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ED 132 859 FL 008 261 AUTHOR McAlpin, David W. TITLE A Core Vocabulary for Tamil. Final Report. INSTITUTION Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia. Inst. of South Asia Regional Studies. SPONS AGENCY Bureau of Postsecondary Education (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C. Div. of International Education. PUB DATE Nov 76 CONTRACT 300=75-0314 NOTE 146p. AVAILABLE FROM South Asia Regional Studies, 820 Williams Hall CU, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,

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EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$7.35 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Diacritical Marking; Dialects; Diglossia; Dravidian Languages; *Glossaries; Instructional Materials; *Language Instruction; Language Variation; Pronunciation; Second Language Learning; Semantics; *Standard Spoken Usage; *Tamil; Uncommonly Taught Languages; *Vocabulary; Word Frequency; Word Lists; *Written Language ABSTRACT This vocabulary list is directed towards the Tamil instructor and the advanced student. Its primary goal is to bring some order to the teaching of vocabulary in the first two years of Tamil instruction. A secondary goal is to help the student through the vocabulary maze of Tamil diglossia. Three main criteria were employed in selecting words for the list: high frequency, usage, and semantic adequacy. The list is primarily in Modern Literary Tamil (MLT) and is glossed in both Colloquial Tamil (CT) and in English. High Literary Tamil (HLT) words have been entered in brackets after or ander the main MLT entry as a third variant. As the normal script used for MLT is in many ways ambiguous for colloquial pronunciation, a system of diacritics has been added to make the pronunciation clear. Appendix 1 groups the words by Semantics and usage and allows for access to the list through CT or English. Appendix II gives the few words which have a high frequency in LT but were not included in the main list because of a more common synonym. (Author/AM)

* Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every. effort * * to obtain the best copy availableNevertheless, items of marginal * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy'reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * * responsible for the quality of the-original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made frOm the original. * *********************************************************************** 1 IITLE VI, NDEA,SEC. 602 Contfact No. 300-75-0314

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TTTIS DOENNIENT NAtFIF EN LEPRO- DUCED EXAC TL Y AS RECEIVED FRom THE PERSON OP ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POiNT OE VIEW OR OPINIONS STA 1 FO DO NOT NECEV,APILY REPRE- SENT OFFICIAL NA TIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUEATION POSITION OR 001 IC r Final Report USOE Contract 300-75-0314

A CORE VOCABULARY FOR TAMIL

DAVID W. McALPIN

Department of South Asia Regional Studies University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174 Novembe , 1976

Copies available from: South Asia Regional Studies 820 Williams Hall CU University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174

Research and production costs were supported by a contract with the United States Office of Education (No. 300-75-0314). This support is gratefully acknowledged. Materials in the List for Modern Tamil used with the author's permission. This volume is dedicated to R.Shanmugam whose innovative and fundamental work of many years made this project possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction viii Use of Vocabulary List ix Conventions for Writing Colloquial Tamil Sources Used xii Abbreviations and Symbols xiii

ALPHABETICAL LISTING 1-68

APPENDIX T.Words Grouped by Topic, Use, and Semantics 69 Section One Function Words A. Pronouns and Deictics 69 1. Personal and Resumptive Pronouns 69 2, Deictic and Interrogative Pronouns 69 3. Other Deictics 70 Postpositions 72 1. Postpositions with Simplex Nouns 72 a. With Nominative 72 b. With Accusative 72 C. With Dative 72 d. With Oblique 73 e. With Dative or Oblique 73 2. Postpositions with Verbal Forms 74 a. With Participles 74 b. With Participial 74 c. Postpositions and Clitics with conditionals 75 C. Clitics 75 Sentence Markers 76 1. Conjunctions 76 2. Interjections, Address Forms, and Tag Markers 76 E. Verbs with Special Uses 77 I. Impersonal Verbs 77 2. Grammatical Verbs 78 F. Modifiers 79 1. Adjectives 79 2, Adverbs 80 3. Colors 81 4. Other Qualities 81 C. Quantifiers 82 1. Numerical 82 a. Natural Numbers 82 b. Other 83 2. Nonnumerical 3. Related Words 84 Time 85 1. Time Units 85 2. Related Words 86 iv I. Location and Shape 87 1. General Location, Directions 87 2. Other Locatives 88 3. Place Names 88 4. Form and Shape 89

Section Two Soc-aty and the Social Sciences J. Government, Administration, and Politics 90 1. Administration 90 2. Government 90 a. Politics, Rule 90 b. Land( Administration 91 c. War 92 d. Law 92 3. Related Words 93 K. Economics 93 1. Business and Finance 93 2. Money and Salaries 95 3. Related Words 95 L. Religion, Rites and Festivals 96 M. People and Society 97 1. People 97 2. Family and Kin 97 3. Roles and Occupations 98 4. Related Words 99

Section Three Biology and the World N. Animals and Plants 101 1. Animals 101 2. Plants 102 3. Animal and Plant Parts 102 4. Related Words 103 O. Land 103 1. Agriculture 103 2. Geography 104 3. Weather 104 P. Food 106 1. Foods 106 2. Utensils, etc. 107 3. Related Words 108 Q. Anatomy and Health 109 1. Body Parts 109 2. Health and Medicine 110 3. Related Words 111 Section Four Things R. Artifacts 112 1. Tools, Machines, and Miscellaneous Artifacts 112 2. Transportation and Travel 114 3. Dress, Clothing, and Ornament 114 S. Materials and Construction 116 1. Materials and Substances 116 2. Buildings 117 3. Parts of Buildings 117 4. Related Words 118

Section Five Humanities and Sciences T. Learning and the Arts 119 1. Education 119 2. Literature and Writing 120 3. Philosophy 120 4. Arts and Sports 121 5. Related Words 121 U. Mind and Behavior 122 1. Emotions 122 2. Mind 123 3. Perceptions, Feelings, and Behavior 123 V. Physical Sciences 125 1. Physics 125 2. Measurement 125 3. Movement, Verbs of Motion 126 W. Basic Abstract Nouns 127 X. Basic Verbs 128

APPENDIX IT High Frequency High Literary Words not Included in thc Coro Vocabulary 131

vi PREFACE

A work of this nature obviously depends upon the previous work of numerous scholars and language teachers. Of particular importance is-the work of R. Shanmugam of Madurai University and his A Word Frequency List for Modern Tamil. Without his major work, this project could not have been undertaken. I am grateful for his kind permission for me to make a partial hand copy of his manuscript and to make use of this material in this vocabulary list. In a real sence this volume is directly derivative from his monumental work.

Among the people who worked on this project, special mention must be made of William Webster who was both the research assistant and the Tamil scribe. His patient, methodical collecting of disparate data is greatly appreciated as is his care in writing the Tamil in the manuscript. Rajam Ramamurti spent countless hours of her own time in providing stylistic equivalents in the various levels of Tamil. She also performed an invaluable service in proofing the manuscript as did Mary Kroul. While principall; the typist, Elliot Stern was of even greater service as the initial proofer and controller of foimat. He is responsible for the removal of countless inconsistencies. My thanks to all of these people and the many others who provided specific pieces of information.

The work was made possible by a contract with the Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Many thanks go to the people in the Office of Education ,particularly Mrs. Julia A. Petrov, for their help at all stages of this project.

David W. McAlpin University of Pennsylvania November, 1976

vii INTRODUCTION

The primary goal of this vocabulary list is to bring some order to the teaching of vocabulary in the first two years of Tamil. Three main criteria were employed in selecting words for this list: (1) high frequtna, any word with a frequency of over 20 per 100,000 in Modern Literary Tamil-(MLT) was normally included as was any comparable word in Colloquial Tamil (CT), (2) usaga, any word comonly used by American students either in their readings or in living in South India, (3) adequacy, a complete enough semantics to allow the student to express himself however haltingly and to allow Tamil to Tamil glossing In more advanced texts. The actual words were taken from R.Shanmugam's A Word Fre_quency_List for Modern Tamil and commonly used texts along with enough additions to meet the adequacy criterion above. Selection in many cases became somewhat arbitrary, and the author solicits additions and corrections to this list. The ultimate goal is a standard vocabulary which the student can have mastered completely within two years, which is in itself adequate, and which can form a reasonable base for more advanced work. This does not mean that vocabulary should be limited to this list, but rather-that these items be stressed and 'other words deemphasized. A secondary goal is to help the student through the vocabulary maze of Tamil diglossia. Having been on innumerable occasions at a loss as to what the CT equivalent is of a word I knew in MLT or vice versa, I considered it necessary to provide both theMLT and CT forms for every entry. Due to differences in teaching approaches, the CT form has been given in both Tamil and Roman scripts. Due to the nature of the sources and its primary use, this vocabulary list is primarily in MIT and is glossed in both CT and English. As a result, the CT content is often somewhat more derivative than would have been ideal. The semantic grouping of items in Appendix I is an attempt to allow access to the list through CT or English. As work advanced on this project, the number of useful High Literary Tamil (HLT) words became sizable. These have been handled as a third variant entered in brackets after or under the main MLT entry. Thus, in varying degrees three styles of Tamil are indicated along with their English glosses. These English glosses try to indicate the basic meanings which should come to the student's mind first. Rare and archaic meanings have generally been avoided, although difficult to find meanings such as CT idioms are sometimes included. There were criteria which had to be applied to selecting variant forms even in ma% In general, the form which is the most useful is given. Occasionally, two alternates are given with the first slightly more common. Readily derivable forms have not been included except when they have a noteworthy significance of their own. Thus, verbal nouns and causatives are not normally given. Sanskrit loans are given in :their more Sanskritic form (.461-41m6, rather than qfikA05Lb) since the conversions of the Grantha letters are well known and predictable, but not vice versa, i.e, L4G-AJTIMLb implies a variant 1-415EELb, but not the other way around. The CT forms are based on urban non-Brahman norms from the central dialects, chiefly, Tiruchiruppalli, Thanjavur, and Madurai. Rarely, northern and aouthern variants are given. viii

1 0 Due to its goals and format, this list is primarily oriented towards the Tamil instructor and the advanced student. In particular, in its current form this list is not intended for the direct use of the beginning student or for self-instruction. A basic knowledge of Tamil grammar is assumed. Many of the glosses are intended more as aids to memory recall than as totally adequate definitions. The words require considerable explana ion of their use which can only be done in class by a teacher.

Hof_Vocabulary List The main vocabulary list is preserved in three columns. The left hand column which is preceded by the reference number has the Modern Literary Tamil (MLT) form occasionally with its High Literary Tamil (HLT) equivalent in brackets. Verbs are followed by their verb classification number according pa Craul's system. Verbs that exist in two classes such as weak--strong pairs are followed by a double number such as 2./6. Irregulnr verbs have their infinitive and converbial [adverbial participle ! in parentheses following the imperative. The middle column gives the Colloquial Tamil (CT) equivalent of the MLT form. This is given both in

Roman script according to the system used in H.Schiffman's Reader for . Advanced Spokenjamii (see Part II,pp. 2-7) and in Tamil script with diacritics (see next section). The Roman is given first with the Tamil following or more commonly underneath. Due to the slightly varying systems, the two versions do not always provide the same information concerning pronunciation. If there is more than one CT equivalent to the MLT form, these are numbered individually and are also glossed separately in English when necessary. The Roman version of CT verbs is followed by a hyphen (-) if weak and by a double:hyphen ("=)if strong; weak--strong pairs are followed by (-/7-). Irregular or rare pattern verbs (Graul system groups 1, 4, 5, 7) are followed by their infinitive and converbial in parentheses in both scripts. Unusual obliques a7e given for nouns inside brackets in both scripts. The right hand column gives the English meaning. Different glosses of the same Tamil meaning are separated by commas; glosses of different Tamil meanings are separated by semicolons. Occasionally, a meaning is explained rather than glossed. In this case, it is double underlined. Explanations or complex meanings may be followed by colons which in turn are followed by common one word glosses. Optional words and grammatical explanations are normally given in parentheses. When a meaning or gloss applies only to the CT fom it is single underlined. When a given meaning or gloss applies only to the Literary Tamil form,it is enclosed in brackets. Glosses using terms common only in South Asian usage are enclosed in double quotation marks. Appendix I groups the words by semantics and usage. The entries are somewhat abbreviated with only the Roman version of CT and shorter glosses given. The reference number preceding each entry refers to the main list. Within any one lettered subgrouping, a word is normally given only once although it coul: go in more than one divisiom Only the meanings applicable to the semantic voup under consideration are commonly given although basic meanings are sometimes included for reference. Appendix II gives the few words which have a high frequency in Literary Tamil, but were not included in the main list because of a more common synonym. These words will only interest people concerned with HLT or formal MLT.

ix 11 Conventims for WritijIl_gilquial Tamil

Since the normal script used for Modern Literary Tamil is in many ways ambiguous for colloquial pronunciation, it has been necessary to add a system of diacritics to make the pronunciation clear. As far as possible use the literary script and its conventions to indicate the pronunciations of the colloquial dialects; for example, there is no need to mark the predictably voiced consonants. The spelling conventions of MLT should be maintained to make for easier reading and dictionary.use even if the contrasts are not maintained in most dialects, i.e., distinct from 67', a' distinct from OD , distinct from ogir. Grantha letters should be used -.4herever appropriate. Vowels should be indicated as spoken. This requires that the vowel Om be written. as dNai since 06M is a common sequence in CT. In general, try to use the systems that modern writers use to indicate CT in their wri-ings.

Diacritics: §lipIposed circle 640. The letter is not to be pronounced, but it may have a predictable effect on the preceding vowel. The letter will have its full pronunciation when followed by another vowel. This' 'dIacritic is used only finally and contrasts with the normal _tp_4_1A (6610

6-UT --nasalize the prec2ding vowel ith: or CA-2 and :11L0 C5J 0 0 61-T,uj-- no vowel change. Used mainly in citation forms. .431167T [0:3 for dialects with this shift.

Su.erosed _check ( ). The consonant has an optional full release which is heard as a weak vowel of indeterminate quality or not, but the surrounding phonology is as if it were followed by a full vowel, i.e, the con nant is not part of a true consonant cluster.

06 '6- 67jr irukkree tfLT g)gglecisr

This check is commonly written in MLT as a short tp.or a ,and in very slow speech can be pronounced in this way. In rapid speech, the optional release is commonly dropped between geminate consonants, (7-rillit = saapta (141J 0.4T.DL91- ). Either variant can be written to reflect the speed of the speaker. However, both variants musr contrast with the form of the geminate followed by a_single-consonant:. mLJuL saapda (MLT eFrrD,511-- )

ÜL ipdi -(MLT CAJL,F )

12 Subppsed line In spite of _its position, the letter is a fully voiced stop. The lettertek indicates /g/ not /h/. 0 ap Cu Lo de ev5, SUL 6 laldu, Li 6.0 ban'

Sub osed dot ( ). In spite of,its position, the letter isa voiceless stop. The letter d: indicates PO not is/.

siT47:511 kaapi, eileiToinlininna

Sub osed diaresis (). The consonant is palatalized. This is not normally used when predictable. When used with the vowel it indicates the quality[m]. The letter a* indicates /g/.

g§4 vakkya(MTannjEits), i-j(Tr6-J baank, ffirrigasir sikkaagoo

§pecial_letters. By convention:

it.L (or t-u f ([10J is spelled 454 full final [u]

qe.LIIT677, foon, indu

13 SOURCES USED

Anton; H. and D. Hellmann. Tamil T_Iage in Masa Media, Madras: By the Author. 1975.

Arden, A. H. A Pro ressive Crammar_of_Common Tamil. Madras: The Christian Literature Society fifth edition. 1942.

Asher, R. E. and R. Radhakrishnan. A Tamil Prose Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1971.

0 Beck, Brenda E. F. The Human Body Image: Its Popular Description in Tamil Proverbs. (mimeograph) 1975.

Fabricius, 3. P. Tamil and En!lish Dictionary. Tranquebar: Evangelical .Lutheran Mission Publishing House. fourth edition, revised 'and enlarged. 1912.

Hart, George L. and K. Hart. A Tamil PrimerPart II). Madison, Wisconsin: By the Author (Dept. of ,South Asian Studies). 1970.

-aswam i Raja, N. and K. Doraswamy. Conversational Tamil. Annamalainagar: Annamalai University. 1966.

Schiffman, Harold F. Reader for Advanced S -ken Tami t II:Cramma and-Glossary.-Seattle: Department of-Asian,Languageaand Literature. 1971.

. Intermediate Tamil: A Self-Instructional Method. Seattle: By the Author.

Shanmugam Filial, M. A Tamil Reader for Be innersParts I & II. Annamalainagar: Annamalai University. 1966.

Shanmugam, R. A Word Freauenc -Iist for _odern Tamil. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Madurai University. 1973.

Tamil pirst Reader. Madras: The Christian Literature Society. 1964.

Tamil_Lexicon, Vol, 1-6. Madras: University of Madras. 1924-36.

Visvanatha Pillai, V. A Tamil-En lish_Dictionary. Madras: The Madras School Book and LiteratureSociety. eighth edition. 1972.

xii

14 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

adj. adjective instr. instrumental adv. adverb int. interjection bot. botanical, botany intr. intransitive cf. compare ir. irregular cpd(s). compound(s ), compounded m. masculine CT colloquial Tamil MLT modern literary Tamil cvb . converbial (adverbial pt.) n. noun dat. dative neg. negative def. defective num. numerical, number esp. especiallY obl. oblique etc. et cetera pl. plural f. feminine post. postposition fut. future pr. present HLT high literary Tamil(cmp,41, 'pt, participle, participial hon honorific sing. singular imp. impersonal tr. transitive inf. infinitive v. verb

.11BILs

with or

attached fo-rn weak verb strong verb (underlined) meaning found in CT only; foreign word (double underlined) explanation, not gloss meaning found only in HLT/MLT; HLT variant; oblique stem optional or explanation If South Asian usage

Ta: l Al habetical Order =The Tamil entries are alphabetized using the LpiLt follows the vowel convention as used in Fabricius' dictionary. 0 C9-1 c9-, FF 6T GT ag 63 , 0 G7E6 IT, DagEG, omrr,

E5, ne9i

a 611-

15 A Core Vocabu arY of Tamil Alphabetical Listing

rr DikSan dictonary 41 dri- 2. 4/ rr akkaa elder sister 41EtSrV

3. .Arki6E6 Ark.41 anke there elfitin%

2./6. ace-/: move, move about, stir; move, 4141 shake (head);,agitate, shake, disturb (attached movement, ususlay one end attached and one free)

5. bayaPPaTu (4) fear, be afraid LJUJOUG'

6 aTekku, put down, restrain, control, ML-Zg subordinate; contain 7.4iLrale 3. aTanku submi obey; be subdued; be Lnu contained; calm down (intr.)

c.-101_7 (a)Taa ((m)Lrr

(a)Tii simile form for (4

9.OILTTL/T y4IL LIT aTeeTe e inte "ection ex 4fCi-6 1. surTYlse:

10.Alf. 6. strike, beat; blow (of wind), 4Hq fall (of rain), beat down (of on); print (a book, etc.)

