EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROSTAT
Directorate E: Social and regional statistics and geographical information system Unit E-3: Education, health and other social fields
DOC/ESTAT/E3/2001/CULT02
2nd MEETING OF THE
WORKING GROUP CULTURAL STATISTICS
27-28 September 2001 - 9h30 am
BECH Building - Room AMPERE - Luxembourg-Kirchberg
Report by the Task Force on Cultural Employment Statistics
Agenda item 3 A DOC/ESTAT/E3/2001/CULT02
Contents
Presenting the Task Force ...... 3
1. Point of departure, stocktaking ...... 3 1.1. Defining a field ...... 4 1.2. Approach by occupations and approach by activities ...... 4 1.3. Reference to the harmonised classifications ...... 5 1.4. Priority accorded to the European Community Labour Force Survey, despite its limitations ...... 5
2. Preliminary assessments ...... 7
2.1. NACE at 2-, 3-, and 4-digit level and cultural activities ...... 7 2.1.1. Publishing ...... 7 2.1.2. Motion picture, audiovisual, entertainment, press agency and cultural heritage activities ...... 9 2.1.3. Trade ...... 11 2.1.4. Services provided mainly to business enterprises (architecture and other activities) ...... 13 2.1.5. Education and membership associations ...... 14 2.1.6. Composite table of employment in cultural activities
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...... 15
2.2. ISCO at 3- and 4-digit level and cultural occupations ...... 16 2.2.1. Archivists and librarians ...... 16 2.2.2. Writers and artists ...... 17 2.2.3. Sound and image technicians ...... 17 2.2.4. Set designers, graphic artists and other entertainment artists ...... 18 2.2.5. Architects ...... 19 2.2.6. Management ...... 20 2.2.7. Other culture professionals ...... 20 2.2.8. Composite table of employment in cultural occupations ...... 21
3. Proposed work programme ...... 22 3.1. Annual data collection ...... 22 3.2. Presentation of work done by countries in the cultural employment field ...... 23 3.3. Special analysis of architecture ...... 23
Annexes ...... 24
1. Task Force terms of reference
3 DOC/ESTAT/E3/2001/CULT02
...... 25 2. Task Force members ...... 26 3. Preliminary analysis of population censuses ...... 27 4. Questionnaire concerning lacking data (August 2001) ...... 31
4 DOC/ESTAT/E3/2001/CULT02
Presenting the Task Force
Coordination: France Countries taking part: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece
Three national statistics institutes (B, Dk, Fi), an employment observatory (Gr) and a Ministry of Culture (Fr) were represented on the Task Force.
Three meetings have been held (September 2000, January 2001 and June 2001).
The Task Force received the cooperation of the members of the Working Group by way of a questionnaire on the number of cultural jobs with reference to the harmonised classifications of activities and occupations. The questionnaire was sent out in March 2001.
A proposal for a composite presentation of data1 (accompanied by a request for additional information, especially concerning the classifications) was addressed to the members of the Working Group in August 2001. The Task Force did not receive many comments from the Working Group members, no doubt on account of its being the summer holiday period.
The Task Force was kept informed of the study in progress on the use of the harmonised European surveys for producing cultural statistics. The relevant survey where employment is concerned is the European Community Labour Force Survey. The work is being carried out by the firm Planistat at the request of the French Ministry of Culture on European funding.
1. Point of departure – stocktaking
The Task Force viewed its work as continuing on from that of the LEG. It considered that the following had been established:
- The definition of the culture field - the two approaches to cultural employment: employment in cultural activities and employment in cultural occupations - the two harmonised classifications - Priority accorded to the European community labour force survey, despite its limitations
1 It forms the second chapter of this report.
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1.1. Defining a field
The LEG had determined a field for investigation after much debate. Some of the discussion turned on the wide differences in national interpretations of the word "culture" itself.
The debate resulted in :
- not to include advertising and language. - to include in the culture field activities relating to trade in cultural goods and services. - to include the domain "architecture (the work of architects) - not to include sport.
Delineation and structure of the culture field were based on the notion of "domains". Eight domains were chosen to act as a frame of reference for the LEG's work:: Artistic and monumental heritage: Archives Libraries Book and press Visual arts: Architecture Performing arts: Audio and audiovisual media / multimedia:
1.2. Approach by occupations and approach by activities
The Task Force, in tackling the subject of cultural employment, decided to take two different (but equally important) approaches. On the one hand, it studied employment in enterprises practising an activity of cultural domains and, on the other, it examined employment in occupations involved in cultural domains.
The LEG has drawn up a list of the activities and occupations to be considered. Within each domain, units of activity have been sorted by function. The functions are the following: preservation, creation, production, dissemination, marketing and training. Cultural occupations, for their part, are defined in accordance with three standards which they must meet, at least up to a point. They are occupations which:
1. are peculiar to activities relating to works of art and other cultural products, performing arts, exhibitions, etc. (e.g. art, media, heritage) 2. have a certain creative content 3. are essential to defining and producing the content of works of art, performances, etc. in a given domain
Analysis of employment in cultural activities requires examination of all the jobs performed in the economic entities (establishments, organisations, structures, self-
6 DOC/ESTAT/E3/2001/CULT02 employed workers, etc.) whose activity enters the culture field, e.g. museums, theatres, dance companies, self-employed artists. This means that, alongside a museum curator or member of an orchestra, a secretary or an accountant working in the same museum or for the same orchestra is to be included.
Study of employment in cultural occupations is a matter of counting and qualifying persons engaged in cultural occupations (or the posts in which a cultural occupation is exercised), even if these persons are employed by enterprises belonging to other sectors. This is the case, for example, of salaried design-workers in the automobile industry.
1.3. Reference to the harmonised classifications
National classifications of activities and occupations are not directly comparable. The LEG's "employment" Task Force compared British and Finnish population census findings (for 1991 and 1995 respectively). In order to do this, it was necessary to leave aside a number of headings in each set of classifications so as to mark out a common field. If this exercise were to be extended to even more countries, it is likely that too many headings would have to be ignored for the comparison to be meaningful.
Two harmonised European classifications exist: the NACE for activities, and the ISCO-COM for occupations. The NACE and ISCO-COM, despite their limitations which are the same as those of national classifications, are vital instruments for producing harmonised statistics on culture in general and cultural employment in particular. The NACE was used by the LEG for classifying activities. The NACE made it possible to appraise and qualify employment in units producing cultural goods and services. The LEG also combed through the ISCO-COM in order to determine the classification of cultural occupations.
