN (INCL. TRANSFERS) 675 LINGUA A Rice 1 can ton! 1996 ADMISSIONS FROM TEXAS 316 THINicit NANOS FROM OTHER STATES 331 The cc( ence ar society INTERNATIONAL 28 TOTAL 675 WyporF.A1.t1996 EATURES UN DERGRADUATE RESEARCH AT RICE 14 At Rice, undergraduate students often find themselves in the forefront of major research. LINRAU LINGUA TARAHUMARA 22 A Rice linguist's study of an almost unknown Native Ameri- can tongue has made him almost one of the family. —DAVID D. MEDINA THINKING SMALL/THINKING BIG: THE FUTURE OF NA NOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 30 The economic and commercial implications of nanoscale sci- ence and technology promise to reverberate throughout our A P t V C N T society for decades to come. —MALCOLM GILLIS RETURN ADDRESSED THROUGH THE SALLYPORT 5 WHO'S WHO 36 GIFTS AND GIVING 36 ON THE BOOKSHELF 38 SEs & ACADEMs 40 SCOREBOARD 42 ALUMNI GAZETTE 45 CLASSNOTES 48 YESTERYEAR 73 FALL '96 1 FOREWORD THINKING Sallyport FALL 1996, VOL. 53, NO. 1 FORWARD AFFIF .Published hv the I)ItIsluttoI I s crsIty Athancement I am tempted to tell you that the time has again come for change, but the truth ' The la< EDITOR is, as has often been stated,that change is the only constant and is always here with ments Christopher Do, us.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview Apr 2008 28-31
    ISSUE SIX APRIL 2008 €5.00 / £3.50 ISSN 1757-2517 THE MAGAZINE FOR SMALL SCIENCE MMIIRRAACCLLEE MCMarboAAn nTTanoEEtubRRes IIAALL Nobel conversation The future for Sir Harry Kroto Smart Yarns Spinning next generation materials Plumbing on the nanoscale Welding nanotubes together for smart circuits Credit crunch How market changes will impact nanotech Investing in the future Japan on a mission to stay top in technology What’s New in Nano Keep up with the latest news PLUS: A TRICK OF THE LIGHT? METAMATERIALS BENDING LIGHT BACKWARDS EW VI R TE IN Nobel conversation OTTILIA SAXL INTERVIEWS SIR HARRY KROTO, WHO RECEIVED THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR CHEMISTRY, IN 1996, ALONG WITH ROBERT CURL AND RICHARD SMALLEY FOR THE DISCOVERY OF CARBON C60, AN ENTIRELY NEW FORM OF CARBON WITH MANY INTRIGUING PROPERTIES. SIR HARRY IS CONVINCED THAT THE WORLD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WILL CHANGE AS DEFECT-FREE STRUCTURES ARE CREATED ONCE LONG LENGTHS OF CARBON NANOTUBES HAVING A CONSISTENT DIAMETER CAN BE ROUTINELY SYNTHESIZED.. part from his research and other future in these as a career. My father, who got involved in athletics and worked on the interests, Sir Harry has been active had been a refugee, ran a small family student magazine. I did so many things Ain enabling leading scientists to business, and was keen for me to join him. there that I wanted to stay on, and did so by communicate with the public through the But both my chemistry teacher and my art taking a PhD in Spectroscopy. Essentially, Vega Trust, and has more recently set up a teacher were very supportive of me University for me was a place I could do all new website, GeoSet, which offers a forum continuing my studies, and it was my the things I was interested in, so I gave it a try for young scientists to share their ideas and chemistry teacher, Harry Heaney, who for 5 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Prezentacja Programu Powerpoint
    1 Sprawy organizacyjne Zajęcia laboratoryjne: CHEMIA: piątki, 14:15 – 18:00 TECHNOLOGIA CHEMICZNA: środy, 10:15 – 14:00 Miejsce zajęć (zgodnie z podanym planem): Katedra Fizyki Molekularnej (dr Izabela Bobowska) Międzyresortowy Instytut Techniki Radiacyjnej (sala 213) (dr Sławomir Kadłubowski, dr Radosław Wach, dr hab. Piotr Ulański – pok. 224 MITR) 2 Sprawy organizacyjne Zajęcia laboratoryjne: 30 godzin, każdy student wykonuje 5 ćwiczeń po 4 h Podział na grupy pięcioosobowe A1, A2, A3; B1, B2, B3; C1, C2, C3; D1, D2, D3 Grafik będzie podany Sprawozdanie składa grupa Na końcu wszyscy zdają dwuczęściowe kolokwium Zasady określone w regulaminie (link będzie podany) Regulamin TRZEBA przeczytać Instrukcje (MITR) są na stronie (samoobsługa) 3 Sprawy organizacyjne 4 Sprawy organizacyjne 5 ”There is plenty of room at the bottom …” 6 Richard Feynman (laureat nagrody Nobla z fizyki) Products - Nano The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016: NANOMOTORS Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. F. Stoddart, Bernard Feringa „For the design and synthesis of molecular machines". The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014: TO SEE AT NANOSCALE Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner „For the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy". 7 Nano-słownik Nano = 10-9 (jedna miliardowa część) Z greckiego νᾶνος (nanos) - karzeł Nanosekunda = 1 10-9 s Bardzo szybkie reakcje chemiczne W ciągu 1 ns światło przebywa drogę 30 cm, a dźwięk w powietrzu 0,00033 mm (0,33 mikrona) Nanogram = 1 10-9 g (obiekty o wymiarach ok. 10 mikronów, około 1/300 masy ziarenka maku) Nanometr
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth of Fullerene Chemistry: Harold W. Kroto Discusses New Lines of Buckyball Research in a Science Watchm Interview
