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Libre Cours : Jane Austen, Bonne Fée De La Roman

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Libre Cours : Jane Austen, Bonne Fée De La Roman 150_159_LIBREcours281_Mise en page 1 16/02/15 17:58 Page150 150 150_159_LIBREcours281_Mise en page 1 16/02/15 17:58 Page151 151 LIBRE COURS Actualité de la recherche sur le livre et la lecture des enfants et des jeunes Qui devinerait que la figure tutélaire de la JANE AUSTEN, littérature sentimentale pour nos adolescentes BONNE FÉE des années 2015 est une vieille fille désar- gentée, morte il y a deux siècles dans la cam- DE LA ROMANCE pagne anglaise? Fabienne Bellier-Toulouzou a fait de cette étonnante question le sujet de ADOLESCENTE ses recherches ; son article vient de recevoir le PAR FABIENNE BELLIER'TOULOUZOU prix de la critique de l’Institut Charles Perrault et nous sommes heureux de le partager avec Fabienne Bellier-Toulouzou vous. vit et travaille au Mans. Passionnée de littérature nrapidetourd’horizondespublica- jeunesse et de littérature tionsrécentesàdestinationdesado- anglo-saxonne, elle prépare lescentes permet de constater que une thèse de doctorat portant sur «l'empreinte de JaneAustenestcitéeenréférence, Jane Austen dans la imitée,voireparodiéedansunnom- romance adolescente Ubreimpressionnantd’ouvragesdisponiblesdela francophone». rentrée2014.DesversionscontemporainesdeNor2 thanger Abbey1 etRaison et sentiments2 sontéditéesoù lesSMSetlesréseauxsociauxremplacentles échangesépistolairesetlesconversationscanca- nièresdessalonsanglais.Lesmaisonsd’édition empruntentl’esperluetted’Orgueil & Préjugés, leplus luetlepluspopulaire3 dessixromansachevésde JaneAustenpourcaractériserdestitrescomme ↖ 4 5 Portrait de Jane Austen par sa Attirance & confusion ouPrada & préjugés .Le Manuscrit sœur Cassandra (1810). perdu de Jane Austen6 relatelesaventuresamoureuses ↖ d’unejeuneuniversitairedontlavieprofession- Polly. Shulmann : La Fille qui voulait nelleetamoureuseestbouleverséeparladécou- être Jane Austen, Albin Michel 7 Jeunesse (Wiz) verted’untexteinédit.Ce si joli trouble conclutune 150_159_LIBREcours281_Mise en page 1 16/02/15 17:58 Page152 152 RLPE 2 8 1 histoired’amourautourd’uneadaptationthéâ- roïnes:lafortuna afaitnaîtreEmmadansunefa- traledeOrgueil & préjugés. milleaiséeetaimante:«unemaisonconfortable Cesquelquesexemplesledémontrent,lesro- etunfoyerheureux14 ».Cat,elleaussi,connaîtune manss’inspirantdeJaneAustensontpourlaplu- enfanceheureuse«souslasurveillanceattentive part des adaptations d’ouvrages publiés pour la d’unemèreetd’unpèrequivoulaientlemeil- premièrefoisauxÉtats-Uniset/ouenGrande-Bre- leur15».Lelecteurestinforméqueleurnatura est tagne où la pratique de la modernisation de loyaleetdroiteetqu’ellesontreçuuneéducation romansanciensestusuelle.Maisdesauteures incomplète. Pour Emma, les matières acadé- françaisesrenomméess’inscriventégalementdans miquesetlesartsd’agrémentsontétéprivilégiés, cethéritage.AinsiAnnePercinapubliéWesterngirl8 lajeunefille,devenuetrèstôtlamaîtressedudo- en2013,uneversioncountry,inattendueetréus- mainefamilial,n’ajamaisétécontrainteàtravail- sied’Orgueil & préjugés etMiss Charity9 deMarie-Aude ler.Emmamanquedediscipline,«Touteombre Murailproposaiten2008,unebiographieroman- d’autoritéayantdepuislongtempsdisparu,[…] céedeBeatrixPottermatinéedeMansfield Park. Emman’enfaisaitqu’àsatête»etsavieestguidée RosieRushton,auteureanglaised’unesérie par ses passions. De la même manière, Cat romanesqueàdestinationdesadolescents,«The «passadel’enfance[…]àl’adolescencesansmon- 21st CenturyJaneAusten10»,expliquel’appétence trerdetalentparticulier.