11..g14 aTi bas_ bottom; foot; step ALit

,.91L9AA51 aTiyle gt t_e base of, at the foot : 4qa.1104v undetrteath post. + dat./obl.)

12. eTutCe. oext; ith time words) the one AG EP after e coming one 13. OrGiii4 aTuppu place for cooking fire, .91011,4 hearth, stove

14. ,161) 1. keTekkum 1. obtain, get 6-) E66) L 2. ceeru- 2. reach, approach

15. g aTe shut, close (door, window 4101 top, etc.); lock

16. aDvaansu advance (payment) [06-irdon-LA 6lJrrr rTif

17. 6)4) 2. pooTu (pooTa, pooTTu wear, put on (clothes, eLi cauTLjewri: jewels); [adorn]

18. 7c1615-F) aNiln squirrel 143Tr912.1

18a.a awn- 6. aNe turn of ch off (light) On-r

19. otarrarr aNNan elder brother IcraIr0,161-

20. aNNi elder brother's wife

z9.' cr/ciT

21. atikam jaasti much, a lot (of); excess EBEL) ri-0---1u rompa very 6)cr rr Li3 LJ 22. rr atikaaram authority, power- command_ jle5riTW jurisprudence; chapter (of book)

23. that,t_atthing

24. attane, avaLavu that many; so many, so much no0-5,5162Joi7

25. attaan elder sista 's husband 0/§!Tor

26. atte father's sister; mother-in-law (husband's mother), older woman on father's side

anta that, those ( dj.)

1 ri 28. prruilz apaayam danger e1Urra.11.0

29. 411Art.51( apivirutti development, progress gardon-r'p Tialo-15)(ff.$

30. 411:jtiti appaTi like that, in that manner, so 064.1L5t

31.ei1-11.11T- appaa father, address to older male OfillUrr inferiors or of endearatent

32. ..V1:_iLltpl..0 appram 1. that side;=farther, beyond 41DLJtTJLO 2. moreover; then afterwards 3. [on the far side of, beyond (post. dat.)] 4. after (post. ± past pt.)

33.4N0aurrgt appa then, at that time Muu 34.*foLoriclitebrr amerikkaa America, the United States 44owrfle6izrr

L.() amerikka American ,9ino Met

2.16. ame-/: 2. become settled; be suitable, fit 6. settle, adjust; construct, install

36. 1.0 1. ameyti 1. peace, tranquility (political) cz9tOLAtii

2. caantam calmness (personal)

t1-9 T Lai

37. ameppu structure, mechanism, con- aciL 01:1 struction,'establishment; organization, constitution, institution

38.01th IT_ rrwi ammaa mother; matron, lady, form of 4IZOLC3 rr agidress to older woman or golgAraigIa

39. 011-ALOrrii2MAIrr ammaaTiyoo oh my gosh! (expression of mild a LAO rr surprise)

40. çre raajaa king Trrt2rr

1 8 41: carkkaaru government; royalty, kingdom EZrr

42. arici uncooked (but husked) rice Sfrng)

43. arume rareness; dearness, precious-

,94 61/.0 ness

rare, dear

44. an 7 are half, 1/2 (fraction ); wa .617

45.-91cuu3 tr alamaari 'almirah; a (wall) cabinet with 9/6A)WIT doors, cupboard; any shelf

46.4/ ale wave OK)o-U

47. ,=9/70 illaaTTaa or, if not g! c&crlicurrC-Lrt 48.Oic-D 7 avacaram hurry, haste; emergency 62Jec9

49. f2IWi 2) avaciyam necessity, urgency, certainty 46-2.1g7w

50. anJ avaru he (ho that person 41614-5'

51. Of r avanka (L) they, those people; she (hon. PRI 67) orr

52. a ava(L2 she m6_71J01-7

avan alorr

av 2. be boiled, steamed 416-bi 6. boil, steam, cook in water

55. GJ atunka(L) they, those things 04r

56 avaLavu that -uch, so much ewurrr ci4

4 19 57.(0.{ aRaku beauty

58 ARu aRutu) weep, cry 4/9

59. aRukku dirt, filth; dirty laundry oig

60. 6. kuuppiTu 4.) invite; cail eFrL EiL9G

61 ..5f0Trell aLavu -amount, measure, limit, extent arcr4

62. 1. teriyum(imp. 1. know neprna 2. puriyum (imp. 2 under- and-

r79 L44 17° 63. vinaanam science, field of knowledge

53rr6vrZD 64.,* gdLJJ arupatu, aruvatu sixty, 60 (ob1.01,0J4./5 (obl. arupa t' etc., 1:911-1T etc.)

65.,P16131 are- spank, slap Jio 66.ofcrto ruum (obl. ruum) room, c amber oth (ob W )

67. glgp Lb anupavam experience; enjoyment 010J Li CLI

68.411gp.y. anuppu- send 4V 69

69. Oarrocral:N4 anpalappu gift &oirLian9

70. "ren-Ly ampu love, affection kindness 4ilb

71..liairrorT c- aNNekki that day Aicrim-oloour E5

2 0 72. -aa interrogative clitic asing _far a yes-no rep y wit expectation neutra

73. -aa... -aa or (only with questions) [clitic]

1. =fthe sake of) [p t

2. for (duration, with time units) [post. ± norri.] in order to [post. dat. of fut. ptn.] 4. inf. of_ 'be', including its use in equational sentences, often used for=q6

75.,.3trui aakaayam, aakaacam. sky E8Trun0 85ir 6L10

76. Ir. aa(ku) [aaka, be- (so and so), become; happen, aay take place; pass (of time) ) wes, 77. ,v9A aakku-b@ make, effect, create 78. aaoiriyar, vaadyaar editor, author; teacher, lac u er airrig rriT

79. iSTamaace desire

80. aaspattri hospital

81. itgAil_D inkliiS English

82. 3. aaTu- move (in a rhythmical manner play, dance

83. aaTu goat, sheep

84. aacci rule, administration, govern- Ment; sovereignty

6 2 1 85. aaNi nail

86. aaNu ness

87. aataravu support, protection, patronage, emotional support v24V-6-14 88. 5)7 aattiram impatience; irritation

'z'9 65 89. ,w-3 aapattu adversity

90. eiltue5ipj aapiisu, aafiis office

91. -aam ta marker to -entence (or other p rase n catuig t at the s eaker is not res onsie for the validitv of the statemen gossip particle

92. 7Z0 aamaa yes wrr

93. aame turtle, tortoise

cr 94 aayirama thousand, 1,000 [ob oebum [obl. aayira

95. aayutam tool, instrument

Liq aaranyam beginning 17UJLJLO

97. aaraacci investigation, research ,3 0-7u- 98.. -aavatu...-aavatu or (onlyinnonconorate 61-1 -4 si uations) [clitic cf. -

99. aaLu person

22 100. 1.taNi-2-3.aaru- 1. be appeased2. become cool 1. 2-3. 01 3' heal

101. 1.aaru [obl.aattu] 1. river; way, road general)

n3a-.11[ ohl. 2. paTi 2. means, manner ;'asgoing on' (post. + pas t pt. )

aaru six 0-/ 103. FU. aanaae but aanaalum ho ever_ 0,z91-1

104. 21E16#6[Qr68 d inke here

105. Pi-g.1[Qt-L6) eTa tu the left side left )

106.- &-.1a eTam place, room lef t_ side

0-1- tb

-giTTa/e a case endinVpostposition 107. (+ ob1with 1. to,direction toward with anima t-i-T----jo7Ti-t7Z77-7-- 2.location with animates. contrast - 3.tranwitory dative, contras t 4. proximit near

108. hit forcefully, smash, pound ; thunder

ag- iTi (n.) thunder blow, stroke

109. Lq iTuppu hip,lo n

110. naTu,mat mid-portion (as opposed to the W65 ,$) ends), middle; waist, mid- trunk; rP61 interval

8 2 3 & iDLi idli, a steamed rice cake

itu .this (thing)

itoo (look) here:

r'r

ittane this many; all these; this much e6) inta this, these (adj.)

intyaa India

111 tjj

intya Indian (adj.

117. intp Hindu Fp

118. ippaTi thus, in this way 14

119. tijoLin- ippa now &Lai

120 ff-31j eyakkam movement campaign o-r cd E5ID 121. 7)[ E5@ M-entrm, miSin machine, engine

122. U.-10":0 nature; literary Tamil (prose and poetry, not dram); -ology: the formative for all sciences an s o stu

123. eyarke nature, disposition Gi-Wipom gg1==11J2- or entries be inninwith arothetic- see also ----in-the-g-1ossary.

124. 17E,T3.1-0 erakkam mercy, pity, sympathy GT7E6E51.0

125; reNTu. two 67) pours

2 4 126. 24 raattri night _L-A Fr

127. 7. Iru (irukka, iruntube; stay, wait, remain Z.)@' agif&Eit-WIP5-1

128. etayam heart _he organ) 0-5/LILO

129. irupatu, iruvatu twenty, 20 ugi,agk6-1] [obl. iru'atti, etc. 41z@u etc.]

130. irumal cough g4730

131. g)g irump.0 iron LOH

132. )60466.1 _ elakkyam literature Cre0Eh a;LAIth

133. tilar) 4E5 lankaa, siloon Sri Lanka, Ceylon 61irEi- ir6-4 ridyr

134. ele leaf; banana leaf plate nov

135. 1. ille 1. no (int. ) 0..)610--u 2-3. ille, -(1)1e 2. not (neg. v.) Mo-b6-)0-0, (6:0 3. isn't it? (with rising intonation); you know: (with falling intonation) tag, marker

136. ivaru this person (hon. a6-)J

137. -611- ivanke(L) they, these people; she hon. rai e60-7A-

138. iva(L). she (this)

621_6-77_.

139. ivan his 0 arrr

2 5 140. itunka(L) they, these things 0 611

141. ivaLavu this much; gliAllny &airrro-14

iRu: drag; inhale; stretch

eLame youth, tender ness, iimnaturity GT PT Ln

eLam pale, light (of cob°

GT6,7LC)

144.g) 7. era (erakka, erantu ) die GT/p Or/PMe5, clgiDaorrcettuppoo7 145. riA eranku- descend, get down; get out of (a vehicle); participate (in a competition), bc a candidate (inan election)

146. kar_ flesh, meat

147. L.6 enam sort, class, kind Tr (OT W

148. be sweet

149.g--) inime from now on, henceforth, a 0+70 L-0 hereafter

150. LI CD can.tooSam happiness, joy, delight EF1,5Tr-c43113

151 iNNekki today garcidoor

152. innum still, yet; furthermore; more OTT

153. innoru another (of the same type) eiT adj.

,2 6 154. Fr:

155. -(u)nka(L) address fo show_po1ite- -(2-)ikliEbirrr ness_

156. ucci top, uppermost point, crown (of head); zenith, noon

157. oTampy body 63LLZLI

158.aLacrar oTane 1. at once, iannediately Laor 2. as soon as, right after (post. past pt.)

variant of case sign 2LA-13-r-

159. LEbrr 9'2. ukkaaru- sit (verb of motion, not . Rffia situation)

160. 7-2. oNaru- purl P.) feel realize, recognize Sourd,t4

161. nejam truth, fact 2La

162. otaTu lip

163. otavi help, assis ance 9 164.auduirrE)6. opayooki: use LidwiT

165.a uppu salt a 6 Li

166. -um clitic indicatin 1. inclusion in a c osed se also, too' 2. (to conditional ) nonreal concessive: 'even (if )'

2 7 3. (to coverbial) concessive of fact: 'althougET 4 (to interrogative) universals '...ever' [5. (to past pt. n. ) immedia- tive: 'as soon as']

167. -2(.4) ao) and (conjoining nominals) [clitic]

168.a w ocanta high

169. u51 uyiru life; a vowel

170. arf) urime (inherent) right, claim, a /f)671-0 privilege; peculiarity

171.a m6---,J LU ruupam shape, image; reflection (in mirror); idol

172.&JW ulakam world, earth aro ah Co

173.2. JrrL i) ulookam metal P_Iacorrmw 174.aCrr, uLLe 1. interior, inside (n.) arr 2. inside (of), within (space) [post. 4- dat.3 3. by, within _ime) [post. dat.] 4. among [post. ± obl. or dat. pl.]

175. 1. valu 2. kaTTaayaw 1. firmness, hardness, strength 1. Ci1J 2. iL*-Lired-nn 2. assurance, definiteness, certainty

176. urpatti (industrial or agricultural) -EP u LI production; development, evolution

177.arr N uuci needle; innoculation (shot) &Ea

954 178. an native place, hometown (village, town, community, place); any place not this place

179. az uutu- pour, flow down

180. Gr15t enkum everywhere, anywhere;(4- neg.) crru nowhere

181. 6E5[crir:3-1@] enke where ciT5'10%

182. Gri_A burrai, J enkeyaavatu anywhere crr&i& 183. Crnild enkeyoo somewhere CrMIC)%aWIT 184. arEPLarrerr ecamaan master, boss, lord Cra- LD rr (OT

185. GTC 6. a Tu: take, remove, pick up; take rrc (a class

186. CT eTTu- reach, reach for (with hand, GT L.Le etc.)

187.cT1W eTTU eight Crile

188. Cratror.ggj 3. 1. eNlin- 2. nene- 1. count, number 2. think, cratir ponder

189. Crffur 2.171M- eNNe oil Groin- nreraT 190. 6T dirrLI empatu [obl. empat eighty, 80 [ob1.GT1'rLJ crth ob 1. 6TzlJ

191. cr rt- 6-1.1 ,gd e taavatu something Trcug 192. GT etire 1. before, in front of; opposite Gr (post. + dat.) 2. that which is opposite, in 2 9 front; futurity

14 193.6rJLJfl16. eturpaaru- expect, wait for Ci&19-LifT 194.Gr5 etu which one crgo

195. cl-,45J6-11L.D [ci ix)] etuvum anything

196. ettane how many 261tir 61-FP °(T6r 197. t 11LJr in ettaneyoo so many 0-t161cr01-4. rr 198. enta which (adj.) G-T-r5

199. eppaTi how, in what manner 67111-14

200. eppaTiyaavatu somehow other any means ur u UJ rralgiJ 201. rr eppaTiyoo somehow criJu L&wrr 202. Gr(idUfTLVT eppavaavatu sometimes, at any time 0-Ducurra 203.OiLlatiff4,CTD1LJIT -eppa when GNJLJ

204. di-irrsib,cra ppavum always; (+ neg.) never

205. CTC-Igi-HrCer eppavon some imes, occasionally, once Crud gain- in a while

206.aTrfl 2. 1. eri- 1. glow, burn

2. ericcalpaTu 2. scorn, b- angry affIEFEFciii.J

207.CTA eli rat, mouse r 66)

208. GT81-1 elumiccam- lime (fruit lem used mostly 0 cra111/54"Er-W in cpds.]

209. elumpu bon

15 210.GI rr ellaa all, all kinds of, all sorts of (adj.) 0-0C-)6-Urr

211.crcirrtf ellaam 1. all things, every hing (n.) GTOJ 6111T Là 2. the whole, entire (post.)

212.CT rrg w ellaarum all (people), everybody GTc)7Urr

21 evaLavu how much, however much; how 6-11 6-rCT many

214.crni rr evaLavoo so much, a lot GTalrr6lIrral

215. 2. eRuntiru (7.) get p awake, emerge

216.CT@ eKutu- write; takean examina ion crgsp

217.Gr eRupatu, eRuvatu seventy, 70 u,g1 ,Grgojcp [obl. eRupatti, etc. LlEP etc.]

218. GT colapam, callicu anea y matter Er-r1- CU OW

219. eni- throw thro a imething OT hurl,toss

220. Cri9.1 erumpy ant GT,gpLci

221. a tunaale therefore ,,,9/1061cr%)

222. Cl- 5. ir. def. j say, tell, quotative afar

223. -NNaa, -nnaa 1. if, if said so Ta, OT- 2. conditional ofGT dr- (quotative)

224.cr - NNaalum -nnaalum even then, nevertheless (attached to preceding 067r arre9g41 sentences)

16 225.GTcrr -NNu, -nnu 1. ovb. ofaaff (quotative) 2. quotativsL_auotation marker, onomatopoetic marker: 'so saying , that normally untranslated)

a. -NNa, -nna a. said above (pt.) -mwrmr, b. -nkra b. called (pt.)

GT (COT [equivalent of Trrirr in high literary Tamil]

-nkratu that which is said (pt. v -rEJE5i9g0

226. Crermrar enna what Froil- en-

227. 1-2. -ee 3. -e clitic indicating: 1-2. -9- 3. -6T 1. emplasis and7acclusion: 1- one as o osiff-53 man 2. (-finally, with rising intonation) question marker asking clarilication o ossible

) endin for locative expressions man atory in CT, options in MLT, not used in HLT)

228. ri etuvoo something, some unna- d; some- G-rgi Cell IT what

229. eeRu seven

230. gm-) eeRe poor person ealth) 670 231. Cry eeRame poverty

6-1 LID

232. 5,3-gil 3. eeru- ascend, climb up; enter vehicle, 67,0i etc. increase

3 2 2 eerkanavee, munnaaleeyee already, in good time, 67/;?Zarraoal 41-0661)aW before

234. 6. uNTaaku- begin to exist, be established; acrk-Ti_rre develop, evolve

235. CTD LJ TT 1. tayaar arrangement, preparation 41511_11'r/7 2. eerpaaTu arrangement done according 9-49urr to established custom 236. Cppel eettu- raise lift up (from below pumpwater overhead) GTT,J)-1

237.GT6-81- een why, for what (reason) Trerra

238. ancu five ffr

amRatu fifty, 50 239. `Wii3 d5-.1 4VLIOLigi 5.1] VLOLJ)]

240. LLJTT ay3Ta 1. interjection/address form 011.4i w rr E-64Z17-Tiale e ua (polite): sir 2. ,...ster, boss (n.)

241. rT, uJa ayyoo _threriection expressing sorrow, ith&UM- Liatrsm_2

242. oru one; a, an n_m. adj.)

