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31295003446977.Pdf (3.858Mb) CODE SWITCHING AMONG BENGALI-ENGLISH BILINGUALS BY SHILA BAKSI, B.A. Honors, M.A. A THESIS IN LINGUISTICS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved August, 1983 1^\l' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express her indebtedness and sincere appreciation to Professor Nancy P. Hickerson for her guidance, advice and encouragement during the course of the research and in preparation of this thesis. Appreciation is also due to Professor Marianne Cooley, Coor­ dinator of Linguistic and Semiotic Studies, for her advice and suggest­ ions as Graduate Advisor. Thanks are also due to Dr. Dipak K. Dey, Department of Mathe­ matics (Statistics),for his suggestions concerning the statistical analysis of the data. The author is grateful to the members of the Bengali community of Lubbock, who generously allowed her to interview them and took time to fill out the questionnaire. This thesis could not have been written without their active help and cooperation. Appreciation and thanks also go to my husband Samar, who shared so intimately all the joys and sorrows during my study. He provided me hours of peace and quiet by babysitting our two-and-a -half-year-old son Subir and ten-year-old son Samudra. Appreciation and affection are also due to our sons for their help by agreeing to stay with Daddy during the evenings and weekends. Last but not the least the author expresses her gratitude and respect to her late grandmother who died in India during the course of this study. ii CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iv LIST OF TABLES v I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. BENGAL AND THE BENGALI LANGUAGE 4 III. ARRIVAL OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN BENGAL 8 IV. THE POSITION OF BENGALI AND ENGLISH IN THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY 11 Development of the Bengali Language 12 Development of the English Language 16 V. THE BENGALI COMMUNITY IN THE UNITED STATES 22 VI. CODE SWITCHING AND BILINGUALISM 28 VII. THE QUESTIONNAIRE 35 VIII. THE INTERVIEW 38 IX. THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA 40 Statistical Procedures 40 Data 41 X. INFORMAL OBSERVATIONS 59 Code Switching in Two and Half Year Old Boy 59 Code Switching Among Adults in Group Discussion ... 61 XI. DISCUSSION '64 XII. CONCLUSIONS 70 LIST OF REFERENCES 73 APPENDICES 79 A. Glossary 79 B. Transcriptions 82 C. Questionnaires I, II, III 87 m LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. The branches and the relationship of the languages descended from Indo-European Language Family 13 2. Origin and the development of Bengali language 17 3. Origin and the development of English language 21 IV LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Summary of personal data of thirty-three respondents. 42 2. Summary of educational and professional data of adults 43 3. Summary of linguistic data of adults 44 4. Relationship between topic of conversation and the number of sentences used by adult males 46 5. Relationship between topic of conversation and the number of words used by adult males 47 6. Relationship between topic of conversation and the number of sentences used by adult females 49 7. Relationship between topic of conversation and the number of words used by adult females 50 8. Difference between males and females in the use of sentences and words in Bengali, related to topic of conversation 51 9. Relationship between various linguistic backgrounds and the number of sentences used by adult males 52 10. Relationship between various linguistic backgrounds and the number of words used by adult males 53 11. Relationship between various linguistic backgrounds and the number of sentences used by adult females ... 55 12. Relationship between various linguistic backgrounds and the number of words used by adult females 56 13. Relationship between topic of conversation and the number of sentences used by children 57 14. Relationship between topic of conversation and the number of words used by children 58 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Linguistic investigations have revealed that a single style speaker is uncommon. Both monolinguals and bilinguals select a var­ iety of styles that complement a range of different functions. Monolinguals select among different styles in the same language; bilinguals, on the other hand, are able to select different styles as well as different languages (Gal, 1979). This selection among different styles and languages is collectively called Code Switching (Zentella, 1977). Code switching has been defined in various ways by different investigators. Huerta (1977) excludes borrowing from her definition of code switching. Gumperz and Hernandez-Chaves (1978) exclude expressions such as "uh," "you know," together with loan words, from code switching. Pfaff (1976) on the other hand considers all changes of language as code switching. In the present research, which