© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Ryszard Kapuscinski 21stthe Century for Challenge The Other: the Encountering 3 2 1 4 and understandthem? walk pastdismissivelyand keepgoing?Orrathertrytogetknow revelation? Whattodo? decisiontomake? also inhabitedtheworld!Buthowtobehavein faceofsucha turned outthattheydidn’t—thatothersimilarbeings, otherpeople, of theirkinfolk,thattheyknewallthepeoplein world.Thenit in theconviction,astheymovedaround inthecompanyof30to50 the world!Untilthen,membersoftheseprimal groups couldlive momentous discovery!Thediscoverythatthere are otherpeoplein What asignificant movement inthehistoryofworld,whata nourishment, whenitsuddenlycomesacross anotherfamily-tribe. harder todefenditself effectively andtofightforsurvival. quickly andefficiently. Haditbeensmaller, itwouldhavefound community beenlarger, itwouldhavehadtrouble movingaround small family-tribesnumbering30to50individuals.Hadsucha T around theworld.Theglobeis,metaphorically,gettingsmaller. travel, communication,andtrade,regional life hasbecometiedtocultures increasingly culture. commonandefficientmodern With intercontinental ofdifferentgovernments countries.Itisoneofthemostvisibletrends in Globalization istheinteractionandintegrationofpeople,companies, BACKGROUND Archaeologists tellusthattheveryearliesthumangroups were So here isourlittlefamily-tribegoingalongsearching for Should theythrow themselves infuryonthoseotherpeople?Or a universalandfundamentalexperienceforourspecies. he encounterwiththeOther, withotherpeople,hasalways been

Encountering the Other:TheChallengefor the 21stCentury NOTES MULTIMEDIA SCAN FOR LECTURE

233 234 NOTES

UNIT 2•OUTSIDERS ANDOUTCASTS 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 where there were agoras cooperation—the remains ofmarketplaces,ports, ofplaces scattered abundantlyacross ourplanet.Theseare theproofs of 3. 2. them? Itmightendupinaduel,conflict,orwar. Everyarchive act toward Others?Whatkindofattitudeshouldwehavetoward fundamental andcategoricalasitwasbackthen.Howshouldwe faces ustodayaswell,withundiminishedintensity—achoice countries inallepochs not want,toreach anunderstandingwithOthers.Theliterature ofall battlefields andruins scattered around theworld. contains evidenceofsuchevents,whichare alsomarkedbycountless 1. the Romanlimes objects liketheGreat Wall ofChina,thetowersandgatesBabylon, others, toisolateandseparateitself. Thisattitudeleads,overtime,to this family-tribethatweare watchingdecidestofenceitself off from weakness, assubjectmatterofinfinitevarietyandmoods. to surround themselveswith themandfencethemselvesoff from ends tragicallyinsuchcases,acatastrophe ofbloodanddeath. others, forgoodnessandsense.Theencounterwith theOtherusually incapacity forunderstanding,puttingthemselves intheshoesof loses becausewarisadisasterforhumanbeings.It exposestheir on firmground. War ishard tojustify. Ithinkthateveryonealways fickle here anddoesnotalways feelcertain,doesnotalwaysstand cultures, haschosenoneortheother;wecansee thatmankindis among theseoptions,and,dependingonchangingtimesand or theycouldenterintodialogue. They couldchoosewar, theycouldbuildawallaround themselves, lived confidently. themselves afragmentoftheOther, andtheybelieved inthisand and hostility, dangerandmortalevil.Peoplediscovered within and values.“TheOther”stoppedbeingasynonymofforeignness concluded covenantsandalliances,discovered shared goals ideas, andmerchandise, andwhere theytradedand didbusiness, the Trans-Saharan caravanroute. vestiges ofsuchtraderoutes astheSilkRoad, Amber Route,and universities andacademiesare stillvisible,andofwhere there remain

agoras limes epochs All thisisproof ofman’sfailure—that hedidnotknowhow, ordid All ofthesewere placeswhere peoplemettoexchange thoughts, Fortunately, there isevidenceofadifferent humanexperience That samechoicethatourancestorsfacedthousandsofyearsago But itmightalsobethecasethat,insteadofattackingandfighting, Over theexpanseofhistory, mankindhasneverstoppedwavering People thushadthree choiceswhentheyencountered theOther: The ideathatledpeopletobuildgreat wallsandgapingmoats,

n

. walls mortared with quicklime plaster. quicklime with mortared . walls (uh GAWR uhz)(uh GAWR (EHP uks) (EHP

n. 2 andorthestonewallsofInca. periods of historical time. historical of periods n. open gathering open places. 1 hastakenupthissituation,tragedyand 3 andsanctuaries,ofwhere theseatsofold

