FALL 1981 ISSUE

A PUBLICATION OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM AND THE DEPARTMENT OF , • 11 DIVINITY AVENUE , MASS. 02138

The Mississippians STEPHEN WILLIAMS

The saga of this archaeological concept begins with "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," the first major work on American archaeology, which was published in 1848 by Squire and Davis. Searching for the origin of the "mysterious mound builders," these two early pioneers mapped the enigmatic earthworks and discerned two types of mounds- burial mounds and temple mounds. The former were usually conical; the Ia tter, generally larger, were flat-topped pyramids and are now recognized as hallmarks of Mississippian culture. The beginnings are difficult to trace archaeologically, but the culture probably began (ca . A.D. 7-800) in the Lower Mississippi Valley where fertile and easily worked soils offered a rich seed bed for really intensive agriculture based on corn, squash, and beans. These village-living farmers were not unlike many Neolithic peoples around the world whether in the Middle East or Mesoamerica. We call the dwellers of these prehistoric towns and temples " Mississipians" - named for the great This Mississipian human effigy pipe is one of seventy artifacts from the Peabody Museum river basin which they ultimately now on display at the Science Museum of St. Paul, Minnesota. The exhibition, entitled controlled: from Kansas City to Towns and Temples : Urban Indians in Pre-Columbian North America is the second major exhibition southeastern Ohio; from Spiro, resulting from the Peabody's unique nation-wide collection-sharing program. The loan Oklahoma, to Etowah, Georgia; from program is supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. southern Iowa to Natchez, Mississippi. Peabody Museum 77-57-10/11993. Height: 8.5 em; diameter 19.5 em. Photo: Hillel Burger They represented a new cultural configuration - a new way of life-on a scale of political, economic, and social Featured in this issue: complexity not achieved anywhere else in native North America. The Mississippians lived in wattle and How the Peabody Museum acquired the daub houses, generally rectangular in floor plan and with thatched roofs, Mecklenburg Collection much like the Maya of Mexico today. The towns were of moderate size-1000 HUGH HENCKEN or more residents - often palisaded, sometimes with bastions. They farmed Two new publications from the world's the nearby natural levee soils that determined their basic settlement largest anthropology library pattern. We can follow the rise of this culture NANCY J. SCHMIDT centered in the area surrounding the mouth of the Ohio-and watch its Continued on page ll Symbols • Fall 1981 • 1 ------~~--·~ ---- .. How the Peabody Museum acquired the Mecklenburg Collection HUGH HENCKEN

This Bronze Situla (from the Latin word for bucket), dating from the 4th century B.C., was excavated by the Duchess of Mecklenburg in Slovenia, Yugoslavia between 1905 and 1913. The relief decoration (of Eastern Mediterranean origin) depicts bands of animals: stags, does and ibex in alternating bands with stylized bud and plant motifs. Height 27.5 em; diameter 25.5 em. Peabody-Mecklenburg 15/V/6-7.

My first wife, Mayday, and I were often 1914 which were partially subsidized by advised them to think hard about in London, and we became acquainted Kaiser Wilhelm II, himself an amateur buying some of it. They assured me with Mr. and Mrs. James Mann. Mr. archaeologist. The objects that she that it would probably be out of reach Mann was the Keeper of the Wallace found were kept in her country house, of the Peabody, but Mr. Scott Collection, which is counterpart to the and they were inherited by her particularly seemed very interested. collection in the Isabella Stewart daughter, the Duchess Marie of The next summer I was excavating in Gardner Museum in Boston. He was Mecklenburg. The collection was Ireland, and I asked Professor Mahr, an also the Keeper of the confiscated in 1918 when the kingdom of Austrian who was an expert in the of Armor in the , Yugoslavia was formed. Years later Central European Iron Age and who which contains armor from the Middle when the Duchess Marie decided to sell was then on the staff of the National Ages, worn by the English Royal the collection, she went to King Museum of Ireland, about the Family. The Manns were apt to give Alexander to whom she was related and Mecklenburg material. He had already fashionable dinner parties, and we were asked for its return. Soon after she sent been in touch with the Anderson sometimes invited to these. On one it all to Zurich where it was stored. Galleries and was forming a committee occasion one of the guests was Captain This collection was now for sale, and of European Iron Age experts to help Faulke, who was in the Lifeguards; the Faulke asked me whether it would be a him make an inventory of it. He mounted troops in red coats, polished good thing to place on the American assured me that it was a collection of breastplates, and plumed helmets who market since the likes of it had never enormous importance to European escort the Royal Family on state been seen in the United States. Of prehistory. occasions. Otherwise, Captain Faulke course, I had to say that this would be In the fall of 1934, the collection was the London representative for the just the thing for the American market, arrived in New York, and the Anderson Anderson Galleries in New York. The because it was the only way to get the Galleries prepared a very lush and Anderson Galleries dealt in art of the collection to America and, if possible, to heavily illustrated catalogue for the most costly kind, and their auctions secure part of it for the Peabody upcoming auction. were black-tie social occasions by Museum. Mr. Scott and I went to New York to invitation only. The invitees came not I went home and told Mr. Scott, the see it and to look at the catalogue. We only to bid but also to have the fun of Director of the Peabody Museum, and decided that the only thing to do was to watching the super rich bidding against Professor Hooton, who taught write to every museum we could think each other for some masterpiece. European prehistory in the Department of, at home and abroad, to find out if it At this particular dinner, after the of Anthropology, what I had seen and would be possible to set up some kind ladies had left the table and the port had gone around, it became evident that I had been invited especially to meet Captain Faulke, for he produced a great many photographs for me to see. My eyes stood out on stalks when I viewed these pictures-Iron Age helmets, swords, buckets called "situlae" decorated with animals, strings of many-colored beads, fascinating pieces of amber, and much else. The pictures were part of the Mecklenburg Collection, so named for the excavator, the Duchess Paul Friedrich of Mecklenburg. She was born Princess Marie of Windischgratz, an Austrian land-owning family, a great part of whose estates was in what is now Slovenia (Yugoslavia). She was married to the younger son of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, hence her German title. She conducted large-scale excavations in Slovenia from 1905 to The Duchess of Mecklenburg Photo: Hillel Burger 2 • Symbols • Fall 1981 •

