Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in Morphological Traits of Endocarps Revealed
Plant Systematics and Evolution
Quantitative and qualitative differences in morphological traits of endocarps revealed between CornusL. species
Agata Woźnicka1, Iwona Melosik2, Maria Morozowska1
1 Department of Botany, PoznanUniversity of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego Str.71c,
60-625 Poland
2Department of Genetics, AdamMickiewiczUniversity in Poznan, Umultowska Str. 89,
61-614 Poland
Author for correspondence:Iwona Melosik,, +48 61 8295860
Online Resource1. Sources of cultivated plant accessions used in morphological analyses of Cornus endocarps
No / Names of arboreta/botanical gardens / Locality / Latitudeslongitudes
1 / AdamMickiewiczUniversityBotanical Garden in Poznań / Poznań, PL / 52° 25’ N,
16° 53’ E
2 / Armand David Botanical Garden / La Genête, FR / 46° 53' N,
05° 03' E
3 / Bolestraszyce Arboretum / Bolestraszyce, PL / 49° 49' N,
22° 51' E
4 / Botanic Garden of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University / Lublin, PL / 51° 16' N,
22° 30' E
5 / Botanic Garden of the JagiellonianUniversity / Kraków, PL / 50° 04’ N,
19° 58’ E
6 / Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem / Berlin-Dahlem, GE / 52° 27’ N,
13° 18’ E
7 / Botanical Garden Ljubljana / Ljubljana, SI / 46° 04' N,
14° 51' E
8 / Dendrological Garden in Glinna / Glinna, PL / 53° 17’ N,
14° 43’ E
9 / Dendrological Garden of University of Life Sciences in Poznań / Poznań, PL / 52° 25’ N,
16° 53’ E
10 / GołubieBotanical Garden / Gołubie, PL / 54° 21’ N,
18° 02’ E
11 / Kórnik Arboretum / Kórnik, PL / 52° 14' N,
17° 05' E
12 / Mustila Arboretum / Elimäki, FI / 60° 44' N,
26° 29' E
13 / ResearchCenter for Medicinal Plant Resources, Nat. Institute of Biomedical Innovation / Hokkaido, JP / 44° 22' N,
142° 26' E
14 / ResearchCenter for Medicinal Plant Resources, Nat. Institute of Biomedical Innovation / Tsukuba, JP / 36° 01' N,
140° 04' E
15 / SapienzaUniversity of Rome / Roma, IT / 41° 53’ N,
12° 28’ E
16 / TallinBotanical Garden / Tallin, EE / 59° 28' N,
24° 52' E
17 / The Arnold Arboretum of HarvardUniversity / Boston, MA, US / 42° 31' N,
71° 12' W
18 / University of Salzburg / Salzburg, AT / 47° 48' N,
13° 03' E
19 / WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences (SGGW) Rogów Arboretum / Rogów, PL / 51° 49' N,
19° 53' E
20 / Wirty Arboretum / Wirty, PL / 53° 54' N,
18° 22' E
21 / WroclawUniversityBotanical Garden / Wrocław, PL / 51° 11’ N,
17° 04’ E
Abbreviations: AT – Austria, BE – Belgium, DE – Germany, EE – Estonia, FI – Finland, FR – France, IE – Ireland, JP – Japan, MA – Massachusetts,PL – Poland, PT – Portugal, SI – Slovenia, US – United States.
1
Online Resource2. Cornus species wild accessions tested in this study, their geographic origin, and sources from which they were obtained
No of specimen / Cornus species / Cornus species accoording to herbarium sheet / International symbol of herbarium / name of plant collection / No ofherbarium sheet / Locality / Latitudes,
longitudes / Collection date / Collector / Author of determination/ verification
1 / alba / alba L. ssp. alba / H / 1714793
(13446) / A: RU, Yakutia,
Yakutsk / 62°02' N,
129°46' E / 01.06.2002 / H. Väre / -/ AW
2 / Swida alba (L.) Opiz / H / 1584342
(830) / A: RU, Olyokminsky District / 62°22' N,
119°37' E / 02.09.1979 / I.A. Ivanov / I.A. Ivanom/ AW
3 / Swida alba (L.) Opiz / H / 1703449
(591) / A: RU, Ayano-Maysky District, Nel' Kan / 57°39' N,
136°10' E / 03.08.1979 / S. Kharkevich, T. Buch / S. Kharkevich/ AW
4 / Swida alba (L.) Opiz / BG1 / IS.2010
(70) / A: RU, Amur Province / 54°38' N,
127°30' E / 2010 / No data / -
5 / sibirica Koehne / KOR / 13033 / A: RU, Yakutia,
AldanRiver / 62°41' N,
134°27' E / 10.07.1950 / No data / -/ AW
6 / alba L. / KOR / 29800 / B: PL, Żerków,
Rogaszyce / 52°04' N,
17°38' E / 23.08.1994 / J. Zieliński / -/ AW
7 / alba L. / KRAM / No data / B: HU, Szolnok / 47°10' N,
20°10' E / 26.07.1987 / No data / -
8 / alba L. / KRAM / No data / B: PL, Gubin / 51°56' N,
14°43' E / 10.07.1966 / No data / -
9 / alba L. / - / - / B: PL, Jodłowa / 49°52' N,
21°17' E / 08.10.2004 / No data / -
10 / alba L. / - / - / B: PL, Wiżajny,
Stara Hańcza / 54°20' N,
22°52' E / 02.08.2007 / No data / -
11 / alternifolia / alternifolia L.f. / G / 00308526
(9534) / C: CA, Ontario,
Brockville / 44°35' N,
75°41' W / 01.08.1956 / W.J. Cody, W.G. Dore, J.H. Soper / -/ AW
12 / alternifolia L.f. / H / 1250435
(78 434) / C: CA, Quebec,