1.4. Priority accorded to the European Community Labour Force Survey, despite its limitations
Interest of the survey It is a survey of major interest for the knowledge of the employment and the labour market. The European questionnaire comprises almost about sixty variables. Among these variables, ten are demographic variables (sex, age, nationality etc) and on the training level, and about thirty other variables characterise the professional activity of the person, if employed. It is a harmonised survey, at the same time from an institutional point of view (governed by a regulation of the Council of Ministers) and in a conceptual way (regarding the harmonised definitions of ILO as well as the harmonised European classifications of occupations and economic activity, respectively ISCO-COM and NACE definitions).
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Limits of the survey for cultural domains. The sample size is limited. The survey rate varies according to the countries, but it is generally less than 1% (and even 0.5%). Accordingly the reliability of the employment estimates on the small occupational groups is not ensured. It has to be mentioned that in most countries cultural employment is estimated as a minor % of the working population.
Eurostat collects information on a too aggregated level in order to analyse properly the cultural field. This involves indeed:
- division level of the NACE (2 digits). - level 2 of the international standard classification of occupation the ISCO-88 professions (COM) (3 digits).
In both classifications, culture is scattered among several categories. It is simplistic to present it as a homogeneous entity by practising a series of aggregations. This characteristic forces to use the two nomenclatures at a their most detailed level (4 digits). But that seems impossible for the majority of the countries mainly for 2 reasons:
- the sample size does not seem to make it possible to obtain sufficient representativity at this level of detail. - the national classifications are not transposable at this level of detail.
These limitations, and in particular the one concerning the restricted size of the samples, led the LEG to conclude that the labour force survey does not make it possible to calculate indicators for the detailed levels of the classifications. On the other hand, the Survey can be made use of by most countries for building indicators for the whole culture field or for certain broad domains. It is however necessary to have data for the headings with 4 digits of the classifications, then to gather these headings and to calculate the indicators for these gathered headings.
Other sources worth considering
In the case of countries whose sample size is too small to permit the use of the Labour Force Survey, other sources may exist. Administrative registers and social security files are an example. They are not primarily designed to provide statistics on employment, and they very much depend on the country's administrative and social system. Comparability among each of these national sources, and between them and the Labour Force Survey, cannot therefore be counted on. Administrative sources have the advantage of being exhaustive in their field, of referring in most cases to the harmonised classifications and of being regularly used to give a picture of employment.
Population censuses are another valuable source. The TF has performed a preliminary analysis on them which may be found in Annex.
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2. Preliminary assessments
This section presents a summary of the replies received to the March 2001 questionnaire. Depending on data availability, the TF makes proposals for structuring the field, with reference to NACE on the one hand and ISCO-COM on the other.
The data are drawn from the Labour Force Survey, administrative registers, social security files (for paid jobs) and population censuses.
The years covered by the data were left for countries to decide (most recent year available). Data comparability is therefore uncertain; but the chief goal is to propose a method and an estimate of the scale of cultural employment. If it is decided to carry out an annual collection of data (as proposed by the TF), a special effort should be made to ensure chronological comparability.
The estimates are reached in two different ways, depending on the level of refinement of replies to the questionnaire.
1. Use and, where appropriate, aggregation of the estimates supplied by countries.
2. Estimation of "refined" data (in the case of a few broad domains of the culture field) from the aggregated data supplied by countries. Where this is done, the estimates will not be presented at the level of refinement in question. They will serve only to provide an overall estimate of cultural employment in the country concerned and an estimate of employment in each broad domain of the culture field over the whole of the EU 2.1. 2-, 3- and 4-digit NACE and cultural activities
Countries send Eurostat their data for the Labour Force Survey coded at NACE 2 level. With the collection, however, we have obtained data at 3 (E and D) and 4 levels (DK, FI, AT , F, NL,SE and UK) for all jobs (employees and self- employed) and 4 level for employees (B and Lu).
This part of the Note examines the possibility of presenting data coded at NACE 3 and 4 levels. It also raises the question of countries which provide only 2- digit NACE data.
2.1.1. Publishing
22 Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media 22. 1 Publishing 22.11 Publishing of books 22.12 Publishing of newspapers 22.13 Publishing of journals and periodicals 22.14 Publishing of sound recordings 22.15 Other publishing
22.2 Printing 22.3 Reproduction of recorded media
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Heading 22 "Publishing, printing, reproduction" is divided into 3 sub-headings one of which is almost exclusively cultural (22.1) whereas the two others (22.2 et 22.3) are non-cultural.
Inside 22.1, the 4-digit headings (22.11, 22.12, 22.13 and 22.14) are exclusively cultural whereas 22.15 includes non-cultural activities as well. 22.15 is, however, a heading containing only a few jobs (in the countries replying at this level of refinement).
Cultural activities in 22.15: publishing of art works (incl. photographs)
Non-cultural activities in 22.15: publishing of postcards, calendars, forms
Proposal of Task Force
- Keep the whole of 22.1 within the cultural activity perimeter, publish at this level of aggregation.
DK Fi FR AU E D NL SE UK 22 48 39 224 33 153 531 123 62 428 1641 221 32 17 89 7 52 249 67 24 193 729 % 221 66% 43% 40% 22% 34% 47% 54% 39% 45% 44%
- In the case of countries where data were available only for the whole of 22, it should be possible to evaluate the share of 221 (multiplication and division). As the proportion of 221 in 22 amounts on average to 45 percent in countries replying at least at 3-digit level, the same percentage can be applied to the number of jobs listed under heading 22 where the other countries are concerned.