243. cattam sound, noise

Ep tf

244. rr ovvoru each, one by one (some, every) a Fr

33 245. oRiya 1. unless emphatic) [post. -I- conditional [2. inf. of 'cease']

246. oRunka. orderly, efficiently, neatly, 6-b rEJ mr-r regularly

247. light veLiccait 0 OG)J EF

248- IDT u ompatu nine °L"gj 249. oNNu one, one thing

oNNum = neg.) nothing Cbc6re9JLO

oruttan one man 6303Wr orutti one woman 63ff. §

250. -oo interrogative clitic indicatin sur rise_an eonfirma on

251. or (only in concrete situations) [clitic, cf. - -- CV

252. rr ookoo inter ection ex essin su Q,Crr or joy

253. ooTu- run EG 254. ooTTal u) hotel, restaurant G7iL 255.63 ti-1 2. ooy, (ooya,(cij ooncu desist, cease, become tired

34 256. kakkuusu latrine E5 T-n. 257. kaSTam difficul ty,trouble 05 L 258. L- 7 kaTa (kaTakka, kaTantu pass, cross, go beyond ES L (aLdE6, t_rpgi)

259. E5 670 ka Tame duty, obligation L 6) a) 260.ES L- 2:ro kaTa le peanut, "ground nut" 1-00-1J 261. ffiL6i) kaTa lu sea, ocean ff)L

262.El L cliCT kaTan loan L

263.E6 6. kaTi: bite; chew

264.E5 L9 kaTi tarn.tleTTaru letter,missive

265.ffi0-011-8 kaTu e harshness, sternness) severity (5`

266. EE, kaTe shop, store E6 6-3 267. 5 kaTeyoi end ;las t,final 661/_. CLI 268. E6 kacci party (political faction

269. Ef kaTTaTaui (a) building; construction aLL. 270. E -I_ Garr kaTTaNam fare, feecharges E L--6-+Yrr

20 271. L LiTuJ La kaTTaayam compulsion, certainty, 0 a LLTrwo necessity ,ILLFT-UJI_OFFEE kaTTaayamaa definitely, certainly 1-- ITU-UpT

272. q kaTTi lump, clump, mass 1,:t4

273. 'LL9iJ kaTTilu bedstead, cot E 4 gi

274. LL 3. kaTTu- bind, tie, fasten; build

275.es kaNakku (numerical ) computation; agamr (financial) accounts

276. aScrimT viiTTukkaararu husband; oTLIG /tu-7('

277. cToT kaNNu eye; any small aperture (as of ES ail a net or mesh)

278. kaNNaaTi glass (the e ial ); mirror- OBTED eyeglasses

279.E5 katavu door, shutter C11

280. kate story 566iEp

281.ES katci knife ES T

282. katcir scissors E EF

. 283. LIU kappalu ship ES 1:=1L161-1

284. 1M- wire, etallic thread; metal tg70 LS) rod vayru (electric onlY cuw 285. kay(i)ru rope, cord, line, string II 05)4P

286= karaNT1 spoon, ladle S or 21

6 287. nene- think, consider, have opinion 3 6)T oaTr

288. 1. apipraayam 1. opinion LJTrTtJL neneppu. 2. idea T 6D oar Li Ll 3. thought

289. karume darkness ES LIP

karum dark, dark f colors ej

990. booral blackboard 62..17 9-G

291. ) kare bank, shore; border, boundary a4-.)

292. eBoll 7. kala (kalakka, kaintu) mix, mingle L501) (M6V6i55 tr4VrP 51)

293. 415cu kalar color

kale art 294. al3%brU 5 a) 295. kallu stone, rock, gemstone aju6,2_1

296. kalyaaNam marriage 120 IT30:40 0on

297. kaaleej(u ) college El IT 66-0

298. paTippu learning, study, education Lct

299. E567)-1 art) kavale care, concern, worry cu 0 cru

300. E5 J9rLL gavanam attention, care, heed, 18/661.14Tral) consideration

301. EE gavani: noticetake care, take into iJI account; observe, watch, pay attention

302. kavite poetry, poem

22 R7 303. 1:11 kaRakam association, corporation, 05 OD corporate body, party, (fan) club

304. 1E kaRat tu - take off, re ove

3 IS

305. 6. ka1U- reject; subtract, deduct; es [spend (time)]

306. kaRute donkey S@C:)

307. kaRuttu neck 64) 308. EEG 61-1 kaRuvu- wash (except laundry); rinse E6

309. kari any dish served with rice, EBO curry;- any meat dish, meat 310. karappu black, blackness 50.1 H

311. E5 karpane imagination, inventiveness E51-2 LaMoin-

312. kanavu dream nrr

313. croTo.j kannu, kaNTu calf; sapling e6 E6 di-Tre

314.%1TES60)E6 kaakkaa (y) crow ERrebEtrrui

315. E5rr kaaTu land not re ularl-_ inhabited Efrra kxjmIlL7L: forest, jungle, desert

316. ES IT L kaacci sight, vision; appearance; ebritE scene

317. Ei5rrC-C kaaTTu- show, point out rr LIG-)

318. MiTcriurir. v. 1. paaru: 1. see (unexpe_tedly); [see] (ESE-rotor, ) Orr 2. kaNTupiTi: 2. find out accitrrO

00 ir can' puriyum (imp. v.) 3.realize' u-4za 4. teriyum (ipp. 4. seem, appear 6) U4Lai

319. r-T love

320. ffi kaatu ear; eye of a needle; rrj ear (of a jug, etc.), handle 32i. Sri-burr kaappaa save; protect E6Trii0

322. Li] L5) kaa(p)pi coffee ffin

323.E5 rrL. I 2. kaayi- &row dry, dry out, wither, ffitT1.151 be hungry (of stomach); be hot, heated (of liquids)

324.ffi rTcj kaayi unripe fruit (botanical); rc vegetables

325. t:1-1 kaaykar1 vegetable (used for cooking) rnii 326. rr U-61) joram fever

327.EE rr L-4) kaaraNam cause reason 5 art L13 328. kaaryatarici secretary Ilrri5=0-1EF 17)

329.-5 rr ezu kaarixp.m thing, matter, affair; effect (ITiuJLIi 330.5 rr kaaru car, automobile; bs rr 331. rrcuW kaalam time, season, a period of time rrou nor -11 1oner than_ada

332. a)rr kaale morning, A.M. E5 ITO rt) 3 9

24 333. [Tn.) kaa (1) leg, foot; quarter (fraction rr6u 1/4 334.a11.0-1J421) 1. kaavalu 2.pooliisu1. protection, watch 1. EbrrangLi 2. dUrra-6° cn.r2.the guard, police 335. Etrr c9j kaattu breeze, wind; air, atmosphere rr

336. 7. a I_ keTakeTakka, keTantu)lie, rema n, exist (disord Y, 6)65L (C)thLER1),Lip ) in a mess) 337. ke Tekkum will get, obtain imp.V. + dat. 0-) t3SOL glanLJZ E6rr keTekkaatu will not get 0E50 L 338. 00-01Lojagil keTeyaatu doesnot have, is not available; imp.V.+ dat. 6) EE) 01-UJITg},1 does not happen (neg. only) (g51:0 irukku (positive of the above) ONt

339. Ep L. kiTTattaTTa approximately; nearly, about

340. keNaru well (for water, etc. 0 K73 arre91

341. 717-L0 -aamam village rrrLOL

342. keRakku east 0-)Miga)

eas t,eas tern keRakke. to/in the east 0a, VI' 343. 6U(C keRanku tuber, potato,edible root nth/Jig 344. g n_z keRame day of the week

345. keRavan 0 old man

25 346. keLampu-, porappaTu-start, begin (of a machine, etc. oztemiz Li, 0 un-? " rise, emerge 347. -rr kiloo kilogram S6-0 fr 348. kiiRe 1. a place below, down Lg bottom; the east c_.51 2. below, under (touching*) [post. obl.] 3. below, under (not touchin_ [post. dat.] *contrast not ke in ail dialects

349. kucci peg, short stake, splinter, @ff-C twig, stick (small, short) tiikkucci_ a match E5C:Er-g)

350. LW koTam pot, any rounded vessel c) es nr L. Lin

351 4 6. kuTi: drink

352.dethuzo kuTumpam family 6% LbLW

353. koTe umbrella G) 66 0 L-

354. kuTTi young o os= animals; small gEL9, girl

355. goNam quality, ch- acter; health- QTarLD fulness

356. 6. kuti: hop, leap, jump, gallop, skip

357. horse

358.605 Zai kumpiTu worship, reverence OLiX

359. koranku monkey, ape offirrITTEI

41 360.ggoi.) koralu voice 0Ezi-rry-&-2-1

361. Lg11,3 koRante baby, child, infant GiE5rri

362. I Lib koLam tank, pond, pool Oebriarlij

36 kuLi: bathe (wadh oneself including head) C61-19

364. (.5 kuLiru- be cool, be cold @

365.(:@ kuri- mark, indicate, denote, point to

sign, mark

366. kurippiTu-piTa, -piTTu) specify, point to; aa(9 aL6?) mention, refer to; remark

367. 6. kore-/: 2. be lacking, short, cut off 6)61inep 6. reduce, shorten, cut off kore flaw, lack 6-)C6Fr67)CP

368. kuttam sin of commission: fault; guilt, crime 11-4° 369. 1-3. kuuTa 1. even; also, too (clitic) L 2. 'along with' (post. + obl.) 1-2. kuuTe 3. inf. of 'join' Ern-OL

370.EFri- L kuuTam. hail, large room or building L Li3

371. 3. 1. ceeru- 2. kuuTU- 1. join, unite (intr.) 1. gE 2. ff-ri-GI 2. gather, assemble; be possible

372.Iffr-L- ern kuuTe basket L-

373. kuuTTam crowd, group; meeting; tribe LLL

374. .6-1-1:@ 3. kuuTTu- add- bring together; sweep 611- LS 27

4.2 375. 4. kuuppiTu (-piTa,-piTTu) call, shout ffn.,1211-90 -Lnce)

376. kuure roo- ceiling

377. kuuli (day work) wages;- coolie EFfi_0151

378. tollu say, tell (officially); 6)IVT61)62j proclaim

379. keTTa bad; spoiled eb L

380. keeTu misfortune, ruin, harm

381.6' E5(r15) geeli joke E 051

382.e keeLu (keekka, keeT hear, lis e obey; ask, Abe (dESEUfS,CELCO inquire

383. Gm eb kayyi_ hand, arm, handful; trunk dici9 (of elephant); sleeve 384. rr kocu mosquito

rriFfir a li--le, some 385. c)/E6 OF69 LE koncam @evro

386.6-) rr koTi flag, banner! creeper, vine oarr4 387. Ois pollaata harmful, cruel cw oi) au rr - 388. G-) me 6. kuTu- give, give away ZG

389. C) ET.ir koNTu with, by means of (post. -I- 61E611 oirrG ace.) vcv-h. of0816,70ir with numerous usages (see

390. Fr 1ST koNTupoo (-pooka, -pooyi) take away, take along tE6rrairrOcarr(-eurrffi, -4104)

391. ITUTWQJfl ir. koNTaa (-Taara, -Taantu) bring 6-gfirroirai- L77 ,-Lrrgd) 28

4 3 392. kompu horn; branch (of plant) 67)ef)iri&I

393. G rrau 1. kollu (kolla, konnu) kill ovr6b621 (Ovreocv,offirree*

394. rroiT 1. (k)koo (a )6E5IT [1 have for one's own use), 7:.(k)kiTru) possessI; ( (=s ) 2. frozen formative in cpd. [ with major dialect verbs variations] 3.marker of the reflexive/ middle in verbs 4.marker of the simultaneous aspect 5. (+ marker of the progressive

395. IT41 kooTi [obl. kooTiyeel ore," ten m Ilion, [obl. 51.11- [obl.e4ET 1446] 1,00,00,000

396. Ce5 Tcrer)L kooTe (kaa lam summer, hot season &EbrrOL (ffirrou

397. gE6ITLJ 11 koopam anger

398. kooylu temple

4951-1- LAI

399.et511-14) kooRi chicken, fowl rr

400. tEF BTJL cakkram

401. X cakti power, energy; ability; force, forces (in pl.

402. cankaTam embarrass ent

EFrk1E5 1.4

403. Frxi. 1E5 L:ti cankam association, academy, union, L society

404. ,Erkl Et] cankii tam

EFTFLttS

4 4 405.EP LLLU caTTam frame (work) ;rule ;law, act

406. sT1-010L_ caTTe shirt, blouse

407. 6 caNTe quarrel F our _ 408. canti- meet

409. canti crossing, junction, meeting g point 410. nelaa moon 6)a) 11- 411.tF canteekam doubt; suspicion 148 412. cante market r6) 413. W 1_0 cam= levelevenness; equality U-1-0 LO 414.- LO L4-11.6 camayam opportunity,appropriate) ILHLi La time, occasion; religion 415. camuukam0 cousnunity, society (in general) 5 caL D 416 . 6. came= cook, prepare meal) Lia 417.EF al campaLam salary, pay, wages EF CO Li Crir

418. cari 1. correct (ness)[ n. 2.O. K. ,alright, fine, yes [ int. ] 419. cakkare sugar ,g4 eb6-) 420. carkkaaru. (the) Cve rnment LTTE545 n-g

4 5 421. canikkeRame Saturday EF6D6151 OW 422. EFT ir. caa (caaka, cetcu) die (nonpolite) (Frrm ,616 EfW 6Frr

423. cg rrutJirc caappaaTu food; meal, dinner ony 6-14 trrLtLiFre 424. eFrr ag 4. caappiTu (-piTa, -pi7ueathave a meal [ dor5. ] ,Tri-Eun (-6)L 425. nLt3rrdr caamaan baggage, one s things w rr an-Co) 426. 6 ffWzJTT 9- caampaar sambar, a lentil sauce F IT Ca Lj rr ci

427. &rruirElrr caayankaalam evening, 4 o'clockuntfi dark &ITU.) rEl ES rrav w 428. rr aro rooTu, caale road, highway crrr)EFIT6 )o-u 429.ET- rroSi caavi key r-r 430. g-) ES Lb cinkam lion

431. 4A 99 6. ciri: laugh, smile

432. -konca(n. ) some, a fe-not many (adj. 6-) EEITO6F-11 and n. ) cela, koncaad]. ) OFT03671iiT Er- 433. cillare change,coins ;retail (of 00-1)0p trade);various, sundry, odd (jobs) ad j

434. Li Li cevappu red, redness c)(1.11=11-1 435. cerappaayiru excel, be dis tinguished EPip U GS) 436. cinna small, little size r an-

4 6 _

437, cinna little, small arrgur

438. 4? cii interjection expressing contempt

439.6 1.6 n- ciikkramsa quickly, soon 0.66,9-Lorr 440.g eiirtiruttam improvement, reform lg. IN@ 441.EfirG cuTil (cuTa, cuTTu) be hot, feel hot, be burnt; EFrG (ITT ,EFri:(9 heat, fry, bake, roast; burn (as of food); fire (a gun)

442. ETT ruppravu cleanness, purity

13 * 443. Fr LO FT cumaar approximately, about FTLarr7 444.ff-r- LOrr cummaa lazily, idly, leisurely; EFT- th LI)IT just for fun, without any reason, just because

445. curunku- shrink, wrinkle; frown

446.8r1'ULJLJ colapam easiness, facility 6 OeFrrauLILO

447. kr-r- covaru wall EF-rr

448. Err 00)G1J cove, ruci taste, flavor '01TIT(0.1)13

449. cutti 1. around (post. ace;) 2. evb. of Utt go round' ETT 450. cuuriyan sun Gdar

451. g 9 cantarppam circumstance, environment, &rp hjLJLc situation

452. ceTi plant (botanical)

4 7

32 453. cempu copper; a particular water pot G)/221

454. CD 1.,J 1. paNNu- [North] make

o11;31-,S7t1 ceyyi(ceyya,cencu) [South] cti VER2111.1,6) EFS Ur)

455. 6-) ET 1$) viSayam news, message, matter; deed Lt_i

456. ceruppu ochappals,11sandals

457. celavu out-go, expenditure n56-0611

458. poo 2. naTa 1. [arrive at (a destination)]; err 2. L be current (of money) 2. have an effect

459. oat tu wealth, riches; prosperity.

460. gin-LA cevvaakkeRame Tuesday

&ill 6-11rr e.c). La

461.C) poona last, previous

1Jrr ear

462.C) 26-07 cenne, meDraasu Madras offc6-06-0-r,owc:rr

463.6EFD-*2. /6. ceeru-/: 2. approach, draw near ;be near ; reach (a destination) e4-0 -6: collect, combine, join, un

464. urrrLi ceentu 1. together (+ intr. v. )[post. + nom. ] e f" 2. cvb. ofCE/./T 2. 'approach, draw near '

ceetu together (+ tr. ) [post. + CEF acc. j 465. cm caykkiL caykiL bicycle EFLi-1 ES 07, -- 466. U° cayvam vegetarianism, Saiv

11) a vegetarian, aivitc

467. tTn- Tiga cottu prope ty, goods, possession,

tz rr asset

468. OEFITT conta own, belonging to, personal 0a-rf

469.6)6- froi.)3.ir. collu (colla, colli; say, tell, inform, request pas conneen) Firthigi(6)Vir6-160)0EfIT6:06151; pas t --6-NyrimiTgarT6F-)

470. rr cooru cooked rice (,)rri 471.0 -07r5 cavkkyam (good) heal.th, well-being (6Au_a

472. jannalu window

473. caati cas te,jati g. Fr

474.CftrT7 saar sir; gentleman and int. ) 51.0 Tr7

475. 11-0-9/pc9 fiaayi t tukkeRame Sunday W 3franli661 L 476. LLocrr7 looTTaa cup, tumbler &ourrLLrr 477.Le Tii tea

4 9 478. takaram tin

71-1) 479. 4 ir. and 2. eettataayiru be fit, proper, suitable, appropriate 0-1 fr eetta proper, suitable, appropriate

480. LeuFrat-(3) th rr tankam- ponnu gold iThE5 /c)dfrarr

481. tanku- stay, remain

q.5

482. w:ucip tankacci,tanke younger sister; form_ pf Address 063i.g) F6.1671E6 or endearment to a younger gir 483. 1 taTave turn, occasion; (number of) 151-00-1 times

484. taTi stick, staff

485. 6. taTu: hinder, be an obs tacle

486. taTTu- tap, knock, clap, pat IP:@ 487. taTTu plate, tray, any shallow open vessel; knock, pat

488. taNTane punishment T our 400Mr

489. or taNTIJ stalk (of plant)

84-41+7r. 490. taNNi water ; cold water

491. _ tan ti telegram, cable ;string Cc mus ical ins trument q5

5 0 492. Li FT- ou tapaalu mail, post u rr

493. tappu sin of omission: mistake error, =Li LJLJ misdeed, oversight

494. tamiR, ta iLu Tamil

495. tampi younger brother; boy,.address ffLLS1 form to male servants 496. tayaar(u) ready, readiness

497. tayru yoghurt, "curd"

498. taram kind, sort, quality, standard; suitability (for one's position, rank, etc.), likeness, counter- part, match; (number oD times

499. tare floor

500. tale head; priority; top 46161--)

501. 1. ravaru- 1. slip, stumble 6711 0,1

2. tappu paNNu- 2. err, fail, blunder p1-1 UCT0157-

502. tavira except, besides, apart from [post. acc.]