Sherbrooke / 45°23' N,
71°52' W / 07.08.1978 / S. Brisson / S. Brisson/ AW
13 / alternifolia L.f. / BM / 001124420
(62) / C: US, New York, Collegetown / 42°26' N,
76°29' W / 18.09.1983 / C. Haas / -/ AW
14 / alternifolia L.f. / BM / 001124412 (346b) / C: US, North Carolina, Biltmore / 35°31’ N,
82°31’ W / 05.09.1896 / No data / -/ AW
15 / alternifolia L.f. / BM / 001124409 (79487) / C: US, Connecticut,
West Stafford / 41°57' N,
72°19' W / 25.08.1974 / H.E. Ahles / -/ AW
16 / K / sn / C: US,
West Virginia,
ElkGarden / 39°23' N,
79°09' W / No data / Brown / -
17 / amomum / amomum Mill. / BG2 / - / US, Massachusetts, Northampton / 42°19’ N,
72°38’ W / 2010 / No data / -
18 / amomum Mill. / GH / 421252 / C: US, North Carolina, Waynesville / 35°29’ N,
82°59’ W / 09.1897 / T.G. Harbison / J.S. Wilson, Z.E. Murrell
19 / sericea L. / BM / 001124424 (341b) / C: US, North Carolina, Biltmore / 35°31’ N,
82°31’ W / 01.09.1897 / No data / -/ AW
20 / K / 38605 / C: US, Wisconsin, Fort Atkinson / 42°55’ N,
88°50’ W / 10.08.1990 / No data / -
21 / australis / Thelycrania australis (C.A. Mey.) Sanadze / G / 00308532 (231581) / B: GE, Mestia / 43°02’ N,
42°43’ E / 28.07.1979 / V. Vašák / -/ AW
22 / australis C.A. Mey. / G / 00308531 / B: SY / 34°18’ N,
36°49’ E / 1958 / H. Pabot / -/ AW
23 / australis C.A.Mey. / H / 1399446 / B: GE, Ossetia / 42°11’ N,
44°43’ E / 10.08.1901 / B. Marcowicz / -/ AW
24 / Svida australis C.A.Mey / H / 1399450 / B: AZ, Zangilan Region / 39°05’ N,
46°37’ E / 26.09.1958 / No data / -/ AW
25 / Thelycrania australis (C.A. Mey) Sanadze / H / 1399455 / B: AZ, Zangilan Region / 39°04’ N,
46°30’ E / 17.07.1958 / No data / -/ AW
26 / sanguinea L. ssp. australis (C.A. Mey) Jav. / H / 1085554
(8098) / B: TR, Trabzon, Küçükkonak / 40°45’ N,
39°32’ E / 23.08.1972 / I. Kukkonen / -/ AW
27 / australis / H / 1399319
(4338) / B: TR, Istanbul / 41°01’ N,
28°56’ E / 09.1899 / G.V. Aznavour / -/ AW
28 / B: PL, GorliceCounty, Dragaszów / 49°35’ N,
21°15’ E / 09.2012 / M. Fik / AW/ AW
29 / australis (C.A. Mey.) Jáv. / KOR / 12934 / B: TR, Prov. Zonguldak, Kozlu / 41°26' N,
31°45' E / 15.07.1962 / Davis, Coode & Yaltirik / -/ AW
30 / australis (C.A. Mey.) Jáv. / KOR / 12935 / B: TR. Prov. Zonguldak, Gökçebey / 41°16' N,
32°09' E / 19.07.1962 / Davis, Coode & Yaltirik / -/ AW
31 / sanguinea L. var. australis (C.A. Mey.) Koehne / KOR / 13015 / B: BG, Burgas, Kavatzité / 42°23' N,
27°02' E / 09.08.1983 / S. Lisowski / S. Lisowski/ AW
32 / sanguinea L. subsp. australis (C.A.Mey.)Jáv. / KOR / 13017 / B: HU, Szeged / 46°25' N,
20°07' E / 19.06.1975 / K. Browicz, J. Zieliński / -/ AW
33 / Thelycrania australis (C.A. Mey.) Sanadze / KOR / 24573 / B: GE / 42°04' N,
42°29' E / 12.09.1959 / No data / -/ AW
34 / australis C.A.Mey. / KRAM / No data / B: AM / 39°47' N,
45°39' E / 20.09.1955 / J. Kornaś / -
35 / australis C.A. Mey. / - / - / B:AM / 40°21' N,
44°53' E / 20.09.1947 / No data / -
36 / conrtoversa / Cornus sp. / L / 0789571
(3227) / A: IN, Assam, Kohima / 25°44' N,
94°12' E / 20.06.1950 / Thakur Rup Chand / -/ AW
37 / controversa Hemsl. / H / 1532876
(3238) / A: KR, Ullung Island, Kyonsang-Pukto / 37°30' N,
131°00' E / 01.07.1948 / Chung In-Cho / -/ AW
38 / controversa Hemsl. / H / 1684481
(93-546) / A: JP, Hokkaido, Kamikawa District, Nakagawa / 44°50' N,
142°05' E / 07.09.1993 / V. Lipponen / -/ AW
39 / controversa Hemsl. / KOR / 12947 / A: KP, North Pyongan, Hyangsan / 40°01' N,
126°11' E / 28.07.1980 / T. Bojarczuk, A. Boratyński / -/ AW
40 / controversa Hemsl. / KRAM / 432027 / A: KP, Prov. Kangwon-Do, Kumgang-san / 38°31' N,
128°03' E / 06.10.1978 / A. Jasiewicz, B. Chwastowski / -
41 / controversa Hemsl. / KRAM / 364191 / A: KP, Prov. Kangwon-Do, Kumgang-san / 38°31' N,
128°03' E / 06.10.1979 / A. Jasiewicz, B. Chwastowski / -
42 / S / 13-11976 / A: CN, Sichuan, Moon Ting Shan / 30°05' N,
103°06' E / 30.07.1939 / C.Y. Chiao / -
43 / S / 13-11975 / A: CN, Sichuan, Ya-An / 29°58' N,
103°00' E / 27.07.1939 / C.Y. Chiao / -
44 / drummondii / drummondii C.A. Mey. / G / 00308535 (14807) / C: US, Illinois, KertonTownship / 40°14' N,
90°10' W / 31.08.1957 / V.H. Chase / -/ AW
45 / drummondii C.A. Mey. / H / 1090961
(63) / C: US, Missouri, Allenton / 38°30' N,
90°40' W / 01.10.1969 / S. Verhoek-Williams, S.G. Davis / S.G. Davis/ AW
46 / drummondii C.A. Mey. / A / 10160 / C: US, Missouri, Buckner / 39°08' N,
94°11' W / 20.08.1923 / B.F. Bush / Z.E. Murrell
47 / drummondii C.A. Mey. / A / 29,115 / C: US, Indiana, Mt.Vernon / 37°55' N,