[…]Sonenthousiasme desauteurspourl’universaustenienparl’univer- duraitrarementassezlongtempspourproduire salitédessujetstraités:«Lesjeunesgensnechan- desrésultatssolides;[…]ellenesesouciaitnulle- gentpas.Lemondeévolueetlesdifficultéspeuvent mentdel’avenir ».Cetteétapeestpropreàlathéo- êtresdifférentesmaiscequienflammelajeunesse riearistotélicienne:lajeunesseestpassionnéeet nechangepas11 ».Leproposestintéressantmaisne excessiveetelledoitapprendreàdomptersana- suffitpasàexpliquerlapopularitéactuelledeJane tureetàbridersesdésirs.Lelecteuraccompagne Austencarbiendesauteursontécritsurlesamours doncleshéroïnes,lelongdeleurchemind’appren- débutantesetsonttombésdansl’oubli. tissage,illesvoitsubirdesdéboiresetdeshumi- C’estsansdoutelastructureromanesque liations cuisantes: Emma doit reconnaître ses aristotélicienneutiliséeparJaneAustendans torts«celuiétaientuneafflictionetunehonteex- l’ensembledesesœuvres–etpropreauromande trêmes »;Catesthumiliéeparsasottise:«Com- formation–quiexpliquesapostéritéenlittéra- bienellesedétestaitencetinstant!Ellen’aurait tureadolescente.Lehérosestprésentéquandil pastrouvédemotsassezdurspourqualifiersa estencorejeuneetquesapersonnalitéestencore conduite ».Larésolutiondesproblèmesdesjeunes inaboutie.Lelecteurestletémoindesdifférentes fillesestlarécompensedeleursactionscarellesap- étapesdesaconstructionpersonnellegrâceàses prennentàagircorrectement:ellesmontrentdu expériencesetàsonéducation.Leromans’achève repentiretadmettentl’inutilitédes’immiscer lorsquelehérosaatteintlamaturité.SelonAris- danslavied’autrui.Aufinal,l’ars aeulieuetla tote,l’hommeestdotéd’une natura qui est la personnalitédel’héroïneestcellequ’elledoitêtre. somme «des différences individuelles impor- Lesouvragesadaptésutilisentcettestructure tantesquiviennentdelanature12».Ilpeutdomes- d’apprentissagequicorrespondtoutàfaitauxaf- tiquer et polir cette natura par l’éducation et fresdel’adolescenceetdelaconstructiondelaper- l’expérience,ars, etainsilatransformerenhabitus sonnalité.CertainsouvragestelsLa fille qui voulait quiest–schématiquement–sapersonnalitéma- être Jane Austen quis’intéresseàl’universdesfanset tureéquilibréeentrelaraisonetlapassion. Le Manuscrit perdu de Jane Austen empruntentlastruc- LamiseenregarddeEmma13 –archétypede turedeOrgueil & préjugés. cetteconstructionromanesque–etdu Northanger Abbey contemporainpermetdemontrerlessimili- Pendantprèsdedeuxsiècles,JaneAustenest tudesetdecomprendrepourquoiuntelouvrage uneauteureestiméemaispeuconnueendehors s’adresseàunpublicadolescent.Lespremières desfrontièresdelaGrande-Bretagne.Lesannées pagesduromanrelatentlesjeunesannéesdeshé- 1990marquentuntournantquilavoitpasserdu 150_159_LIBREcours281_Mise en page 1 16/02/15 17:58 Page153 LIBRE COURS JANE AUSTEN 153 150_159_LIBREcours281_Mise en page 1 16/02/15 17:58 Page154 154 RLPE 2 8 1 statutd’écrivainélitisteàceluid’icônedelaculture Levolumeetladiversitédespublications populaire. L’image d’une Angleterre