This solid bronze figurine was excavated by the Duchess of Mecklenburg from the great Early Iron Age (750-600 B.C.) cemetery at Hallstatt in the Austrian Alps . Though the species intended is unknown, the high, vertical horns resemble those in many representations of Bos primigenius, the large, wild cattle that roamed European forests as late as medieval times. Length 14.2 em; height 11.9. Peabody-Mecklenburg 149/12. Photo: Hillel Burger of system whereby each would the Imperial Court of Saint Petersburg, power of attorney, and he had gone purchase a part of the material and join but now had joined the sad and back to Paris. in a combined publication of the whole penniless colony of White Russian Further difficulties arose with the thing. Professor Mahr had impressed refugees in Paris. Accordingly, I took ugly story that the treasurer of the me with the idea that the whole the train to New York and interviewed Anderson Galleries had insured the life collection should be published in order Mr. Parke and Dr. Samsonoff. They of a would-be treasurer for a large sum to preserve its value. On the other both regarded my offer as impossible, and then hired a thug to hit him on the hand, the New York dealers viewed it so I took the train back to Boston. The head with a piece of lead pipe. But the with astonishment and indeed hilarity next morning Dr. Samsonoff scheme failed because the victim did not because the Anderson Galleries had a telephoned and asked me to come back. die, and the perpetrator of the crime reputation for handling first-rate works This was repeated five times in one committed suicide. Finally, the of art and, to the dealers, these week, and in the end I bought for the Anderson Galleries were declared archaeological objects, mostly uncleaned Museum the material from the bankrupt, and all their possessions were and in the state in which they were cemetery at Magdalenska gora, which to be auctioned off. My New York found, represented nothing but rubbish. was perhaps a quarter of the whole lawyer convinced the judge that the Aside from a half-hearted offer from a collection. I had a feeling that Dr. rest of the Mecklenburg Collection Dutch Museum and a firm but small Samsonoff accepted this small sum (now in storage) should be auctioned offer from the Ashmolean Museum of because he was running out of money too, because the Anderson Galleries had , the replies were all negative. and had to get back to Paris. The rest spent so much money on the sale and Europe was in a depressed economic of the collection was stored in New got next to nothing back. I went with condition at the time, and the American York. (Yeats later Mr. Parke told me my lawyer to the auction, and when the museums were not interested because that his directors actually considered Mecklenburg Collection came up, I rose they knew nothing about the European throwing away the rest of the collection and made my tiny bid. Referring to the Iron Age. Finally, I took the replies to to save on storage charges! Probably portion from Magdalenska gora I had Mr. Parke, the head of the Anderson the interest shown by the Peabody previously acquired, the auctioneer said, Galleries, and the result was that the Museum prevented this calamity.) At "You paid far more than that for much auction was called off. Mr. Parke was about this time, the Anderson Galleries less." I said, "I know that, but this is all very much chagrined by this and told were running into deep financial the money we have." me he had never before called off a sale. trouble, partly because the wealthy man Since there were no other bidders, The Peabody Museum did have a who had paid their deficits had died. the Peabody Museum got the whole small nest egg, however, which it had After his death the Galleries had collection minus the small amount of been saving for a good opportunity, and several directors, and to each one I material that the Ashmolean Museum I was directed to see Dr. Samsonoff, the made the same call offering the small wanted. Duchess's agent, who held her power of amount of money which was all that The shame of the affair was that the attorney and was presently in New the Peabody could raise. Each director Duchess, whose resources had been York. Samsonoff was a Russian Doctor gave me the answer that he could do diminished by , got nothing of Laws and had been a functionary at nothing because Dr. Samsonoff had the at all for her mother's collection. Symbols • Fall 1981 • 3 · New Books by Department and Museum scholars

TUNICA TREASURE THE WOMAN THAT CHINESE VILLAGE Jeffrey P. Brain NEVER EVOLVED POLITICS IN THE Peabody Museum Press Sarah Blaffer Hrdy MALAYSIAN STATE The book is a descriptive catalog of the Harvard University Press Judith Strauch remarkable collection of European trade In The Woman That Never Evolved Hrdy Harvard University Press items and Indian cultural objects introduces us to our nearest female Sanchun (a pseudonym) is a small rural discovered in an eighteenth-century relatives -competitive, independent, market center in Malaysia made up of Tunica Indian site in Louisiana. Jeffrey sexually assertive primates who have as predominantly Chinese shopkeepers, Brain analyzes the great importance of much at stake in the evolutionary game wage laborers, and rubber tappers and the collection from historical and as their male counterparts do. Female anthropological perspectives and draws small-holders. It is one of the so-called primates compete among themselves for "new villages" originally set up during conclusions that bear directly on the rank and resources, but will bond the communist insurgency as forced great historical drama of the eighteenth together for mutual defense. They risk relocation camps to contain rural century-the clash of the alien cultures their lives to protect their young, yet Chinese. The author lived in Sanchun of the European and the Indian-and consort with the very male who for eighteen months, conducting upon anthropological theories of murdered their offspring when survival lengthy socio-economic family surveys, cultural change. depends upon it. They tolerate other examining local records, documents, and Th ~ book, co-published by the breeding females if food is plentiful, but census data, and participating in Peabody Museum and the Peabody chase them away when monogamy is community life. This study offers Museum of Salem, has received awards the optimal strategy. Hrdy concludes detailed analysis of the manipulative for its design and production: it is a that the sexually passive, strategies of local rivals active over Jury Selection of the 1981 New noncompetitive, all-nurturing woman of several decades in the competition for Book Show, and it was given the Award prevailing myth never could have local status and power. Special attention of Ex cellence in the Printed Paper evolved within the primate order. is given to a rural mass-mobilization Contest sponsored by Simpson Paper Hrdy, a sociobiologist, is convinced movement undertaken by the major Company, manufacturer of the book's that to redress sexual inequality in Chinese-Malaysian political party in the cover stock. human societies, we must first early 1970s. The focus is on the understand its evolutionary origins Jeffrey P. Brain is Curator of Southeastern interconnections between the various through the study of other living U.S. Archaeology. levels of a modern multiethnic political primates. system, demonstrating the ways in Dr. Hrdy, a research associate at the which local political actors are both Peabody Museum, Harvard University, is constrained and supported by power SHANG CIVILIZATION currently Visiting Associate Professor of structures and resources that lie outside Kwang-chih Chang Anthropology, Rice University. the local system. Press THE EMERGENCE OF AN Judith Strauch is Associate Professor of The Shang civilization of ancient China, Anthropology, Harvard. from the eighteenth to the twelfth IRON AGE ECONOMY: century B.C., was the first literate THE MECKLENBURG civilization in East Asia. One of the NISA: THE LIFE AND most politically powerful and artistically GRAVE GROUPS FROM notable states in the ancient world, it HALLSTA TT AND STICNA WORDS OF A !KUNG left an abundant legacy of Peter S. Wells WOMAN archaeological remains, inscribed Marjorie Shostak oracles, bronzes, and written texts. Its Peabody Museum Press art, in bronze, jade, ceramic, and other This book is organized in two parts. Harvard University Press media, was one of the greatest of all The first presents a fully illustrated Nisa is a woman of the !Kung people, a time. catalogue of the roughly 200 graves people who live in the Kalahari Desert Up to now, however, this splendid excavated by the Duchess of of southern Africa by means of civilization has been known only in Mecklenburg between 1906 and 1914 at humanity's oldest survival strategy­ fragments. In this century specialists the Early Iron Age centers of Hallstatt hunting and gathering. have been preoccupied with research on in Austria and Sticna in Slovenia. This book presents the remarkable specific data, while the excavation of Accompanying the catalogue are story of Nisa's life, told in her own new finds continues. In Shang discussions of other