87°53' W / 16.08.1919 / C.C. Deam / Z.E. Murrell
48 / drummondii C.A. Mey. / BM / 001124442 (43540) / C: US,Tennessee, Lewisburg / 35°27' N,
86°47' W / 14.08.1971 / R. Kral / R. Kral/ AW
49 / S / 13-11970 / C: US, Arkansas, Forrest city / 35°06' N,
90°45' W / 30.09.1957 / D. Demaree / -
50 / foemina / foemina / L / 0789600
(4101) / C: US, Texas, Texarkana / 33°25' N,
94°02' W / 15.08.1898 / A.A., E.G. Heller / W. Wangerin/ AW
51 / stricta Lam. / L / 0932325 (92969) / C: US, Louisiana, Ouachita / 32°27' N,
92°11' W / 30.07.1985 / R.D. Thomas / -/ AW
52 / foemina Mill. / H / 1101741 (12533A) / C: US, Missouri, Buckner / 39°08' N,
94°11' W / 19.08.1932 / B.F. Bush / P. Alanko/ AW
53 / stricta Lam. / GH / 13299 / C: US, Georgia, Ringgold / 34°50’ N,
85°09’ W / 29.09.1951 / W.H. Duncan / -
54 / stricta Lam. / A / 39,969 / C: US, Indiana, Rockport / 37°55’ N,
87°06’ W / 04.10.1923 / C.C. Deam / -
55 / foemina Mill. / GH / 5513 / C: US, Mississippi, Natchez / 31°29’ N,
91°23’ W / 12.08.1955 / J.D Ray Jr. / D. Goldman
56 / stricta Lam. / GH / 895 / C: US, South Carolina, Kingstree / 33°40’ N,
79°51’ W / 26.07.1939 / R.K. Godfrey, R.M. Tryon Jr. / Z.E. Murrell
57 / macrophylla / macrophylla / L / 0789593 (22211) / A: JP, Honshu, Prefecture Kyoto, Kameoka-shi / 35°00’ N,
135°34’ E / 17.09.1972 / G. Murata / -/ AW
58 / macrophylla Wall. / KRAM / 229107 / A: JP, Honshu, Prefecture Kyoto, Kameoka-shi / 35°00’ N,
135°34’ E / 17.09.1972 / G. Murata / -
59 / macrophylla Wall. / G / 00308518 (1413) / A: AF, KonarProvince, Barikot / 35°18’ N,
71°38’ E / 08.06.1969 / T.F. Hewer / -/ AW
60 / obliqua / obliqua Raf. / WA / 0000028683 (12490) / C: CA, Ontario, Port Colborne / 42°57’ N,
79°14’ W / 10.09.1962 / W.J. Cody, L.C. Sherk / -
61 / obliqua Raf. / A / 39,479 / C: US, Indiana, Pine / 41°35’ N,
86°58’ W / 07.08.1923 / C.C. Deam / -
62 / obliqua Raf. / GH / 8686 / C: US, Wisconsin, Albany / 42°43’ N,
89°26’ W / 03.09.1978 / T.S. & B.A. Cochrane / -
63 / obliqua Raf. / BM / 001124444 (26742) / C: US, Missouri, DeSoto, Mammoth Creek / Big River / 38°07’ N,
90°40’ W / 23.07.1985 / P.H. Raven, T.E. Raven / -/ AW
64 / K / 37797 / C: US, Wisconsin, RichlandCenter / 43°20’ N,
90°23’ W / 16.08.1989 / No data / -
65 / occidentalis / californica C.A. Mey. / L / 0789583
(1545) / C: US, California, LakeArrowhead / 34°15’ N,
117°11’ W / 03.09.1931 / B.C. Templeton / -/ AW
66 / pubescens Nutt. / G / 00308539 (1242) / C: US, Nevada, ClearCreekCanyon / 39°06’ N,
119°47’ W / 05.07.1902 / C.F. Baker / -/ AW
67 / stolonifera var. occidentalis / H / 1042045 / C: CA, British Columbia, Prince George, TaborLake / 53°54’ N,
122°33’ W / 18.07.1931 / V. Kujala, A. Cajander / -/ AW
68 / pubescens Nutt. / A / 3924 / C: US, Idaho, BonnerCounty, PackRiver / 48°17’ N,
116°34’ W / 27.07.1941 / E.J. Palmer / -
69 / occidentalis Boville / A / 10493 / C: US, Nevada, Franktown / 39°16’ N,
119°50’ W / 12.07.1919 / I. Tidestorm / -
70 / pubescens Nutt. / BM / 001124451 (10114) / C: US, Washington, Bingen / 45°42’ N,
121°28’ W / 26.07.1918 / W. Suksdorf / -/ AW
71 / pubescens Nutt. / BM / 001124449 (2028) / C: US, California, Clinton / 38°22’ N,
120°40’ W / 19.10.1896 / G. Hansen / -/ AW
72 / occidentalis Cov. / BM / 001124446 (8955) / C: US, California, Mt.Whitney / 36°34’ N,
118°17’ W / 04.10.1952 / E.K. Balls / -/ AW
73 / racemosa / racemosa Lam. / H / 1087797 (29,210) / C: US, Wisconsisn, West Bend / 43°26’ N,
88°10’ W / 01.09.1974 / C. Stott / -/ AW
74 / racemosa Lam. / WA / 0000028685 (918) / C: CA, Quebec, Delson / 45°22’ N,
73°32’ W / 02.09.1950 / M. Raymond, J. Kucyniak / -
75 / racemosa Lam. / LISU / 40265 (918) / C: CA, Quebec, Delson / 45°22’ N,
73°32’ W / 02.09.1950 / M. Raymond, J. Kucyniak / -/ AW
76 / S / 13-11973 / C: CA, Quebec, Delson / 45°22’ N,
73°32’ W / 02.09.1950 / M. Raymond, J. Kucyniak / -
77 / S / 13-11971 / C: CA, Quebec, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu / 45°18’ N,
73°14’ W / 01.08.1943 / M. Raymond, J. Kucyniak / -
78 / S / 13-11972 / C: CA, Quebec, La bataille / 45°22’ N,
73°24’ W / 06.09.1946 / M. Raymond, J. Kucyniak / -
79 / sanguinea / sanguinea / L / 0789578
(1466) / B: GB, Surrey / 51°14’ N,
00°25’ W / 10.09.1968 / M.B. Gerrans / -/ AW
80 / Thelycrania sanguinea (L.) Fourr. / H / 1089397
(1466) / B: GB, Surrey / 51°14’ N,
00°25’ W / 10.09.1968 / M.B. Gerrans / -/ AW
81 / sanguinea / L / 0789579 (42289) / B: BA, Sarajevo, Igman / 43°48' N,
18°13' E / 23.07.1962 / B.K. Boom / B.K. Boom/ AW
82 / sanguinea / L / 0932336
(1418) / B: CH, Sisikon / 46°56' N,