    Current Comments@ EUGENE GARFIELD INSTITUTE FOB SCIENTIFIC !NFORMATION@ I 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA I W04 The Birth of Fullerene Chemistry: Harold W. Kroto Discusses New Lines of Buckyball Research in a Science Watchm Interview Number 37 September 13, 1993 A Star Is Born: Discovering the Third Not surprisingly, buckyballs and the new Form of Carbon field of fullerene chemistry have attracted Last week in the engineering and phys- much attention in the press, For example, ics/chemi stry editions of Currenr Contents@ Science selected the buckyball as its Mol- (C@), we published a Citufion Classic@ ecule of the Year in 1991,6 and the Econo- commentary by Harold W. Kroto, Univer- misf called it (be Renaissance Molecule in sity of Sussex, Brighton, EngIand, on the 1992,7 It was first featured in CC in a 1988 1985 Nature paper describing the discov- essay on the most-cited 1985 chemistry pa- ery of buckminsterfullerene, IZ Working pers.~ with a team of colleagues at Rice Univer- h addition, Kroto was interviewed in sity, Houston, led by Richard E, Smalley, Science WaKh@, ISI@’s newsletter ihat Kroto was interested in learning more about &acks quantitative trends in researches The the interstellar formation of long carbon 1992 interview, reprinted below, focused chains in red giant stars. An unexpected on new directions in fullerene research and result of their effort was the serendipitous its applications in various fields. It is a discovery of a third natural form of car- useful companion piece to Kroto’s Cita- bon—the stable Cm molecule named after tion Classic commentary, ] because both R.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Special Issue of Chemical Physics Letters
    Accepted Manuscript Editorial Nobel Special Issue of Chemical Physics Letters David Clary, Mitchio Okumura, Villy Sundstrom PII: S0009-2614(13)01325-0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2013.10.045 Reference: CPLETT 31683 To appear in: Chemical Physics Letters Please cite this article as: D. Clary, M. Okumura, V. Sundstrom, Nobel Special Issue of Chemical Physics Letters, Chemical Physics Letters (2013), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2013.10.045 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Nobel Special Issue of Chemical Physics Letters Editorial The hallmark of Chemical Physics Letters is the fast publication of urgent communications of the highest quality. It has not escaped our notice that this policy has allowed several of the breakthrough papers in chemistry to be published in our journal. Indeed, looking through Chemical Physics Letters over the last 42 years we found papers published by as many as 15 authors who went on subsequently to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work linked to their articles. Furthermore, several of these papers were referenced in the Nobel citations. We thought our readers would find it of interest to see a collection of these papers brought together and introduced with summaries explaining their significance and written by the Nobelists themselves, close colleagues or editors of the journal.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates Meet International Top Talents
    Nobel Laureates Meet International Top Talents Evaluation Report of the Interdisciplinary Lindau Meeting of Nobel Laureates 2005 Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings Foundation Lindau Nobelprizewinners Meetings at Lake Constance Nobel Laureates Meet International Top Talents Evaluation Report of the Interdisciplinary Lindau Meeting of Nobel Laureates 2005 Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings Foundation Lindau Nobelprizewinners Meetings at Lake Constance I M PR I N T Published by: Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, Ludwigstr. 68, 88131 Lindau, Germany Foundation Lindau Nobelprizewinners Meetings at Lake Constance, Mainau Castle, 78465 Insel Mainau, Germany Idea and Realisation: Thomas Ellerbeck, Member of the Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings and of the Board of Foundation Lindau Nobelprizewinners Meetings at Lake Constance, Alter Weg 100, 32760 Detmold, Germany Science&Media, Büro für Wissenschafts- und Technikkommunikation, Betastr. 9a, 85774 Unterföhring, Germany Texts: Professor Dr. Jürgen Uhlenbusch and Dr. Ulrich Stoll Layout and Production: Vasco Kintzel, Loitersdorf 20a, 85617 Assling, Germany Photos: Peter Badge/typos I, Wrangelstr. 8, 10997 Berlin, Germany Printed by: Druckerei Hermann Brägger, Bankgasse 8, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland 2 The Interdisciplinary Lindau Meeting of Nobel Laureates 2005 marked a decisive step for the annual Lindau Meeting in becoming a unique and significant international forum for excellence, fostering the vision of its Spiritus Rector, Count Lennart Bernadotte. It brought together, in the heart of Europe, the world’s current and prospective scientific leaders, the minds that shape the future drive for innovation. As a distinct learning experience, the Meeting stimulated personal dialogue on new discoveries, new methodologies and new issues, as well as on cutting-edge research matters.