BE GR IE IT LU PT EU 22 51 41 19 174 2 39 1967 221 23 19 8 79 1 18 877
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2.1.2. Motion picture, audiovisual, entertainment, press agency and cultural heritage activities
92 Recreational, cultural and sporting activities
92.1 Motion picture and video activities 92.11 Motion picture and video production 92.12 Motion picture and video distribution 92.13 Motion picture projection
92.2 Radio and television activities 92.20 Radio and television activities
92.3 Other entertainment activities 92.31 Artistic and literary creation and interpretation 92.32 Operation of arts facilities 92.33 Fair and amusement park activities 92.34 Other entertainment activities
92.4 News agencies activities 92.40 News agencies activities
92.5 Library, archives, museums and other cultural activities 92.51 Library and archives 92.52 Museum activities and preservation of historical sites and buildings 92.53 Botanical, zoological gardens and nature reserves activities
92.6 Sporting activities 92.61 Operation of sports arenas and stadiums 92.62 Other sporting activities
92.7 Other recreational activities 92.71 Gambling and betting activities 92.72 Other recreational activities n.e.c.
Heading 92 "Recreational, cultural and sporting activities" is divided into seven sub-headings, of which:
three are exclusively cultural (92.1 Motion picture and video activities, 92.2 Radio and television activities, 92.4 News agencies)
two are largely cultural (92.3 Other entertainment activities, and 92.5 Library, archives, museums and other cultural activities)
one is slightly cultural (92.7 Other recreational activities, in which only the activity of casting is defined as being cultural)
one is non-cultural (92.6 Sporting activities)
The cultural activities in 92.3 account for over 80 percent of jobs. As regards the 4-digit headings, only 92.33 "Fair and amusement park activities" may be considered as lying completely outside the culture field. This heading accounts for
11 DOC/ESTAT/E3/2001/CULT02 about 5 percent of 92.3 in Finland, around 10 percent in France and Austria and about 15 percent in the Netherlands.
Under heading 92.34 the cultural activities are:
Circus shows Puppet shows Dance schools
The non-cultural activities are:
Shooting galleries, rodeos, etc.
It is not possible, from the data collected, to calculate the proportions of these different activities
In heading 92.5, the 4-digit sub-headings 92.51 "Library management" and 92.52 "Heritage management" are entirely cultural, whereas sub-heading 92.53 "Natural heritage management" lies outside the culture field. The latter sub-heading accounts for 10 percent at most of jobs in 92.5 in the countries able to code at this level of refinement.
The proportion of unsalaried (self-employed) jobs in 92 is probably large, varying according to sub-sector. The proportion no doubt also varies according to country.
Proposal of Task Force
- In the case of headings 92.1, 92.2 and 92.4, as well as 92.3 and 92.5, publish at this level of aggregation
- Ignore 92.7
- In the case of countries where data are available only for the whole of 92, it should be possible to evaluate the share of cultural activity in 92 (multiplication and division) at 60 percent 2. In countries replying at least at 3-digit level, the proportion of 921-925 heading jobs in relation to employment under the whole of heading 92 works out at 60 percent.
DK Fi FR E D NL SE UK 92 58 56 384 241 546 158 108 758 2401 921 à 35 28 257 141 381 99 43 432 1416 925 60% 48% 67% 58% 70% 63% 39% 57% 59%
BE GR IE IT LU AT PT EU 92 64 67 38 184 3 53 51 2861 921 à 38 40 23 110 2 32 31 1692 925
2 This method is used also for Austria owing to its under-estimation of 925
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2.1.3. Trade
52 and 51 : Trade
51 Wholesale trade and commission trade
51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 Household goods 51.41 textiles 51.42 footwear and leather goods 51.43 electrical household appliances and radio and television goods 51.44 china and glassware, wallpaper and cleaning materials 51.45 perfume and cosmetics 51.46 pharmaceutical goods 51.47 other 51.5 51.6 51.7
52 Retail trade, repair of personal and household goods
52.1 Retail sale in non-specialized stores 52.2 Retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialized stores 52.3 Retail sale of pharmaceutical and medical goods, cosmetic and toilet articles
52.4 Other retail sales of new goods in specialized stores
52.41 textiles 52.42 clothing 52.43 footwear and leather goods 52.44 furniture, lighting equipment and household articles n.e.c. 52.45 electrical household appliances and radio and television goods 52.46 hardware, paints and glass 52.47 books, newspapers and stationery 52.48 other
52.5 Retail sale of second-hand goods in stores 52.6 Retail sale not in stores 52.7 Repair of personal and household goods
Very few cultural activities are to be found in headings 51 and 52. They are all classified in 51.4 or 52.4, where they account for only a tiny proportion.
Sale of sound and video recordings, classified in 51.43 and 52.45 Sale of books Sale of newspapers. These two activities are classified in 51.47 and 52.47 Sale of art reproductions classified in 52.48 and probably in 51.47
In countries where NACE 4-digit level data have been collected, 52.45 accounts for 5-10 percent, 52.47 about 5 percent and 52.48 10-30 percent of 52.4. As to wholesale trade, 51.43 accounts for about 10 percent and 51.47 25-40 percent of 51.4.
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Moreover:
Denmark, Austria and the Netherlands have data for the retail sale of sound and/or video recordings. It accounts for less than 10 percent of jobs in 52.45.
Finland and Austria have data for the sale of books and newspapers. It accounts for about 5 percent of 51.47 and two-thirds of 52.47. In the Netherlands and Belgium, the wholesale trade of books and newspapers accounts for 10 percent of 51.47; data on retail trade are unavailable.
Finland and Denmark have data for the retail sale of works of art or art reproductions; it accounts for less than 3 percent of 52.48
Therefore :
trade in recordings accounts for under 1 percent of 52.4 trade in books and newspapers accounts for under 4 percent of 51.4 and about 5 percent of 52.4 trade in reproductions accounts for less than 2 percent of 52.4
Proposal of Task Force - Attempt to estimate the number of jobs in cultural trade activities in order to have a better idea of the total number of cultural jobs. - In the case of countries where data under heading 52.47 "Retail sale of books, newspapers and stationery" are available but where the proportion of the sale of books or newspapers is unknown, the latter may be estimated (from Finnish and Austrian figures) at 60 percent. The countries in question are DK, FR, NL and SE. - Where the other countries for which no data on cultural trade are available are concerned, it would seem reasonable to deduce the ratio of employment in cultural trade from a comparison with employment in all publishing, audiovisual, cinema, live entertainment, press agency and heritage cultural activities (22.1, 92.1, 92.2, 92.3, 92.4, 92.5). In countries replying to the questionnaire, the proportion amounts to 9 percent 3. This figure is applied to the other countries.
DK Fi FR AU NL SE 52.47 Retail sale of books, newspapers and 3.4 3.2 48 7.8 17 12.1 stationery Retail sale of books, newspapers 1.9 5.4 Books , newspapers estimated 2, 28,8 10,2 7,3 Retail sale of sound and audiovisual records 0.5 .5 2 Sales in visual works (art gallery) 0.6 0.2 Wholesale of sound and audiovisual records 0.7 Wholesale of books, newspapers) 0.4 0.2 3 Total cultural sale 4.2 2.3 28.8 5.9 15.2 7.3 63.7 (22.1, 92.1,92.2,92.3,92.4,92.5) 67 45 346 39 166 67 730 % cultural sale 6% 5% 8% 15% 9% 11% 9%
3 In countries where classifications do not allow retail trade in books and newspapers to be separated out under heading 52.47, its share has been evaluated at 60 percent (figure for Finland and Austria).