08°37' E / 18.08.1961 / J.V. Kasteel / -/ AW
83 / sanguinea L. / G / 00308525 / B: FR, Dordogne / 45°11' N,
00°44' W / 09.1899 / C.J. Pitard / -/ AW
84 / sanguinea L. / H / 1293892
(646) / B: PL, Częstochowa county, Kroczyce / 50°33' N,
19°34' E / 27.09.1977 / A. Jasiewicz, B. Chwastowski / -/ AW
85 / sanguinea L. subsp. sanguinea / H / 1724460 (19277) / B: CZ, Slatinky, Velky Kosir / 49°32' N,
17°05' E / 16.09.1997 / V. Vasák / V. Vasák, J. Lambinon (subsp.) / AW
86 / sanguinea L. / H / 1533045
(33) / B: UA, Lviv county, Zawadów / 50°03' N,
23°23' E / 25.07.1939 / J. Mądalski, S. Radwański / -/ AW
87 / sanguinea L. / WA / 0000028560 / B: PL, Warsaw, KubackiForest / 52°07’ N,
21°01’ E / 08.1978 / B. Matusiewicz / -
88 / sanguinea L. / KOR / 112 / B: PL, Sandomierz, The Vistula valley / 50°40’ N,
21°43’ E / 24.07.1954 / W. Bugała / -/ AW
89 / sanguinea L. / KOR / 1274 / B: PL, Pątnów-Legnica / 51°14’ N,
16°13’ E / 28.08.1957 / K. Browiec / -/ AW
90 / sanguinea L. / KOR / 13019 / B: HR, PlitviceLakesNational Park / 44°22’ N,
15°25’ E / 10.10.1961 / No data / -/ AW
91 / sanguinea L. / KOR / 45558 / B: UA, Belogorsk / 44°46’ N,
34°16’ E / 07.07.2006 / A. Boratyński, G. Iszkuło, A. Lewandowski / -/ AW
92 / sanguinea L. / SZCZ / No data / B: PL, Janowo / 53°42' N,
14°39' E / 29.07.1989 / W. Baneczko / -
93 / sanguinea L. / SZCZ / No data / B: PL, Szczecin / 53°26' N,
14°33' E / 20.05.2004 / J. Jarząbek, I. Cukiernik / -
94 / sericea / stolonifera / L / 0862885 (49/452) / C: CA, Quebec, Bonaventure / 48°05' N,
65°27' W / 25.07.1937 / M.-V. Rolland-Germain / -/ AW
95 / stolonifera Michx. var. stolonifera / H / 1533110
(7003) / C: CA, Ontario, Thunder Bay District / 48°28' N,
89°14' W / 18.08.1959 / C.E. Garton / -/ AW
96 / stolonifera Michx. / H / 1533144
(1435) / C: US, Nebraska, ThomasCounty, DismalRiver / 41°58' N,
100°34' W / 27.06.1893 / P.A. Rydberg / -/ AW
97 / stolonifera Michx. / H / 1482517 (21364) / C: CA, Ontario, Thunder Bay District / 49°38' N,
88°03' W / 05.08.1982 / C.E. Garton / C.E. Garton/ AW
98 / stolonifera Michx. / H / 1533119 (58068) / C: CA, Quebec, Ottawa / 45°25' N,
75°48' W / 05.08.1942 / M.-V. Rolland-Germain, E. Rouleau / -/ AW
99 / stolonifera Michx. / H / 1533121 / C: CA, Ontario, Matagami / 47°46' N,
81°19' W / 08.09.1946 / I. Hustich / -/ AW
100 / stolonifera Michx. / H / 1533100 (12540) / C: CA, Ontario, Thunder Bay District / 49°15' N,
88°48' W / 20.08.1969 / C.E. Garton / C.E. Garton/ AW
101 / stolonifera Michx. / WA / 0000028705 (9004) / C: CA, Fort Simpson / 61°52' N,
121°22' W / 26.07.1955 / W.J. Cody, J.M. Matte / -
102 / stolonifera Michx. / A / 39,513 / C: US, Indiana, Tremont / 41°38’ N,
87°05’ W / 08.08.1923 / C.C. Deam / -
103 / stolonifera Michx. / A / 1171 / C: US, Idaho, Pocatello / 42°52’ N,
112°26’ W / 26.08.1918 / J.G. Jack / Z.E. Murrell
104 / walteri / walteri Wang. / H / 1203435
(442) / A: KR, Jiri-san / 35°17' N,
127°38' E / 23.09.1976 / L. Feilberg, M. Hagman, T. Lagerström, J.E. Sanda / -/ AW
105 / walteri Wang. / BM / 001124470 (111D) / A: CN, Yunnan / 26°51' N,
100°13' E / 1933 / H.D. McLaren / -/ AW
106 / walteri Wang. / BM / 001124468 (10519) / A: CN, Yunnan / 28°24' N,
98°44' E / 03.10.1937 / T.T. Yu / -/ AW
107 / walteri Wang. / BM / 001124467 (172) / A: CN, Shandong / 36°25' N,
118°10' E / 24.07.1936 / T.Y. Cheo, L. Yen / -/ AW
108 / walteri Wang. / BM / 001124466 (1017) / A: CN, Sichuan / 30°47' N,
102°24' E / 08.09.1907-1909 / E.H. Wilson / -/ AW
109 / walteri Wang. / BM / 001124464 (375) / A: CN, Hubei / 31°04' N,
110°41' E / 1907-1909 / E.H. Wilson / -/ AW
110 / walteri Wang. / BM / 001124471 (76088) / A: CN, Hubei / 31°12' N,
112°40' E / 1976 / K.S. Chow / K.S. Chow/ AW
111 / K / kfbx145 / A: KR, KyongsangbukProvince, Naeyon-san / 36°16' N,
129°16' E / 17.10.1989 / No data / -
112 / K / sn / B: GB, Somerset / 51°04' N,
02°54' W / 06.09.1988 / Harris / -
Abbreviations: ‘-‘ – do not concern, A – locality on Fig. 2 A; AF – Afghanistan; AM – Armenia; AZ – Azerbaijan; B – locality on Fig. 2 B; BA - Bosnia and Herzegovina; BG – Bulgaria; BG1 - The Amur branch of Botanical Garden – Institute, RU; BG2 - The Botanic Garden of Smith College Northampton, US; C – locality on Fig. 2 C; CA - Canada; CH – Switzerland; CN – China; CZ - Czech Republic; FR – France; GB - The British Isles; GE – Georgia; HU – Hungary; HR – Croatia; IN – India; IS. – Index Seminum; JP – Japan; KP – North Korea; KR – South Korea; PL – Poland; RU – Russia; SY – Syria; TR – Turkey; UA – Ukraine; US - United States.