campa- sonttelsqu’unecatégorisationdesadaptations gnarde,leshistoiressentimentalesoptimistes, littérairesestétablie20 : lesrobestailleempire,photogéniques,sontpar- • Prequel : récitportantsurlaviedespersonnages ticulièrement adaptées au format filmé et en avantlesromans. quelquesannées,lesprincipauxouvragessont • Sequel: romanportantsurlaviedespersonnages transposésàl’écran.Sense and Sensibility etEmma aprèslaconclusiondesromans. sontadaptésaucinéma, Pride and Prejudice faitl’ob- • Retelling: romanproposantunnouveaupointde jetd’unemini-sérieBBCquidéclencheunevéri- vue(généralementunnarrateurmasculin). tableaustenmania.Desforumsdediscussion • Variation : romanquimodifiedessituations. passionnésvoientlejour,dessitesdédiéssont • Continuation: romanquiconclutdesromansina- créés16.UneadaptationlittérairemodernedeOr2 chevés. gueil & préjugés, Bridget Jone’s diary17 connaîtunsuccès • Children: ouvrageadaptantl’intrigued’unroman mondial18 etcréeunsous-genredelalittérature àdestinationdesplusjeunes. sentimentale:la«chick-lit»,littéralement«lit- • Mash2up:romanutilisantletexteoriginalenyad- tératuredespoulettes».Cetypederécitrelateàla joignantdestexteset/oudenouvellesaventures. premièrepersonnesuruntonironiquelesaven- • Inspired by : romanhistoriqueoucontemporain turesd’unejeunecitadineauxprisesavecunevie quis’inspiredespersonnagesetdesintrigues. defamilleloufoque,desamourscompliquéset • Paranormal : romanhistoriquequiconfronteles uneviesocialedécevante.Lafinalitéduroman personnagesàdessituationsparanormales. estquel’héroïnemettedel’ordredanssaviepour • Bio2fic : romanhistoriqueoucontemporainqui obtenirunmeilleuravenirprofessionnel,person- ré-inventelaviedeJaneAusten. neletsentimental.L’auteureHelenFieldingre- • Erotic : romanhistoriquequiinclutdesscèneséro- connaîtvolontierssesinfluences:«J’aiemprunté tiques(oupornographiques)dansletexteoriginal. sansvergogne,l’intriguedeOrgueil & préjugés [...]. • Mystery : romanquimetenscènelesperson- J’aipenséqueçafonctionnaitdepuisdessiècles nagesdeJaneAustenouelle-mêmedansdesen- etque[JaneAusten]nem’entiendraitpasri- quêtespolicières. gueur19 ».En2001,Bridget Jone’s diary donnelieuà • Contemporary: adaptationcontemporaine(après sontouràuneadaptationcinématographiquequi 1945)desintrigues. connaîtungrandsuccèsetlancedéfinitivement • Young Adult: romanhistoriqueoucontemporain lafièvreautourdeJaneAusten.De1995à2014, quimetenscènelespersonnagesoulesintrigues plusdevingtadaptationsvoientlejour.JaneAus- àdestinationdesadolescentsmaisquipeuvent tendevient«bankable»etinvestittouslesdo- êtreluspardesadultes. mainesdelaculturepop:sesmotsd’espritsont Lesromansdontilesticiquestionappartien- imprimés sur des t-shirts, des torchons, des nentleplussouventàplusieurscatégories;ainsi mugs,ElizabethBennetdevientl’héroïnedeson Le Manuscrit perdu de Jane Austen esttoutàlafoisun proprejeusurconsole.Parallèlementauxréédi- ouvrage«youngadult»,un«contemporary»et tionsd’ouvragesetauxadaptationscinématogra- une«bio-fic». phiquesettélévisuelles,lalittératureinspiréede JaneAustenconnaîtunessorconsidérable.Son Dansunelettredevenuecélèbre,JaneAusten lectoratesttrèsétenduetsesromanssontspiri- évoquait«deuxpoucesd’ivoire»,pourdélimiter tuelsetdistrayantsquiévoquentdeshistoires sonchampd’écritureetun«mincepinceau»pour
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