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BE DE GR ES IE IT LU PT UK UE (22.1, 92.1,92.2,92.3,92.4,92.5) 61 630 59 193 31 189 2,5 48 625 2569 Sale 6 57 5 17 3 17 4 56 226
2.1.4. Architecture and other business activities
74 Other business activities
74.1 Legal, accounting, book-keeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy; market research and public opinion polling; business and management consultancy; holdings 74.2 Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy 74.20 Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy 74.3 Technical testing and analysis 74.4 Advertising 74.5 Labour recruitment and provision of personnel 74.6 Investigation and security activities 74.7 Industrial cleaning 74.8 Miscellaneous business activities n.e.c. 74.81 Photographic activities 74.82 Packaging activities 74.83 Secretarial and translation activities 74.84 Other business activities n.e.c.
The cultural activities to be included are:
architecture design, decoration organisation of festivals, exhibitions literary and performing arts agents
Architecture is classified under heading 74.2 where in Denmark, France, Austria and the Netherlands it accounts for 20-30 percent of jobs. In Finland the figure is about 5 percent and in Belgium it is under 10 percent of salaried jobs.
The other activities are classified under heading 74.8. Data are available on the organisation of festivals in Denmark and the Netherlands (less than 10 percent of jobs in the heading), on design and decoration in Denmark, Finland, Austria, the Netherlands and Belgium ( %), and on the activities of agents in Austria and Belgium.
Proposal of Task Force
- Attempt to estimate the number of jobs in these activities in order to have a better idea of the total number of cultural jobs. The method chosen for cultural trade may be applied to architecture (except for the countries where data for 74.20 exists) and the other cultural activities (designers, decorators, agents etc.). Their proportion could be measured in relation to employment in all publishing, audiovisual, cinema, live entertainment, press agency and heritage cultural activities (22.1, 92.1,92.2,92.3,92.4,92.5). This gives a finding of 13 percent for architecture. For other activities, we get 4%. This last figure is rounded off in 3% in the aim to estimate employment in cultural trade, architecture and
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the other cultural activities amounts to 25 percent of employment in publishing, audiovisual media, cinema, live entertainment, press agencies and cultural heritage work. (But for countries where data for 74.20 exists, architecture is estimated at 20% of employment of this heading). - DK Fi FR AU NL 74.20 Architecture et ingénierie 32, 43 209 26,1 95 405 Architecture 7 3 41 8 27 86 % dans 74.20 20% 6% 20% 31% 28% 21% (22.1, 92.1,92.2,92.3,92.4,92.5) 67 45 346 39 166 663 % dans 10% 6% 12% 21% 16% 13%
DE ES SE UK 74.20 344 104 62 328 20% DE 74.20 69 21 12 66
BE GR IE IT LU PT Eu (22.1, 61 59 31 189 2,5 48 92.1,92.2,92.3,92.4,92.5) 13% 8 8 4 25 6 302
A special effort could be made concerning architecture, through a further request to countries asking them to exploit specialised sources (see proposal concerning the occupation of architect)
DK Fi AU NL Organisation of festivals, fairs, exhibition… 1,2 4 Création of design 2 0,6 0,6 Interior decorators 0,3 3 Llierary, entertainment … agents 0,3 Total 1,7 0,6 2,9 7 12,2 (22.1, 92.1,92.2,92.3,92.4,92.5) 67 45 39 166 317 % dans 3% 1% 7% 4% 4%
BE DE GR ES FR IE IT LU PT SE UK UE (22.1, 92.1,92.2,92.3,92.4,92.5) 61 630 59 193 346 31 189 2,5 48 67 625 3% 2 19 2 6 10 1 6 1 2 19 80
2.1.5. Education and membership associations
80 Education 91 Activities of membership organisations n.e.c.
In the present state of data collection, no data are available, except for Denmark and Belgium (schools only) and Finland (membership organisations only).
Proposal of Task Force
- Do not include these activities for the time being
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2.1.6. Composite table of employment in cultural activities BE-99 DK-00 DE-99 GR-99 ES-00 FR-99 IE-99 IT-99 LU-99 NL-99 AT-95 PT-99 FI-98 SE-01 UK-01 total EU
22. 1 Publishing 32 249 52 89 67 7 17 24 193 877 92.1 Motion picture and video activities* 4 30 12 35 9 2 5 44 168 92.2 Radio and television activities* 7 72 36 39 14 8 9 92 331 92.3 Other entertainment activities 9 166 65 123 48 8 12 167 714 92.4 News agencies activities* 1 45 4 12 5 0,4 1 30 118 92.5 Library, archives, museums and 14 68 24 48 23 10 16 99 361 other cultural activities 92.1 - 92.5 35 381 141 257 99 28,4 43 432 1 692 Total 221 921 à 925 61 67 630 59 193 346 31 189 2,5 166 39 48 45 67 625 2 569 Total other : 15 13 144 14 44 80 8 45 0,5 49 17 12 6 20 141 608 cultural sale 4 29 15 6 2 226 Architecture 7 41 27 8 3 302 others 2 7 3 0,6 80
Total 76 80 774 73 237 426 39 234 3 215 56 60 51 87 766 3 177 Population holding a job 3987 2708 36402 3940 13773 22923 1593 20618 176 3987 3888 4830 2333 4054 27986 153 198 % 1,9% 3,0% 2,1% 1,9% 1,7% 1,9% 2,4% 1,1% 1,7% 5,4% 1,4% 1,2% 2,2% 2,1% 2,7% 2,1%
BE DK DE GR ES FR IE IT LU NL AT PT FI SE UK total EU
22. 1 Publishing 40% 32% 22% 21% 31% 13% 34% 28% 25% 28% 92.1 Motion picture and video activities* 5% 4% 5% 8% 4% 4% 6% 6% 5% 92.2 Radio and television activities* 9% 9% 15% 9% 7% 16% 10% 12% 10% 92.3 Other entertainment activities 11% 21% 27% 29% 22% 16% 14% 22% 22% 92.4 News agencies activities* 1% 6% 2% 3% 2% 1% 1% 4% 4% 92.5 Library, archives, museums and 18% 9% 10% 11% 11% 20% 18% 13% 11% other cultural activities 92.1 - 92.5 44% 49% 59% 60% 46% 56% 49% 56% 53% Total 221 921 à 925 80% 84% 81% 81% 81% 81% 79% 81% 83% 77% 70% 80% 89% 77% 82% 81% Total other : 20% 16% 19% 19% 19% 19% 21% 19% 17% 23% 30% 20% 11% 23% 18% 19% cultural sale 5% 7% 7% 11% 4% 7% Architecture 9% 10% 13% 14% 6% 10% others 3% 3% 5% 1% 3%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
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2.2 3-digit, 4-digit ISCO and cultural occupations
Countries send Eurostat their Labour Force Survey data coded at ISCO 3-digit level. Our collection, however, has enabled us to obtain 4-digit culture heading data for Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden, and data in the 4-digit headings of national classifications. In the case of France and the United Kingdom, certain 4- digit ISCO headings can be derived from the national classification.