1
Online Resource3. Origin of cultivated species and detailed information regarding its verification
No. of specimen / No. of collection / No. in collection/ no. in IS.1 (coordinates or name of parcel in collection) / Origin of specimens:type of locality2,
type of reproduction3, obtained as/from4,
date since it was cultivated / Species identification verified by / Verification based on
C. alba
1 / 12 / IS.1 2010, 46 / No data / OD5 / No data
2 / 10 / No data / No data / OD / No data
3 / 20 / No data / No data / OD / No data
4 / 6 / IS., No data / No data / OD / No data
5 / 3 / No data / No data / OD / No data
C. alternifolia
1 / 19 / 8838 (5/40) / NL2, GR3, 1974/1977 / AW / FR6, LV6
2 / 19 / 8500 (1/1) / NL, GR, 1973/1976 / AW / FR, LV
3 / 5 / O/2007/1104 (63/20) / P4, 1997; / AW / FR, LV
4 / 19 / 8348 (1/1) / NL, GR, 1973/1976 / AW / FR, LV
5 / 12 / IS. 2010, 47 / No data / OD / No data
6 / 16 / IS. 2010, 200 / NL, 1965 / OD / No data
C. amomum
1 / 19 / 8760 (4/94) / C2, 1974/1975 / AW / FR, LV
2 / 1 / 07744 (System) / No data / AW / FR, LV
3 / 10 / No data / No data / AW / FR, LV
4 / 3 / 8046 / No data / AW / FR, LV
5 / 19 / 10134 (6/45) / NL, GR, 1979/1982 / AW / FR, LV
6 / 8 / 864 (9) / C, 2005/2008 / AW / FR, LV
C. australis
1 / 21 / 003707 (System) / C, 1988 / AW / FR, LV
2 / 1 / 00417 (G6) / C, 1934 / AW / FR, LV
4 / 11 / 5705 (2) / NL, 1931 / AW / FR, LV
3 / 7 / IS. 2011, 226 / No data / OD / No data
5 / 16 / IS. 197 / C, 1989 / OD / No data
C. bretschneideri
1 / 1 / 00640 (G3) / C / AW / FL6, FR, LV
3 / 19 / 16442 (3/18) / NL, GR, 2004/2007 / AW / FL, FR, LV
2 / 2 / IS. N°4, 2011, 055 / No data / OD / No data
C. controversa
1 / 5 / No data / No data / AW / FR, LV
2 / 8 / 289 (9) / 1992/1994 / AW / FR, LV
3 / 4 / No data / No data / AW / FR, LV
6 / 11 / 611 (5a) / C, 1929 / AW / FR, LV
4 / 14 / IS. 2012, 93 (TS) / No data / OD / No data
5 / 13 / IS. 2012, 91 (HK) / No data / OD / No data
C. drummondii
1 / 1 / 04259 (G15) / S4, 1987/1992 / AW / FR, LV
2 / 11 / 10578 (26) / NL, 1957 / AW / FR, LV
3 / 9 / 275 (17) / S, 1999-2002 / AW / FR, LV
4 / 3 / 813 / No data / AW / FR, LV
5 / 11 / 10578 (26) / NL, 1958 / AW / FR, LV
6 / 4 / No data / No data / AW / FR, LV
C. foemina
1 / 19 / 14324 (3/57) / NL, GR, 1996/2000 / AW / FL, FR, LV
2 / 11 / 61/02 (5b) / C / AW / FL, FR, LV
3 / 17 / 15-55*A (4-SE) / C, VR3, CT4, 1955 / AW / FR, LV
C. macrophylla
2 / 17 / 422-94*A (26-NE) / NL, S, 1994 / AW / FL, FR, LV
1 / 14 / IS. 2012, 94 (TS) / No data / OD / No data
3 / 15 / IS. 2011, 262 / No data / OD (G. Fabrini, M.Trovalusci) / No data
C. obliqua
1 / 19 / 12070 (2/40) / NL, GR, 1986/1990 / AW / FR, LV
2 / 19 / 7713 (6/34) / NL, GR, 1970/1972 / AW / FR, LV
3 / 1 / 07318 (D22) / S, 1998/2001 / AW / FR, LV
4 / 3 / 7701 / No data / AW / FR, LV
5 / 16 / IS., 195 / C, 1966 / OD / No data
C. occidentalis
1 / 1 / 03261 (G15) / 1988 / AW / FR, LV
2 / 1 / 01155 (G11) / C, P, 1937 / AW / FR, LV
3 / 19 / 6266 (4/30) / C, 1962/1964 / AW / FR, LV
C. racemosa
1 / 1 / 02229 (G15) / 1979 / AW / IF6, FR, LV
2 / 19 / 7812 (6/34) / NL, GR, 1971/1972 / AW / IF, FR, LV
3 / 1 / 02277 (G16) / 1979 / AW / IF, FR, LV
4 / 10 / No data / No data / AW / IF, FR, LV
6 / 11 / -26 / No data / AW / IF, FR, LV
5 / 16 / IS. 2010, 202 / No data / OD / No data
C. sanguinea
1 / 8 / 02 (7) / NL / AW / FR, LV
2 / 1 / 00188 (System) / C / AW / FR, LV
3 / 5 / O/2007/1133 (14/31) / NL, 1987 / AW / FL, FR, LV
4 / 3 / 7341 / No data / AW / FR, LV
6 / 9 / SE part of the Garden / No data / AW / FL, FR, LV
5 / 18 / IS. 2010, 285 / No data / OD (E.Rouschal) / No data
C. sericea
1 / 20 / No data / No data / OD / No data
2 / 1 / 01079 (G12) / 1957 / OD / No data
3 / 9 / SE part of the Garden / No data / OD / No data
4 / 6 / IS., No data / No data / OD / No data
5 / 10 / No data / No data / OD / No data
6 / 1 / 01788 (G11) / No data / OD / No data
C. walteri
1 / 19 / 6483 (2/39) / C, 1963/1968 / AW / FR, LV
2 / 11 / (10) / No data / AW / FR, LV
3 / 1 / 01626 (D19) / No data / AW / FR, LV
4 / 17 / 435-80*B (49SW) / NL / AW / FR, LV
Abbreviations: 1 IS. – Index Seminum, 2 type of locality: C – cultivated plant, NL - natural locality; 3 type of reproduction: GR - generative reproduction, VR – vegetative reproduction; 4 obtained as: CT - cuttings, P- plant, S - seeds; 5 verification of species determination: AW – A. Woźnicka, OD – original determination; 6 distinguishing features: FL – flowers, FR – fruits,IF – inflorescences, LV – leaves;
Online Resource4. Results of principal component analysis on nine quantitative variables of N. American (N=92 specimens) and Asian species (N=84), wild-growing vs. cultivated in Europe. For trait descriptions, see Table 2
Species native to N. America cultivated in Europe / Species native to Asia cultivated in EuropeVariable / axis 1 / axis 2 / axis 3 / axis 1 / axis 2 / axis 3
Eigenvalues / 4.29 / 1.67 / 1.05 / 3.46 / 2.19 / 1.43
Trait / Component loadings / Component loadings