503. jTrWT 3 taLLu- push, shove; press; reject, 111156-fir& remove, move aside

504. and adv.) tani solitary, alone, sole; unique 014)

505. goNam quality, condition, nature

6) 65rrrLU 506.vr ir. taa tara, tantu give, grantbestow tirr (lei5 9- ,

507. 51n.-,65/1 taakam thirst

sEFnr EDLD

36 508. avankataan they the -elves;[you e-tremely [obi i*.J dir] 416-IJ Tar hon.)]

509. rrf6.1@ 3. taanku bear, endure; sustain, support ru6'B 510. taattaa grandfather, any old man 'EFT- Trr 511. avankataan they themselves; he himself ir Or (hon.)

512. avantaan himself, herself, itself [obi. 11-16-1-10-irrirro-err (resumptive pronoun)

513. - niT [also- =taan clitic indicating: etc.] mar 1.emphasis and isolation: this one by itself,'onY, just, exactly (cf. 2. [to conditional] only (f

514. tinkakkeRame Monday tE&-)Mg

515. tiTiirNNu suddenly Le oirrr

516. tiTukkiTu (-kiTa, be surprised, led, alarmed, iTyu ) frightened Et (4)1

517. I. tiTTam 1. plan, scheme arrangement, $11.:Lth estimate

2. tulliyam 2. accuracy

draace grape 518. rr -v Epyird-r),T'

519. iru 1. divine, sacred, holy (adj.) 2. mister, Mr., Sri

tirunaa(Lu festival day rr077

520. 3. tiruTu- steal G

37 521. DLA 3. tiruppu- turn, cause to turn' repeat H (4- verb)

522. @LL3LI3. umpu- turn; return, go back ntr.

523. cinimaa movie g)O-f)LQfl

524. 051, ty. Delli Delhi oi)66) ,C)LA)

525. tera (terakka, terantu) open (verb of motion, not OT/pwwz, G)r7fpg1.0 situation)

526. denam day (seen as a recurring unit), 0 daily ar *

527. nu) (tinna tinnu) eat (not a meal), snack;

) ( Fran') airr.01 eat (of animals)

528. tiirmaanam decision; resolution, motion

- (as in Parliament) IL) rr45rL8

529. ciiviram intensity; aggravation; radicalism; (political) teg activity

530. tiivu island

61-1

531. EbLJ tukkam agony

E.6

532. toTe- mop, wipe, dry (as of dishes), rroL dust

533. tuNi cloth, piece of cloth; clothes, fabric goods in general

534. toNe help, assistance; one who helps, -17 deputy, Vice-, Assistant-

535 . gj orrO tuNTu piece, fragment, bit, slice; towel, piece of cloth cgd6-617 536. tEd 7 dore person in authority CIITC)9-

537. gon671-1 6. Love- wash (clothes) [imp immersion in waterl c5FrOoli

S 538. tuLi (a) drop ;a very little 5-1641 539. tore depar tment, sec tor, sphere, C)Eprrap branch; harbor

540. 1. tuukku- 1. lif t up, raise (from above ga 2.ttepaaru 2. weigh GTnLLJrr

541. tuunku- sleep gDliD

542.5517 Lh tuuram d is tance 5-rr 7L7° 543. cjc1j1 teyvam god, godhead, deity LariT Td-1 LO

544: 0 q.51131L140im.p V. 4- teriyum know, know how to, see how to da t. [or 2. I n LL-41-6

545. teru vu) _ree t op 546. n- teLivaa-frr evidently, c Lear ly 547. tekku south EP

south, sou thern

tekke to/in the south 6)epeti0E5

548. e_ rr teenkaa coconut frozen cpd. ) ceprh_t rr

549. aEGI teeTu- seek, search, look for ;long SEG for

550. tee ti da te, day of the month et5A1

551. r)- 3. 1.paa te Tu- I. se lect OrrEpeg tee (r ).nte:fu- choose, e 1 ec t (9-)rwpG

39 paas paNNu- 3.passan exam L-1704-0 U oTtfr 552. cr1J aveciyam need, want, necessity c9161-] 553. teenu honey g0-1 554. Go [p 6. tey- sew, stitch, make dress, co 6_1 e tc. ) 555. ITFr 67-) take amount; collection, anthology 67) (FTC) EFS 556. aarampi: begin, start (a situation, rr I- process ) ; ilL11-5-) originate 557.oeprrL72. toTaru- continue, follow, take up, E, rr pursue 558. rG toTurq (toTa, (G,Jn) toTTu) touch

559. ufr-r L. toNTe throat 6-)Eprraio-r6)L 560. toNNuuru ninety, 90 21.' nEprrvou [ obi. toNNuut ti OTIT60-01ggp-E, 1

561. Eprr tole-I: 2.perish, be ruined, die ; G)TITn0-0 be los t 6. des troy, make perish, wreck, ruin, kill, finish (off) ; lase

562. 1. veele 1. action; work, occupation, Cal 6) a) profession 2.toRilurrii 2.industry 563. Fr dooce dose, a thin pancake. Er6)

564. 6.9._,ErTLILL-1) tooTTam garden, grove errL: L 565. d Ep rr 6-0 toolu skin, hide, leatherbark, rind, peel, peanut shell; any outside e e94 covering 40 565a. ricrr tooLu shoulder etrn 566. ri Lt3 tooRame friendship, companionship eeprr IP)

567. toorum every, each and every (clitic 'EP DI Cf:'

568. e-rr tooNu- seem, appear ;appear (for firs t (9 time)

569. T51:0 nakam ,nekam (finger ) nail, claw iTaaaci,or5e6Lb 570.rryth nakaram city, town, municipality r671-21 571. fY 2. /6. nakaru-/: 2. move aside 6. "shif t, move . ) erD

572. 610 nake piece of jewelry, jewelry

573.FCLLO naSTam loss rp 1_ Lo

574. 1L 7. naTa (naTakka, naTantu) walk, behave, conduct oneself ;(continue to func tion) flourish; happen, take place

575. TT L naTattu- cause to walk; cause to perform: direct, manage, conduct, hold, arrange, run

576. naTavaTikke procedure, (administrative) measure, s tep ; L.Aat E50,T, activity, action; conduct, behavior - 577. i L9. 6. naTi- dance, act

578. naTu middle, center IT@ 579. naTe walk, pace

6-)L-

580. 156-6) naTa (7. ) occur, take place

6 581. EF naccattram star; film s tar r-E9-113 582. reyoTLJefr sneey tan friend crueTtiJEp 583. th L5)-*Dm65 nampikke confidence, trust; belief, h_5)E6E6 faith, hope

584. nampu- believe, trus t,rely on

585. fox, jackal

586. 1. cavkkyamF 1. welfare

kffi LJLQ 2. nallatu 2. benefit; merit

CU' 61-1

587. tiu nalla good, proper, a,s it should be

rP 588. nallaa well (LT n. used as adv 0;) CU IT

589. laapam, allatu benefit, goodness, advantage co Fru n ozi.)(0

590. nal laa well (adv. ro-urr 591. nanni,nanri gratitude, thanks ror

592. f" rr naakku tongue rr E6

593. TrilT-Ji naankca (1,) we exclusive they and ob1.67 &itEticliT1 rr rsi crTr [obi. enka (L) cr 594. naaTakam drama, play

595. G` naaTu, deecam land inhabited by people : FFG country, s tate 596. naaTTu- establish, install, erect r 42 5 7 597. f-1,5/1-LO naama(L) we inclusive you and I

[ 95IT 6TT and they) [obl. namma (L) rF,5Liwar ]

598. rrrJ naayi_ dog

rr 1-451 599. 15 Fr 2cirr naaLekki tomorrow nnwr

600. naa(1,u) day (24 hour period); time rrr E5 601. 0-61 naakkaali chair Tyr id5-3rra

602. 95 rrl) naappatu forty, 40

[ obi. ] rp rr a Li [obl. naap a ti

r5 rr [i u ]

rr naan [ obl. en]o 1

[obl. rprrk [ob i . Crorr 1J

604. 1-15nrTn-5 naalu four rr ] f-rr61 605. 4- F campavam occurrence; function, performance, EFCLLinlIA event

606. Er- U-(4-11.1J niccayam 0 certainty, assurance; truth Cli LA

607. paNam finance, fund; treasure 0 UO-1-LC

608. nimiSam moment, minute

1.25)

609. nimiru- stand straight, erect; look up LE)

610. nirvaakam administration, management Tnimeboc 611. nelam soil,(agricultural) land, ground, real estate C-11-01-)

612. if P2o-t) nele situation, state, condition; position; permanence G-)161 43

5 8 613. neleme situation, condition, state

6.1 F614)-)

614. neleyam institution; site, plaee er-p0OVUji-0

615. nillu (nikka, ninnu) stand; stay; cease Vb,a5TV)

616. niruttu- stop; erect (statue, etc. make stand; support (an action) 1390)gj 617. nere- become full, overflow; abound )

618. nereya, rompa, jaastimuch, too much, a lot oToptkOrTirod, wehj

619. nene- think, remember, consider

620. [obl. you sing.

621. rEi EtTfT niinka(L). you (pl. and hon. obl. ari%a-7 j rgl 1130T [obl. unka(L) Erhie50

622. niiLamaana long -6-rrwrr

623. niiti justice Ff9 624. 1. taNNi 1. fluid, liquid Co 2. niir- 2. water cpds. hydro-

625.FraiL niilam blue, blueing 4 OVLL 626. gj 6D 2.76. noRe-/: 2. enter, creep in 6. poke, be nosey, make enter [ nr-ri-C) 627.go nuulu thread, yarn; [book, treatise! science] OTSA1 628. nuuru [obl. nuutt hundred, 100 [obl.e7/1,20J op- [obl.gjT2,

44 629. G) neyyi ghee, clarified butter

630. nerunku- approach nr

631. G)r@DLI neruppu, fire TS LI

632. C) cry) nellu paddy, unhusked rice, rice in the field 6) 154(bed 633. 6) netti forehead, brow

G) 634. 6 neeram time, a period of timeless than 24 hours g.1-7/13

635. d neeru straightness,straight upright, honest 1-7@ 636. S nyaayam hones ty s traightness al rr.1Jw 637. erp/poi neettikki yesterday

638. er5rr ccrT noo (noova, non feel pain,ache rr T5-) ) EP-FT (ey(21,OrprPT 639. rr paatu towards, to (p9st. ± ace.) Urn cvb. of e 5, "look ae] II

640. Li 50i, pakalu daytime, day (as opposed to night) ErDey-1 641.Lig 1. baakam LIT E5IA 1. part, portion 2.e Tam 1_1) 2. region, area

in the vicinity near 642. L.] pakkattule of, th.55,8-I (post.1- dat. ai), also obl. )

643. Li La pakkam side, vicinity; page neat, by (post. obi. ) 1.-A.EbLD

644. Li panyu por iOn, share

45 645. LJl 6. imp. v. paci: be ext emely hungry dat. Li 646. U paci hunger, appetite

647. 11 Efi- pacu cow U r 648.Li E673-) pace fresh, raw, cool (of water green, yellow-green; frank, blunt a-67)

649. bassu, kaaru bus

L-1611) rr

650. pancu, panci cotton Li4c5 ffrLI 651.Li L paTaku boat L.

652.Li L paTam picture; film, movie photo, _a L LL3 653.Li 6. paTi: read; s udy

654. U paTi step, staircase; a measure of Li volume (about 1/2 gallon

-aaka [post. -I- dat. in order to so that Tal, [post. -F -D of pt. n.] fut. pt.] 85

655. , etiJ -paTi as,in accordance with -UL (post. past/pr. pt.) 656. atunaale on account of, as, by reason of, 04g42)6iro because (post. -I- past pt.

657. paTu (paTa, paTTu) suffer; experience, feel, endure; (UL. ,aL ormative of verbs of feeling om nouns

658. LJO 6. paTu: lie down (for sleep), lie flat; rePOse (implies lying horizontal in an orderly manner) [the action, not the situation]

659. Li paTu,ke bed couch LiSt550% 46

6 1 660. 11 CO I- paTTaaLam army; pl.) forces, troops L/LLMOTW

661.IJLLL 'L:1 paTTmn. (an) honor, title, agree; ULILW nickname 662. Ljile paTTu silk

Li C.

663. LIram Lo paNam money, wealth LJOUT LO 664. patavi position, post, rank station 8P u a 665. LI batilu 1. answer, reply (n.) 2. instead of (post. 1- da LJ 666. 119 6-4 pa ivu registration (sealing), recording Lj)6l 667. i-J$)06-1 patanaalu fourteen, 14 eV1 668. u patanaaru sixteen, 16 6K9691 669. Li pataneTTu eighteen, 18 u 670. oarg pataneeRu seventeen, 17 Li e or 671. Li patanancu fifteen, 15 f Li 'fi7J1-0 Fr 672. LI 4rirc5U patanoNNu eleven, 11 LjEpOeDdiror

673. °T+4U patimuuNu thirteen,__ Li$)To 01 674. U Er) pattrikke newspaper, magazine periodical f) (55o5 675. JJJ pattu ten, 10

LA 676. u pa4tompatu nineteen, 19 japErZo

47 677. Li bayam fear

Li 01 LIO

6 78 . LJUJaT laapam reward, result, profit; 0 usefulness 6-1)

679. Li a 7. payiru crop, grain (while growing); any usefnl plant (annuals only) LJLi-51G 680. payircci training, exercise practice ULL51f p 681. U7L:C)Urng- parampare tradition, genera ion LIcTL.6 LJOg

682. U CIJ rani ?a) paravaale never mind; it doesn't matter; LifT61.11TUM6i61) it's not bad

683. paricu prize, reward Urfr 684. paruppu pulse,adal,any lentil/pea; llgERI coconut meat 685. pala, palaana many (adj. if preceding, n. otherwise) Li CU 11 0)11-01-1- 686. Li 0) 6r) El) palake board, plank

687. L.] curiT pelan/palan result, produce, effect; -ain (6))1i6

688. LI pallu tooth, tooth (of wheel) garlic L16-)c9 clove

689. Li alhi]pyuuniversiTTi university Li666)6aig-6-7-51C-

690. Li palli esp . gecko U 615) 691. IJ paRam ripe fruit, fruit LJ/thg 692. paRi blame, censure, fault; revenge Li 693. Li paReya oldmature Lin 91-L-J 6 3

48 694. ijoir LO pallikkuuTam school

t crrraTediETT-L L LO

695. U para (parakka, parayttu) fly; move swiftly urp (j0E6201prpg4)

696. LI /7 6151 11-1 parave bird upool 697. LI pp patti 1. about, concerning, regarding (post. ± acc [2. cvb. of 1-117,91'hold, adhere to']

pattina which concerns Li 698. Li 1. pani Li of? rain: 2. manu 1. dew, snow, frost

LIO EFT 2. fog, mist 3. aysu 3. ice ta crnr°

699. Li panni Pig) hog Li cro'r(PIE)

700. U- panneNTu tw lve, 12

1_16137-6)07Yrn-Iro

701. Un-L Lb paaTam lesson 0 Li Fr t- LO

Li rir L_LbC)W paaTam paliNu memorize; can (vegetables, etc. arrupLinmT

702. LJ paaTTu poem, versd song

703. UIT 3. paaTu- sing

704. UULL paaTTi grandmother- any very old woman rriL 705. Ijrr paaTTu song, singing urrCe 706. u paattram (metal) pot, vessel ilri 49

6 4 707. Uri Lb L( paampu snake

0701111-1 708. LJIT paay(i)- leap, spring, jump 11fTtal 709. urr ul paayi mat rr 710. LJUcT paaru- see, watch; try un- urrgi .70T paattukkoo take care of, watch over LirricgjEig 711. on-co paalu milk rr92-1

712. L.IFFOii enam sex, gender 67-01-1.-0

713. LIFT6ii U3 paavam 1. sin, misfortune n- w 2. alas, it's a pity (int.)

714. U gal rr6:0/- paavaaTe skirt, petticoat rrcJ ri- 715. u n- 20-ur paane (clay) pot (with wide mouth and round bottom) FT-616-07-

716. L5)LL 6. piTi: catch take hold of seize, grab; Lfl t_ake (a_picture) 717. LilLcL.65130 piTikkum like (v.) imp. V. dat. 319 d3V0 718. ap airr pittalie brass

719. ciirr car prayaaNam travel, journey Ijcri-LirrrnT 720. 31)92./6. piri-/: 2. depart; be separated;unravel 3 09 6. separate, divide, ripout (seam), open (a lette

721. LS) rp7. 1. pera G)L.I 1. be born (perakkalodr26)00(p0) perantu 2. pooTu 2, be issued ed 50 722. apprmm, pinne 1. afterwards, (and) then u u cfarC) [2. after (post. past pt., cf. )1

723. th'1or,L5)rq, apr2ram after (post. past pt.) 13 fir egLIL-1 3 back, after; future (in cpds.

pinnaale 1. behind (in space); after a667- 0,0 (in time)(post. ± dat./obl., cf.Oier ) [2. after (post. past pt. n. in dat.)] 3. afterwards

725. I-1 an rtE poke smoke, fume, steam; igarette) 00/17G)51) smoking

726. LT/6-V in { 011- pustakam book I_Vri)EpEZW

727. ra-) poTave, ceele sari 6) Lim 1_00J 6- )01j

728. buTTi, baaTTlu bottle ty- LILly

729. Li puNNu wound LICPT.01

730. LI oln,L0 botankeRame Wednesday 6)LiritTig10&&

731. L45JELI putu new Li 441

732. LI7617 1. poralm porala, poraNTu) roll over, revolve 6)01.503winTonwurr97,617.0) (horizontally); be overturned

733.Li 000 imp. v. + puriyura understand dat [ -1W 734. LI CLI pulavar, polavar poet, learned man LIG-ix-Orr ,cv_irroi

735. L.(6) puli_ tiger, panther 0-9

736. LI pullu grass

LI 'Ili 51

6 6 737. puRu worm, maggot

L-1

738 . CrA tamarind, sourness

739.LI J-h-oTA spot, point, tittle; index (data)

740. LIpLILi(94. porappaTu set out, star (a journey); rise (of sun, star, etc.) Lirrnp LIG

741. 4 puu(vu) flower; shredded coconut

( ciprti ffi rrai

742. puucci insect, bug, worm, germ

743. puuTTu lock

Lb IL 744. Lb207 puune cat +MIT' 745. peTTi box; iron (for clothes CWIL 746. GLJ6T poNNu daughter; girl; bride

6.21.Jrror 747. 1. poNNuOarritfr female 2. pompLeG)IJr r woman

748. @OW peeru 1. name; noun; reputation 2. person (used with numbers as a classifier in the colloquial style)

749.G)iJuJ peyyi peyya, pencu rain C)Li Liaa OLICIJUIA-10 ITO

750. G) periya big, large, great impo ta-- [ 6LJ , 01JrfltLJ

751. u 3. perukku- multiply, increase; [sweep] (tr.) 6)L-1

752. 6-)d(6La pe rune pride; greatness, nobleness; fame, glory; prestige, reputation

6 7 753. G) give birth 1.61;17(p7:61r174) 1. 2.ke_eIkkum- imp. v. 2.get, obtain, receive; OL achieve 0LF a appaammaa parents 11.1[TLOL-Orr

754.gd peecu- speak, talk

755.a Liff- peeccu speech, talk

756. Cu76-07- peeran grandson JT0

75 7. gthyrr.P ff)( prafasaru professor LITTuff-s 758. peetti granddaughter

6L-1

759. LJ Lip pen(nu), peenaa pen (the riting ins ent) CILJar.6T (S)0

760. I mj payyi bag, pocket

tijU-51

761. gri LI ET-- IT paycaa, kaacu paise, 1/100 rupee; money

UtliEfri ; MET

762. paytt payittivam madness, insanity, folly; LJLJLdL Lib51, 016 mania; mad person 763. q-oLlujarr payyan boy, son uoljuicnri-

764. G)Lirrig poTi 1. powder, dust; snuff ad fir L9 2. very small (adj.)

765. _Ll caataaraNam public, common, general, usual Er-n-TFr povr:2)

766.G)LJITJ poy lie, falsehood, untruth

OD rr 64,61)

767. 6)1-17 1. arttam kl 1. meaning; substance,,matter 2. caamaan iTrr nwr 2. object, thin (pl. ) goods, product

768 @LIFT poruttukkoo wait; endure., bear with, 6:.4 e 5rr tolerate; have patience 53

6 8 D-111-,e9.1 L-0 porume patience OLirre9-10Ln

769. poo (pooka, pooy go atm (Corrffi

770. eijrr pookku going; practice, manner, habit; L,HTAg behavior, attitude; tendency, trend, style, usage

771.eLirrsg Gil pookkuvarattu traffic, transport nirr çrIgt1 772. 61170 4. pooTu (pooTa, pooTTu) put, place (unintentionally r aos, 4.] ei_117G (dan,a1-Irrl:0) or carelessly), throw (away), drop; give birth to (of animals); helin verb with numerous nouns wit eneraI idea of put: a picture T7=17-771(r76ad), serve (coffee), etc.