This part of the Note examines the possibility of presenting data coded at ISCO 4 level. It also raises the question of countries which provide only 3-digit ISCO data.
2.2.1 Archivists and librarians
243 Librarians and related information professionals
2431Archivists and curators 2432 Librarians and related information professionals
The cultural occupations are :
- Archivists - Curators - Librarians
The non-cultural occupations are :
- Filing clerks, in particular those of commercial and technical services
2431 is fully cultural 2432 is divided among cultural and non-cultural occupations
In countries where the classification of occupations matches ISCO perfectly and there are 5-digit (or even 6-digit) headings, these headings do not appear to enable librarians to be separated from the other (non-cultural) occupations inside 2432 4. The countries are Denmark, Finland and Sweden.
In Italy and France, the classifications of occupations are not directly compatible with ISCO. In both countries, however, a 4-digit heading in the national classification groups archivists, curators and librarians. In France, the heading contains 15 000 persons out of the 47 000 numbered altogether in 243.
For a large majority of countries, it does not seem possible to separate archivists, curators and librarians from "non-cultural" documentation professionals. ISCO's 4- digit headings do not provide any more exactitude than the 3-digit one.
4 This point needs to be checked. The questionnaire did not expressly solicit information concerning cultural headings at the classifications' most refined level.
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Proposal:of Task Force
- Keep the whole of 243 within the cultural occupation perimeter and publish at this level of aggregation.
BE DK DE GR ES FR IE IT LU NL AT PT FI SE UK EU 243 9 5 40 1 12 47 3 18 10 3 3 7 9 65 232
2.2.2. Writers and artists
245 Writers and creative or performing artists
2451 Authors, journalists and other writers 2452 Sculptors, painters and related artists 2453 Composers, musicians and singers 2454 Choreographers and dancers 2455 Film, stage and related actors and directors
All the occupations listed under these headings are considered as being cultural.
Proposal of task Force:
- Publish at this level of aggregation and present, as a supplement, more detailed tables for countries providing significant data.
BE DK DE GR ES FR IE IT LU NL AT PT FI SE UK EU 245 24 14 229 9 55 129 8 121 1 79 24 14 28 58 210 1003
2.2.3. Sound and image technicians
313 : Optical and electronic equipment operators 3131 Photographers and image and sound recording equipment operators 3132 Broadcasting and telecommunications equipment operators 3133 Medical equipment operators 3139 Not elsewhere classified
The cultural occupations are:
- Photographers (press, portrait, fashion…) - Cameramen (TV, film) - Operators (sound mixer, studio TV, radio etc.)
The non-cultural occupations are:
- Telecommunications equipment operators - Broadcasting operators - Medical equipment operators
3131 is totally (or very largely) cultural.
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3132, 3133, 3139 are totally non-cultural.
3131 accounts for under 50 percent of labour strength in 313 in the Netherlands, about 60 percent in Sweden and 70 percent in Finland.
Proposal of Task Force :
- Rather than to keep the 4-digits heading 3131, keep the persons exercising a heading 313 occupation, with the exception of those working in units of economic activity identifiable under the following NACE 2-digit headings: 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 (transport, storage and communication); 75 (public administration); 85 (health and social work). It is probable, in fact, that the people working in these sectors of activity are telecommunications and medical electronics technicians.
- Cross-tabulation between ISCO 3-digit heading 313 and the 2-digit NACE headings was done using the 1999 European file of the Labour Force Survey. The proportion of "cultural" occupations within heading 313 was obtained for each country. The next step was to apply this proportion to the heading 313 employment figures supplied by countries in answer to the questionnaire.
BE DK DE GR ES FR IE IT LU NL AT PT FI SE UK EU % cult. 74% 78% 70% 78% 71% 97% 64% 91% 94% 43% 100% 60% 88% 83% 57% 71% in 313 313 5 6 76 11 32 34 3 40 29 7 11 5 16 85 360 313 4 5 53 9 23 33 2 36 0 12 7 7 4 13 48 255 cult.
2.2.4. Set designers, graphic artists and other entertainment artists
347 Artistic, entertainment and sports associate professionals.
3471 Decorators and commercial designers* 3472 Radio, television and other announcers* 3473 Street, night-club and related musicians, singers and dancers * 3474 Clowns, magicians, acrobats and related associate professionals* 3475 Athletes sport persons and related associate professionals
The cultural occupations are the graphic and plastic arts professions (industrial designers, decorators, etc.) classified in 3471 and the live and audio-visual entertainment professions classified in 3472, 3473 and 3474 as well as in 3471 (theatrical set and costume designers).
Sports occupations (3475) are not considered as being cultural.
In Sweden, the Netherlands and Finland, cultural occupations account for about 60 percent of the heading 347 total. In France, they account for 100 percent, sports professionals being classified under 334: "other education intermediary occupations".
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In Sweden, heading 3471 includes "property managers" but excludes designers who are classified in 245.
In France, 3471 excludes theatrical set and costume designers who are classified in 313.
Proposals of Task Force:
- In the case of countries which supplied data for the 4-digit headings, these data would be presented at aggregated level (3471, 3472, 3473, 3474) - In the total count, attempt to incorporate 3471, 3472, 3473, 3474 by including 60 percent of the persons in 347 in the cultural occupations total. Aggregate these persons in a yet-to-be-defined sub-total. As regards the calculation of indicators, give the indicators calculated for 347 a weight equivalent to the one chosen for labour strength.