    [Show full text]
  • Miller Fellow Focus
    The Adolph C. and Mary Sprague Newsletter MILLER INSTITUTE Fall 2016 for Basic Research in Science Understanding Dark Energy and Neutrinos Inside this edition: from the South Pole Miller Fellow Focus 1-3 From the Executive Director 4 Miller Fellow Focus: Tijmen de Haan Call for Nominations 5 odern cosmology provides an 6 Mincredibly powerful description In the News of the universe we live in. The stan- 20th Annual Symposium 7 dard model of Big Bang cosmology 8 takes only a few assumptions about Next Steps & Birth Announcements the physical laws and initial condi- tions, and makes a wealth of predic- Call for Nominations: tions. As our techniques for measur- ing the large-scale properties of the Miller Research Fellowship universe improve, the observations are found to be consistent with the Nominations predictions of the standard model Deadline: Saturday, September 10, 2016 of Big Bang cosmology time and time again. However, several open ques- Miller Research Professorship tions remain. Applications e can also use our measure- Deadline: Thursday, September 15, 2016 n the late 1990s, we learned that the Wments of the expansion rate Iexpansion of the universe is current- and growth of structure in the uni- Visiting Miller Professorship ly accelerating. This is due to a mysteri- verse to determine the properties of Departmental Nominations ous type of energy cosmologists have its contents. Around the turn of the Deadline: Friday, September 16, 2016 termed dark energy. This discovery millenium, neutrinos, long thought to led to the 2011 Nobel Prize in Phys- be massless particles, were found to See page 5 for more details.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture Slides
    The Discovery of Quasi-Periodic Materials Dan Shechtman Technion, Haifa, Israel and ISU, Iowa, USA Surprising Discoveries Quasi-Periodic Crystals (1984) on the Structure of Dan Shechtman matter and its Ilan Blech, properties in the Denis Gratias and Mid-1980s John Cahn Fullerens High Temperature (1985) Superconductivity Herold Kroto, JR Heath, (1986) SC Obrian, Robert Curl Georg Bednorz And Richard Smalley And Alex Muller Order, periodicity and rotational symmetry Four-fold rotational symmetry Rotational Symmetry An image has Rotational Symmetry if there is a center point around which the object is turned a certain number of degrees and the object still looks the same, ie it matches itself a number of times while it is being rotated. Two-fold Three-fold Five-fold Six-fold Crystallography Modern crystallography started in 1912 with the seminal work of von Laue who performed the first x-ray diffraction experiment. The crystals von Laue studied were ordered and periodic, and all the hundreds of thousands crystals studied during the 70 years from 1912 till 1982 were found to be ordered and periodic. Based on these observation, a paradigm was created that all crystals are periodic and the following definitions of “crystal” was accepted by the community of crystallographers and by the scientific community in general. Crystal definition till 1991 A crystal may be defined as: A solid composed of atoms arranged in a pattern periodic in three dimensions “X-ray Diffraction”, Culity 1959 Atoms in a crystal are arranged in a pattern that repeats itself in three dimensions throughout the interior of the crystal “Structure of Metals” Barrett and Massalski, 1966 Crystallography in 1982 Crystallography in 1982 Atoms in diamond – periodic order The order of carbon atoms in diamond is periodic.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Page, Narration, Version 2
    “Save the World” In Memoriam; Richard Smalley Libretto: Arranged by the composer from the writings of and about Richard Smalley (1943-2005) Music: J. Todd Frazier (b. 1969) Written for Narrator and Chamber Ensemble: Flute Oboe Clarinet in Bb Horn in F Bassoon Marimba (5 Octave, medium and soft yarn mallets) Piano Violin(s) 1 Violin(s) 2 Viola(s) Cello(s) Conductor Dedicated to: Richard Smalley (posthumous), Chad Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, Sir Harold Kroto, Jim Heath, Sean O’Brian, Jim Tour, Paul Cherukuri, Mert and Wade Adams, Anne and Albert Chao, Reinnette and Stan Marek, and Susan and C. Richard Stasney, MD Commissioned by: The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University, made possible by the generous support of Anne and Albert Chao and Reinnette and Stan Marek Concept: C. Richard Stasney, MD Premiere: October 10, 2010, as part of the 25th anniversary celebration of the Buckminsterfullerene discovery; Narrator: Malcom Gillis, Chamber Ensemble: River Oaks Chamber Orchestra Copyright 2010 J. F. Brazos Enterprises Ltd. Program Notes: The 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was shared between Rice University Chemists Richard Smalley and Robert Curl of America, and Sussex University Chemist Harold Kroto of Brittan. It was awarded for the discovery, in 1985, at Rice University in Houston, Texas, of a new form of carbon that possessed extraordinary qualities… qualities that promised to change the world of science, and the world as we know it, in significant and timely ways. Of the 1985 research team,
    [Show full text]