773. alit T-L pooTTi contest competition, tournament, rr match 774. - -pootu, -pp4 when, while o. pt.) rrgl -LJU

775 .eLiTT51:13imp. v. + pootum be enough, be sufficient dat. eLl raj flo 776.dtJfy yuddam war, battle

777.gi-IfToli, nj Fr A) poola 1. like, similar(post. 4- acc. 2. as (if) (post.4- conditional; ClArrqU post. pt. n. [3. inf., stem pfed Iresemble']

778. 6LIFT0151 foon phone, telephone [ovraaul &diTair

779. In 6Tr maka(1) daughter 0 LC) Crr

makan son 780. L0 615r 0 Orr 54

6 9 781. cantooSam joy, gladness; pleasure 6Pre err4L6 782. Leap jananka people; [children]

cil:STM-J-1 (rfr

783 IA 5 Er-6-1T manca(Lu) turmeric; yel

LI:1

784. LD maTi lap; pocket flap of aG LO

785. maTTum I only, alon [2 until, as far as, as long as LL (post. nom. and pts.]

786. maNi gem, jewel, bead; bell, gong; hour of the day WOri1C) 787.w maNikki o'clock 415 ala

788. maNineeram hour (of 60 minutes Looroz9er

789. Lo maNNu earth, soil, dirt aD orr_

790. matippu value, estimation; reverence, regard Ln L L A 791. mattya central; Union-, of the Centre

792. LO rçrL mattyaanam midday, early afternoon

LCIVP'LIFF°51- 793. LDJmantiri minister (of state) fff' LOT if) 794.Louivtai5 mayakkam mental confusion, delusion, Wti3d3%1.0 perplexity; sleepiness, intoxication, fainting

795.w 9-CD maram tree; wood LDTFL E respect, propriety; civility 796. 11) rr mariyaate cfJarrepo

7 0 797.LO maruntu medicine, remedy

798. bp LID 85677 marumaka(L) daughter-in-law; female 0 cross-cousin, niece LD crr

799. Upff:)00-1 marumakan son-in-la , male cross- ousin, nephew W L.01566-07 800.a) au male mountain, hill marl) 801. 0 mallike jasmine

oi) cn-9 eel 802.wenLs maRe rain Loots 803. LOrp 7. mara (marakka, mar4ntu) ._orget W (1-13(PdA5.016V5 804. L00 1.innoru another, other 2. aTutta ,91G next

805. Logp 4!-441-h-- tirbvpavum again [ Dearzyr- W -upaTi(yum) Wttsliu 0.14 806. In in 2./6. 2. kaaNaama(l) poo 2. disappear,be hidden E6n-1124k))jrr

6. oLincukkoo _ 6. hide, make disappear 9 Efr .eiCffi

veetam VedaBible

69611 mattapaTi other, otherwise (adv, and I.D6ulf matta the other (adj.)

809. LacroriLl,Worfr manam-manacu mind, hea will

[ aisin-n-LA] firr ILDIfaT

810.W rerAT manitan man; human being W 0-a+i(per°1-

811.LB20-0T6-15-) manevi, poNTaaTTi wife narra/011 irrim-Lsr 56 7 1 812. 1_13 manni- excuse (+ nom., + acc. Moo forgive, pardon 0- nom. + dat.)

813. W rt L.4 maaTi upper story /floor, upstairs; rr roof terrace

814.wrr maaTt ox, bovine rrO 815.in rr air madNavan student 0 IT0-01-61A ror

Wri:-05) madliavi -student (f.)

0110-1-

816.Do ,5113 maacam month in a [0:1 817. DOrr$11-39 ,maatiri manner, way, fashion (n. as, like (post. -1-Jyt.) rI 818. WJT Jan1wrlT maapLe bridegroom; husband; younger v brother-in-law L0 ITUL16)6rr 819. W LO- maam- mangousually compounded) U0FrLO 820. WTTLI)n- maamaa uncle, mother's_brother father's sister's husband, W ri-LOFr father-in-law; any older man

821. OJT : maami mother s brother's wife, LD r M61 mother-in-law; any older woman (of somewhat indefinite connection)

822.ID ruj maaru chest, bosombreast Li] rr

823.MFr 2.(k) maald 1. garland, necklace Mrrna-0 2. evening, P.M. 824.Lo rr maaVaTTam district WJLLL 825. W 1113 Er) maaraa against as opposedto (post. LD rr( dat.)

826.uo Froi3. maaru- change, alter (intr ove 070 aside, give way 827.Lo rr nrr maanu deer rr GIs 57

r7 9 828.0 rompa very, much, a lot Frbou 829. L6) mirukam animal, beast 0 Lc L-0 830. L6) rrLL moLakaa hchillies, red pepper G)/...070-rr rr

831.11)CiT Lbi balbu light bulb

832. y&rrw karaNTU electricity ryo-i;-trrEG:

833. L61 fO1ôL) minnalu lightning Ldrol 834.L-6$) miccam excess surplus, remainder LASTEF-EFLO

835.Wcir mlinu fish

836 mokam face, countenance; mouth of a

LD rf river, entrance to a harbor; honor, pride, 'face'

837. vilaacam address (where one lives)

6-15141.1 Fr E1.0

838. uiCa mukkiyam importance, that which is chief/

LAO primary 839 4 2./6. muTi- 2. finish come to an end g 6. finish complete

840.6D34 muTi hair (of head)

841.g irar muTicci knot g4ffEr-T 842 muTiyum can, be able, be possible ILI al Imp. V. 4- instr. g ti4

8 [- 14 4-11 muTivu end, finality; decision, conclusion L-9-

58 73 844. LIr6TF muTTaaLu stupid person, fool L rr 845, muTTe agg, zero

E.6-)

846 mo ta (1) first, initial GLarr 16-)) beginning, principal (money), Chief- (political) from (with time expressions) [post. nom.]

nW motalaam first(iy) Qi.DrroVri-L°0 847. mutuku (the) back g-1 848.. g Ep&I mutt.. pearl- kiss g 849 . LiLi muppatu thirty, 30 obl, LI LI g41 C.1 LI obl. muppatti.

850. moyalu rabbit, hare

/12 Wel-1 851 UJ(72 muyarcci attempt, effort, perseverance

852 d201) mulle (Arabian) jasmine don 071,)

85 3 . g muRu whole, entire complete

854. (J1 vc?cTr molie sprout, shoot -f plants); elnIrrnCrr (attached) peg, post, stake; wedge

855. muLLu thorn prickle; hands of clock WaCtIr 856. 1. maatiri 1. manner WIT 2. varice 2. order, regularity 6-1J 3.taTave repetition, turn (one's turn rieU times (4 times

5 9

7 4 munnaale before (post. 4- fut.

Crrrt06-16.-V

front; past (in cpds.

858. munnaale 1. in front of, in the presence cni arr of (post. -I- dat./obl., of. 857.) [2. before (post. A- dat. of fut. pt. n.)] 3. formerly, before

859. muukku nose; bill, beak f bird pouring spout

860. muuccu breath; life

861. (( 3. muuTu- cover; close g 862. muulam 1. with, by means of, through (the agency of), under the COLn auspices of (post, nom.) 2. root, origin; original text; means

863. muule corner, angle gow 864. muuNu three 0-1 865. 6-)LLI CIA Fr e5 metuvaa slowly, softly 404tp airr

866. 6-)061)CrIJ mella, molla slo ly, softly, gently 6)0)0i0a 'Oa] rr

867. mellicu soft, thin, delicate

611.0 636151 Efr 868.d meek= cloud CIA0851.6

869. eW6-6-) meeje, meece table desk eboca ,gLo6)Ef-

870. eLD 6. meey- 2. graze; eatgrass or grain) CIA a 6. graze, feed (cattle, etc.)

7 5 871.0 atooTe moreover, besides, fu tiler ,Dig5rrca_

872.44OCCO meele 1. upper surface,_high. the west (cf.CIA/15 [ gWOO-L) ) n. 2. on (top of), upon (touching*); concerning [post. + obi.] 3. above (not touching*); after (in time) [post. + dat.]

* contrast not maintained in_ all dialects

873. Lorpg meekku west

Sw.17) west, western w meekke to/in the west et0416

874. OD 113 ma: ink

875. @Inn- La mottam total, aggregate; the whole, OW Fr universal

876. øwrT § baaSe language; word, saying, rr expression

877.d mootirarn (hand) ring (jewelry) $1g1.0 err W 878. WTTrJ =Orli buttermilk

1111-1

Lil

879. (LIrr 77 Gigi yaaraavatu anyone, anybody cdmrpraligi

880. LLJrr yaarum anyone, everyone; (+ neg. ) no one WIT U3 881. LLJ Fr 7 rr yaaroo someone WrTelPT

882. n- yaaru who

7 6 883.pi a yaane elephant Lb41-616Tr ci 884.7 racam rasam,a thin soup th

885.9- 030-i), uS1 rayilu railway, train Noriebalarrep U51e4 886. 9-6-51th6D eff), ravikke sari blouse, choli,obodice gol2 650

887. urrii ruupaa(y) rupee Lin- oi

a__ I) 888. G3 urr toTTi brea ro chapa Gv) rr

889. f9-171T roojaa rose d9-rra-

61)

o 890. laccam 1-lakhl, hundred thuusand, {0131.6-ULIEF CO &A*611 1,00,000 [obi. laccatti GO

891. 6 1-231pir' 1. classify 2. divide 3. vaku- 3. divide (in math)

61.1

892. vakuppu, klt;aasu class, division 07)igil , E66Tr Tr 893. vetam kind, sort type; manner, way, JL method; division, portion

894. 6-1-11).1@, rg.1 baanku,bgnk bank (financial) uFrrfid a rtA 895. vasaLi convenience facility; well-o comfortable

6 2 7 7 896. L vaTakku north Oi L.

GAIL north, nor hern

vaTakke to/in the north CULEt0E5 897. 671.11L (-1-0 vaTTam circle; region, "taluk" 0 a-IL:L. L13

898. irr vaNakkam salutation; hello, how are you? arr (said while joining hands together)

899. -CIA Oirr 4 vaNTi cart; conveyance, vehicle

61.1 0-001 1.9.

900. JT doobi, vaNNan washerman, dhobim e6nra,cumor,0

901. 6-2-11-)N vantu hesitation fo well

6-1-1

902. GIl LLJJJ [6-1J vayacu years old, years age age G1LW IT16

903. _ vayalu field (with boundaries esp C1101 @IL paddy field

904.Cu05)(91 vayru stomach, belly, abdomen ul g

905. J uoTO 7E750 carittram history EF

906. 0-Iffl 1. vari 1. tax 2. 1aynuôtJj 2. line

907. varSam year

CU rT Le.ih

908. Wrr6rLD, campaLam income rr EF- CD LJ1TW 909. caj vare 1. measure, limit [2. up Lo, until (post. 1- nom.)] G1J

910. varekkum 1. up to, until p-st. ± nom.) alC) çcsth 2. until, as far as (post. -I- pt.)

63 911. vareyle- 1. up to, until (post. + nom. cuo ao 2. until (post. + pt.) 912.i IG1IW] valatu the right side 611 CU g0

vala right

G-1101)

913.0-1051 6. imp. v. vali: smart, pain, ache + dat. Cu

914. 61.1 vali pain, ache al 051

915. 6114 MOLD balam strength, power

J UL LO

916. 6-2-11 vaRakkam customconvention, habit 161 Li3 5 EE 917. vaRakku litigation, lawsuit, ca Lg dispute 6-11 918. vaRi way, path; me hod al§ vaRiyaa by, through, by way of (post. + obl.) cj U-111-

919. 2./6. vaLaru-/: grow intr.) . raise (tr.) Trr C8

920. 611 rr GiJ vaa (vara, vantu) 1. come 2.(imp. v. + dat ) be getting, clirr (atir receive

vaanku- buy, get, receive; pant, be short of breath 611rriti

922. C1J rr o'b vaacal entrance doorway, gateway Ci1tff

923!ni Er-200T vaaeane smell (n._ Fri5-0CroT

924. irr vaayi mouth mouthful opening of bag, etc. al 7USI

925.Curr Cia vaaram week 0 GI) rr La 64

7 9 926. calrr vaalu tail cuff 927. rr vaaRe- banana tree, banana (in cpds, 613rrog

928. 2. 1. nallaa iru live 0-00-u ri 2. nallaa naTa thrive, prosper 0-06rurrrL

vaaRkke living, life 611rr

929. 61.1rr welcome, greetings (formal)

930.6ljn-oTA vaaLi bucket

CI-Irrol+1 931. rrne0151 reeTiyoo radio e w rr 932 rr9-2cgrirr vecaaraNe investigation, inquiry, trial; WJEFrrrynaRIT interrogation 933-cisigkr>i viciri fan; (movie) fan aRri5i 934. 661L viTa 1. compared to than (post. I- GaSk acc.) 2. inf. of 'leave'

935.a 2. viTi-, veTi- dawn (as day) rise (of sun); 4)nal break through difficulties) 4. viTu (viTa, viTTu) leave; release let go, abandon, 6-15)G caT LAL® give up; permit, allow, let; [often -Tu -G.' or com letive aspect marker in -ru -gin cpds.] ver coMPoun

937.05)06,5SCU viTutale freedo liberty, independence; 619Genav) releas of prisoner, etc.) 938. GICIG& iiivu leave,holiday, vacation oSbn4 939 viti fate, destiny; principle rule a law 940. 60 07f) vete seed (of plant ) @cu 65 941 vittyaacam difference, contrariety; tpuJrr Er-Lb distinction

942. viniyookam distribution

615) CUJrneb1:8

943.615)Lc) rr vimaanam airplane LL rrm

944 6-151 rr 5r) viyaati sickness, disease

6715) rt

945. a L rr Urr 7Lia vyaapaaram coirnerce, trade, business rr u rr

a nrrf) vyaapaari merchant V. rTLJT i

946.(D0Jrr, LU vyaaRakkeRame Thursday v GWIT ,16111, Lo 947. ag veralujr finger, toe 948. ncild viruntu feast; food for guest

949.67)516'7 Fr95ih virootam enmity g ITT

950. 5. vt sell 051 E5

951. vele price

Gi6110 ro vevacaayam agriculture 952. rr w 0 G)6'U61J rrLLJL 10 953 vevaram details, detailed narra ion, amplification 6)61] Gli

954. viseeSam celebration estival, festivity, a gab ceremony viRu- fail; win ttery, etc.

0)51g1 956.COOT veLakku lamp; light, illumination crT 957 Pr veLanku-. be clear; become renowned, 0611m-mi flourish 958.C)5)d,rrurr veLeyaaTu- play; spor 6)G,U0671

959. A; viiTu house; lousehold COG 960. ag viiran hero rT°* 961. C)6 riaJO5ULL/LAI venkaayam onion

6mi rr th_LL.2) 962, L.: Eta vekkam shame; modesty

06-11 t5

963. 0611 veTTU- cut, chop, cut with scissors G)01L 964. 0 veNNe butter

dro'r

965. 6-) veylu heat of the sun, sunshine

6)67)itil4.251)ga tj 966.JcnJOUL1 ) yell= aggery, brown sugar

967. 00.-D crfF) etii, (7) veLiye out, outside, exterior 061:11-n90a-}

:61-1641C-) veLi(-) foreign, external; empty space; 061j679(-) outer space

0-n1pri-LLL1 veLikkaarar foreigner

GN-LIcrr rr g

968,G6J6rTTA veni silver; Venus (the planet), Friday

969.n A 63et Lio veLLikkeRame Friday

6161.10-froC) ibo LO

970. G)C)Jrrr2crr veLL whIte, whiteness innocence 6) AJ OT (r) VT

971.G)0J,L916) verum 0 empty, mere, blank ai

8 2 972. CT) (71-1 vetri jeyam victory, success 0611( 16)'Nu.R11

1 vac (veeka vent0_ be cooked (in narrowest sense, 60 (66111 6-VWFA) in water and without seasoning parcook; be hot

974 *-; .511 ebtil 1 (I) yeckarnaa quickly, in a hu intensely, 6; CU (56LO Fr strong (of taste

voeSTi, veeTTi °(1h_ti, man's lower garment gol

veeNTiya necessary, needful (adj.) 6 )JArr

977. eq}-11,c7T-(=,:; veeNum want; should, need imp. v. ± dat. e gp

e cu arrr rruJ veeNTaam do not want; should not

Crli cri5-07L rr

976. veeru root (of plants)

979 -.611019 fence

980. L work, job, employment

981. eeLe. occasion (number of ti (duration of) time cr-'76-2.J 6-) 671-

Turr oruveeLe perhaps; (just) once 6-300e61-16arrr-

982. 6 vecre other, different, foreign ecru 6) c7

983. 610631 6 ayyi_(vakkya,va9cu) put, lay, place, set aside (intentionally); keep, make C11 tir4(C11 Efz, 111-) and keep; serve (food, etc,

enies 984-996, see Appendix II, 131.