will deal with code switching among Bengali-English bilinguals, Pfaff's definition will be followed: that is, any and all changes in language will be considered instances of code switching. Although many linguistic studies have been conducted on the Bengali language (Cizikova and Ferguson, 1969) little if any research has been done on code switching among Bengali-English bilinguals. Members of the Bengali community in Lubbock have been educated in both English and Bengali in India; many have had additional university education in the United States, and most of them use English exten­ sively outside their homes. As a member of this small community, the author had the opportunity to study the use of both languages in conversation, that is, in interaction between Bengali-speaking indi­ viduals. Although the present group is small, the study may reveal a pattern of use of both languages typical of the larger Bengali- English bilingual communities scattered throughout the United States. Beyond this, the results obtained may be applicable to bilinguals in general. The present research was designed to focus on a selected num­ ber of socially defined variables, and to test the relationship of these variables to the choices speakers make in their use of the Ben­ gali, English, or a combination of the Bengali and English languages. Speakers were found to switch freely in their choice of Bengali or English sentences, and often included words or phrases from one lan­ guage in sentences formed in the other. To what extent are these choices conditioned by the topic of conversation? the sex of the speaker? the speaker's age? his occupation? Do they reflect or are they influenced by the speaker's childhood linguistic background? his language of primary, secondary or advanced education? his present home language? How do the language choices of children born in the United States compare with those of their parents? In an attempt to find answers to these questions, personal biographical information was gathered in the form of a questionnaire. In addition, each of the participants was asked a number of questions in Bengali, and their spontaneous verbal responses were recorded on tapes. In some instances group conversations in social gatherings were also recorded. The data were then analyzed, using statistical procedures where applicable. CHAPTER II BENGAL AND THE BENGALI LANGUAGE The name "Bengal" is derived from the ancient land of "Vanga" or "Banga" from which "Bangalah" or "Bangla" originated. The Persian- speaking Moslems used to call Bengali "zaban-i-Bangalah" and the Por­ tuguese "idioma Bengal la." The term Gauda was also used to refer to present day west and north central Bengal before the Muslim invasion in the thirteenth century (Sen, 1971). Bengal formed part of most of the early empires that control­ led northern India. In 1947 Bengal was divided into East Bengal which became part of Pakistan (East Pakistan) and West Bengal which formed a state in the Republic of India. East Pakistan separated from Pakistan in 1971 as an independent country and called itself Bangladesh--the Bengali nation. A definite and separate history of Bengal is not known until the time of the Gupta dynasty in the fourth century A.D. The poet Kalidasa at the end of the fourth century mentions Bengal (Vanga) in his "Raghu-vansa." After the Guptas, Bengal became completely united to Northern or Aryan India. By the time Fa Hi en, the Chinese travel­ ler-scholar, visited Bengal in the beginning of the fifth century A.D., Aryan language and culture was flourishing in Bengal, at least in the western and northern parts. Fa Hien tells us that he spent two years in Tamralipti (present day Tamluk in West Bengal) copying manuscripts. Hiuen Tsang, another Chinese scholar, who visited Bengal two centuries later, mentions the name Pundra-vardhana (north central Bengal) as being heavily populated by men of learning. He also travelled to Sama-tata (east Bengal), Karna-suvarna (present day Kan- sona in Murshidabad district in west Bengal) and Tamralipti (Chatterji, 1970). Bengal is a flat alluvial plain bounded on the north by the Himalayas and on the south by the Bay of Bengal. It encompasses the deltas of the two great rivers Ganga (Ganges) and Brahma-putra which empty into the sea through a series of tributaries. It has a monsoon climate with adequate and reliable rainfall. Much of the land is very fertile. Everywhere the rivers and their tributaries have shaped the pattern of human activity from time immemorial. The staple diet of the inhabitants consists of fresh water fish and rice, and the main cash crop is jute. In the Mughal documents, Bengal was conventionally described as "the paradise of the earth." Francois Bernier, a French traveller in the eighteenth century, thought Bengal even more beauti­ ful than Egypt. For many centuries a large volume of trade passed between Bengal and other parts of Asia, either by sea or overland.
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