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 16 15 14 13 5. others, hasbeengiventhecontemporarynameofapartheid. 4. proponents ofthisviewproclaim thateveryoneisfree toliveashe already beingpracticedintheearliestmistsoftime.Insimpleterms, defunct whiteregime inSouth Africa. However, apartheidwas concept hasbeenerroneously confinedtothepoliciesofnow- anthropomorphic Other, theforeigner. was andstillisadoctrineofhatred, contempt,andrevulsion forthe was presented asadog,rat,creeping reptile. Apartheid not managetobebornChinese.TheOther, according tothisbelief, spawn,oratbestasavictimoffatewhodid regarded asthedevil’s at all. An ancientChinesebeliefexpressed itbest: A non-Chinesewas community—while others,allare subhumanoraren’t human conviction thatonlyweare human—themembersofourclan, of thehumanrace.Themythsmanytribesandpeoplesinclude of myrace,religion, orculture. Ifthatwere all! chooses, aslongit’sfarawayfrom measpossible,if heisn’tpart comes tous.Thankssuchaninterpretation, theworldweinhabit can alsobeahighwayalongwhichoneofthegods, inpilgrim’sgarb, and welcomehiminside.Theroad neednotservehostilecolumns;it are notonlyforclosingagainst theOther—theycanalsoopenforhim reveal anewsignificance thatisfavorabletopeople.Doorsandgates always thefirst,whichmeansdivine.” Greeks—he was There wasno‘lastamongmen!’withHomer’s very reason itwasnumbered amongthepiouspracticesandvirtues. human questionsfollow, andthatwascalledhospitality, andforthat newcomer?’ Butonlywhenthedivinityinhimwasrespected didthe have beenreceived asaguestif thefirstquestionwere: ‘Whoisthis suspicion wasthathemighthavebeensentbyGod..Noonecould every beggarandforeign wanderer,” Norwidremarks, “thefirst Odysseus encountersonhisjourneybacktoIthaca.“There, with introduction tothe unknowable being. mandated showingallkindnesstothenewcomer, thatultimately ambivalence, wasoneoftheroots oftheculture of hospitality that person oragodinhumanguise.Thatuncertainty, thatfascinating whether theapproaching wanderer, traveler, ornewcomerwasa human formandactlikepeople.Backthenyoucouldnevertell

anthropomorphic segregation. ethnic repressive of systems other to to refer used often is word The elections. free first the with 1994 in ended Apartheid repression. intense suffered and to vote allowed not was majority African native the which apartheid human behaviors or characteristics. or behaviors human How different wastheimageofOtherinepoch In reality, weare lookingata In thisGreek understanding ofculture, citedbyNorwid,things Cyprian Norwidwritesaboutthiswhenheponders,inhis

(uh tyd) PAHR

(an thruh poh MAWR fihk) fihk) MAWR poh (an thruh 5 beliefs,thebeliefthatgodscouldassume Odyssey

n. South African policy of extreme racial segregation under under segregation racial extreme of policy African South , thesources ofthehospitalitythat doctrine adj. described or thought of as having having as of thought or described Encountering the Other:TheChallengefor the 21stCentury ofthestructural inequality 4 This NOTES MEANING: doctrine helped youdeterminemeaning. another strategyyouusedthat Mark basewordsorindicate

(DOK truhn)

n.

235 n. 236 MEANING: ideologies MEANING: totalitarian helped youdeterminemeaning. another strategyyouusedthat Mark basewordsorindicate NOTES uhn)

adj. UNIT 2•OUTSIDERS ANDOUTCASTS

(y deeOLuhjeez)

