Old Herborn University Monograph 27
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Old Herborn University Seminar Monograph 27. PERSISTING CONSEQUENCES OF INTESTINAL INFECTION EDITORS: PETER J. HEIDT DENNIS LANG MARK S. RIDDLE RICHARD WALKER VOLKER RUSCH Old Herborn University Seminar Monograph 27 ISBN 3-923022-39-5 ISSN 1431-6579 COPYRIGHT © 2014 BY THE OLD HERBORN UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTO- COPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER EDITORS: Prof. Dr. med. Peter J. Heidt, Richard Walker, PhD Foundation for Microbiology and Gnotobiology Enteric Vaccine Initiative Vlietweg 60A Vaccine Development Global Program PATH 2323 LE - Leiden 455 Massachusetts Ave NW, Suite 1000 The Netherlands Washington, DC 20001 USA Dennis Lang, PhD Dr. rer. nat. Volker Rusch, Fogarty International Center Stiftung Old Herborn University National Institutes of Health Postfach 1765 Bethesda, MD 20814 D-35727 Herborn-Dill USA Germany Mark S. Riddle, MD, PhD Enteric Diseases Department Naval Medical Research Center 503 Robert Grant Ave Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA Old Herborn University Foundation Postfach 1765 D-35727 Herborn-Dill Germany Telephone: +49 - 2772 - 921100 Telefax: +49 - 2772 - 921101 Contents ——————————————————————————————————————— Participating authors V I. EPITHELIAL STEM CELLS, SELF-RENEWAL AND DIFFERENTIATION IN THE INTESTINE (Laurens G. van der Flier and Hugo J. Snippert) 1 Summary .................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 Proliferating intestinal cells ..................................................................... 2 Wnt pathway............................................................................................. 3 Intestinal stem cells .................................................................................. 4 Lgr5 is an intestinal stem cell marker ...................................................... 5 Additional intestinal stem cell markers ................................................... 5 Neutral drift competition between multiple intestinal stem cells ............ 6 Intestinal organoids .................................................................................. 6 Intestinal stem cell niche .......................................................................... 7 Concluding remarks ................................................................................. 8 Literature .................................................................................................. 8 II. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME: ROLE OF GUT BACTERIA AND BACTERIAL TOXINS (Christopher Chang, Gillian Barlow, Stacy Weitsman and Mark Pimentel) 13 Summary .................................................................................................. 13 Introduction .............................................................................................. 13 SIBO and IBS........................................................................................... 14 Small bowel microbiome is altered in IBS............................................... 14 Treating SIBO in IBS ............................................................................... 15 Post-infectious IBS................................................................................... 15 Rat model of PI-IBS ................................................................................. 16 Antibiotic prophylaxis prevents the development of IBS-like characteristics in a rat model of C. jejuni infection .............................. 16 Cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is required for expression of an IBS-like phenotype in the rat model ..................................................... 17 Potential role of immunity in the development of PI-IBS ....................... 17 Perspectives and future directions ............................................................ 18 Literature .................................................................................................. 19 I Contents (continued) ——————————————————————————————————————— III. FREQUENT SYMPTOMATIC OR ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTIONS MAY HAVE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES ON GROWTH AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (Benjamin J.J. McCormick on behalf of the MAL-ED Network Investigators) 23 The importance of diarrhoea .................................................................... 23 Mortality from diarrhoea and entero-pathogens ...................................... 24 Morbidity from diarrhoea ......................................................................... 25 The MAL-ED Network ............................................................................ 26 Symptomatic infection ............................................................................. 26 Infection and growth ................................................................................ 28 Infection and cognition ............................................................................ 30 The legacy of diarrhoea ........................................................................... 31 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 33 Acknowledgements .................................................................................. 34 Literature .................................................................................................. 34 IV. UTILIZATION OF THE US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM AND SERUM REPOSITORY FOR ASSESSING LONG-TERM HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF ACUTE ENTERIC INFECTION (Chad K. Porter, Ashley N. Alcala, and Mark S. Riddle) 41 Introduction to DODSR and DMSS ........................................................ 41 Population demographics ......................................................................... 46 Access to care ........................................................................................... 47 Exposures of interest ................................................................................ 48 Outcomes of interest ................................................................................ 51 Limitations ............................................................................................... 51 Utilization of serum repository ................................................................. 54 Other large epidemiologic databases ....................................................... 55 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 56 Literature .................................................................................................. 57 II Contents (continued) ——————————————————————————————————————— V. AN ENTERIC TRIANGLE: PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS, LINKS TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTEROPATHY AND THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF THE INTESTINAL BACTERIAL MICROBIOME ON THIS INTERACTION AND OVERALL HEALTH IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD (Stacey L. Burgess and William A. Petri) 61 Summary................................................................................................... 61 Enteric infections and environmental enteropathy ................................... 61 Influence of commensal bacteria on man and mice ................................. 63 Interactions between bacteria and protozoa ............................................. 65 Enteric infections, health and exploration of the microbiome in the developing world ................................................................................... 65 Final thoughts ........................................................................................... 67 Literature .................................................................................................. 67 VI. COELIAC DISEASE (Joseph A. Murray and Eric V. Marietta) 71 Summary .................................................................................................. 71 Introduction .............................................................................................. 71 Aetiology .................................................................................................. 73 Immunopathogenesis ............................................................................... 77 Diagnosis .................................................................................................. 78 Treatment ................................................................................................. 79 Prognosis .................................................................................................. 79 Future treatments ...................................................................................... 80 Prevention ................................................................................................ 80 Summary .................................................................................................. 81 Literature .................................................................................................. 81 VII. ACUTE ENTERIC INFECTIONS ALTER COMMENSAL MICROBIOTA: NEW MECHANISMS IN POST-INFECTIOUS INTESTINAL INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS (Andre G. Buret and Kristen Reti) 87 Summary .................................................................................................. 87 Introduction .............................................................................................