8 3

68 APPENDIX I. Words Grouped by Topic, Use and Semantics

SECTION ONE. Func tionWords

A. Pronouns and De ic ics

1. sona 1 and ResuiLive Pronouns

Fr naan

593- rTiEf Ebrn-- naanka (L) we exe lusive they and I

597. IT Fr /13 naama (1,) we (inc lus ive ),you and I a- d they)

620. J-1 r nii you (s ing. )

621. rrjcrr aiinka (L) you (pl. and hon. )

512. taan himself, herself, itself (resump tive)

511. TT LID taam they themse Ives; he h imse f (hon. )

508. J3o1 :1- taanka ( they themselves ;you (formal hon. )

2. De ic tid and Interroative Pronouns

avan he

139. ivan he (th is man)

52.4.W.J a-57 ava (L) she

138 611 O1T iva(L) she (this woman)

50. 416:11 avaru he (hon. ) ,that person

136. 03)01 ivaru he (hon. person

5 10-21 Ij c7iT avanka (L) Y, those people ; t 37. a ow(rED6-Tr ivanka (1,) they, these people ;she (hon. )

a tu It,that,that thing 112. itu it,this, this thing

55 6-001 a tu, a tunka (1,) they, those things

8 4 140, OXCD-)6723 itunka(L) they, these things

882 LLJTT yaaru

880. ai ric50 _yaarum anyone, everyone; (.1- neg. no one

881. 01 IT(fITTT yaaroo someone 879.LTrnJI yaaraav anyone anybody 194. Gr etu which one

195. crg]6111b etuvum anything

228. CTC, ;5-rr etuvoo something, some _ -ecl; somewhat

191. GT Too etaavatu s_ ething 226.61-01-craf enna what

237. een why, for what -eason

3. Other De iceics

27, 40,5 anta that, those (adj.)

115. inta this these (adj.)

198.Cr enta which (adj.)

3. anke there

104. 6:316 E6 inke here

181. GTF5J6ES e ke where

180. Cr ri3A enkum everywhere anywhere;(+ neg nowhere

183. FF1 LLJfl enkeyoo so- ewhere

2. r-frj. g al rr-CultU enkeyaavatu anywhere

24. 115 attane, avaLavu that many, so many, so much

114. g)6,5 ittane, ivaLavu this many; all these;ti-is much

1,96. cr2rr ettane, OvaLavu how many

70 197 . Cry5 Ep_ Fr ettanevoo so

30. OIL:1U L9 appaTi like that,in that manner, SO

118. L-1L ippaTi thus, in this way

199. çfli Li L9. eppaTi how, In what manner

201. GT n- eppaTiyoo somehow

200, CrL Ll L9 tij 1VCflJCLL eppaTiyaavatn somehow (or other ); by any means 33UHTgj appa then, at that time 119.ULJflj ippa now 26. CI-1:16/Jgl eppa when 204. G1LJLJ tT eppavum always; (-1- neg. ne 205. CTI.:iTfl eppavoo sometimes, occasionally, once in a while

202.(7 6 LJTTriaj eppavaavatu sometimes, at any time

56. AVLI" 6-11617- avaLavu that much, so much 141. 4)). 6-11 cri-aj ivaLavu this much; gliala 2 t 3. GT 6tM crr evaLavu how much, however much; how_ma,ay

so much, a lot 214. GT CD CI] 611- 6-1-1 q evaLavoo

71. --9-t 031- 611 aNNekki that day

151.QciPTar) iNNekki today

113. e, Fr itoo (look) here:

7 1 B.Postpositions

1. Post- ositions -ith Sim lex Nouns

With Nominative

74. -aaka for (duration, with time uni

464. g -ceentu together (+ intr. V. )

785. - 1.13L=G1La -mattum until, as far as, as long as

846. -mota(1) from (with time expressions)

862. - CU LO -muulam with, by means of,thr ugh (the agency of ), under the auspices of

909. -vare up to, until

910. -njej-)9-#AL0 -varekkum up to, until

911, - 037 -vareyle up to, until

With Accusative

389. EE Tom- -koNTu with, by mean of

449. - -cutti around

464. -ceentu together (+ tr.

502. (;5 051 -tavira except, besides, apart

%oward(s), r7-ET.B -peattu

697. -L-ir:p26) -patti about, concerning, regarding

-poola like, similar to 777, 61J 61-) 6,isrc10

934. G-19L -viTa compared to,than

c. W Dative

39. u rp Lin -appram on the far side of, beyond

74. eb -aaka for (the sake of)

174, TT7T. rrr -uLLe inside of), within [pacei; by, within [time]

192. -etire before, in front of; opposite 72

r7 642. -Li -pakkattule in the vicinit near

665.- Lj -batilu instead of

825.- Fr Et) -maaraa against,(as) opposed to

d. With Obli ue

642. -pakkattule in the vicinity of, near

107. -kiTTa/-kiTTe a case endincr/yost _osition wi.th

1. -flto 4iFection towards with animates. contras 2. location with animates contrast

3. transitory dative. contrast

4. proximity,'near'

156. -ucciyle at the top of

359. - Tr(L. -kuuTa/-kuuTe along with

643.- UL -pakkam near, hy

918.- CU IIUJ TTa, -vaRiyaa (ka) by, through, by way of

With Dative_or Oblinue

Note: Some dialects (both literary and colloquial) contrast use.of dative and use of oblique. In these dialects, the dative is used to denote noneontact and the oblique to denote contact. The contrast is clearly illustrated in the entry 872.WJ,etc., below.

- Tiyle at the base of, at the foot o underneath

uLLe among(A- pl.)

-kiiRe below, under

pinnaale behind (in space ); after time)

-munnaale in front of,in the presence of

872. -Ca) CCU.,-aujol) -meele on top of), upon ohl. I*; above C-LCi941) [A- dat.]*; concerning [-F ohl ]; after (in time) I+ dat.1

_ trast notmaintained in all dialects. 73 22!LELitions with Verbal Forms a. With Partici les 32. -OlLiqfpui appram af ter(4- pas t pt

198.- L Carr- - oTane as soon as; right af Ler (+ paspt. )

654.-Li - Li -aaka (+ dat. ofin order to, so that (± tut.pt. )pt.no )

655.-114 Li eLij -paTi as(-1- pa ipres. pt. ) 656. -ULLJrFci -atunaale on account of, as, by reason of, because(4- past pt. )

722 -appram after (+ past pt. ) 723. 13. LI) -appram af ter (+ pas t pt. )

774. LIT - -pootu-ppa when, while (+ pt. )

785.- maTTum until, as far as. as long as( pt. )

817.- /1- -maatiri as, like(1- pt. )

857. -munnaa le before( fut.p

910. -varekkum until, as far as(1-pt.

911.- r;LI 67r) t cu -vareyle until (± pt. ) b. With Pa_ tici ial Noun-

74.- -aaka in order to (+ dat..of fut. pt .

166.- -um immedia t ive 'as soon as ' past pt.n.

724.-L5) -pinnas_le after (+ dat. of past pt.n.

I -L9073-r,

777.-Ctirr()-1, 1.-1Fro-u -poola as(-p pt.

858. 0-796'01) -munnaale -0060' before (+ dat. of fut pt.

7 4 c. Postppsibions_and Clitics with_Condi.tlonals

245. - U-I -oRiya unless (emphati-

777. -CL-1/T01-) -eLin- -poola as (if

166, aLD -um even (if) [nonreal concessive]

513.-meg- [also -taan only (if) -Eyri-13,etc.]

C. Clitics

211. cr cu a)Fr lig -ellaam the whole, entire, all

227. -67- -ee emghatic and exclusive: 'this one as.opposed-765-' (cf. rr )

513. ITerfir' [also -taan ernihatic and _isolative: 'this 1-r-t.h, etc. ] one by itself'; only, just, exactly (cf. -GT)

567. L.40 -toorum every, each and every

166. - -um also, too inclusion in a closed set); although (real concessive)]-1- coverbial]; -ever universals [+ interrogative]

369. -kuuTa/-kuuTe even, als- too

a 167, - 14) -urn... -urn and (conjoining of nominals)

9 -aavatu...-aavatu or (only in noneoncrete situations, cf. ...-

251. -oo.-oo or (only in concrete situations, cf. ,9baig...-,961gd)

73. -aa...-aa or (only with questions)

72. -aa interro ative elitic asking for a no rep y, with expectation neutra

90 250. -oo interro ative clitic indicating §J1Lprise and asking for confirmation

785. -maTTum only, alone

D. Sentence Markers

1 Conjunctions

103 4_61-) aanaa but -Vitlia aanaalum however

47. 4401) n i g. illaaTTaa or, if not

224. 6-1-07-64_1 1-- -nnaalum, -NNaalum even then, nevertheless (attached to preceding sentence

223. GT01-1-6 -nnaa, -NNaa if, if said so

221.0-0-fr 6.01 atunaale therefore

871.n=a9C,Y-11-n atooTe moreover, besides, furthec

2. Inte actions Address forms and Ta _Markers

92. 6 rr flo aamaa yes

418. if) cari O.K., alright, f ne, yes

713. ti Fr ni paavam alas, a pity

682. Li cral IT ci-) par vaalle never mind, doesn't matter; it's not bad

591 ay01 nanni, nanri thanks, thank you

929. a fr e? welcome, greetings 'ormal)

901. CLI vantu hesitation form: uh, well

898; C11 vaNakkam salu _ation: hello, how ar- you?

76 Fr 39..DliOLOrrq ammaaTiyoo oh my gosh:

9. DIL...11-L-11- aTeeTee oh:(mild surprise)

252. T ookoo (surprise or joy)

241. rea LJJrr ayyoo oh dear: (sorOw or s pathy)

438. cii (contempt)

155. -(u)nka(L) address form for oliteness

8. (a) Taa im olite address form to male chi_ldren_and

(a)Tii s_imilar form for fe- les

31. (1)1:_u_Irr (a)ppaa address form to older ma e inferiors; father

38. (-31)1:13Lt3 a address form to older women; mother

240. La IT (a)yyaa interiectio:qaddress form_to older male e ual; sir

495. E5 t- pi address form to male servan

474.cro FF sear sir. gentleman

91. -aam tag marker to sentence indicag t:at the speaker is not re!pon- sible for the

135- le tagparker: with rising intonation, 'isn't it?'; with falling intonation, 'you know'

E. Verbs with S ecial Uses

1. Impersonal Verbs

337. LLO keTekkum dat.) will get, obtain EfrrJ g)(1Zr)L_dc, keTekkaatu (A- data will not get

338. GT) keTuyaatu dat, neg. only) do not have, does not happen

92 piTikkum (+ dab.)(Lo)ljke

pnci be (extremely) hungry (-I- dat)

544. 99Li-1 L:C) ter iyum (+ dat) know

977. au 67TiM GI Lb veeNum da0 want; should

(: cjJciflTLnF L.:0 veeNTaam (+ dat.) do not want; should not

920. C1,1 vaa be getting, receive + (lat.)

913. CA6-51 vali= pain 0- dat

842. 0L9_tq muTiyum (+ ins tr.) can, be able

775. (;LiflE.1Lin pootum (+ df :) be enough

733. LLQ puriyu_ (+ dat.) understand

ammatical Ve

127. g\e 7. iru be

76. b aa (ku) be, beeo-e

222. crri-T S. in (nu) say,tell, quotativ-

454. paNNu-, ceyyi- cL make

394. 1. reflexive middle marker

371. kuuTu- join, gather; be possible

710. rr paaru see; try

657. G 4. paTu suffer, feel

561. 2. /6. tole-/- Pe destroy

983. vayyi put, keep

936. 4. viTu leav- let

779. pooTu put, throw

78 F. Modifiers

actives

aTutta next not this one, the next one

atikam, jaasti much, a lot of; excess

143. Acfr L 21,am young; light (of color.

168.2Ed ocanta high

218: colapamaana easy

267. kaTeyci end; last, final

289. Eb _g6c5) karum dark, dark (of colors

379. GiE6C_L__ keTTa bad; spoiled

387. ) iTL4L1 pollaala ha mful, cruel

36. ciriya small, little (in stze

437. 6-07- cinna little, small

461.679' poona last, previous

48.(iTr,E conta own, belonging to, personal

519. tiru divine, sacred, holy

587. I156i)(11J nalla good, proper, as it should be

693. Li cn paReya old mature

731. Li gLI putu new

750. 6)tJ J)tLJ per iya big, ,-2at, important

765. 67) rry,1 caataaraNam public, common, general, usual

791. LLLJFV&T)) mattya central t LA aTutta, innoru anotr, next

808. tta other

853. muRu whole, entire, complete

622. -0- L- niiLamaana long 79 867. 0i-6.6-061511-Li mellicu soft, thin, delicate

971. 0 ni,1 ILI verum empty, mere, blank

976. d oi (1-6-73-r L-9- veeNTiya necessary, needful

982. C613 veere other, difterent, foreign

2. Adverbs

21 rompa very

149. 0.4) inime from now on, henceforth, hereafter

152. an- Ln innum still, yet; further-o e, more

23'3. ff)01,1 a-6)J eerkanavee, already, in good time, before munnaaleeyee

981. Cal 2077- oruveeLe perhaps; (just) once

246. niA a, m zb oRunkaa orderly, efficiently, neatly, regularly

267. EZML kaTeyciyle in the end, finally, at last

771. t-5 LLFILI-1 LI]r-FtY) kaTTaayamaa definitely, certainly

339. LL !p kiTTattaTTa approximately, nearly, about

439. ciikkramaa quickly, soon

443.al- W Tr Ty cumaar approximately, about

444.ery LC) cummaa lazily, idly, leisurely; just for fun, without any reason, just because

483. taTave, taram (number of) times

515. tiTiirNNu suddenly

546. 6GT2j1V tetivaa evi-ntly,-clearly

590. nallaa well

618. f-PC1 -4reya, rompa, much, too much, a lot aasti

588. cc-ITC6 nallaa well (LT n. used as adv. 80

95 137.L-tg,L-15)(AJ putucaa recently

805. LO pilLT Lc/ tirumpavum again marupaTi(yum)

808. mattapaTi otherwis

828. L1-)r-B :711 Lb rompa veiy, much, a lot

86.5. (7-1-11).1-17 metuvaa slowly, softly Ln 866. mella, moLLa slowly, softly, gently

974. g6=21f LLR.- veekamaa quickly, in a hurry; intensely; strong (of taste)

3.Colors

143. o7r bo eLam pale light

289. 5@ili-J0 karum dark

293. 56u kalar color

310. karuppu black, blackness

434. g)CDEIL-1 cevappu red- redness

625, Lh niilam blue

648. LIEPOMEF pacce green, yellow-green

783. IL EF-- crr manca(Lu) yellow

970. ciLi arrr veLLe white, whiteness

Other Qualities

43. iff(Lia) rare dear

57. aRaku beauty

175. 1. valu 1. firmness, hardness, strength 2. kaTTaayam 2. assurance, definiteness certainty

218. Gt colapam, callicu an easy matter

265. To--0-)Lo kaTume harshness, sternness, severity

413. canuim level, evenness; equality

81 446. EFI° ON-) Ll L1:0 colapam easiness, facility

496. La Frf5- tayaar(u) ready, readiness 838.g ti-ilb mukkiyam importance

G. Quantifiers

1. Numerical a. Natural Numbers

242. oru one; a, an (num. adj.)

249. oNNu one, one thing (n.)

oNNum nothing (-F neg.)

oruttan one man

orutti one woman

125. reNTu two

864. muuNu three

604. naalu four

238. ancu five

102. aaru six

229. eeRu seven

187. eTTu eight

248. Ljgj ompatu nine

675. pattu ten

672. Li patanoNNu eleven twelve 700. Li panneNTu

673. patimuuNu thirteen

667. patanaalu fourteen

671. patananeu fifteen

9 7 668. pa tanaaru s ix teen

pa taneeRu seventeen 670. Li

pa tane Tat eighteen 669. Li

676. Li pa t tompa to nineteen

129. irupatu, iruvatu twenty

849. LI( Lig] muppatu thirty 602. Fr (.2 i.jJ naappatu for ty ampatu fifty 239- 23 L U 64. arupatu, aruvatu sixty

217. eRupatu, eRuvatu seventy

196. 6-T rolcrr 11 PT-11 empatu eighty C7- 560.oi Eprrab-rff toNNuurn ninety

628..14fro nuuru hundred, 100

94. LL9 /7 in aayiram thousand, 1, 000 4lakh: hundred thousand, 890. 61J laccam 1, 00, 000

395. 4 kooTi 'crore: ten million, 1, 00, 00, 000 b. Other

44. Id are half, 1/2

333. cri) kaa (1u) guar,ter, 1/4

846. mota (1) firs t, initial 244. 9 at 6)01.1 rr ovvoru each, one by one

2. Nonnumerical

all, all kinds of (adj. ) 210. 5TdLciirr e 1 laa

211. Trit.) cni 4:0 ellaam ail things, everything (n. everybody 212. 07(Ti.)66-1-)rr ellaar m all (people

83 685. j al) pala, palaana

some, a few, not many 432. koncam (n.) cela,.konca (adj.) (adj. if preceding, otherwise n.