DK FR NL SE FI except FR 347 7 70 53 31 12 103 (3471, 3472, 3473, 3474) 6 70 35 17 6 64 % 88% 100% 66% 54% 55% 62%
BE DE GR ES IE IT LU AT PT UK EU 347 8 151 8 75 14 62 1 19 14 220 745 %347 cult. 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 64% 347 culture 5 91 5 45 8 37 1 11 8 132 477
2.2.5. Architects
214 : Architects, engineers and related professionals
2141 Architects, town and traffic planners 2142 Civil engineers 2143 Electrical engineers 2144 Electronic and telecommunications engineers 2145 Mechanical engineers 2146 Chemical engineers 2147 Mining engineers, metallurgists and related professionals 2148 Cartographers et surveyors 2149 Not elsewhere classified
Only the occupation of architect is considered as being cultural.
The only 4-digit heading concerned is thus 2141. The heading also includes, however, traffic planners (non-cultural) and town planners (cultural and non-cultural).
In the present state of data collection, it is impossible to separate out architects, even in one country.
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Proposal of Task Force:
- For the time being, do not include architects. Present a supplementary table for those countries where data are available. Countries could be questioned concerning this profession and asked to exploit available specialised professional sources.
2.2.6. Management
121 Directors and chief executives 122 Production and operations department managers 131 General managers
Very partial data concerning the directors and executives of cultural institutions exist in Finland and France.
Proposal of Task Force:
- For the time being, do not include directorial and executive occupations. 2.2.7. Other culture professionals
231 and 232 Teaching professionals 244 Social science and related professionals 342 Business services agents and trade brokers 346 Social work associate professionals 511 Travel attendants and related workers 73 Handicraft and trades workers
In the present state of data collection, it is impossible to separate out cultural occupations with the exception, in France, of art teachers and handicraft and art trades workers.
Proposal of Task Force:
For the time being, do not include these occupations
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2.2.8. Composite table of employment in cultural occupations
BE-99 DK-00 DE-99 GR-99 ES-00 FR-99 IE-99 IT-99 LU-99 NL-99 AT-98 PT-99 FI-00 SE-00 UK-01 EU 243 Archivists, librarians and related 9 5 40 1 12 47 3 18 10 3 3 7 9 65 232 information professionals 245 Writers and creative or performing 24 14 229 9 55 129 8 121 1 79 24 14 28 58 210 1003 artists* Photographers and image and sound 4 5 53 9 23 33 2 36 0 12 7 7 4 13 48 255 technician Artistic, entertainment associate 5 6 91 5 45 70 8 37 1 35 11 8 6 17 132 477 professionals Total 41 30 412 23 135 279 21 212 2 136 45 32 45 97 455 1 967 Population holding a job 3 987 2 708 36 402 3 940 13 773 22 923 1 593 20 618 176 3 987 3 888 4 830 2 333 4 054 27 361 152 573 % 1,0% 1,1% 1,1% 0,6% 1,0% 1,2% 1,3% 1,0% 0,9% 3,4% 1,2% 0,7% 1,9% 2,4% 1,7% 1,3%
BE DK DE GR ES FR IE IT LU NL AT PT FI SE UK EU 243 Archivists, librarians and related 22% 17% 10% 4% 9% 17% 14% 8% 0% 7% 7% 9% 15% 9% 14% 12% information professionals 245 Writers and creative or 58% 47% 56% 39% 41% 46% 38% 57% 63% 58% 53% 44% 62% 60% 46% 51% performing artists* Photographers and image and sound 9% 16% 13% 37% 17% 12% 9% 17% 0% 9% 15% 21% 10% 14% 11% 13% technician Artistic, entertainment associate 12% 20% 22% 21% 33% 25% 39% 18% 38% 26% 25% 26% 13% 17% 29% 24% professionals Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
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3. Proposed work programme
3.1. Annual data collection
Eurostat should each year publish data on cultural employment. For this purpose, it should organise an annual collection of data in the different countries.
For a start, publication could be based on the blueprint proposed by the TF.
This would have to be improved, however, by:
- Displaying indicators.
They could be the ones suggested by the LEG and could be drawn from the Labour Force Survey. Data collection would in that case focus on gender, age, occupational status, training, etc.
- Offering comment on and analysis of the indicators in order to present a reasoned account of cultural employment in Europe and to develop methods for forseeing its evolution in future linked with evolution of supply and demand of culture.
- Refining methods of calculation for each country.
In the case of those countries where sufficiently refined data are not available, the present method relies on applying coefficients or distribution templates determined for the whole of the EU, based on data from responding countries.
It should be possible, in at least some cases, to work out country-specific coefficients and distribution templates. In order to do so, additional information would be needed on national classifications and sources, which would require obtaining it from the countries concerned. (See the questionnaire addressed to countries last August by the TF.)
- Analysing national samples and their national classifications in the Labour Force Survey.
Certain countries cannot at the present time supply data at the refined level of the classifications; the best they can do is supply them for the NACE 2-digit headings (and the ISCO-COM 3-digit headings). The Eurostat unit in charge of the Labour Force Survey intends to find out from member States the level of refinement in the two harmonised classifications at which they are capable of providing data. This is a general project applying to all the headings in the classifications. A degree of compatibility might be found, however, for culture field headings even where the classifications are not compatible for their field as a whole. With this in mind, certain national samples should be investigated and, if it turns out to be possible, solutions proposed as regards the particular headings concerned.
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The Working Group could draw on the study currently being conducted by the firm Planistat at the request of the French Ministry of Culture. 3.2. Presentation of work done by countries in the cultural employment field
The LEG questionnaire on sources and publications should be brought up to date, so that the European countries can inform one another of their best practices. This work was part of the Task Force's brief. Although it has not been possible to do it to date, it would be most valuable if it could be completed without delay.
A special study of population censuses needs to be carried out. The TF has issued a preliminary paper on the subject. (See Annex.) 3.3. Specific analysis of architecture.
The Task Force's brief included the preparation of a Community-wide survey devoted exclusively to cultural employment. As our work proceeded, it did not seem possible to perform this task except in the long term.
On the other hand, a specific enquiry could be conducted in the field of architecture. In both NACE and ISCO it is indeed difficult to extract architecture from the domain of engineering. Yet, in most countries, architecture is a highly organised field, and it should be possible to obtain data on it from statistical, professional or administrative sources. For this reason, a questionnaire dealing only with architecture should be sent to the countries which are members of the Working Group.