ST / -0.88 / -0.01 / -0.35 / -0.77 / -0.42 / 0.41
ACW / -0.87 / 0.20 / 0.11 / -0.73 / 0.33 / -0.09
ACL / -0.86 / 0.21 / 0.11 / -0.73 / 0.02 / 0.29
SL / -0.79 / -0.34 / 0.02 / -0.69 / 0.65 / -0.18
SW / -0.78 / 0.42 / -0.01 / -0.69 / 0.65 / -0.17
FV% / -0.74 / 0.04 / 0.28 / 0.64 / 0.43 / 0.52
SW/ST / 0.43 / 0.52 / 0.58 / 0.54 / 0.54 / -0.27
VN / 0.21 / 0.44 / -0.69 / -0.37 / -0.60 / 0.09
SL/SW / -0.14 / -0.90 / 0.05 / 0.08 / 0.47 / 0.87
Total variance explain.% / 47.73 / 18.52 / 11.70 / 38.51 / 24.34 / 15.92
Cumul. total variance explain. % / 47.73 / 66.25 / 77.95 / 38.51 / 62.85 / 78.77
Online Resource 5. Scatterplot of first two PCA components (V1, V2) for nine quantitative variables of Cornus accessions, N=185, representing species native to N. America and Eurasia
Online Resource 6. Scatterplot of two PCA components (V1, V3) for nine quantitative variables of Cornus accessions, N=185, representing species native to N. America and Eurasia
Online Resource 7. Scatterplot of first two PCA components (V1, V2) for nine quantitative variables of endocarps for Cornus accessions (cultivated and wild, N=138), representing four phylogenetic clades/subclades (Xiang et al. 2006)
Online Resource 8. Scatterplot of two PCA components (V1, V3) for nine quantitative variables of endocarps for Cornus accessions (cultivated and wild, N=138) representing four phylogenetic clades/subclades (Xiang et al. 2006)
1
Online Resource 9. Results of principal component analysis on nine quantitative variables of Cornus endocarps based on cultivated and wild accessions representing species belonging to four phylogenetic clades (Xiang et al. 2006), N = 138. For trait descriptions, see Table 2
Variable / axis 1 / axis 2 / axis 3Eigenvalues / 3.78 / 2.06 / 1.26
Trait / Component loadings
ACW / -0.85 / 0.20 / -0.37
SW / -0.85 / -0.07 / 0.13
ACL / -0.845 / 0.20 / -0.37
ST / -0.77 / -0.39 / 0.47
FV% / -0.77 / 0.09 / -0.19
SL / -0.53 / 0.60 / 0.51
SW/ST / 0.28 / 0.60 / -0.51
SL/SW / 0.28 / 0.78 / 0.41
VN / 0.03 / -0.70 / -0.06
Total variance explain.% / 42.04 / 22.92 / 13.96
Cumul. total variance explain. % / 42.04 / 64.96 / 78.92
1
Online Resource 10. North American species, segregation of endocarp morphological traits for ranges (‘›’ – range containing limit value, ‘(‘ – range without limit value) For trait descriptions, see Table 2
Trait / Range1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6
ACL / ≤0.63 / (0.63-0.96› / (0.96-1.75› / >1.75
ACW / ≤0.11 / (0.11-1.17› / (1.17-1.91› / >1.91
SL / ≤3.95 / (3.95-4.38› / (4.38-4.83› / >4.83
ST / ≤3.17 / (3.17-3.59› / (3.59-4.03› / >4.03
SW / ≤3.75 / (3.75-4.44› / (4.44-4.95› / (4.95-5.19› / (5.19-5.63› / >5.63
SW/ST / ≤1.18 / (1.18-1.31› / (1.31-1.38› / >1.38
VN / ≤7.14 / >7.14
1
Online Resource 11. Eurasian species, segregation of endocarp morphological traits for ranges (‘›’ – range containing limit value, ‘(‘ – range without limit value) For trait descriptions, see Table 2
Trait / Range1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
ACL / ≤0.08 / (0.08-0.67› / (0.67-1.22› / >1.22
ACW / ≤0.12 / (0.12-0.65› / (0.65-0.89› / (0.89-1.59› / >1.59
FV% / ≤35.42 / (35.42-69.05› / >69.05
SL / ≤4.16 / (4.16-5.35› / (5.35-6.35› / >6.35
ST / ≤3.48 / (3.48-3.71› / (3.71-4.35› / >4.35
SW / ≤3.58 / (3.58-3.81› / (3.81-4.37› / (4.37-5.07› / >5.07
SW/ST / ≤1.08 / (1.08-1.13› / (1.13-1.33› / >1.33
VN / ≤7.5 / >7.5
1
Online Resource 12. North American species, 75% of measurements belonging to a particular range of endocarp morphological traits (1--6 – numbers of ranges containing 75% of measurements, see also Online Resource 10). For trait descriptions, see Table 2
Trait / Cornus speciesalternifolia / amomum / drummondii / foemina / obliqua / occidentalis / racemosa / sericea
ACL / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1-(3) / 1-(2) / 1 / 1 / 1
ACW / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1-(3) / 1-(2) / 1 / 1 / 1
SL / 4 / (3)-4 / 1-(2) / (1)-2-3 / (2-3)-4 / (2)-3-(4) / 1-(2) / 1-2-(3)
ST / 4 / (3)-4 / 2-3 / 2-3-4 / (3)-4 / 1-(2) / 3(4) / 1-(2)
SW / 5-6 / (2)-3-(5-6) / 2-(3) / 2-3-(4)-5 / (1)-3-(4-5) / (2)-3-(4) / (2)-3-(4) / 2-3-(5)
SW/ST / 1-2 / 1-(2) / (1)-2 / (1)-2 / 1 / 4 / 4 / 4
VN / (1)-2 / 1-2 / 2 / 2 / (1)-2 / 2 / 2 / (1)-2
1
Online Resource 13. Eurasian species, 75% of measurements belonging to a particular range of endocarp morphological traits (1--5 – numbers of ranges containing 75% of measurements, see also Online Resource 11). For trait descriptions, see Table 2
Trait / Cornus speciesalba / australis / bretschneideri / controversa / macrophylla / sanguinea / walteri
ACL / 1 / 1 / 1-(2) / 4 / 1-(3) / 1-(3) / 1-(2)
ACW / 1 / 1 / 1-(2) / 5 / 1-(4) / 1-(3) / 1-(2)
FV% / 1 / 1-2 / 1-(2) / 3 / 1 / 1-2 / 1-2
SL / 1-2 / 2 / 1 / (1)-2 / 1-(2) / 1-(2) / (1)-2
ST / 1 / (3)-4 / 1 / 3-4 / (2)-3 / 3-4 / (2-3)-4
SW / 3-4-(5) / 4-5 / 1 / (4)-5 / 2-3-(4) / (3)-4 / (3)-4-(5)
SW/ST / 4 / 1-(2) / (3)-4 / 3 / 1-(2) / 1 / 1-(2)
VN / (1)-2 / 2 / (1)-2 / 2 / 2 / (1)-2 / 2
