List of Experiments
List of Experiments
Experiment No: 1
Identification of major components of a PC Motherboard
Hardware / software /tools Required:
1. Motherboard
Theory :
The motherboard is the foundation on which a PC is built. It provides the interconnecting circuitry through which the primary components of the motherboard receive their power and pass control signals, data, addresses and instructions to each other. In short, with a microprocessor installed on the motherboard, it is essentially the computer.
FIG: MOTHERBOARD AND ITS COMPONENT
- CPU slot and Socket : The CPU mounts to the motherboard through either a slot or socket mounting.
- Chipset : Many of the circuit and CPU level functions are contained in the chipset.
- Memory sockets : Depending on the age of the PC , its memory is mounted on the motherboard and individual memory chips that fit into separate DIP(Dual inline packaging) sockets or as memory modules, such as a SIMM(single inline memory module) or DIMM(Dual inline memory module), that snap into edge connector mountings .
- BIOS ROM : The BIOS (Basic input output system) is stored as firmware on a read only memory(ROM) chip. The BIOS is used to start the PC up when the power is turned on and provides a link for the CPU to the PC's peripheral devices.
- CMOS Battery :The configuration of PC at system level is stored in a type of memory, CMOS (Complementary metal oxide semiconductor) , that requires very little power to hold its contents. The CMOS battery supplies steady power source to store the system configuration for use during PC's boot sequence.
- Power Connector :A connection must be made to the power supply so that power is available to the circuitry on the motherboard. Motherboards use different voltage of
power for different components on the board.
- I/O connector :The motherboard includes a variety of external I/O connectors that allow the external devices to communicate with CPU.
- Expansion Slots :External peripheral and internal devices are interconnected into the motherboard and CPU through the expansion bus. The motherboard features a variety of expansion slots that usually includes three or more of the different expansion buses available.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What are the different parts of a digital computer?
2.What is the use of memory in a digital computer ?
3.What is the function of a processor and explain the different parts of a processor?
4.What is the function of BIOS?
5.Write down two input and output devices used in a digital computer.
Experiment No: 2
To install the CPU and Heat sink on the motherboard.
Hardware / software /tools Required:
1.Screwdriver
2.CPU
3.Heat sink and Fan
Theory:
The processes of building a PC consist of several major phases. One of the most important is installing the main board into the system case. However, once the main board is in the case, it is difficult to access it to install components on the board. For that reason most assemblers first set up the main board with critical components before the put main board in the case.
Procedure:
Installing the CPU into its socket :
Placing the CPU into its socket is easy, and it requires 3 steps.
1.The main board is prepared to accept the CPU.
2. The CPU socket is opened and is examined.
3.Finally, the CPU is inserted into the socket of the main board .
The following steps are required to install CPU on main board
(A)Preparing the main board for the CPU :
1. Remove the main board from its box . Before touching the main board touch both of your hands to a piece of metal to draw off any static electricity that might be present on your hand. In addition, you might want to wear a wrist grounding strap, with its clip attach to ground metal object. Usually, the metals ground is the power supply attach to the PC case.
2. Try to handle the main board only by the corners to minimize the chance of undesirable static shock being transferred to the components.
3. Try to avoid touching the bottom of the main board.
4. Place the main board on a clean surface.
(B)Opening and Examining the CPU socket :
- First, Raise the CPU socket lock leaver on the main board until the lever is fully opened.
- Lift the lever in such a way that it points straight up into the air. A small notch locks the lever into place when it closed, so you will need to pull the lever very gently away from the socket to clear the closing notch when it first lift it.
- Examine the pin holes of the socket which allows the insertion of a CPU in one orientation.
There is a notch at the side of the lever. Pull the lever gently away from the socket to clear the notch. Notice that the pin holes at the top on each side lack a whole for the corner pin. This configuration prevent the CPU from being inserted into the orientation.
Fig: The socket lever is fully raised
(C)Inserting the CPU into the socket :
- The CPU chip is removed from the CPU box. Touch the CPU chip only by its edges to protective from static electricity.
- Place the CPU into the socket holes. Don't force it down. Just place it in place, Then push the left lever down. It takes a little bit of force to push the lever down.