385. 6')E6rr ZO koncam a little, some (i solitary, alone, sole 504. q) tani (adj. and adv.)

another (-f the same type) (adj.) 153. r5 innoru

Related ords

computation 275. a) fraTT kaNakku

eNNu- count, number 188. gnri-01- 3.

add 374. kuuTTu- subtract, deduct 305. kaRi multiply 751. perukku- divide 891. vakul

difference 941. wrr&Zo vittyaacam total; the whole 875. QLorç Ep.4 mottam (number of) times 483. L6)1021 taTave name; person (used with 748. peeru 67111_11 7 numbers as a classifier)

9 9

84 H. Time

1. Time Units

t ime, per iod less than a day 634. g ITLb nee ram

608. a 6Ain nimi Sam momen t, minu re

786. LLnCriCi maNi hour of the day

788. 11) crinfi C maNineeram hour (60 minutes)

787. LC) orPFIC) iS maNikki o c lock

640. Li ffia..) pakalu daytime

332. E5 Fr 20-1.) kaale morning, a.m.

156. ucci zenith, noon

792. 03E,5 tarraVTLb ma t tyaanam midday, early af ternoon

427. el; mui 7070LO caayankaa lam late a f ternoon, evening

823. LID rr 2/1) maa le evening, p.m.

126. nl raattri night

6 oo. rrcfr naa (Lu ) day (24 hours

nee t tikki yesterday 637. 6; )-) gu

tomorrow 599. T rr 2017r naaLekki

344. 0 013 0 keRame day of the week

475. q5 rr ca(Avi womo ffaayi t tukkeRame Sunday

514. EFi t-) LC t inkakkeRame Monday

460. 0 tC)-16-1-1 rral lgOUO cevvaakkeRame Tuesday

730. 90-i-T- ) Ln bo tankeRame Wednesday

546. 619 tLi Fr OD Lal v yaaRakkeRame Thursday

969. nnio.ir 6 LL veLLikkeRame Friday

421. F-61+1 65 6D LU canikkeRame Saturday

100 date, day of the m: th 550. teeti 1-$)

-526. denam daily

331. E5 kaalam time, season, period longer than a day

925. (X Fr 10 Va-ram week

816. 0 maacam month

907. al varSam year

396. effiti- kooTe(kaalam ) summer, hot seas n

902. 6-11 W vayacu years old,(years of) age

2. Related Wo s See also Section B2)

aTutta next 12.Kg1G afterwards 32. ,,91 rp L'A appram moreover; then

aa(ku) be, beco e; happen; pass (of time)

110. matti mid-portion; interval

henceforth, hereafter 149. gl0-519 nime

oTane at once, immediately 158- a_ L San-

414. IT Lo La 0 camayam occasion, opportunity 461. ç6r2 poona last, previous afterwards, (and) then 722. appram, pinne dawn, rise (of sun) 935. 2. viTi-

981. iJ 267T veeLe occasion, time

86 Locaion and Shape (See also: Post:positions (8), Land (Administrative (12a), and Adjectives Fl))

. General Location,_ Directions

896. al L vaTakku north QJL northern

vaTakke to/in the no

547. tekku south

crit southern

tekke to/in the south

342. keRakku east

eastern

keRakke to/in the east

973. meekku west

6 western

d Lop meekke to/in the west

912. valatu the right side

vala right (adj.)

105. eTatu the left side; left (adj.)

872. gLo 66-0 meele upper surface, high

156. ucci Lop, uppermost point, zenitL

578. naTu middle center (point)

791. mattya central; Union- (--)( 110. naTu, matti mid-portion, middle section)

1 1 . aTi base, bottom

348. kiiRe a place below, down, bottom

102 643. pakkam side, vicinity

291. Z566)/T kare border, boundary; shore

267. TO) kaTeyci end; last, final

174. a 6-fr edri uLLe interior, inside, in

967. 0671A 019 u=-1 veLiye exterior, outside, out

32. appram that side; farther, beyond

635. rp neeru straight, straightness

2. Other Locatives

12.,W 5 aTutta next

14. '6)L 2. ceeru- reach, approach

106. eTam place, room; [left side]

458. 00;i6J 1. poo ar ive (at)

tuuram distance 542. iirri L2) 843.54611 muTivu end; decision

918. J vaRi way, path

837. vilaacam address

3. Place Names

34. t6.i ETDrr amerikkaa America, the Uni ed States

India 116. r:p rr intyaa

133. lankaa, siloon Sri Lanka, Ceylon

462. orr Par senne, meDraasu Madras

524. Delli Delhi

88 103 4. Form anilyigae_

171. a 6-11 ruupam shape, image, form

409. Y- canti junction, meeting point

405. LL 13 caTTam framework, frame; law

739. 1_1 eriTam9 puni spot, point, tittle

856. varice order, regularity

863. muule corner, angle

897. CULL Ln vaTTam circle

906. CMrf) vari line; tax

104 SECTION TWOJ Society and the Social Sciences

J. Governmen Administration and Politics

1. Admi is_tration

22. 0/la5a-9-uo atikaaram authority

6a-)Ln ameppu structure; organization, constitution

90. ,b1T6TV-3 aapiisu, aafiis office

234. gr:21-q6. uNTaaku be establishe develop

328. ErrJw .p kaaryatarici secretary

378. collu say, tell (officially); proclaim Err1-0-1 517. tiTTam plan, scheme

534. 2 toNe deputy, Vice-, Assistant-

536. dore person in authority

539. tore department

562. veele action; occupation

576. naTavaTikke procedure, (administrativ measure, step

596. /13FIL:(3 3. naaTTu- establish

610. nirvaakam administration

614. 6201, LL-1/1) neleyam institution

664. LJ 5;15-thi patavi position, post.rank

666, Li pativu registration

721. pooTu he issued

936. 05n 4. viIU (tiTa, viTTU) release, let go; permit, allow, let

938.Qs--IGgi liivn leave, holiday, vacation

2. Government

a. Politics _Rule

6. 4X L 3. aTakku put down, restrain, contro subordinate 90 105 submit, obey 7.ALrg aTanku development, progress 29.0/61051W) apivitutti

40. ?igcET- raajaa king 41. MIT* carkkaaru government; royalty, kingdom

84.46E15) aacci rule, administration, government; sovereignty

145. eranku descend; be a candidate a (in an election)

party, faction 268. LJ kacci

420. i% IV carkkaaru (the) Government improvement, reform 440. 1811 cjjrtiruttam 529. La tiiviram intensity; radicalism; (political) activity

586. cavkkyam welfare

607. niti finance, fund, treasure

616. itiot niruttu stop; support (an action)

755.6Li Er peeccu speech

793. inT5')D9 mantiri minister (i state)

b. 1.andAAdminist ation)

172. 2_61) Er, 1:13 ulakam world, earth

178. uuru native place, hometown (village, town, community, place)

315.Et, ITO kaaTu land not regularly inhabited by ip[ëT jungle, de-dert

341.gl ITIT CD graamam village

570. rE.rt,7 nakaram city, town, municipality

595.rp 17-@ naaTu, deecam land inhabited by people: country, state

897.G)JLLL. t3 vaTTam circle; "taluk", region

91 106; 641. Li --Tam region, area

824. LL h district

c. War

peace, tranquility on Lo ameyti

401. g. cakti fjrce, forces (in pl.)

660. paTTaaLam army; (in pl.) forces, troops

776. rr yuddam war, battle

972. vetri [sic] victory

d. Law

22. rr atikaaram jurisprudence

(inherent ) right or quality; 170. LIQ urime claim, privilege

321. a5/TD Frr(701 kaappaattu protect

1761.10t 1. kaavalu 1. protection, watch; 2. pooliisu 2. the guard, police

405. 6PCAL_Lb caTTam rule; law, act

488. 8,504Fr L- 207r taNTane punishment

570. tiruTu steal

623. ndf6) niiti justice

636. Cr7ry b0 nyaayam honesty

917. aj vaRakku litigation, law-suit, case; dispute

trial; 932. vecaaraNe investigation, inquir interrogation

freedom, liberty, independence, 937. viTutale release (of prisoner, etc.)

107 3. Related.. Words

avacaram hurry; emergency 48. 4-1G-11 g- L8 support, protection, patronage 87. rT aataravu association 303. E6 1g a 11 kaRakam crowd, groupmeeting 373. ER1_ L. ED kuuTTam

386. 05 rr 4 koTi flag, banner association, acade y 403. EF. r*0 eh bt cankam viSayam neWs, message, matter, deed 455 G) 1-1j telegram, cable 491. tanti mail, post 492. Li CU tapaalu head; priority 500. 201) tale decision; resolution, motion 528. Llo rrorr1.13 tiir aanam (as in Parliament)

situation, condition, state 613. neleme

pattrikke newspaper, magazine, periodical 674. Li $11-)citn caataaraNam public, common, general 765. 61urr central; Union-, of the Centre 791. Ili mattya 843. g L9 muTivu decision, conclusion details, detailed narration, 953. Ca CL1 vevaram amplification

954.a 19 vlseeSam celebration, car -ony

Economics

1. Business and Finance

commerce, trade, business 945. UIrJJLIJ vyaapaara

Gowrrurr vyaapaari merchant

institution 64. ?ouiJ neleyam

108 90. aapiisu, aafiis office

266. kaTe shop, store

412. 61 cante market

37. OieD ameppu structure) establishment; organization, institution

517. tiTTam plan, scheme; arrangement, estimate

440. ciirtiruttam improvement, reform

29. apivirutti development, progress

176. 2/L45) urpatti (industrial) production; development

942. a5)0d/Liirefab viniyookam distribution

644. L-J panku portion, share

459. 0 EFri-4-1-1 cottu wealth, riches; prosperity

467. GT) TiT cottu property, goods, possession, asset

767. Oilrrfty caamaan (pl.) goods) product

231. eeRame poverty er eeRe poor person in alth) 230. 5r

562. C)41.5m toRilu industry

veele work, job, emplo :ent 980. ecii20-1)

328. 5rr if) w kaariyata ici secreta-y finance, fund 607. r paNam

275. kaNakku (financial) accounts

. matippu value, estimation 790. Lal u Li ,

profit 678. l-1 t4-1 OTr laapam

loss 573. rp6--) L.LO' naSTam

income 908. 6-216)Ln iiOr LD campaLam 94

109 457. celavu out-go, expenditure

total 875. Col mottam

951. cSlaru vele price

950. 00 5. vittiTu- sell

921. vaanku- buy

2. Money and Salaries

663; WISIT-Lb paNam money, wealth

887. JJrTUJ ruupaa(y) rupee

761. 61,11Li QPrr paycaa, kaacu paise, 1/100 rupee; money

433. 01)610(p cillare change, coins; retail ( f trade

458. 6) poo ir.v. be current (of money)

270. LLL 101 kaTTaNam fare, fee, charges

906. vari tax

417. EF-63 JOT LA campaLam salary, pay, wages

377. kuuli (day work) wages.; coolie

16. uPffMn-Girfr:rt) aTVaansu advance (payment)

262. E6 kaTan loan

894. baanku, bank bank inancial)

3. Related Words

14. agOi.2. keTekkum imp. v. obtain, get

69. ,.9frifrdtr7f)iJ anpaLippu gift

185. eTU: take, re -ve, pick up

388. kuTU- Aive,_ give away

506. r75Prir. v. taa (tara, tantu) give, grant, bestow

683. r9 paricu prize, reward 687. Olj orr pelan, palan gain 95 index (data) 739. puLLi excess, surplus, re ainder 834. miccam well-off, comfortable 895._ vasati

L. Relig_ion Rites and Festivals

camayam religion 414. ,5 LO 0-4:0 Hindu 117. al intu tuupam image; idol 171. a@ 6111-6 begin to exist, be established; 234. 6)- LIT 6), uNTaaku- develop, evolve

done eer aaTu arrangement or preparation 235. 97:p LJ Fr GI according to established custom

E501)tarrairtb ma-Aage 296. kalyaaNam

save; protect 321. rrju rript5 kaappaattu- worship, reverence 358. Vthle kumpiTu kooylu temple 398. ES rra_90-1) cayvam Saivism; aaivite 466. 6121 W divine, sacred holy (adj,) 519. tiru

tirunaa (Lu) festival day

god, godhead, deity 543. LJcBW teyvam trust; faith; hope 583. thLU0D.), nampikke believe, trust 584. nampu-

veetam Veda; Bible 807. 615-) vaRakkam custom, convention 916. cillg8e512/ fate, destiny; principle 939. viti distribution 942. 5)4Jfl- viniyookam celebration, festival,festivity, 954. viseeSam cSrrIS) ceremony

96 iii M. Pee le and Society

1. ole

94 G1T aaLu person

810. 14 orr9 orr mani tan man; human being 86. r aaNu (a) male 747. GJr 1. poNNu 1.female 2. pompLe 2. woman

782. Li1 Ef) (fir janauka people; [children] 748. nu Li 7 peeru 1. name 2. person (used with numbers as a classifier in the colloquial style)

2. FamIyand 352.WLJW kuTumpam family 753. cw ip do appaammaa parents koRante child 361. d I 763.vJu.iór payyan boy, son d_a_aglLt_f_r_; girl; bride 746. Li 60.-zn- poNNu husband; youn er 818. LO TT L.-J 1.5)6* °Tr maappLe bridegroom; brother-in-law

husband 276. Z30010-hr4:17-- V iiTTukkaararu wife 811. LIO manevi, poNTaaTTi

510. Erre taattaa grandfather paaTTi grand other appaa father

ammaa mother

sister, mother-in-law 26. atte father's (husband's mother),older woman on father 's side 97

112 uncle, other's brother, 820. LOJT LO n- maamaa father sister's husband, father -law

mother's brother's wife, 821. rrLE) maami mother-in-law

elder brother 19. 04r aNNan, aNNaa

20. aNNi elder brothe 's wife

elder sister 2. irT akkaa

25. 0/ T 96 n-faTir attaaa elder sister's husband

495. Lb1=9 tampi younger brother

482. 0-1 tankacci, tanke younger sister

780. i-C3 %Ter makan son

779. LO 566-47 maka(L) daughter son-in-law le cross-cousin, 799. 1.13 LD Ezertir marumakan nephew

daughter-in-law; female cross- iff)6Tr marumaka(L) 798' cousin, niece

756. CU9--01;T: peeran grandson

758. d peetti granddaughter

3. Roles and Occu ations

position, post, ronk, station 664. 11 ip619 patavi work, occupation, profession 562. 6)e5rr vecle work, job, employment 980. n')J°20-0 veele

40. 4WO-EPc6-1- raajaa king editor, author; teacher, lecturer 78. igi rfi al9- aaciriyar, vaadyaar

184. Cr (1-0 frOirr ecamaan master, boss, lord

secretary 328.E5riFA w 11C) kaaryatarici

334. 6 iTC/JOV pooliisu the guard, police , 98

113 536. dore person in authority cr 581. 11(($)0- naccattram film star

582. i5t5wrLjovT sneeytan friend

734. 1-4C-U61J pulavar, polavar poet, learned man

757. d:Li9-11-0)ftOU prafacaru professor

793. 11)0Inc) mantiri minister (of state

815. WITM-1-671-1ffr maaNavan student

LQrror maaNavi student

900. cai oz;--r Q217) onr doopi, vaNliaan washer an, dhobi

945.-c)S)e,LJrrL!rrfl vyaapaari merchant

960. CS fT Gri$7 viiran hero

967. OCUOTO iVrL L-n veLikkaarar foreigner

4. Related Words

415. camuukam community, society (in gene -1)

60. kuuppiTu invite

eeRe poor person ealth)

kaRakam association, corporation, corporate body, party, (fan_ club

345. keRavan old man

354. kuTTi small girl

373.ffL :Lth kuuTTam crowd group; meeting; tribe

408. 01 6. canti meet

473.2/1--) caati caste fad_

566. 95 fr E,91 tooRame friendship, companionship

114 661. LJLLL paTTam (an) honor, title, degree; nickname

generation 681.LJ cr LO LJ parampare excuse+ nom., + acc. 812.La o;7- 611+76. manni: forgive, pardon (+ nom., dat.)

844. LI L. 1104T muTTaaLu stupid person, fool 902. CiLJ1 vayacu years old, years (of age); age 959. og viiTu household

100

115 SECTION THREE. Biology and the orld

N. Animals and Plants

1, Animals

829. mirukam animal, beast

18. artii) aNilu squirrel

93 jba,L0 aame turtle, tortoise

83. .4b aaTt goat, sheep

207. cra4 eli rat, mouse

306. kaRute donkey

357. kutire horse 359. )g koranku monkey, ape 430. sinkam lion ffi La

585. nari fox, jackal

598. r nrbo naayi dog

647. pacu cow

699. panni pig, hog

735. puli tiger, panther

744. puune cat

827. maanu deer

814. maaTU ox, bovine

850. moyalu rabbit, hare

883. GU IT arrr yaane elephant

696. L1I1J parave bird

314. 1-7-tEi, an Et) kaakkaa(y) crow . 399.earr kooRi chicken, fowl

101

116 835. miinu fish

742. puucci insect, bug

707. urrthq paampu snake lizard, esp. gecko 690. a-i) 6-151 palli

154. ii fly

220. eji erumpu ant

384. rr kocu mosquito pugu worm, maggot 737. 1-16)

313. 'karma RaNTt calf 354. g1-4 kuTTi young of most animals

2. Plants see also Food (PM

452. 6) LL ceTi plant

313. karma kaNTu sapling

736, puliu grass

795. 0 -Lb maram tree

801. eD0151 073) mallike jasmine

(Arahian) jasmine 852. CT-0 2411) mulle

889. 6 IT fr 2 rr roojaa rose

3. Animal and Plant Parts see also $ody Parts_ Q.1))

134. ele leaf

unripe fruit; vegetables 324. rruJ kaayi hand, arm; trunk (of elephant) 383. kavvi

392. ØrrL :a kompu horn; branch stalk 489.T taNTu skin, hide, leather; bark, rind. 565. g toolu peel 102 691. Li paRam ripe fruit, fruit

741. puu(vu flower

854. moLe sp_ ut, shoot

855. mullu thorn, prickle

859. muukku nose; bill, beak (of bird)

926. 0-11 n-0-0 vaalu tail

940. 6307) vete seed (of plants)

978. 6'11 veeru root

4. Related Wods

711. ij 01_, paalu milk

553. teenu honey

843. muTTe egg

123. eyarke nature, disposition

695. LI? 8. para fly leap, spring, jump 708. Lfrrai2. paayi graze, eat (grass orgrain) 870. Cind.12./6. meeyi 2. 6. graze, feed (of cattle. etc.)