1
Online Resource 14. Descriptive statistics of nine quantitative traits for 15 Cornus species (wild and cultivated materials). For trait descriptions, see Table 2
SL / SW / ST / SL/SW / SW/ST / VN / FV% / ACL / ACWC. alba / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.36 / 4.47 / 2.88 / 1.00 / 1.58 / 7.60 / 20.97 / 0.00 / 0.00
SD / 0.74 / 0.55 / 0.47 / 0.25 / 0.19 / 0.71 / 17.33 / 0.00 / 0.00
Min / 2.90 / 3.23 / 1.94 / 0.59 / 1.04 / 5.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00
Max / 6.77 / 5.94 / 4.06 / 1.82 / 2.11 / 10.00 / 83.33 / 0.00 / 0.00
Var / 0.54 / 0.31 / 0.22 / 0.06 / 0.04 / 0.51 / 300.38 / 0.00 / 0.00
C. alternifolia / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 5.42 / 5.56 / 4.72 / 0.98 / 1.18 / 7.73 / 66.92 / 2.94 / 3.17
SD / 0.47 / 0.37 / 0.41 / 0.09 / 0.07 / 0.62 / 25.95 / 0.62 / 0.54
Min / 4.52 / 4.52 / 3.61 / 0.74 / 0.98 / 6.00 / 0.00 / 1.45 / 1.33
Max / 6.71 / 6.52 / 5.81 / 1.25 / 1.37 / 10.00 / 100.00 / 4.39 / 4.31
Var / 0.22 / 0.14 / 0.17 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.39 / 673.33 / 0.39 / 0.29
C. amomum / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.88 / 4.98 / 4.29 / 0.99 / 1.16 / 7.32 / 42.78 / 0.00 / 0.00
SD / 0.67 / 0.60 / 0.50 / 0.11 / 0.10 / 0.94 / 20.57 / 0.00 / 0.00
Min / 3.23 / 3.74 / 2.90 / 0.70 / 0.93 / 4.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00
Max / 6.39 / 6.90 / 5.55 / 1.28 / 1.53 / 10.00 / 100.00 / 0.00 / 0.00
Var / 0.45 / 0.36 / 0.25 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.89 / 423.26 / 0.00 / 0.00
C. australis / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.87 / 4.85 / 4.42 / 1.01 / 1.11 / 7.83 / 39.24 / 0.78 / 0.84
SD / 0.56 / 0.57 / 0.56 / 0.13 / 0.14 / 0.55 / 22.33 / 0.20 / 0.19
Min / 3.68 / 3.23 / 2.39 / 0.81 / 0.92 / 6.00 / 0.00 / 0.39 / 0.55
Max / 6.32 / 6.13 / 5.81 / 1.56 / 2.05 / 10.00 / 100.00 / 1.37 / 1.18
Var / 0.31 / 0.32 / 0.31 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.31 / 498.63 / 0.04 / 0.04
C. bretschneideri / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 3.26 / 3.35 / 2.84 / 0.98 / 1.18 / 7.69 / 26.82 / 0.41 / 0.41
SD / 0.30 / 0.24 / 0.21 / 0.12 / 0.09 / 0.93 / 15.84 / 0.17 / 0.08
Min / 2.52 / 2.90 / 2.45 / 0.72 / 1.00 / 5.00 / 0.00 / 0.16 / 0.24
Max / 3.81 / 3.94 / 3.35 / 1.21 / 1.48 / 10.00 / 66.67 / 0.93 / 0.59
Var / 0.09 / 0.06 / 0.04 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.87 / 250.81 / 0.03 / 0.01
C. controversa / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.78 / 5.20 / 4.29 / 0.92 / 1.22 / 7.69 / 83.91 / 2.41 / 2.46
SD / 0.90 / 0.49 / 0.49 / 0.16 / 0.09 / 0.66 / 14.01 / 0.65 / 0.47
Min / 3.23 / 3.23 / 2.77 / 0.69 / 1.01 / 5.00 / 37.50 / 0.00 / 0.00
Max / 8.00 / 6.19 / 5.94 / 1.53 / 1.49 / 9.00 / 100.00 / 3.96 / 3.53
Var / 0.81 / 0.24 / 0.24 / 0.03 / 0.01 / 0.43 / 196.42 / 0.43 / 0.22
C. drummondii / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.08 / 4.37 / 3.51 / 0.94 / 1.25 / 7.93 / 39.98 / 0.55 / 0.51
SD / 0.42 / 0.34 / 0.23 / 0.11 / 0.08 / 0.82 / 33.77 / 0.11 / 0.06
Min / 3.29 / 3.23 / 2.71 / 0.74 / 1.03 / 4.00 / 0.00 / 0.47 / 0.47
Max / 5.10 / 5.10 / 4.06 / 1.30 / 1.46 / 13.00 / 100.00 / 0.63 / 0.55
Var / 0.18 / 0.11 / 0.05 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.67 / 1140.73 / 0.01 / 0.00
C. foemina / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.25 / 4.64 / 3.87 / 0.93 / 1.20 / 8.02 / 20.21 / 1.41 / 1.45
SD / 0.50 / 0.64 / 0.59 / 0.15 / 0.07 / 0.57 / 22.04 / 0.27 / 0.32
Min / 2.71 / 3.23 / 2.58 / 0.68 / 1.00 / 6.00 / 0.00 / 0.67 / 0.51
Max / 5.74 / 5.87 / 5.10 / 1.30 / 1.38 / 11.00 / 87.50 / 1.79 / 1.87
Var / 0.25 / 0.42 / 0.35 / 0.02 / 0.01 / 0.33 / 485.62 / 0.07 / 0.10
C. macrophylla / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 3.95 / 4.06 / 3.88 / 0.97 / 1.05 / 8.01 / 14.25 / 0.96 / 1.08
SD / 0.48 / 0.45 / 0.36 / 0.07 / 0.06 / 0.21 / 21.22 / 0.11 / 0.22
Min / 3.10 / 3.48 / 3.23 / 0.81 / 0.93 / 7.00 / 0.00 / 0.75 / 0.77
Max / 4.97 / 5.16 / 4.97 / 1.12 / 1.17 / 9.00 / 75.00 / 1.18 / 1.57
Var / 0.23 / 0.21 / 0.13 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.05 / 450.38 / 0.01 / 0.05
C. obliqua / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.77 / 4.63 / 4.16 / 1.04 / 1.12 / 7.40 / 31.53 / 0.53 / 0.95
SD / 0.72 / 0.77 / 0.64 / 0.15 / 0.10 / 0.84 / 21.65 / 0.16 / 0.16
Min / 3.48 / 3.16 / 2.71 / 0.72 / 0.88 / 5.00 / 0.00 / 0.29 / 0.56
Max / 6.58 / 6.45 / 6.06 / 1.58 / 1.37 / 9.00 / 83.33 / 0.80 / 1.12
Var / 0.52 / 0.59 / 0.41 / 0.02 / 0.01 / 0.71 / 468.69 / 0.03 / 0.03
C. occidentalis / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.54 / 4.71 / 3.06 / 0.97 / 1.55 / 7.77 / 19.62 / 0.00 / 0.00
SD / 0.54 / 0.53 / 0.26 / 0.16 / 0.17 / 0.60 / 22.28 / 0.00 / 0.00
Min / 2.97 / 3.35 / 2.45 / 0.71 / 1.06 / 5.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00
Max / 5.94 / 6.06 / 3.81 / 1.52 / 2.00 / 9.00 / 100.00 / 0.00 / 0.00
Var / 0.29 / 0.28 / 0.07 / 0.02 / 0.03 / 0.36 / 496.46 / 0.00 / 0.00