Fig: Inserting the CPU into socket
3.Hold the CPU only by the edges. Due to the pin configuration, the CPU will only insert with correct orientation. Continue to push the lock lever down. When its get to close the position ,gently pull the lever slightly away from socket to clear the notch that lock it into place. Then allow the natural springiness of the lever to move the lever back toward the socket. so it held in place by the notch.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
Installing the heat sink/fan on the motherboard.
Theory:
The next step is to install the heat sink/fan combination. However ,lets explore why cooling is essential. Notice the thermal material at bottom of the heat sink .This thermal material will touch the die of the CPU.
Procedure:
Installing the heat sink/fan
1.Seating the Heat sink :
Set the heat sink on the top of the CPU, manipulating the shorter end of the clip so that three hole of the sink engage the bottom of the three notches of the CPU socket.
Fig: Placing the heat sink
Don't push the heat sink down. That is done by naturally by the heat sink clip. As the clip is secure. Notice the cut outs notch on the bottom of the heat sink that matches of the high end of the CPU socket.
2.Securing the heat sink clip
The heat sink clip is made of spring steal and it's tension holds the heat sink firmly against the CPU. The point of the clip is push down on the CPU die. When properly install.
Use appropriate tool to secure the clip to the other side of the CPU socket. Place the screwdriver into the clip opening for it and gently push down and slightly away from the CPU socket, allowing the clip to clear the three notches of the CPU socket .Be sure to select to that won't slip and damage the main board.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. How much voltage is needed for CPU and Fan?
2. What is the total number of pins of CPU chip?
3.What dou you mean by clock rate?
4.What is the need of heatsink?
Experiment No: 3 :
To install the RAM on the main board.
Hardware / software /tools Required:
1.Screwdriver.
2.RAM Chip.
Theory:
RAM(Random Access Memory) is used in the PC for it's primary memory. In RAM, active program and data are stored so that they are readily available and easily accessed by the CPU and othee components of PC. When a program is executed on the PC , a copy of the program is copied into RAM from the disk. Once it is in RAM, the instructions that make up the program are passed one at a time to the CPU for execution.
Procedure :
The following steps are needed to install the RAM in main board.
(A)Matching the RAM to Main board RAM requirements :
Each memory socket is called a bank. And the banks are numbered .Examine your main board and its manual to see which bank is Bank 1.It is most common to place a single memory chip into bank one.
(B)Preparing to install the RAM:
RAM is very sensitive to static electricity. Before picking up a RAM chip, Touch both hand to metal pitch to draw any static electricity form your hand. Try to touch RAM only on its two sides and top near the side.
Fig: RAM slots on main board
Examine the RAM socket and the RAM chip. you will see that RAM can only be inserted only one direction. The RAM chip has a notch to prevent inserting it in wrong orientation.
(C)Inserting the RAM chip :
Fully open the locking levers of the RAM socket. Each blank will have lever at each side.
Push the lever gently away from the RAM socket down until it fully open.
Fig: Inserting memory chip into its slot
Pushing the chip down will close lever and now pick up the RAM chip and place it over the RAM socket. Be sure that it is aligned in the proper direction
(D)Setting the RAM chip :
When RAM chip seats itself , the levers at the side should pop into position themselves, Locking the memory chip in place. Now your RAM chip is fully installed.
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between volatile and non volatile memory?
2.What is memory word?
3.What is the difference between SRAM and DRAM?
4.What is DDR1?
Experiment No:4
Install the main board in the case
Hardware / software /tools Required:
1.screwdriver
2.mainboard
3.Data and power cable
4.Cabinet(case)
Theory:
The motherboard of a PC is a large printed circuit board that is a home to many of the most essential parts of the computer , including microprocessor, chipset, memory sockets, expansion bus, parallel and serial ports, mouse and keyboard connectors, SCSI/ IDE/ EIDE controllers etc.
Procedure:
(A)Fitting the main board:
1,The main board is now ready to install in the case. After you are installed the CPU, heat sink and RAM to the mother board ,its time to install main board in the case. The main board manual is referred to see if any jumpers on the main board need to be adjusted.