(toh tal uhTAIR(toh tal ee

17 23 22 21 20 19 18 reaching tothefarthesthorizons.Levinas,asweknow, wasoneof or evena“fundamentalevent,”themostimportantexperience, world inwhichweourselveswillwanttoencountertheOther. starts beingnotonlyricherandmore diverse,butalsokindertous,a planet are OtherforOthers—Me forThem,andThemMe. who isOther. cultures. Othersare indeedOthers,butforthoseIamtheone an exampleofthedismantlinghierarchy oftheworldandits out: “Ferenchi! Ferenchi!”—which means“foreigner, other.” Thisis of children runs afterme,pointingatmeinmerrimentandcalling when Iwalkthrough avillage inthemountainsofEthiopia,acrowd from thewhiteman’s—the European’s—point ofview. Buttoday, ours, andwithhisownculture andcustoms. belonging toadifferent race,withbeliefsandvaluesdifferent from exclusively hypotheticalandabstractentity, butasaconcrete person member ofthePolish Academy ofSciences—Bronislaw Malinowski. went ontoearnaPh.D.atJagiellonianUniversity, andwhowasa great research workofamanwhodidhisundergraduate workand inquiry andreflection, asimilarattitude,arisesanddevelopsinthe closeness, openness,andkindness. they proclaimed theneed—orevenethicalobligation—for they criticizedtheattitudesofindifference orbuildingwalls;instead, philosophers ofdialoguerejected warbecauseitledtoannihilation; responsibility.” Intermsofrelations withtheOtherandOthers, face toandconductadialogue,butforwhomonemust“take Other, withwhom,asLevinassuggested,onemustnot onlystand elevated thehumanbeing,amovementthatrescued andelevatedthe irreplaceable characteristics). individual andanother, thedifferences ofnon-interchangeable and concept of“theOther”toemphasizethedifferences betweenone of totalitarianism(whichiswhythesephilosopherspromoted the the Others—from beingobliteratedbytheactionsofmassesand the paramountvalue,humanindividual—me,you,Other, destructive abolished theseparatenessofindividual,andexpansion phenomena thatarose inthe20thcentury:birthofmassesthat and unrepeatable entity, inmore orlessdirect oppositiontotwo Jozef Tischner), whodevelopedtheideaofOtherasaunique Ebner, andGabrielMarcel (agroup thatlatercametoinclude the philosophersofdialogue,alongwithMartinBuber, Ferdinand In thissense,we’re allinthesameboat. All ofusinhabitantsour Let uspointoutthattheconceptofOtherisusually defined problem was howtoapproach theOther,Malinowski’s notasan In thecircle ofjustsuchideasandconvictions,asimilartype This wasanincredibly importantmovementthatrescued and These philosophersattemptedtosalvagewhattheyregarded as Emmanuel LevinascallstheencounterwithOtheran“event,” totalitarian

ideologies .

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 24 26 25 then thewhitesettlers,conquestof Africa, Asia, and Australia. times, were incredibly bloody—Columbusconquering America, and over newland,capture slaves,trade,orconvert.Theseexpeditions,at the European, lefthiscontinentalmostexclusivelyforgain—totake characterized bycontemptandarrogance. and theirculture, butalso,infact,heldanentirely erroneous image lived there foryearsnotonlyknewnothingaboutthelocalpeople research siteintheTrobriand Islandsthatthewhitepeoplewhohad have thisdifficulty. Namely, Malinowskistatedafterarrivingathis to agivenculture—the participantsinandcarriersofthatculture— difficulty understandingothercultures, andthatpeoplebelonging appears toadiffering degree inallcultures: thefactthatcultures have to berevolutionary, anditstoodtheworldonitsear. about it.Itmightseemlikeanobviousundertaking,yetitturnedout this forhimself, personally—toexperienceitsothathecouldlatertell language, andtoseehowhelived.Hewantedexperience learn abouttheOther. To customsand learnabouthisneighbor’s   A villageintheTrobriand Islands In Malinowski’s eraandinthepreceding centuries,thewhiteman, In Malinowski’s It laidbare aweaknessorperhaps simplyacharacteristicthat Malinowski setoutforthePacific islandswithadifferent goal—to Encountering the Other:TheChallengefor the 21stCentury NOTES