research at these words to Shostak, an Civilization , Kwang-chih Chang major sites and of their importance in who managed, with Nisa's collaboration, constructs a picture of the culture as a European prehistory as a whole. The to break through the immense barriers whole from the jigsaw pieces of second section provides a new synthesis of language and culture to reach the archaeological and textual evidence. and interpretation of existing level of intimate and honest talk. Nisa Chang treats extensively the following information pertaining to society and tells of her childhood, adolescence, topics: the origins and development of economy in Early Iron Age Europe. A marriage, of giving birth alone, the Shang civilization, state government model, based upon the development of complexities of her many affairs, of and the capital at An-yang; economic, iron metallurgy at the beginning of the divorce, the enduring sorrow of lost kingship, clan and lineage systems; the period, is proposed to account for the children. social context of its art and religion; the cultural changes that resulted in the It is a story full of echoes from a question of chronology; and the emergence of the commercial towns and female past we can never know directly. significance of the Shang in the ancient cities which characterized this dynamic In anyone's culture, Nisa is a world and in evolutionary perspective. final phase of European prehistory. remarkable woman. Kwang-chih Chang is Professor of Peter Wells is Assistant Professor of Marjorie Shostak is an Associate of the Anthropology, Harvard. Anthropology, Harvard. Peabody Museum at Harvard University. 4 • Symbols • Fall 1981 VIRACOCHA: THE SAVAGES AND FOUR AND ANTIQUITY OF THE SCIENTISTS : AN ANDEAN HIGH GOD Curtis M. Hinsley, Jr. AMERICAN SCIENCE IN Arthur A. Demarest Smithsonian Institution Press ITS EARLY YEARS Peabody Museum Press This book offers the first full history of Joan Mark anthropology at the Smithsonian, from Viracocha was the creator god and a Science History Publications 1846 (when the Institution was key figure in the elaborate state religion founded), through the establishment of This book describes the activities and of one of the New World's greatest the Smithsonian's Bureau of American work of leading American civilizations, the Inca empire of South Ethnology, to the early 1900s -critical anthropologists during the years 1865- America. This work examines the years in the transition of anthropology 1900. Using both private nature of both the god Viracocha and from a loosely defined study to a correspondence and published writings, Inca state religion itself. Dr. Demarest modern university scien ce. Joan Mark has unearthed the stories, systematically reviews the many The first Secretary of the achievements and eccentricities of this contradictory and confusing elements in Smithsonian, Joseph Henry, committed unique scientific community. She the sixteenth-century Spanish the prestige and resources of the young describes the true magnitude of these conquerors' descriptions of the Inca Institution to studies in linguistics, pioneer American accomplishments in gods and their worship. Drawing on archaeology, and ethnology as part of establishing anthropological methods both primary sources and recent his program "for the increase and and studies. breakthroughs in ethnohistorical diffusion of knowledge among men." Frederic Ward Putnam (first Director research, he resolves these problems by The Smithsonian anthropologists of the Peabody Museum), Alice C. proposing a radically new interpretation helped lay the foundation for Fletcher, Frank Hamilton Cushing and of the Inca pantheon. Dr. Demarest twentieth-century successes in the founded, along argues that the state cult centered on a social sciences. For them, with John Wesley Powell, the chief manifold sky god, only one of whose anthropology -in particular, the study anthropological institutions of the aspects was a creator/sun figure, of Native Americans -was a means of United States. They pioneered the Viracocha. Using archaeological and examining the material progress and methods that dominated twentieth iconographic evidence as well as spiritual decay of Victorian America. century anthropological work. ethnohistory, he then traces the pre­ From the arid deserts of New Mexico to Through these four biographical Inca development of this central concept the cluttered offices at the Smithsonian, sketches, the author shows the inner from its appearance in the most ancient Victorian anthropology was intended to workings of a nineteenth century evidence on Andean religion. He be a moral science for an outwardly scientific community, including its identifies and analyzes later confident but inwardly troubled nation. rivalries and struggles for recognition manipulations of this state religion by Hinsley traces the evolution of the and power. Hovering around these Inca leaders -in response to the fledgling science of anthropology in achievements and careers is the figure economic and political needs of their detail. His portraits of major figures of , at first Putnam's rapidly expanding realm. This latest and their field and office work are protege, then the leading, if Peabody Museum Monograph is a based largely on previously unpublished overshadowing, influence in American fascinating exploration of pre­ material. anthropological work. Columbian religion and its role in This book is the story of the birth, culture change and ancient imperialism. Curtis M. Hinsley, Jr. is a Visiting Scholar growth, and legacy of American (from Colgate University) at the Peabody anthropologists to a world science. Arthur A. Demarest, Ph.D Anthropology Museum, and is writing a history of the 1981, is a Junior Fellow in the Society of Peabody from its founding in 1866 through Joan Mark, Ph.D. (Harvard) is a Research Fellows, Harvard University. 1920. Associate at the Peabody Museum.

HISTORIC HOPI ceramic type with vessels arranged by form, function, and design. CERAMICS: The Thomas V. Photographic plates accompany Kearn Collection of the discussion of each type and its stylistic Peabody Museum of variations. The text includes essays on the history of the collection, and Archaeology and Ethnology, ethnographic sketch of the Hopi and Harvard University discussion of designs. The volume concludes with a review of form and Edwin L. Wade and Lea S. McChesney design changes in Hopi pottery through Peabody Musuem Press the 500-year period (A.D. 1400-1900) The Peabody Museum's Kearn encompassed by the collection, and Collection of Hopi artifacts is one of the presents a preliminary typology of Hopi world's finest and earliest documented pottery based on both technical and holdings of prehistoric and historic Hopi aesthetic criteria. material culture. Particularly important Lea McChesney is a Curatorial Asociate at are the ceramics which represent the the Peabody Museum. Edwin Wade is a only complete and continuous collection Curator at the Philbrook Art Center, Tulsa. spanning five centuries of ceramic development for this ancient and still thriving Native American culture. This ETHNIC book is a photographic inventory of the nearly 1500 historic ceramics in that CELEBRATION collection. June 5, 1982 The major portion of the book consists of a catalogue organized by Tunica burial Symbols • Fall 1981 • 5 Two New Publications from the World's Largest Anthropology Library NANCY J. SCHMIDT, Librarian Nancy J. Schmidt was educated at Oberlin College (B.A. 1958); the University of Minnesota (M.A. International Relations 1961); and Northwestern (Phd Anthropology 1965). She holds the Master's degree in Library Science from Indiana University (1971). She was appointed Director of the Tozzer Library in 1977. The focus of all her academic degrees was on Africa. Her primary areas of research interest are African literature and educational anthropology. She has prepared numerous curriculum guides, slide sets, and bibliographies for precollegiate education about Africa, as well as a two volume annotated bibliography, Children's Books on Africa and Their Authors. Her most recent book Children 's Fiction about Africa in English combines anthropological and literary aproaches to the study of literature in its cultural context.