C. racemosa / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.07 / 4.49 / 3.84 / 0.91 / 1.18 / 8.04 / 8.86 / 0.00 / 0.00
SD / 0.44 / 0.31 / 0.34 / 0.10 / 0.09 / 0.35 / 14.28 / 0.00 / 0.00
Min / 3.16 / 3.81 / 3.03 / 0.70 / 1.00 / 6.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00
Max / 5.74 / 5.48 / 4.77 / 1.24 / 1.43 / 11.00 / 75.00 / 0.00 / 0.00
Var / 0.20 / 0.10 / 0.12 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.12 / 203.80 / 0.00 / 0.00
C. sanguinea / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.46 / 4.39 / 4.23 / 1.01 / 1.04 / 7.65 / 47.73 / 0.78 / 0.79
SD / 0.85 / 0.44 / 0.50 / 0.15 / 0.06 / 0.74 / 25.39 / 0.20 / 0.15
Min / 3.03 / 3.42 / 3.10 / 0.80 / 0.87 / 4.00 / 0.00 / 0.27 / 0.40
Max / 6.58 / 5.61 / 5.42 / 1.46 / 1.47 / 9.00 / 100.00 / 1.33 / 1.33
Var / 0.73 / 0.20 / 0.25 / 0.02 / 0.00 / 0.55 / 644.63 / 0.04 / 0.02
C. sericea / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.17 / 4.71 / 3.05 / 0.90 / 1.56 / 7.49 / 26.19 / 0.00 / 0.00
SD / 0.51 / 0.53 / 0.36 / 0.15 / 0.20 / 0.86 / 22.69 / 0.00 / 0.00
Min / 3.03 / 3.42 / 2.32 / 0.62 / 1.20 / 4.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00
Max / 5.74 / 5.87 / 4.26 / 1.29 / 2.35 / 9.00 / 100.00 / 0.00 / 0.00
Var / 0.26 / 0.28 / 0.13 / 0.02 / 0.04 / 0.74 / 514.66 / 0.00 / 0.00
C. walteri / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9
Mean / 4.47 / 4.50 / 4.30 / 1.00 / 1.05 / 7.89 / 38.33 / 0.55 / 0.56
SD / 0.70 / 0.63 / 0.69 / 0.12 / 0.07 / 0.40 / 24.01 / 0.12 / 0.16
Min / 3.03 / 3.35 / 3.10 / 0.78 / 0.86 / 6.00 / 0.00 / 0.27 / 0.32
Max / 6.06 / 6.00 / 5.74 / 1.48 / 1.25 / 9.00 / 100.00 / 0.88 / 0.83
Var / 0.49 / 0.39 / 0.47 / 0.01 / 0.00 / 0.16 / 576.68 / 0.01 / 0.02
1
Online Resources 15. Minimum, maximum, and mode values of eight qualitative traits for 15 Cornus species (wild and cultivated materials separately), N = 2,812. For trait descriptions, see Table 2
Trait / FV / ACP / SSF / DV / SSH / ASH / BSH / VBP / FV / ACP / SSF / DV / SSH / ASH / BSH / VBPSpecies / wild / cultivated
C. alba
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Max / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 2
Mode / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 1
C. alternifolia
Min / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 0
Max / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 0
Mode / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 0
C. amomum
Min / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 2
Max / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 2 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 3 / 2
Mode / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 2
C. australis
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Max / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 2
Mode / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1
C. bretschneideri
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Max / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 1
Mode / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 0 / 1
C. controversa
Min / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 0
Max / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 0
Mode / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 0
C. drummondii
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 1
Max / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 1
Mode / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 1
C. foemina
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 1
Max / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 1
Mode / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 1
C. macrophylla
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1
Max / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 1
Mode / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1
C. obliqua
Min / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2
Max / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 2
Mode / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 2
C. occidentalis
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Max / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 1
Mode / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 1
C. racemosa
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 1
Max / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 3 / 2
Mode / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1
C. sanguinea
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 1
Max / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 3 / 1
Mode / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1
C. sericea
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1
Max / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 1
Mode / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 1
C. walteri
Min / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 1
Max / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 3 / 1
Mode / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 1
1