237 238 NOTES

UNIT 2•OUTSIDERS ANDOUTCASTS 27 33 32 31 30 29 28 despair, anddepression. You payahighpriceforbreaking free of Strict SenseoftheTerm experienced turnedouttobenoeasyexperience.Inhis middle ofalocalvillageandlivedamongthepeople.Whathe and beyondit?Itisverydifficult togiveanunequivocalfinalanswer, How willthisinfluencetheI-Otherrelationship withinmyculture culture, andthepeopleofsomeotherculture, orofOthercultures? broadly conceived. work intheconsciousnessofyoungestgenerationandculture movement, andalso,inconnectionwiththis,thetransformationat of allformscommunication,thegreat advancesintransportand this—the electronics revolution, theunprecedented development mass societytoanew, planetarysociety. Manyfactorsliebehind the masses,weare livingtodayintheperiodoftransitionfrom that acknowledged values,andrespect fortraditionandcustoms. whose behavior, likeours,ischaracterizedbydignity, respect for person, ofadifferent raceandculture, isneverthelessaperson needs andexpectationsoftheirparticipants.Forhim,adifferent there are onlydifferent cultures, withvaryingwaysofmeetingthe namely thatthere isnosuchthingasahigherorlowerculture— observed byothers,that“tojudgesomething,youhavetobethere.” the Western Pacific, andformulatinghisimportantthesis,soseldom the Trobriand Islands,towhichhedevoteshisexcellent Argonauts of of exchange,contacts,andcommonritualsamongtheinhabitants young anthropologist wasconcentratingonresearch intotheculture First World War native Europe, the wasunderwayinMalinowski’s which wewouldprefer toavoid.Itisinteresting that,whilethe or inwhichyouare observed,amirror thatunmasksanddenudes, from others. withdraw intoyourownhidingplaceandtimorously cutyourself off then canyouconfidentlyfaceadifferent culture. Otherwise,youwill identity, andasenseofyourown strength, worth,andmaturity. Only your culture. Thatiswhyitsoimportanttohaveyourowndistinct astonishing inDubai. A girl,surely aMuslim,waswalkingalongthe increasingly hybridizedandheterogeneous. Irecently sawsomething technology, organization andmarkets. still intheirprimalstate,notyetviolatedbytheinfluence ofWestern Malinowski studiedtheMelanesiantribesatatime whentheywere of asingle,raciallyandhistoricallyhomogeneous civilization. distance thatfostersreflection, are immersedinit. since theprocess isongoing andweourselves,withnochanceforthe All themore sobecausetheOtherisamirror intowhichyoupeer, He himself, asif tospiteallcolonialcustoms,pitchedhistentinthe Today, thisiseverlessfrequently possible.Cultures are becoming Levinas considered theI-Otherrelation withinthebounds How willthisaltertherelations betweenus,thepeopleofone While Malinowskibeganhisworkatthemomentofbirth Malinowski advancedanotherthesis,incredibly boldforitstime: , hecontinuallymentionsproblems, badmoods, A Diaryinthe

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 34 38 37 36 35 literary criticismthatdevotetheirmajorattentiontohybridization even hereyeswere visible. her head,andonlywascovered sohermeticallythatnot beach. Shewasdressed intightjeansandaclose-fittingblouse,but Other maybetheoffspring andtheheirofthesetwo currents. conservation ofourdiversity, ourdifferences, ouruniqueness. The current oftheglobalization ofourreality andthecurrent ofthe currents thatshapetheculture ofthecontemporaryworld—the this newOtherwillarisefrom themeetingoftwocontradictory emerge from thechaosandtumultofpresent. Itispossiblethat often theroad tonowhere. but thatalsodemandsalot,andinwhichtakingeasy shortcutsis themselves seriously. Thisisaworldthatpotentiallyhaslottooffer, those whotaketheirtasksseriouslyandthusprove thattheytake unconditional opportunities,butratheropportunitiesopenonlyto are enteringisthePlanetofGreat Opportunities. Yet theseare not to graspandmovearound init.Inanycase,theworldthatwe that ourprevious historicalexperiencewillprove to beinsufficient occurring amidstenormousdifficulties, conflicts,dramas, andlosses. of theirownseparatevalueandsignificance. Thisprocess isoften increasing numberofnationsandsocietiesthathaveagrowing sense of free peopleandbroad throngs oftheenslaved,isfilledwithan to things,extras,thevictimsandpassiveobjectsofdomination. fate, andtheylookwithabhorrence onanyattemptstoreduce them that theyare themastersintheirownhouseandcaptainsof course, thepridethatflowsfrom this.Theyare beginning torealize myths, andlegends,theirroots, theirfeelingsofidentityand, Gradually, thesepeopleare beginningtorediscover theirownpasts, citizens oftheirownstatesthat,atleastnominally, were independent. humanity freed themselvesofcolonialdependencyandbecame the secondhalf ofthe20thcenturywasatimewhentwo-thirds of Other, derivesaswellfrom abroader historicalcontext.Namely, acceptance, recognition, andaplaceattheround tableofnations. loudly, withincreasing self-sufficiency andforcefulness, demanding cultures thanbefore, butratherbecausetheyare speakingoutmore multicultural notbecausethere are more ofthesecommunitiesand and races.We saytodaythattheworldhasbecomemultiethnicand are hometopopulationsrepresenting themostvariegatedcultures gigantic megalopolises(likeSãoPaolo,New York, orSingapore) that cultures, suchasthe American-Mexican border, andalso inthe regions where theborders ofstatesare theboundariesofdifferent and linking.Thisculturalprocess isunderwayespeciallyinthose Yet thetrue challengeofourtime,theencounter withthenew We willconstantlybeencounteringthenewOther, whowillslowly We maybemovingtoward aworldsoentirely newandchanged Today, ourplanet,inhabitedforcenturiesbyanarrow group Today there are wholeschoolsofphilosophy, anthropology, and Encountering the Other:TheChallengefor the 21stCentury NOTES