Tozzer Library has a unique card must be able to read. In fact, one of the of the indexes will be cumulated every catalogue that includes entries for great strengths of Tozzer Library is its five years. The indexes are prepared articles in journals and collections of large collection of anthropological from the subject headings that are anthropological essays, in addition to serials from all parts of the world. assigned to the articles. However, the entries for books and serials. The card Through the Library's indexing system indexes are less comprehensive than catalogue is arranged by a unique set of the specific contents of these serials are Tozzer Library's subject headings, since anthropological subject headings made known to users of Tozzer it is beyond the capability of the Library developed for Tozzer Library by Roland Library's card and book catalogues. staff to manually produce indexes that Dixon early in this century. In times of sharply rising costs for incorporate all of Tozzer Library's Each year Tozzer Library adds both purchasing library materials and subject headings. approximately 15,000 new entries to its library maintenance, the continuation of Anthropological Literature provides an author catalogue and approximately Tozzer Library's indexing system has inexpensive means of gaining access to 35,000 new entries to its subject repeatedly been questioned, especially Tozzer Library's bibliographic catalogue, since two or more subject so in the last few years. In 1979 when resources. It costs only $28 per year for headings are assigned to each article Tozzer Library became a department of i~dividuals and $38 per year for and book that are added to the the Harvard College Library, the cost of institutions. In addition, three subfield catalogue. As a result, Tozzer Library's indexing was removed from the editions are available for cultural/social card catalogue of more than half a Library's budget. The indexing system anthropology, archaeology, and million entries provides the most is now supported by royalties that biological/physical anthropology at a comprehensive bibliography of Tozzer Library earns from its index­ cost of $14 per year for individuals and anthropological literature found related publications and by a financial $22 per year for institutions. anywhere in the world. Harvard contribution from Peabody Museum It should come as no surprise that University's Anthropology Department that covers the difference between even without advertising, subscriptions considers it a valuable research tool and royalties and the cost of the indexing to Anthropological Literature have already anthropologists and librarians in the system. In order to make Tozzer exceeded subscriptions to Tozzer United States and abroad rely on it for Library's vast bibliographic resources Library's book catalogue. Libraries in obtaining bibliographic information more widely available to Europe, Japan, and North and South about anthropology. anthropologists, as well as to generate America which do not own Tozzer Since 1963 Tozzer Library's main income to support the continuation of Library's book catalogue subscribe to publication has been its book catalogue, indexing articles, a bibliographic journal, Anthropological Literature, thus making Catalogue of the Tozzer Library of the Peabody Anthropological Literature, was started in Tozzer Library's bibliographic resources Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, which 1979. available to a wider audience than has reproduces its catalogue cards in over Anthropological Literature: An Index to heretofore been possible. Individuals 70 volumes. As might be expected, such Periodical Articles and Essays, published by subscribe to Anthropological Literature too, a large publication is very expensive, Redgrave Publishing Company of especially graduates of Harvard over $9,000, and less than 300 libraries Pleasantville, New York, is a quarterly University's Anthropology Department throughout the world can afford to journal based on current entries from who are familiar with the unique own it. Tozzer Library's indexing system. features of Tozzer Library's card The process of indexing articles in Approximately 10,000 articles are listed catalogue. over 1000 serials and 150 books each in Anthropological Literature each year. The Anthropological Literature is the most year to create catalogue cards is journal is organized in classified comprehensive and current bibliography expensive in both staff time and money. sections that correspond to the four of anthropological articles available. One quarter of Tozzer Library's staff is major subfields of anthropology: None of the other indexes of engaged in indexing. These staff cultural/social, archaeology, anthropological articles such as members must have both biological/physical, and linguistics, and a Anthropological Index (Royal anthropological background and foreign fifth section for general, Anthropological Institute), International language skills, since Tozzer Library's methodological, and theoretical articles. Bibliography of the Social Sciences, main languages of collection include Specific access to the articles is provided Anthropology (UNESCO), and Abstracts in French, German, Spanish, and Slavic through four indexes of joint authors, Anthropology (Baywood Publishing Co.) languages in addition to English. major archaeological sites and cultures, include articles from books. Whereas However, Tozzer Library collects ethnic and linguistic groups, and Anthropological Literature covers materials in other European languages, geographic locations. Each year there is approximately 1000 serials, the other such as Italian and Scandinavian an annual author index, which included bibliographies cover 650, 550, and 150 languages, which the indexing staff also over 16,500 entries for the first year. All serials respectively. Only Anthropological 6 • Symbols • Fall 1981 ..'

Second floor of the Tozzer Library. Kwakiutl (Northwest Coast) house-post ornament, dates to late 19th-early 20th century. Peabody Museum 21-22-10/97904. Photo: Hillel Burger

Index is a quarterly publication like indexes. specific and accurate. Anthropological Literat ure. UNESCO's If Tozzer Library were allowed to The additions and deletions to the Int ernational Bibliog raphy and Abstracts in computerize its indexing system it subject headings reflect major changes Anthropology are annual publications would provide the basis for a in the research interests of which appear at least two years after comprehensive automated data retrieval anthropologists during this century. For the date for the volume. As these system for anthropology. However, a example, a nineteen page section of comparisons indicate, Anthropological fund drive has been launched to raise headings for Biological Anthropology, Literature has great potential for an endowment to support the index. Evolution, Fossil Man, and Primates. disseminating bibliographical Tozzer Library's other new Each of these new sections has its own information about anthropological publication the Second Revised Index to set of subheadings which permit more literature. Subject Headings, was completed in detailed subject indexing than in the In searching for a publisher for October 1980 and was published by past. Formerly most of the subject Anthropological Literature the Library staff G .K. Hall and Company in July, 1981. matter of cultural/social anthropology received confirmation for what it has The subject headings that were was included in three sections: Religion, long known. Through its indexing and developed for classifying Sociology, and Technology. Each of cataloguing functions Tozzer Library anthropological literature early in this these sections has been revised to has created not only a huge century, in what was then the Peabody reflect current anthropological interests. anthropological bibliography, it also has Museum Library, were used with only For example, some of the subheadings created the world's largest minor changes until 1977. However, added to Sociology include Alliance, anthropological data base. A data base anthropology has grown and changed Descent, Kinship, Life Cycle, of the size represented in Tozzer so much, especially in the mid­ Nationalism, Networks, and Sex Roles. Library's card catalogue should be twentieth century, that the subject Whereas some of the subheadings computerized, so that scholars can headings were no longer adequate for deleted from Religion include Earth obtain on-line access to the Library's organizing anthropological literature. Worship, Monotheism, Polytheism, and resources. The Library staff had been reluctant to Zoological Animism. All of the arts, For three years plans have been undertake a major revision of the such as art, dance, music, and literature, underway to computerize Tozzer subject headings, a task that a former have been deleted from Technology and Library's indexing system. From the librarian called "monumental." established as independent subject standpoint of a computer consulting However, in the view of the current headings with their own sets of company it is a very simple clerical task. librarian, a major revision of the subject subheadings. In addition, new sections In fact, it is a computer company's headings should be regarded as an of subject headings have been added for delight because the flow chart for investment in the future that will all the new subfields of cultural/social indexing procedures would be reduced provide anthropolgists with continual anthropology that contemporary by two-thirds through computerization! access to current anthropological anthropologists take for granted, such From the standpoint of Tozzer Library's literature. It was in this spirit that a as Economic Anthropology, Medical staff, computerization of the indexing substantial revision of Tozzer Library's Anthropology, Political Anthropology, system would eliminate many hours subject headings began late in 1977. Psychological Anthropology, and Urban spent in tedious clerical chores, such as The Second Revised Index to Subject Anthropology. Many new subject alphabetizing cards for entries in Hea dings is the first, but a major step, in headings have been added for other Anthropological Litera ture and writing out what will be the continual revision of facets of contemporary anthropology all the indexes to Anthroplogical Literature, Tozzer Library's subject headings. The that were unknown early in the as well as greatly increasing the revisions have included additions, century, such as Ethnoarchaeology, potential for creating more detailed deletions, and changes in emphasis of Molecular Biology, Psycholinguistics, and subject access to Anthropological Literature headings. The primary goal has been to Sociobiology. through the compilation of additional provide subject headings that are both Continued on page 12 Symbols • Fall 1981 • 7 1 Scholars, symposia, and seminars Scholars from universities in the United States and abroad gave lectures on their current research to faculty and ·NEAR EAST · CENTRAL ASIA · ·INDUS students in the Department of Anthropology.