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ANNEXES
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1. Task Force Mandate
WORKING GROUP ON CULTURAL STATISTICS
TF STATISTICS ON CULTURAL EMPLOYMENT
MANDATE
1. Full name: Task Force Statistics on Cultural Employment 2. Origin: Task Force created by the Working Group on Cultural Statistics, at its first meeting held on 30- 31 March 2000 3. Status of mandate: Mandate - 31 march 2000 4. Subject area covered: Cultural employment 5. Specific objectives: To deal with the employment issues arising from the mandate of the Working Group on Cultural Statistics 6. Task and functions: a. To explore the Census and European Labour Force Survey as main sources on cultural employment in each member State. To assess how the LFS sample is representative of the whole cultural field and of some aggregated domains. b. To produce statistical indicators on the cultural field as a whole and eventually on some aggregated domains on the base of the LFS available data. c. To prepare and co-ordinate a survey on the employment within a particular cultural domain. d) To exchange good practices and experiences. To deepen the analysis of sources and methods used in the various countries. To update the bibliography of the working documents and publications included in the LEG report. 7. Anticipated frequency of the meetings: 2 meetings per year 8. Foreseen participation: B, DK, E (?), F, I (?), FIN, EL (?), NO (?) 9. Tools for communication outside meetings: e-mail and CIRCA 10. Related Structures: Working Group on Cultural statistics 11. Expected deliverables and deadline for TF: a) Methodological working paper on the Labour Force Survey (LFS) - end 2000 and on Censuses - 2001; b) Indicators on the cultural field as a whole - March 2001 - WG meeting; c) Inventory of sources, methods and publications - March 2001; d) Proposal on tender specifications for a co-ordinated survey on a specific cultural domain - March 2001; e) Proposal on the survey design - end 2001.
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2. Task Force members
CO-ORDINATOR
FRANCE Jean-Paul STRAUSS Département des études et de la prospective 2, rue Jean-Lantier F - 750001 PARIS Tel : +33 1 40 15 79 34 Fax: +33 1 40 15 79 99 E-mail: [email protected]
MEMBERS
BELGIUM André DONEUX L'Institut National de Statistique Rue de Louvain 44 B - 1000 Bruxelles Tel : + 32 2 5486681 Fax : +32 2 5486527 E-mail : [email protected]
DENMARK Bjarne Nave SIMONSEN Statistics Denmark Sejrøgade 11 DK - 2100 KØBENHAVN Tel: +45 391 73 917 Fax:+45 391 73 999 E-mail: [email protected]
GREECE Olympia KAMINIOTI National Employment Observatory ('EPA') Gounari 2 and Vouliagmenis 518, EL -17456 Alimos, ATHENS Tel: +30 1 99 55 216 Fax: +30 1 99 55 214 E-mail: [email protected]
FINLAND Sari KARTTUNEN Senior Statistician FIN-00022 Statistics Finland Tel +358 9 1734 2963 Fax +358 9 1734 3264 E-mail: [email protected]
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3. THE USABILITY OF POPULATION CENSUSES IN THE STATISTICS ON CULTURAL EMPLOYMENT PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
The LEG project on cultural statistics in the EU (1997–2000) maintained that for the comprehensive assessment of cultural employment harmonised statistical surveys were to be preferred to national and sectoral data. When jobs and employment are concerned, two such candidates emerged: the Census of Population and the Labour Force Survey. The project eventually appeared to favour the LFS, which is harmonised a few steps further than censuses are, and is moreover conducted annually in all countries. (The European LFS was in fact seen as the sole source of genuinely comparable data across countries. The survey has, for instance, adopted the ILO definitions for employment, unemployment and non-active status, thus freeing the data from their national legislative and administrative contexts. Eurostat, for which the individual countries provide information and variables according to common guidelines, is responsible for the final product.)
Content of censuses has been co-ordinated internationally through United Nations re- commendations. The UN regional commission for Europe (ECE) prepared recommendations for census rounds 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990. The first attempt by Eurostat to improve international comparability was directed at the 1970/71 census round, and the EU prepared specific programmes to satisfy Community data needs for the 1980 and 1990 rounds. Harmonisation has embraced definitions and classifications, the choice of basic topics and core tabulations as well as the synchronisation of the reference dates. Recommendations concerning census methods have also been launched. Guidelines for the 2000/2001 round, agreed by Eurostat in 1997, specified what methods of data collection may be used and a number of core questions that should be asked. The usage of alternative data sources (e.g., registers or sample surveys) is accepted on condition that they are capable of providing statistics of the same quality as those produced by means of a conventional census. Eurostat requests that member states supply data on specified core variables for the purposes of comparative work, as is done in the case of the LFS.
For the purpose of assessing cultural employment, the LEG project observed that censuses possessed several advantages as well as certain regrettable deficiencies, some of them though common with the LFS. Census is the most comprehensive statistical survey carried out in each country, and it is still a major source of demographic and socio-economic statistics in most European countries. It is still complete almost everywhere, and reaches coverage rates close to 100 per cent. Contrary to the LFS, the data are not subject to restrictions of sample size, hence they allow examination of small subsets, such as different sectors or regions. (However, information on occupation, which a crucial variable for identifying cultural employment, may not always be coded for all respondents; for instance, the UK survey codes only 10 % of the sample and grosses up the rest, and France codes 25 % of the overall sample.)
The LEG project noted that for most European countries the latest available census data were from 1990 or 1991, thus badly outdated. Not all countries had conducted a large-scale census in the 1990/1991 round, and the future of census seemed actually uncertain at least in Germany. Many other countries were making plans for notable methodological changes in their census operations. On the whole, census methodologies differed greatly between the European countries: at one end were countries using solely official registers, at the other those who employed thousands of enumerators to interview each citizen in person. In most countries census data were collected once every ten years, which is not often enough for tracking trends in cultural employment. Moreover, censuses are huge undertakings and the processing and analysis of data are laborious, so their findings, especially concerning such
29 DOC/ESTAT/E3/2001/CULT02 details as occupations and industries, may be completed only 2–3 years after the reference date.
The census shared some disadvantages with the LFS. Identification of the cultural domain through the existing classifications of occupations and industries is notoriously problematical. Until the 2000/2001 census round, not all European countries applied common classifications, and these national classifications could not always be matched with ISCO or NACE. In some countries where the international classifications were used the level of detail in coding (2 or 3 digits) was though not sufficient for identifying the cultural sector. When supplying data from the 2001 census round to Eurostat, all countries are supposed to use ISCO-88 (COM) and NACE, but no more than 3 digit level is requested.