239 240 NOTES

UNIT 2•OUTSIDERS ANDOUTCASTS 39 40 be? Whatwillourencounterbelike?wesay? And inwhat strike achord ofhumanityintheOther. WhowillthisnewOther me thatkindnesstoward anotherbeingistheonlyattitudethatcan The experienceofspendingyearsamongremote Othershastaught living andthetounborn.” to eachother, whichbindstogetherallhumanity—thedeadtothe sorrow, inaspirations,illusions,hope,fear, whichbindsmen loneliness ofinnumerablehearts:tothesolidarityindreams, injoy, in subtle butinvincibleconvictionofsolidaritythatknitstogetherthe pain; tothelatentfeelingoffellowshipwithallcreation—and tothe mystery surrounding ourlives;tosenseofpity, andbeauty, and “speaks toourcapacityfordelightandwonder, tothesenseof other? language? Will webeabletolisteneachother?To understandeach We shouldseekdialogueandunderstandingwiththenewOther. Will webothwanttoappeal,asJosephConradputit,what

❧

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. details withyourgroup. Complete thefollowingitemsafteryoufinishyourfirstread.Reviewandclarify Check Comprehension Research to Explore Research to Clarify Research RESEARCH 4. 3. 2. 1. detail. what In way the information does you of learned shed light the an on aspect a research question. research a

continent tovisitothers? According totheauthor, whyhaveEuropeans throughout historyusuallylefttheirown sent bythegods? What wayoftreating people beganwiththeideathatanystrangermighthavebeen people intheworld? According totheauthor, howwouldanearlyfamily-tribediscoverthatthere were other

Notebook

Confirm yourunderstandingofthetextbywritingasummary.

Choose unfamiliar at one least Briefly research detail from the text. that

Choose something that interested you and formulate from the text, Encountering the Other:TheChallengefor the 21stCentury lecture?

241 MAKING MEANING

Close Read the Text With your group, revisit sections of the text you marked during your first read. Annotate details that you notice. What questions do you have? What can you conclude?

ENCOUNTERING THE OTHER: THE CHALLENGE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY CITE TEXTUAL EVIDENCE Analyze the Text to support your answers. Complete the activities. 1. Review and Clarify With your group, reread paragraph 10 of the GROUP DISCUSSION selection. Discuss the three choices people can make in dealing with the Some group members may Other, reminding yourselves of the examples the author gives for each one. have very good contributions to make to the discussion 2. Present and Discuss Now, share with your group the passages from the but find it difficult to speak selection that you found particularly important. Take turns presenting your up. To make sure that you passages. Discuss what you noticed in the text, what questions you asked, hear the best ideas, reach and what conclusions you reached. out to all group members by asking questions. 3. Essential Question: Do people need to belong? What has this lecture taught you about being an outsider and confronting others? Discuss.

language development Concept Vocabulary

 WORD NETWORK doctrine totalitarian ideologies Add interesting words related to outsiders from the Why These Words? The three concept vocabulary words are related. With text to your Word Network. your group, discuss the words, and determine what they have in common. Write other words that relate to this concept.

Practice Notebook Confirm your understanding of these words by using them  STANDARDS in sentences. Include context clues that hint at each word’s meaning. RI.9–10.2 Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an Word Study objective summary of the text. Greek Root: -log- In “Encountering the Other,” the author uses the word RI.9–10.5 Analyze in detail how ideologies. The word ideologies is built from two Greek roots: -ideo-, which an author’s ideas or claims are means “idea,” and -log-, which may mean either “to speak” or “study developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger or theory of.” Write the meanings of these words from the selection that portions of a text. contain the root -log-: archaeologists, anthropology, dialogue. Consult a

dictionary as needed. All rights reserved. or its affiliates. Inc., Education, © Pearson L.9–10.4.b Identify and correctly use patterns of word changes that indicate different meanings or parts of speech and continue to apply knowledge of Greek and Latin roots and affixes.

242 UNIT 2 • OUTSIDERS AND OUTCASTS © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. ideas leave or the audience achallenge with lasting or thought. the In ideas. remember repetition not answer out loud. the In rhetorical information. the In special techniquesuses to engage listeners and help them understand that is given to teach inform or often atopic. listeners about lecturer The Literary Nonfiction Literary Analyze CraftandStructure Is there a challenge to listeners? Is there another technique that creates a memorable ending? amemorable creates that technique another there Is to listeners? achallenge there Is conclusion? the up make paragraphs Which repetition. of examples Cite idea. main the explain or develop that statements Cite discussion? the up make paragraphs Which D statement? idea main the is What in the introduction? appears or rhetorical question What story, fact, surprising introduction? the up make paragraphs Which INT C your responses with your group. with your responses discuss and share Then, in chart. the your notes to gather Work independently Practice IS ON C R O USSION C D LUSION U

C because hearing because information more than once helps listeners question.

TION introduction This is a question that This is aquestion the listener should think about,

“Encountering the Other” is a conclusion discussion , or beginning, or she heor may a use , or end,, or might the lecturer summarize , or body,, or may the lecturer use Encountering the Other:TheChallengefor the 21stCentury lecture essential question: —a speech speech —a to supportyouranswers. CITE TEXTUALEVIDENCE Dopeopleneedtobelong? the end. the and inspiredbeginning at the at curious listener intention is to make the The statement. or fact, story, quotation, question, amemorable with ends and begins often A lecture CLARIFICATION

243 244 presentations. variety andinteresttowritingor specific meaningsandadd of phrases andclausestoconvey L.9–10.1.b footnotes andendnotes. standard formatforcitationincluding avoiding plagiarismandfollowinga to maintaintheflowofideas, information intothetextselectively the researchquestion;integrate of eachsourceinanswering effectively; assesstheusefulness sources, usingadvanced searches authoritative printanddigital information frommultiple W.9–10.8 dynamically. to displayinformationflexiblyand to linkotherinformationand advantage oftechnology’s capacity shared writingproducts, taking publish, andupdateindividualor including theInternet, toproduce, W.9–10.6 

STANDARDS ENCOUNTERING THE OTHER:

UNIT 2•OUTSIDERS ANDOUTCASTS LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT LANGUAGE THE CHALLENGE FOR THE THE FOR THE CHALLENGE

Use technology, Gather relevant Use various types 21ST CENTURY (tells (tells down sat Derrick When Adverb an as Used (tells ability the Ihad I wish Adjective an as Used sentence) the of subject the as (functions To succeed aNoun as Used INFINITIVE why kind what Derrick sat down) sat Derrick requires dedication. sentence, and an in adverb the third sentence. infinitiveor phrase as anoun in sentence, one in the second an adjective infinitive phrase the word The examplesinthechartshowusesofinfinitivesandinfinitivephrases. infinitive as anoun, an or an adverb. adjective, phrase acts together all of Like as asingle speech. acting modifiers, part an infinitive, an Types Phrases of Conventions Write It 4. 3. 2. 1. adverb. from “EncounteringtheOther,” andlabelitasanoun,anadjective,or Work individually.Marktheinfinitiveorphraseineachsentence Read It of ability) a lot.. This isaworldthatpotentiallyhaslottooffer, butthatalsodemands about theOther. Malinowski setoutforthePacific islandswithadifferent goal—tolearn decides tofenceitself off from others.. But itmightbethecasethat.thisfamily-tribeweare watching effectively. . Had itbeensmaller, itwouldhavefoundharder todefenditself Notebook

to fly. to

to study,

to in front as anoun, an or an adverb. of adjective, it and An acts

Write three sentences this about lecture. an Use infinitive he concentrated. consists of an infinitive and its objects, complements, or of consists an infinitive objects, and its

An An infinitive is averb form that generally with appears (tells (tells Dana’s desire Used asanAdjective We chose Used asaNoun (tells (tells editor the called She Adverb an as Used INFINITIVE PHRASE INFINITIVE chose verb the of object direct the as (functions which why ) she called) she to take the old foot path. foot to old take the desire) to do well to do to voice her opinion. to her voice made Mama proud. Mama made

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