FIRST USA- USSR Prof. 0. Bar-Yosuf from Hebrew University in Jerusalem spoke on Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCHANGE Cultures in the Levant. Prof. Robert Cobean (Phd Harvard 1978), University November 9-23, 1981 Harvard University of Missouri, lectured on Ancient Mexican Obsidian Mining and Trade. Prof. K. T.M. Hegde, University of Baroda, India, lectured on the Paleo­ . -. .": - ... .• - environmental Reconstruction of the # ..... Great Indian Desert. The title of a talk . . . . '~--\·.'' . by Prof. Arthur Jelinek, University of ·. ·.. l, . \. '.. ·\·' ' Arizona, was Archaeological Evidence . and Neanderthals in the Levant. Prof. ·:.i· .{"~...... _ (.},' ' ~.. Ezat 0. Negabhan, former Dean of the .• ·.'!\~ .' ' l ./ ··.: ~-'-~ .','v Faculty, University of Tehran, spoke on ~ ~ -~· . ,. Excavations at Zageh, a 6th Millennium '' ·{...... '' Site in Iran. Exchange Systems of I o 0 .'I 0 • • • I I Metallurgy in Bronze Age Europe was ... ' '• . . .. ~ .... ~ .. the title of a lecture by Dr. Barbara l ••""•.. • • • • ' •• ' ' ..... : . Ottaway, Lecturer at the University of ~· ....·. ·- ~ Edinburgh. Prof. Yigael Shiloh, Hebrew University, Director of the City of David Project, gave a lecture entitled Excavations in Jerusalem. Prof. David nEPBbiH Stronach, University of California at Berkeley, former Director of the British Institute for Persian Studies in Tehran, APXEOnor~4ECK~H 06MEH gave a lecture entitled Parsagadae and Bisitun: Archaeology and History. The ME}KAY CCCP - CWA Use of the Study of Growth was the subject of a talk by Prof. James Tanner from the 's 6niii>KHI!Il1 BOCTOK • CPEAHAA A3111A • APEBHAA IIIHAIIIA Institute of Child Health. Dr. Ronald Tylecote, Institute of Archaeology, London, gave a lecture entitled Three years of planning brought Merpert and V.M. Masson. Additional Overview of Current Research on together, at the Peabody Museum a members of the exchange on the Ancient Metallurgy. Fred Wendorf (Phd group of scholars from the USSR and American side included Professors Edith Harvard 1953), Henderson-Morrison the USA The first archaeological Porada (Columbia); Walter Fairservis Professor of Prehistory at Southern exchange between these two nations (Vassar); Gregory Johnson (Hunter); Methodist University lectured on focuses upon the Neolithic and Bronze Norman Yoffee (University of Arizona); Origins of Agriculture-Excavations at Ages (8000-2000 B.C.) of Central Asia, Jack Harlan (University of Illinois, Wadi Kubbaniyah (in southern-most the Near East and the Indus Valley. The Urbana); Robert Dyson (University of Egypt). program was sponsored jointly by the Pennsylvania) and Frank Hole (Yale). In Soviet Academy of Sciences and the addition to these American delegates, New York based International Research who will travel to the Soviet Union It is nearly twenty years since Prof. and Exchanges Board, !REX. Eight next year, thirteen other American David Maybury-Lewis launched the Soviet scholars and 23 Americans scholars were invited to the meetings in Harvard-Central Brazil Project in presented papers during the week's Cambridge. Soviet participants also collaboration with Roberto Cardoso de symposium at the Peabody. Following included: LS. Masimov, AR. Oliveira and the anthropologis ts at the the week of meetings the Soviet Muchamedjanov, V.I. Islamov, N.N . National Museum in Rio de Janeiro. delegates will travel to New York City, Negmatov, and V.I. Gulaev. Under its auspices graduate students Chicago, Philadelphia and Washington. The meetings were held at the from both institutions made Next year 10 American delegates will Peabody in the newly renovated Center comparative studies of the Ge and travel to Samarkand for meetings with for Archaeological Research and Bororo-speaking peoples and scholars in the Soviet Union. The result Development (CARD). Soviet papers demystified once and for all the many of this exchange will be published in a concentrated on reporting the results of celebrated "anomalies" of their social joint monograph of the Peabody their extraordinarily active research organization that had puzzled earlier Museum and the Soviet National programs in Central Asia. The meetings generations of anthropologists. Academy. The exchange program was underscored the importance of this new The project members have published planned on behalf of the American data base and presented conceptual extensively on the Central Brazilian participants by Philip Kohl (Wellesley frameworks that impact profoundly on peoples in both English and Portuguese, College); Robert McC. Adams our understanding of the cultural but in Dialectica l Societies (ed. David (University of Chicago) and C.C. interaction which at different times and Maybury-Lewis, Harvard University Lamberg-Karlovsky (Chairman; for different reasons, tied the Near Press, 1979) they produced a joint Harvard) and on behalf of the Soviet East, Central Asia and the region of the volume with an explicitly comparative Academy by R.M. Munchaev, N.Ya. Indus into a greater whole. perspective, which New Society called "a ~ 8 • Symbols • Fall 1981 • truly outstanding achievement .. . perhaps the most significant contribution to Moore and Pilbeam appointed Amazonian anthropology since the first two volumes of (Levi-Strauss') Mythologiques. " The volume also inaugurated a new series of publications sponsored by the Department of Anthropology, under the general editorship of David Maybury-Lewis, namely, Harvard Studies in Cultural Anthropology.

Prof. Kwang-chih Chang, Chairman of the Department of Anthropology at Harvard, gave the Guy Stanton Ford Memorial Lecture at the University of Minnesota. Assoc. Prof. Jonathon Ericson was elected President of the National Society of Archaeological Sciences. Prof. Ericson is expanding the Photo: Hillel Burger Photo: Hillel Burger Society to incorporate an international Sally Moore, a leading theorist in the David Pilbeam, a paleoanthropologist, community of scholars. Prof. Stanley field of anthropology and law, has been has been appointed Professor of Tambiah was elected a Fellow of the appointed Professor of Anthropology at Anthropology at Harvard University. A American Academy of Arts and Harvard University. native of England, Pilbeam took his Sciences and was appointed to An attorney at the Nuremburg trials B.A. (1962) from Cambridge University ~I'd ' s Faculty Council. Assoc. Prof. following World War II , she is known and earned the Ph.D . from Yale in Erik Trinkaus gave the Sigma Xi for her research on African societies 1967. From 1965-68 he taught at Lecture at Boston College on "Human and for contributing important papers Cambridge returning to Yale in 1968. Origins." Prof. Evon Z. Vogt was on kinship, religion, and symbolism as He held a variety of teaching and elected Chairman of the Anthropology well as comparative law. research positions from 1968-1981 at Section of the National Academy of For the past 13 years, she has Yale, including serving as Chairman of Sciences. Prof. Gordon R. Willey conducted ongoing fieldwork in East the Anthropology Department. received an honorary Doctor of Letters Africa, among the Chagga tribe of Since 1973 Pilbeam's research on from the University of Arizona, his Tanzania. Before coming to Harvard hominid origins has focused on fossil alma mater (B .A. 1935). Prof. Stephen she was Professor of Anthropology at finds excavated at the Potwar Plateau in Williams gave a week-long course for the University of California at Los . In collaboration with the the Harvard Alumni Council at Bishop's Angeles. Geological Survey of Pakistan, a Lodge in Santa Fe. Moore graduated from Columbia Law multidisciplinary field and laboratory Dr. Akbar Ahmed is a Visiting School in 1945, then joined the project has been developed to study Scholar in the Department of prosecution staff at the Nuremburg Miocene (8-15 million years ago) Anthropology at Harvard. Dr. Ahmed, a trials after working with a Wall Street hominoids and their environments. Visiting Fellow at the Institute for law firm. During this time, said Pilbeam, " My Advanced Studies at Princeton, is It was at Nuremburg that Moore attitudes towards paleoanthropological Political Agent for the Province of decided to study anthropology. "Even thinking have grown increasingly i~:. .u is tan, Pakistan. He is doing research though some individuals were singled skeptical. A great deal of writing and on comparative studies of Islamic social out for trial, there were many more thinking (on the subject) has been systems in Morocco, Pakistan and Saudi people involved," she said. "I wanted to myth. The picture of human origins Arabia. Prof. Curtis M. Hinsley, Jr. discover what was known about how that is emerging from excavations in (Dept. of History, Colgate) is Visiting social scientists determine who is Europe and Asia is far more complicated Scholar at the Peabody Museum and a responsible for political movements and than any lineage previously imagined." Lecturer on Anthropology in the social policies." Recent fossils from Pilbeam's Department. Dr. Hinsley, as Peabody She returned to Columbia University excavations challenge the long-held Museum Historian, is working on the to earn her doctorate in anthropology. assumption that the common ancestor history of the Peabody Museum from its Her dissertation, entitled Power and of and man resembled the living founding in 1866 to 1920. Properly in In ca Peru, won the Ansley apes, and indicate the creature was Prof. Stephen Ward (on leave from Prize, awarded to one Ph.D. candidate different from any animal alive today. Kent State University) is a Lecturer on each year in Columbia's Faculty of In 1979-80 Pilbeam was in Nairobi as Biological Anthropology. He is doing Political Science. Scientific Advisor to the International research on Miocene (from the Greek After raising two children, she began Louis Leakey Memorial Institute for meaning "less recent") hominoids. her fieldwork in Tanzania in 1968, African Prehistory. He is presently Other scholars appointed Lecturers on seven years after the country gained serving the Kenyan government in the Anthropology include: Dr. Garth independence. She was able to watch capacity of Scientific Director for Bawden (PhD Harvard, 1977), Assistant the impact of socialism on the Chagga, International Programs for the study of Director of the Peabody Museum, a relatively prosperous tribe who grow Human Origins. He is also a Director of Archaeology; Dr. Ian Brown, coffee on the slopes of Kilimanjaro. the Foundation for Research into the Archaeology; Dr. Tullio Maranhao By comparing her own observations Origin of Man (see page 10). (PhD Harvard 1981), Social with the writings of missionary Bruno In addition to Kenya and Pakistan, Anthropology; Peter Matthews Gutmann, who lived on Kilimanjaro in Pilbeam's extensive field experience (Archaeology - Maya Hieroglyphics); the early 1900s, Moore has traced the includes Egypt, Uganda, Spain and Maryellen Ruvolo (candidate for the changes in legal, kinship, and social Greece. PhD degree, Harvard) Biological structures as the Chagga were absorbed A frequent contributor to academic Anthropology; and Dr. Barbara Smuts, into the modern world. She is now one journals, Pilbeam is the author of Th e Biological Anthropology. Co ntrnurd on pagr 11 Evolution of Man and Th e Ascent of Man . Symbols • Fall 1981 • 9 HUGH O'NEILL HENCKEN CARLETON STEVENS COON 1902-1981 1904-1981 Hugh O'Neill Hencken, Curator Emeritus Dr. Carleton S. Coon, one of the last of European Archaeology in the of the great general anthropologists, Peabody Museum, died on August 31. died June 3 at his home in Gloucester, Hencken, one of the world's Mass. He was 76 years old. preeminent scholars of European In a career that began in the mid- archaeology, was associated with 1920s and was still in progress at his Harvard University for more than 50 death, Dr. Coon made important years. Born in New York City in 1902 contributions to most of the major and educated at Princeton and subdivisions of modern anthropology. Cambridge Universities, he received his His field investigations in the social doctorate in 1930. anthropology of contemporary societies Discovering That same year he became Associate were conducted in conjunction with the Ancient Near East in European Archaeology at the archaeological and biological studies of Peabody Museum, subsequently serving ancient man. He studied contemporary The Peabody Museum Association's Fall as Curator of European Archaeology in tribal groups in the M iddle East, the Lecture and Luncheon Series, Discovering the Peabody Museum from 1932 and as Patagonia region of South America, and the Ancient Near East, featured lectures Director of the American School of the Hill country of India. He spoke 10 by: Dr. Thomas W. Beale, Director of Prehistoric Research from 1945, until languages including those of some of the American Schools of Oriental his retirement in 1972. the isolated tribes that he studied. Research; Prof. Michael Coogan, the He was also active in teaching, In addition to writing papers and Divinity School and Department of holding lecture appointments in the monographs, he was the author of Near Eastern Languages and Department of Anthropology for many novels and textbooks on anthropology. Civilization, Harvard; Oleg Grabar, Aga years. His autobiography, "Adventures and Khan Professor of Islamic Art and In the 1930s, Hencken was Discoveries," has just been published by Architecture and Chairman of the e instrumental in keeping intact the great Prentice-Hall. Arts Department at Harvard; and Frank Mecklenburg Collection of Iron Age Born in Wakefield, Mass., in 1904, he M. Cross, Jr., Hancock Professor of grave groups from Austria and was graduated from Phillips Academy, Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages Yugoslavia, one of the most important and received the BA (1925) and PhD and Director of the Semitic Museum at assemblages of European Iron Age degrees (1928) from Harvard. Harvard. materials in existence, and bringing Dr. Coon was on the Harvard faculty them to the Peabody Museum, where until he entered the military in World they have been extensively researched War II . In 1948 he became professor of and published. (See page 2.) anthropology at the University of H is field research included excavation Pennsylvania. He maintained an in Ireland, England, Morocco, and affiliation with the Peabody Museum at Algeria. Among his many publications Harvard serving as Honorary Curator are definitive books on English, Central of Physical Anthropology and European, and Etruscan archaeology. Ethnology until his death. Conference at Harvard Hencken held numerous visiting He was awarded the Legion of Merit appointments during his long career, for his wartime services and the Viking The Foundation for Research into the lecturing widely in the United States Medal in Physical Anthropology in 1952. Origin of Man (FROM) recently held its and Europe, and received numerous He was also named a Membre D'Honn­ sixth Annual Distinguished Lecture awards for his academic achievements eur of the Association de Ia Liberation Series in Bos ton and Carnbri4~. The from both sides of the Atlantic. Francaise du 8 Novembre 1942. DLS was cosponsored by the Pea ody Museum, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the Boston Museum of Science, and organized by Prof. David Pilbeam. FROM was founded in 1975 by Richard Leakey, and is a small New York based Foundation sponsoring interdisciplinary research into human origins. In addition to raising funds for research, FROM sponsors the annual Distinguished Lecture Series to communicate new research to a general public. This year's DLS began with a public lecture by Richard Leakey, "The Making of Humankind", and was followed the next day, November 14th by a day-long symposium in Harvard's Science Center on "Environment and ". Speakers included A. Kay Profe ssors David Pilbeam, William Howells, and B. Irven Devore Photo: Hillel Burger Behrensmeyer (Smithsonian), Glynn Crediting the energy and impetus DeVore (Chairman of the Biological Isaac (Berkeley), George Kukla provided by newly appointed Anthropology 'wing') told an audience (Columbia), William Howells (Ha rvard), paleoanthropologist Prof. David Pi/beam , on October 28 that the completion of in addition to David Pilbeam. the farsighted support of Henry Rosovsky, new osteology laboratories in the Anyone interested in further Dean of th e Fa culty, and the tradition of Peabody Museum brings the biological information about FROM should scholarly research firmly established by anthropology facilities at Harvard to contact David Pilbeam at the Peabody Prof. Em eri tus Will iam Howells, Prof. lrven world rank. Museum. IO • Symbols • Fall 1981 Mississippians, continued from page 1 • sculpture, pottery vessels, shell beads, some Venetian glass beads; trade is a spread over the centuries-till by A.D. copper axes with still intact wooden strangely resistant element of culture. 1300-1400 it covers or influences most of handles and other treasures. The One of the now best-known tribes of the eastern United States west of the extraordinary art on the engraved shells this era is the Tunica, a subject of a Appalachians and east of the Plains, and (being published by the Peabody long-term Peabody program of south of the Great Lakes, reaching up Museum in a 6 volume work) played a investigation. Their movement from the the coast on the Gulf of Mexico. major role in the ceremonial exchange Yazoo Delta to the Louisiana river-side It was not a conquest state like that system that stretched from Oklahoma is well documented in the Lower of the Inca or the Aztec, but rather a to north Florida via the great site of Mississippi Valley. (See review of]. slow (as archaeologically perceived) Moundville on the Black Warrior River Brain's book on p.4.) spread of a number of cultural ideas near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Moundville The torturous Indian removals of the that brought permanent villages of remains today one of the most 19th century complete the destruction considerable size under quite extensive impressive archaeological sites north of of most Mississippi descendants, leaving political control. There was a Mexico. only a few 20th century holdouts, such -·--·widespread ceremonialism that began The Mississippian climax was reached as the Florida Seminole and the with earthern sub-structure pyramidal between A.D. 1250 and 1350. The great Mississippi Choctaw. The Tunica, the mounds organized around a plaza or ceremonial center of Cahokia in east St. last of the Mississippi Valley mound area of special function. These mounds Louis was of paramount importance builders, still living anywhere near their were ceremonially rebuilt and enlarged then and is the largest prehistoric site ancestral temple structures, of over a period of years, culminating in in North America. Its thousands of Marksville, Louisiana, remain a tattered structures, the largest of which ranged residents were in close contact with the group of survivors, no longer speaking from 50 feet in height at Lake George sacred mound precincts-a true urban their language; their last great chief, Joe to as much as nearly 100 feet at center in the eyes of some scholars. Pierite, now gone to his grave; his • Cahokia. Some specially revered There is also a litany of lesser sites: descendants and his wife, Rose, the individuals (chiefs, medicine men, and Kincaid in southern Illinois on the Ohio remnants of a once great culture of war chiefs) were accorded elaborate River; Winterville and Lake George in towns and temples with a thousand burial rituals in well-furnished graves­ the Yazoo Delta of Mississippi, and year history await the future. even...t.he common folk, children to Emerald to the south; Shiloh on the Stephen Williams is Peabody Professor adults, 'Were usually buried with Tennessee River (site of Civil War of American Archaeology and Ethnology. considerable grave goods, usually in the battle), and Etowah far to the east near form of ceramic vessels. Atlanta. These great, mound-dominated Moore, continued from page 9 These ceramics, divided into two ceremonial centers were constructed by classes (utilitarian and special function) donated labor from the surrounding of the few American anthropologists were most often manufactured with the villages and hamlets. These chiefdoms still permitted by the government of addition to the clay of crushed clam exceeded in scale and political control Tanzania to continue research there. shells. This technical characteristic those of the American Southwest. Moore also is interested in using the seems to have been both cultural (a What caused the Mississippian culture sociological principles learned through basic pattern of their manufacturing growth and spread?- we cannot readily the study of premodern societies to system) and technical (providing a discern a simple answer. It was not a understand more complex legal systems strong and malleable paste). Especially military state-there always were like our own. In the book Law as Process, in the ceremonial ware, forms of significant regional differences - local published in 1978, Moore looked at complex shape (effigies, bottles) were reactions and developments that grew both tribal societies and segments of stressed over surface decoration, out of a mixing of the resident culture modern societies like the U.S. garment although painted wares do make their with the overspreading Mississippian. industry, to explore the relationship appearance late in Mississippian times The great site at Cahokia was well between a culture's formal legal system -...... (after A.D. 1300), and include red and past its peak of population and and its informal, self-enforcing codes. white, and negative or lost wax exchange by A.D. 1350. A hundred She developed and chaired a techniques. years later, even before Spanish contact Department of Anthropology at the This negative painted ware was part (the Desoto Date Line: 1539-43)- the University of Southern California, of a widespread trade network that whole center of the Mississippian where she taught from 1965 through criss-crossed the east. At least three domain was deserted- not a major 1977. She also held the posts of manufacturing centers of these exotic village or town left; it was a "Vacant Honorary Research Fellow at University and complexly painted wares have been Quarter." There were some stray College in London from 1973 through located in southeast Missouri, the Ohio hunting parties perhaps, though 1977, Visiting Professor at Yale River mouth and the Nashville area. Marquette and Joliet refer to the University in 1975-76, and research Other major items of exchange were echoing stillness at the Ohio mouth. associate at the University of Dares made from shell and copper that were To the south there is an afterglow of Salaam in 1968-69, 1973-74, and 1979- part of a pan-southern ceremonialism the once known greatness-in eastern 80. known from rich burial caches across Arkansas, especially along the St. A widely published author, she serves the Southeast. Francis River, large compact towns on the editorial boards of such One of the best known of these flourished, headed by powerful chiefs­ publications as Law and Society Review, burial mounds was a site on the an area penetrated by Desoto on his A frican Law Studies, and Social Analysis, and Arkansas River in eastern Oklahoma, fateful westward journey of discovery, is a member of the Social Science just west of Fort Smith, Arkansas, with such futile results-but leaving a Research Council. She served as the called Spiro. Spiro turned out to be the legacy of glowing narratives of these cochairman of the Wenner Gren New World's version of King Tut's native chiefdoms, and, unfortunately Conference on secular rituals held in tomb- the richest ceremonial burial also a residue of European diseases Austria in 197 4, and delivered the cache ever excavated. The mound increased by every new landfall to bring Morgan Lectures at the University of contained thousands of items: bushels about quickly catastrophical population Rochester in 1981. of fresh water pearls, piles of still decimation and cultural deterioration. She received USC's Dart Award for brilliantly colored textiles, hundreds of But here too, surprisingly, even as the Innovative Teaching in 1971 and taped huge marine shells, some with 18th century approached, exchange a 60-program course on social wonderfully engraved designs, stacks of networks of shell and copper were anthropology for CBS from 1965 decorated copper plaques, wooden augmented by Minnesota catlinite and through 1967. Symbols • Fall 1981 • 11 . ~ Subscription to Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology SYMBOLS NONPROFIT ORG. Harvard University U .S. POSTAGE Symbols will be published twice a year 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 PAID by the Peabody Museum and the De­ CAMBRIDGE, MA partment of Anthropology at Harvard. PERMIT NO. 54565 The yearly subscription rate is $4.50. Please make checks payable to "Symbols -Peabody Museum" and send to Pea­ THIRD CLASS body Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cam­ bridge, Mass. 02138. library, continued from page 7 Despite substantial changes in national development since World War II, many of these changes had not been incorporated in Tozzer Library's geographic subject headings. Therefore, an attempt has been made to bring all geographic headings into line with page Second Revised Inder to Subject Headings Grant awarded contemporary political realities through for publication was far easier than the afidition of headings for new nation implementing all of the changes in The Museum has been awarded states and extensive cross-references to Tozzer Library's card catalogue, a task $35,000 from the Institute of Museum older political and geographic headings. which will not be completed until Services (IMS), the maximum award In revising geographic headings late1981. allowed under the IMS guidelines. anthropological practice has been taken In view of the preeminent position of These funds are provided for general into account, as well as political reality. Tozzer Library among anthropology support to assist museums in meeting So, for example, when anthropologists libraries, it is hoped that the Second their administrative, staff and O~J:.ati1fg discuss a nation, such as Nigeria, in Revised Inder to Subject Headings will not costs. Created by an act of Congress in relation to geographic regions, these are only provide easy access to Tozzer 1976, IMS is an independent agency the geographic subdivisions that are Library's vast resources, but also will within the Department of Education. used, but when anthropologists discuss become a general reference tool for This is the second IMS award received a nation, such as Spain, in relation to anthropologists. It is also hoped that by the Museum and represents a administrative provinces, these are the the success of both the Second Revised $10,000 increase in IMS support to the subdivisions that are used. Inder to Subject Headings and Anthropological Peabody. A major change in emphasis in Literature will prove beyond a shadow of revising the subject headings has been doubt that Tozzer Library's unique to make major archaeological sites, indexing system is truly worthy of a ethnic and linguistic groups, and permanent commitment for primate species primary subject continuation by Harvard University, not Peabody Museum headings that take precedence over just by Harvard University's geography. Whereas it was quite logical anthropology community. Association to arrange ethnographic or You are invited to join the Peabody Mu­ archaeological material by country early Graham wins seum Association. As a member of the .... in the twentieth century when there PMA, you will be part of both a famous __..-"" was relatively little anthropological MacArthur prize teaching and research institution d~~- -­ literature, by 1977 this had ceased to be cated to the study of man ana-cuiture an effective method of organization, In May, the John D. and Catherine T. and a Museum whose unique collections both because of the interests of MacArthur Foundation announced a include works of primitive art and ar­ anthropologists and the vast amount of new program of awards to individual chaeology from all over the world. PMA literature available. For example, to find scholars and artists recognized for members are friends of the Museum and articles on the Yoruba, one would have "exceptional talent, dedication and support it with their annual mem- to search through all the cards of initiative." Of the 21 'Prize Fellowships' bership. Members are invited to exhibi- Nigeria, or to find information on Catal awarded, one went to Ian Graham, tion openings, receptions, special Huyuk, one would have to search Assistant Curator of Hieroglyphics at events, lectures, films, and so forth. through all the archaeology entries the Peabody Museum. The awards were They enjoy special privileges at the Toz- under Turkey. To facilitate searching by made on the basis of past achievement, zer Library and a discount on Museum specific ethnic, linguistic, archaeological but with an eye to future performance, publications and at the Peabody Mu- and primate headings, standard as the Foundation hopes that the seum Shop. Membership includes a reference sources in each of these fields recipients, by being freed from financial subscription to Symbols . Categories of have been used in establishing subject constraints by generous awards, will membership are: Student ($15), Individ- headings, for example, George P. find themselves able to work more ual ($20), Family ($30) 1 Contributing Murdock's, Outline of World Cultures for productively and creatively. ($50), Sustaining ($100 or more), Fellow ethnic names. In addition, extensive Ian Graham has been engaged in ($500 or more). cross-references have made to the recording and publishing the All gifts to the Peabody Museum are geographic and other subject headings monumental sculpture and hieroglyphic tax deductible within legal li mits. Please where material on archaeological sites, texts of the Maya for over 20 years, make checks payable to the Peabody ethnic and linguistic groups, and and has been on the Peabody Museum Museum Association. primate species were formerly classified. staff since 1969. The results of his Revising Tozzer Library's subject work are published by the Museum in a headings has certainly been an continuing series entitled the Corpus of Museum hours: Mon. - Sat. 9-4:15, Sun. exceedingly time-consuming, if not Maya Hieroglyphic Inscription s. Since 1979 1-4:15. Admission: $1.50 adults, $.50 "monumental task". Preparing the 177 he has been assisted by Peter Mathews. children 5-15. Monday free admission. 12 • Symbols • Fal\ 1981