2.Now you have the new I/O shield installed, we can test fit the main board. Turn the case on its side so that main board can easily be placed in its location. you will know where the main board should sit because the I/O connectors from the main board will need to line up with the I/O shield.
(B)Placing the main board in the case:
Place the case on its side. Push all power connector and wires out of the way before placing the main board. Handle the Main board by the edges.
Fig: Placing the main board in case
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. How much voltage is needed for motherboard circuit?
2. Write down the different components of motherboard.
Experiment No : 5
Faults on SMPS Section
Hardware / software /tools Required:
1.PC Trainer kit
Procedure:
NOTE:
1. Do not keep any fault more than 10 seconds.
2.After creating each fault wait for 2 to 3 seconds to get the symptoms.
Following is the Fault Table for the Motherboard
Model-GIGABYTE GA-H61M-S2-R-3
SR.NO / Fault S/W no. / Fault / symptoms / Connector-Pin no / Voltage on connector Pin1 / F1 / 'VRM'(voltage regulation module)(Processor core connector) / CPU Fan=ON
VRM LED=OFF/DIM
P.ON LED=ON
On MB=3.3V,+5V,
-5v,+12v present
But no display on LCD / J3/1&2 / +12v
Restore the fault by keeping F1 switch at ON position.
2 / F2 / +12V / CPU Fan=OFF
VRM LED=ON
P.ON LED=ON
On MB=3.3V,+5V,
-5v,-12v present
+12V LED=OFF
But no display on LCD / 10,11 / +12V
Restore the fault by keeping F2 switch at ON position.
3 / F3 / '+5V' / CPU Fan=ON
+5V LED OFF/DIM
VRM LED=ON
P.ON LED=ON/OFF
On MB=3.3V,+5V,
-5v,-12v present
+12V LED=OFF
But no display on LCD/LED / 21,22
Restore the fault by keeping F3 switch at ON position.
4 / F4 / P.ON LED =ON
H,D. LED =ON
NO DISPLAY
CORE VOLTAGE=OFF
CPU FAN FAN=ON
+12V,+5V, VRM
LED=ON
+3.3V LED=OFF / 1,12,13 / +3.3V
Restore the fault by keeping F4 switch at ON position.
5 / F5 / 'standby(optional)'provided only with Model-DG41 wv & Model-GIAGBYTE
GA-H61M-S2P-R3 / CANNOT POWER ON / 9 / +5V
Restore the fault by keeping F5 switch at ON position.
6 / F6 / 'POWER Good' / No display / 8 / +5v
7 / F7 / 'P.S.O.N' / Cannot power ON pc.
All the system goes off / 16 / +5V
8 / F8 / '-12V' / 1) Serial communication caanot
work.
2) LAN communication cannot work. / 14 / -12v
OBSERVATION:
CONCLUSION:
Experiment No:6
Faults on VGA (LCD)Sections:
Hardware / software /tools Required:
1.PC Trainer kit
Procedure:
NOTE:
1. Do not keep any fault more than 10 seconds.
2.After creating each fault wait for 2 to 3 seconds to get the symptoms.
Following is the Fault Table for VGA Sections
Sr no. / Fault switch no. / Fault / Symptoms / VGA connector pin No.1 / F9 / H-Sync / LCD&CRT Monitor(Digital)=Goes Standby. / 13
2 / F10 / V-Sync / LCD&CRT Monitor(Digital)=Goes Standby. / 14
3 / F11 / Red missing / Cyan color picture screen. / 1
4 / F12 / Green missing / magenta color picture screen. / 2
5 / F13 / Yellow color picture screen. / Yellow color picture screen. / 3
6 / F11,F12 / R+G missing / Blue color picture screen. / 1,2
7 / F12,F13 / G+B Missing / Red colour picture screen. / 2,3
8 / F11,F13 / R+B Missing / Green color picture screen. / 1,3
9 / F14 / RGB GND missing. / Blurred image. / 6,7,8 (R-G-B gnd missing)
10 / SL1, / Identification / ID detection pin / 4,11,12
OBSERVATION: