Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:35 19 May 2016 Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy This book examines and systematizes the theoretical dimensions of paradiplo- macy – the role of subnational governments in international relations. Throughout the world, subnational governments play an active role in inter- national relations by participating in international trade, cultural missions and diplomatic relations with foreign powers. These governments, including states in the USA and Länder in Germany, can sometimes even challenge the official foreign policy of their national government. These activities, which are regularly promoting the subnational government’s interests, have been labelled as “para diplomacy.” Through a systematization of the different approaches in under- standing constituent diplomacy, the author constructs an integrative theoretical explanatory framework to guide research on regional governments’ involvement in international affairs. The framework is based on a multiple-response questionnaire technique (MRQ) which provides the matrix of possible answers on a set of key questions for paradiplomacy scholarship. This comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of paradiplomacy sheds light on the development of federalism and multi-level governance in a new global environment and contributes to the debates on the issue of “actorness” in contemporary international affairs. This book will be of much interest to students of diplomacy, federalism, gov- ernance, foreign policy and IR, as well as practitioners of diplomacy. Alexander S. Kuznetsov is the Regional Manager (Europe) at the University of Alberta, Canada and has a PhD in Political Systems and Institutional Change from IMT, Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:35 19 May 2016 Routledge New Diplomacy Studies Series Editors: Corneliu Bjola University of Oxford and Markus Kornprobst Diplomatic Academy of Vienna This new series will publish theoretically challenging and empirically author- itative studies of the traditions, functions, paradigms and institutions of modern diplomacy. Taking a comparative approach, the New Diplomacy Studies series aims to advance research on international diplomacy, publishing innovative accounts of how “old” and “new” diplomats help steer international conduct between anarchy and hegemony, handle demands for international stability vs international justice, facilitate transitions between international orders, and address global governance challenges. Dedicated to the exchange of different scholarly perspectives, the series aims to be a forum for inter-paradigm and inter- disciplinary debates, and an opportunity for dialogue between scholars and practitioners. New Public Diplomacy in the Dismantling the Iraqi Nuclear 21st Century Programme A comparative study of policy and The inspections of the International practice Atomic Energy Agency, 1991–1998 James Pamment Gudrun Harrer Global Cities, Governance and International Law, New Diplomacy Diplomacy and Counter- Terrorism The urban link An interdisciplinary study of Michele Acuto legitimacy Steven J. Barela Iran’s Nuclear Diplomacy Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:35 19 May 2016 Power politics and conflict resolution Theory and Practice of Bernd Kaussler Paradiplomacy Subnational governments in Transatlantic Relations and Modern international affairs Diplomacy Alexander S. Kuznetsov An interdisciplinary examination Edited by Sudeshna Roy, Dana Cooper and Brian Murphy Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy Subnational governments in international affairs Alexander S. Kuznetsov Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:35 19 May 2016 First published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Alexander S. Kuznetsov The right of Alexander S. Kuznetsov to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Kuznetsov, Alexander S. Theory and practice of paradiplomacy : subnational governments in international affairs / Alexander S. Kuznetsov. pages cm. – (Routledge new diplomacy studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Subnational governments–Foreign relations. 2. State governments and international relations. I. Title. JZ4059.K89 2014 327–dc23 2014013869 ISBN: 978-0-415-73888-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-81708-8 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:35 19 May 2016 To Sevan and Stepan Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:35 19 May 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:35 19 May 2016 Contents Acknowledgments viii Abbreviations ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Region and paradiplomacy: in search of definition 21 3 Paradiplomacy studies as a field of scholarly inquiry 34 4 The eleven dimensions of paradiplomacy discourse 50 5 Constructing an explanatory framework for the study of subnational governments’ involvement in international relations 100 6 The province of Alberta in international affairs: applying the explanatory framework 120 7 Concluding remarks 153 Bibliography 158 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:35 19 May 2016 Index 169 Acknowledgments There are a number of people who contributed to my work on this book and for whom I would like to express my words of appreciation. First of all I am grateful for IMT, Institute for Advanced Studies for the financial support. The institute provided me with scholarships which allowed me to concentrate on my research as well as to go to Canada for my fieldwork at the University of Alberta. I am grateful for the Political Systems and Institutional Change program coordinator Prof. Giovanni Orsina who was always supportive and helpful in all matters. I am really appreciative of my PhD dissertation committee and particularly of Prof. Luis Moreno. I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Luciano Bardi who assisted me significantly in all my extracurricular academic activities. I am grateful for Prof. Antonio Masala who not only helped me in my studies but for my three years’ stay in Italy became my good friend. I would like to express my appreciation to Prof. Earl Fry whose scholarship had a strong impact on the choice of my research focus in political science. I must also mention the contribution to my work of Prof. Viktor Zaslavsky and Prof. Robert Huber, who unfortunately both passed away recently, but the memory of their kindness and encouragement will stay alive in my mind forever. I thank all my IMT colleagues with whom I spent thousands of hours in scholarly discussions as well as enjoying Italian “dolce vita.” Finally, I would like to say “bolshoie spasibo” and “shat shnorhakal em” to my big family who trusted in me. My parents and my parents- in-law as well as my lovely younger sisters who were supportive in all matters; their words of wisdom and love helped me a lot. A special acknowledgement I dedicate to my Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:35 19 May 2016 babushka whose infinite love and care made me who I am. And of course the work on this book could not be possible without my dearly beloved wife Sevan and son Stepan. They are my main source of inspiration for moving forward in all my beginnings. Abbreviations AER Assembly of European Regions BNA act British North Amer ican act CIDA Canadian International Development Agency COR Committee of the Regions CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CUSFTA Canada- United States Free Trade Agreement EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investments fsQCA fuzzy- set Qualitative Comparative Analysis GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product KKV Gary King, Robert Keohane and Sydney Verba MABAC Montana Alberta Bilateral Advisory Council MIIR Ministry of International and Intergovernmental Relations MNC Multinational Corporation MNT Multilateral Trade Negotiations MRQ Multiple Response Questionnaire NAFTA North Amer ican Free Trade Agreement NCG Non- Central Governments NDP New Democratic Party NEG- ECP Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers NEP National Energy Program NGO Non- Governmental Organization Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:35 19 May 2016 NRDC National Resources Defense Council nrg4SD Network of Regional Governments for Sustainable Development PC Progressive Conservatives PNWER Pacific North- West Economic Region UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USA United States of America USSR Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics WCS Western Canadian Select x Abbreviations WTI West Texas Intermediate WTO World Trade Organization WWII World War II Downloaded