In the LEG final report it was suggested that despite harmonisation efforts differences in the definitions for census variables used by each country and other methodological differences may compromise international comparability. It was concluded that there were significant problems to overcome before the census of population turns a feasible source for data on cultural employment in Europe. The most evident obstacle was the detail to which the data on occupation and industry were coded. As the LEG project was running in the late 1990s, it was already too late to try to influence the 2001 round of censuses. The project proposed that discussions should be initiated with the national statistics units to promote the adoption of the international classification systems and the coding of the data to a level sufficient for identifying cultural occupations and industries in the future. Eurostat will start preparations for the 2010 census round in 2004.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NATIONAL CENSUSES IN EUROPE
Because of the high cost of a direct census and pressures to reduce respondent burden many European countries have been seeking new solutions in data collection and pro- cessing. The usage of administrative registers and the development of automatic procedures in data capturing, checking, editing and coding are examples of the responses to these pressures.
Currently, censuses in the EU countries fall roughly in four groups (see Table 1)5: 1) Countries with a traditional census: Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom (6). These countries may use administrative data and registers, but only as supporting tools in organising the fieldwork and in data collection, and they have no specific plans to abandon the traditional model. 2) Countries with and entirely or largely register-based census: Denmark, Finland and Sweden (3). The Nordic welfare states integrate data from their numerous computer- based administrative registers in which people are identified by their unique personal codes. 3) Countries in transition from a traditional to a register-based census: Austria, Belgium and Luxemburg (3). They are either planning a register-based, or largely register-based census around 2000, or they are building up their capabilities for a changeover to an entirely register-based census after 2000. 4) Countries devising other type of solutions: France, Germany and the Netherlands (3). These countries have abandoned the idea of an exhaustive direct census on a particular reference date, yet they do not plan a complete changeover to a register-based census. Instead they prefer to combine administrative data with sample surveys and small-area estimation techniques. France is aiming at a kind of continuous census that would involve a rotating total count within a five-year period for most of the population and estimates to
5 The categorisation is taken from a paper by Aarno Laihonen who works at the Eurostat unit responsible for the harmonisation of censuses.
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cover the gaps. Germany, where the 1987 census prompted a boycott movement among the citizens, has decided against a traditional census with enumerators and has started to evaluate existing data sources instead. The latest proposal combines the usage of registers with a one per cent micro-census. Some Länder plan to carry out their own traditional census to explore additional topics. The Netherlands has developed a distinctive approach combining administrative sources (the municipal population registers being the main source) and sample surveys (including the Labour Force Survey).
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE CENSUS ROUNDS IN VIEW OF CULTURAL EMPLOYMENT
In March 2001, the Task Force on cultural employment sent a questionnaire to the EU member countries recommending that they draw the required data from the Labour Force Survey. Only if the LFS could not used (should the sample be too small or the coding of occupations and industries too rough), were other sources to be consulted, yet keeping the number of sources minimal. Countries that could not rely on the LFS, turned to the last available census findings, or administrative sources.
If each country were to use the best available method and source for presenting data on cultural employment, the data might turn poorly comparable. The same holds true for the national censuses with their diverse sources and methods. We should bear in mind that the census is not identical in every country. In view of cultural employment, each census type needs to be assessed separately. To do this, we should gather the technical specifics on the conduct of the 2001 round (mode of data gathering, type of questionnaire, question formulation, definitions, classifications, coding principles, data processing and analysis, etc.).
The fact that several countries are increasing the usage of registers may have special effects on the enumeration of cultural workers. This may affect the identification criterion with respect to certain sub-fields, in particular the arts where self-definition often differs from administrative understanding. Data deriving from registers tend to reflect current legislation and administrative practices rather than people’s subjective conceptions. Official registers may depict adequately the standard salary earner, but not necessarily cultural workers many of whom have multiple jobs and atypical work contracts.
In relation to the methodological switchover that took place in 1990, Statistics Finland conducted an evaluation study to compare the results of the register-based census with the traditional type questionnaire conducted on a random sample. It was concluded that the new method worked overall reasonably well. Nevertheless, dependence on existing official registers limited the data content, and not all types of activities were equally captured by registers. The arts were mentioned as one of the sectors where difficulties came up.
In the cultural field, findings seem to depend to an unusual extent on the operationalisation of the object and the methods of data collection and analysis. It is quite conceivable that the census and the LFS would not produce the same figure for cultural workers because of their methodological differences. To begin with, the two sources may differ in how they determine occupation and industry and therefore identify cultural employment on different criteria. Their comparison might on the other hand provide important information on the somewhat ambiguous sector.
The main advantage of the census data has been considered to be their unparalleled horizontal and vertical comparability. This feature may be lost in the forthcoming methodological changes. In their reply to the TF questionnaire, Austrian experts warn against new-type of sample-based censuses that may no more provide reliable information on
31 DOC/ESTAT/E3/2001/CULT02 cultural employment and suggest that this problem be discussed at the WG meeting in September.
The LFS could be recognised as the annual benchmark statistic. Its strong and weak points need to be checked with help of other sources. The census data would serve for methodological triangulation, and for optimal results, targeted sample-based surveys and deep interviews with selected informants may also be needed. The true challenge would lie in finding a valid and reliable way to link the miscellaneous perspectives together.
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4. Questionnaire concerning lacking data (august 2001)
Since certain items of data had not been explicitly requested in the March 2001 questionnaire, substitute data were used. They were drawn from the European file of the Labour Force Survey (1999). It follows that the proportions and percentages given are not final.
For this reason, those countries which provided data drawn from a source other than the LFS and/or concerning a year other than 1999 are invited (if they have not already done so) to supply data, compatible with those previously supplied, regarding the following headings in the classifications: URGENT
MISSING DATA
Whole of economically active population holding a job
2-digit NACE headings 22 : Publishing, printing and reproduction 92 : Recreational, cultural and sporting activities
3-digit NACE headings 92.3 Other entertainment activities 92.5 Library, archives, museums and other cultural activities
3-digit ISCO headings 243 Archivists, librarians and related information professionals 313 Optical and electronic equipment operators 347 Artistic, entertainment and sports associate professionals
In addition, member countries are invited to reply to the following questions as regards:
their national classification of activities
- Title of classification - List of cultural activity headings down to the most refined level - Table of correspondence: NACE headings under which the culture headings of the national classification are classified - Coding level of: - LFS - Census - Register - Other sources and their national classification of occupations
- Title of classification - List of cultural occupation headings down to the most refined level - Table of correspondence : ISCO headings under which the culture headings of the national classification are classified - Coding level of: - LFS - Census - Register - Other sources
33