O. Land

1.AgTI__cillture

season 331.It TOLi) kaalam garden, grove- 564.a(1-71:-Z-- tooTTam

611. ne lam soil,(agricult al) land, ground

632. paddy, _unhusked rice, rice in the field

679. U(-15) payiru crop, grain (while growing) ; any useful plant (annuals only)

esp. 903. vayalu field (with b undaries) paddy field 103

ii 2. grow (intr.) 6. raise 919. enr-5 2. /6. vaLaru-

2. Geography

male mountain, hill 800. 201-) earth, soil, dirt 789. LO 0.-Wr NNu stone, rock 295. ffia) kallu way, path 918. DJ vaRi 545. C)7@ teru(vu street road, high ay 428. err-20-0 rooTu, caale sea, ocean 261. aLcrb kaTalu 46.2rJ ale wave island, 530. tiivu bank, shore; border, boundary 291. ffiar) kare harbor 539. Cn tore mouth of river, entrance to 836. E6 W mokam harbor

river; way, road (ingeneral) 101. [ob1A3 ] aaru [obi. aattu] tank, pond, pool 362. @CFI Zol koLam well (for water, etc. 340.g)0-0741) keNaru

3. Weather

sTL- blvwof wind), fall (of rain), 10.4'(4 6. beat down (of sun)

aakaayam aakaacam sky 75. EZI-rtthL thunder 108.

iTi thund breeze, wind; air, atmosphere 335-. Fr_ kaattu any form ofprecipitation excapt 698. LJ019 ratrirt 1. pani 17.-7ew,snow, frost 2. mancu 2. fog, mist ice 3. aysu 104

1A2 749. 1. peyyi (peyya, pencu ) rain 802. Laao maRe rain

833.419irrr crzrr 0'1) minnalu lightning

868. LA9 451:n meekam cloud 965. C) a5) veylu heat of the sun, sunshine

105

120 1. Foods

_ . gniiu caappaaTu food

711. Li MI)) paalu milk

497. tayiru yoghurt, "curd"

629. -= neyyi ghee, clarified butter

878. d rr mooru buttermilk

964. Ginj veNNe butter

42. A99 arici uncooked (but husked) rice uppu salt 165. 1=)

189. GT a7;0720tYr eN-Ne oil

208. Gr6LH/5-16Ln elumiccam lime, lemon [used mostly in cpds.]

260. L-0 kaTale peanut, "ground nut"

324. E6 rrt.L1 kaayi unripe fruit, vegetable

325. ET, rroli kaaykari vegetable (used for cooking)

343. keRanku tuber, potato, edible root

cakkare sugar 419. g 9-

490. coor taNNi water

518. rr II ff- draacce grape(s

coconut [frozen cpd.] 548. Eprr-3-1261-ro--1 teenkaa

553. teenu honey

632. nellu paddy, unhusked rice, rice in the field

684. paruppu pulse,'dal: any lentil/pea

691. paRam ripe fruit, fruit

106

11 LqOlif puLi LawarLnu

783. In 5 Ef-eny manca(i.u) turmeric

819. up nr maam - mango [usually epd.j

830. Ocr-rr ritij moLakaa °chillies; ed pepper

845. muTTe egg

[usually cpd.] 927. rT 019 vaaRe banana =ree

961. oi 1-rojil) venkaayam onion

966.@ill cry cru vellam Mjaggery,u brown sugar 146. Fc kari meat 83. &silt goat, sheep ;mutton

349.6a, Fr Lp kooRi chicken, fowl

835. miinu fish

iDLi idli, a steamed rice cake

309. Ef) kari any dish served withrice, curry; any meat dish, meat

322. rr kaap(p)i coffee

426. cEFrr1nLJrrr caampaar sambar, a lentil sauce 470.eXrr89..I cooru (cooked) rice

477. Tii tea

563. rr er- dooce dosa, a thin pancake

884. racam rasam, a thin soup

888. Fr IL roTTi bread, roti, chapatti

Utensils etc. place for cooking fire, 13. L11.4 aTuppu

107

122 286. E6Fraar 4 karaNTi spoon

350. LL koTam pot, any rounded vessel

476. looTTaa cup, tumbler

(metal) pot, vessel 706. u p7. paattram

paane (clay) pot (with wide mouth 715. rr20-trr and rounded bottom)

3. Related Words

416. &fin4D 6. came= cook, prepare

2. be boiled, steamed; 6. boil, 54. 4105) 2. steam, cook in water

be hot, feel hot, be burnt; 441. 65i-G1 4. cuTu heat, bake, roast; burn (as of food)

be hot, heated; dry out wither 323.- rrcii2. kaayi- be cool, be cold 364. elf) kuldru-

eat, have a meal 424. 1-1-L11130 4. caappiru [ür5= ] bite, chew 263.cl 6. kaTiz eat (not a al), snack 527. 5.. ti (nu '$/ be hungry [imp.v. .42dat.) 6. 645. LI

leaf; banana leaf plate 134. ele

kiloo kilogram 347. &ea)7 cove, ruci taste, flavor 448. 6-/-1 vegetarianism; a vegetarian 466. oin 0-1.1 cayvam plate, tray, any shallow open 487. taTTU vessel 108

123 fresh, raw, cool (of water 648. pacce

puLi sourness 738, L.10-14) restaurant 254. CblLL-CO ooTTal(u) caappaaTu meal, dinner 423. &ill-WIT& al] feast; food for guest 948. cis)031 viruntu powder, dust 764. G11-I rr poTi fluid, liquid 624. rr taNNi drink 351. L-9 6. kuTi

vee be cooked parcook); be hot 973. tk.P!eni

Q. ALILcaTa2ialYtgl

1. Body Parts body 157. a L.. CU oTampu head 500.Vau tale top; crown of head 156. ucci

muTi hair (of head) 840.Co face 836. mokam C.43 111 netti forehead, _low 633. 6.)T r2 kaNNu eye 277. Eb ear 320. kaatu nose 859. muukku mouth 924. vaayi lip 162. otaTu tongue 597. naakku tooth 688. u 6-0 pallu neck 307. EEI kaRuttu

toNTe throat 559. 6) !Tc 7- croi 109 124 44.,5i rfn 7 are hal waist

109.ctm, L:i iTuppu hip 110. Mao i_ mid-trunk

565a. 6 IT r;--) tooLu shoulder

643. 11 ifD ty- I:6 pakkam side

784 . La 4 maTi lap

822.Lin rr 7 14 maaru chest, bosom, breas t 827. g ,-§,@ mu tuku (the) back 904. C)JLSJ vayru stomach, belly, abdomen

333. kaa (Lu) leg, foot hand, arm 383, ORD 95 kayyi

11.£'iLq aTi foot 947. a 7 oi) veralu f inger, toe nakam, nekam (finger )nail 569.,r5 CL)

360. koralu voice

128. otayam heart (the organ

209. elumpu bone

565. tooth skin 809. manam, manaeu mind, heart, will

2. Health and Medicine

169. 2_ LL.9Jj uyiru life breath, life 860. 6-- ur muuccu 753. nlj cDJ4, peru give birth to 721.IS) rp 7. pera be born live[ thrive, prosper I 928. C2317 1..S 7. nellaa iru

110

125 144. Qfp 7 era die

422. &Fr Irr. caa (caaka, cettu) die nonpolite)

471. Fietk-16° cavkkyam (good) health, well-being

355. tiO goNam quality; healthfulness

rr viyaati sickness, disease 944. $-)

914. vali pain, ache

cough 130. b0071i irumal

fever 326. 5 7LL EF- 6-b joram

729. L4 puNNu wound

913,Gil 6. Imp. vali smart, pain, ache (1- dat)

638.g 1, noo (noova, nontu) feel pain, ache

797. IL g).1 maruntu medicine, remedy

177, a' uuci needle; innoculation

80. aaspattri hospital

latrine 256. abeb4n_orY1) kakkuusu

3. Related Words

316. 5 rr tF) kaacci sight, vision

143. cn- I-12 eLame youth,ia aturity

cleanness, purity 442. 1.0Up tuppravu

59.&ign),Eg aRukku dirt, filth

363. (8047 6. kuLi bathe

kaRuvu- wash 308, 614

537. olj 6. tove wash clothes do laundry

579. naTe walk, pace

111

126 SECTION FOUR. Things

R. Artifacts

1. Tools achines and Miscalaneous Artifacts

95. 1LLU aayutam to l

121. Oi antram machine

329. rT JL kaariyam thing, matter

425. Epm rr orr caamaan baggage, one's things

45. 446-01117 alamaari *almirah; wall cabinet

85. &b aaNi nail

177. uuci needle

273. Eb kaTTilu cot, bedstead

281. ES katti knife

282. ES kattiri scissors

285. Et L4-51, kay(i)ru rope, cord

286. uz,7 karaNTi spoon, ladle

290. CD Licu6-31 ff.) .boorTu blackboard

320. rrgd kaatu ear; handle

349. g) kucci peg, splinter, twig

tiikkucci a match

350. koTam pot, any _ unded vessel

372. kuuTe basket

flag, banner 386. G-)alrr Ly- koTi

400. tEiEilz69- cakkram wheel

429.2;a61.5) caavi key

looTTa cup, tumbler 476. L. Li)or 9- 484. 4 taTi stick, staff 112

127 487. taTTu plate, tray

491. I tanti telegram, cable

353.E50-6)/_ koTe umbrella

601. fT Ef) naakkaali chair 659. LIGEBMErc. paTukke bed, couch 686. Lin) on U5 palake board, plank

706. UffffHJLO paat tram metalpot,vessel 715. Un- 2arr paane (clay) pot

728.1-4 1-: 14 buTTi, baaTTlu bottle 743.4 C-° puuTTu lock 745.G) LI L: 4 peTTi box

760.6-61 Li payyi bag

778. LJ1-1-0-iir Loon phone, telephone

786. L. C67319 maNi bell, gong; gem; hour 831. LrLlL balbu lightbulb 841. 0 4 4- Bri- muTiccu knot 889.6,,A6-0-) meeje, meece table, desk 930. CB [-I-n-F) vaaLi bucket

931.C1111- (7) reeTiyoo radio 933. 6tp viciri fan 956.d161T lib@ veLakku lamp, light

346. flLD L-43. keLampu- start, begin (of a machine)

128 113 2. Transpor tat_ion and_ Travel

719. a ry on- L:13 prayaaNam travel, journey

145. .& frai 3. eranku- descend, get out (of a vehicle)

232. GTe3 3 eeru- ascend, enter (a vehicle, etc. )

253. 3. ooTu- run

283. E5L:1 Li kappalu ship

330. Eb n fj- kaaru car, bus

465. caykkiL bicycle

649. UCR) bassu bus

651. LI paTaku boat

740. Lip 4. porappaTu set out, start (a journey)

769. err /Irr. p00 go

771. LI aEi).@ 611/T pookkuvarattu traffic, transpor t

885. 14-9 rayilu railway

899. Gil oitrr vaNTi vehicle, cart

943. cjS'ftarrôin- vimaanam airptlane

3.Dress_ Clothint, and_Ornament

17. airl9 2. pooTu wear, put on

59. Esg aRukku dirt; dirty laundry

291. kare border ;bank, shore

304. 3. kaRat tn- take off, remove

383. CC) 85 kayyi hand, arm sleeve

406. .19. LLOW) caTTe shirt, blouse

445. FiT@FEJE 9. cur unku- shr nk, wrinkle

456. tqf ceruppu 'chappals," sandals

533. tuNi cloth, clothes (41)+1 114

1 535. tuNTu tow- piece of clo h

554.ar) 6. tey sew

572. 051 Et, flake jewelry

627. iVOJ nuulu thread, yarn

650. U pancu, panci cotton

662.11 EGI paTTil silk

727.Li L_ 6n 6-11 poTave sari

714.Li rr ni ro--> paavaaTe skirt, petticoat

784. W maTi lap; pocket flap of a vZSTi

823. LD ir 201) maale garland, necklace

848. muttu pearl

886. ravikke sari blouse, choli, bodice

975. veeSTi, veeTTi dhoti, a man's lo er garment

877. CLO Fr mootiram (hand) ring

115

130 Materials and Construction

1. Mate ials and Subatances_

173. Lcclun7Ebt_io ulookam me al

131. gif) L-4 irumpu iron

453. 0 (T Lio LI cempu copper

478. takaram tin T 135 17 16

480. 1-711a Li() tankam,ponnu gold

718. al 1$ ?OTT pittaLe brass

968. 6)6-2-.1 CM9 veLLi silver

189. croaj gmr eNNe oil

278. McfniTLT9 4 k NllaaTi glass

295. Efiab kallu stone, rock

565. g T IT al) toolu skin, bark;leather

764. 0 LI n- 4 poTi powder, dust

789. LICLaior maNNu earth, soil,dirt

795. L.o 17 th maram tree; wood

879. 670 0 mayyi ink

116

131 2. ILlilAirIgA

259. 26 /_:L.L. Lb kaTTaTam (a) building; construction

370. al_Lt.)) kuuTam hall, large building

80. LJ fl rn aaspattri hospital

398. 6A FrttS) 6--' kooylu temple

school 694.1Jth-an9 LIO paLLikkuuTam

297. ,:)4"21),VIT kaaleej(u) college

689. U6JE.E. yuuniversiTTi university

959.CE(g viiIi.1 house

aapiisu, aafiis office

254. ooTTal(u ) hotel, restaurant

266. kaTe shop

894.C117;-1g) banku, bunk bank

3. Parts-of Build_ingi_

13.oia)6q altppu place for cooking fire, stove, hearth

66. a dr ruum room, chamber

256. .415E5ft-671) kakkuusu latrine

370.ui-Lt_Lb kuuTam hall, large room

279. 5 katavu door, shutter

376. Efin- 670 9- kuure roof, ceiling

447. r covaru wall

478. -N647- Oorcrl) jannalu window

117 499. tare floor

813. rmaaTi upper story, upstairs floor, roof terrace

863. muule corner, angle

922. rr u-o:u vaacal entrance, doorway, gateway

979. coA6-151 veeli fence

4. Related%lords

274. kaTTU build

85. aaNi nail

278. ff) crozr kaNtiaaTi glass (the material)

284. 55 L6 al kampi, vayru electrical wire

832. 1,A)i-T IT g L-.0 karaNTV electricity

795. ID fp:a maram wood

409. F-fraS1 caavi key

743. L LIG1 puuTTu lock

45. WIT&) alamaari almirahl1 (wall) cabinet with doors, cupboard; any shelf

933. C 6:---) viciri fan

854. gi2firr moLe peg, post; wedge 725. qcrn e5 poke smoke, fume, steam

15. /0T)1--- aTe= shut, close; lock

18a. 0 arol- aN turn off, switch off

616. niruttu- erect 91-'

772. d. pocau set, place; turn on (light, etc.

118

133 SECTION FIVE. Humanities and Sciences

T. Learnin and the Arts

1. Education

298.65 paTippu education

680. LI payircci training, exercise

701. Li ITL.th paaTam lesson

905. al ijea.)1T0-1 carittram history

382. f 26a*r 5. keeLu-z h ar ask

653. ULL 6. paTi= read; study

216. ur eRutu- write take (an exam)

185. GT eTu= take; take (a class)

551. 3. paaspaNNu- pass (an exam)

78. aaciriyar teacher, author

757. gLj9-n-Afluj prafacaru professor

815. tio rimyal air maaNavan student (male)

maaNavi student (female) w rr paLLikkuuTam school. (building) 694. U 657-dT±li6 L

297. ab niagr kaaleej(u) college

689. L16:li .$201:4 ErD Zg Lfl yuuniversiTTi university

726. LI(7--U EtLb pustakam book

dictionary 1. Of a) 7 a DikSanari

22. 041§1E6M7th atikaaram authority; chapter (of book)

643. ziifi E6 Lb pakkam side; page paTam picture, map 652. 11 L 60 739. q ôrr rif") pulli point, dot, tittle

119

4 892. C vakuppu, klaasu class

686. Li0--Throlab palake board

745. C) LJ a/- peTT1 box, b --a e

759. LJ pen(nu peenaa pen

889. L61 meeje, mecca table, desk

874, cin mayyi ink

2. Literature and Writin

132. elakkyam literature

264. LIJ kaTitam, leTTaru letter

280. kate story

302. kavite poetry

555. toke collection, anthology

594. naaTakam drama

674. pattrikke newspaper, periodical

702. Li 7 L- paaTTu poem

705. UrrIL05 paaTTu song

734. L4 °- pulavar poet, learned man

Philosophy.

62. teriyum know

161. orffr nejam truth

188. atrorr 3. nene= think, [count]

287. as 3. nene--; think, consider, have opinion

327. ffililm kaaraNam cause, reason

365. kuri= mark, indicate, enore

366. kurippiTU specify, mention

505. goNam quality 120 766. G) 0 7 OLI poy lie, falsehood

767. 6-) LI rr cri-r--- ar t tam meaning; subs tance, matter

891. p1ri7- classify, : divide

939. 05) q;) viti fate ;principle

941. a6p tIVT iT.118 vit tyaacam d if ference

953 C2-116-119-1:o vevaram details

4. Ar ts and SERr ts

294. kale ar t

404. F-Fr-iitSc- sankiitam music

594. FF,5 rr L- 5!Lb naaTakam drama

577. ri 4 6. naTi dance, act

523. 0-6-)17L-TiLiL_Lin cinimaa movie

652. Li L L] paTam picture :film, movie, photo

705. LJnr c- paaTTu song

581 . r1-16- naccattram s tar ; film s tar

958. c5 rjtTG 3. veLeyaaTu- play, sport.

773. CLIn- L9 pooTTi contes t,tournament

5. Related Words

63. vififfaanam science, field of knowledge

81. inkliiS English

97.,Prjr1c-044) aaraacci research

122. Uj 6:0 nature; =ology

life; vowel 169. a fi Uyi u

494. tamiR, tamiLu Tamil L6? S 876. 0 Litorr baaSe language, word

938.66) g liivu leave, vacation 121 136 U. Mind and Behavior

1. Emotions

5.aG-5EFT 3. bayappaTu (4) fear

36. 010-504;) caantam calmness

70. 0/ H ampu affection

79. Opo Er- iSTam desire

88. ;ZS aattiram impatience

100. taNi- be.appeased

124. Lb erakkam mercy, pity, sympathy

150. 6TU[10 cantooSam delight, jy

206. GI 2. ericcalpaTu scorn, be angry

259. 1_63311-.0 kaTame duty, obligation

worry 299. es 20-0 kavale

305. 5 6. kaRi reject; subtract

319. Er, rr love

358. Lh 4. kumpiTu worship

397. Cffir1ild3 koopam anger

402. U rrsi L cankaTam embarrassment

407. a.own- arn caNTe quarrel

doubt 411. BH5 ,5 a Lb canteekam

516. SEEIEV 4. tiTukkiTu be surprised, star led

531. Eb (1) tukkam sorrow

584. r-n Li 3. nampu- believe, trust, rely on

606. g- LLJL al niccayam certainty

677. u uj bayam fear

692. Li paRi blame

717. di piTikkum (to) like 122

fl7 752. Qll@ci7flhJ O perume pride; greatness; fame

768. 6-)u poruttukkoo endure, bear with, have patience, tolerate

775. pootum be enough

781. cantooSam joy

794. mayakkam confusion

796. Ln tAi rr mariyaate respect

962. vekkam shame; modesty

977. 6-1=1J-ilT veeNum want (to)

Mind

287. nene= think, consider, have opinion

apipraayam opinion, thought

karpane imagination

312. kanavu dream

619. nene think

762. Li payttyam madness, insanity

790. LOUL1 matippu valueregard, respect

794. LLL4JLI 3 mayakkam confusion, delusion intoxication

803. W rO 7. mara forget

809. manam mind

Perce tions, Feelings.,_ and Behavior

1-M@ 3. aTakku- restrain, control

7. )±1-1g 3. aTanku- submit, calm down

87. aataravu support, patronage. 1-4

160 2. oNaru- .feel, realize, recognise

193. rt- eturpaarum expect, wait for 123

138 255. Ll 2. ooy desist; become

300. a) err 1-CI gavanam attention, care

301. 61-1 r, 6. gavanil notice; observe

318. E6rir kaNTupiTi see; find out

355. czar C.,0 gonam quality

358. 151G4. kumpiTu worship

381. ei$66) geeli joke

407. ,ert:il T6-en caNTe quarrel

448. e4- anOi cove, ruci taste, flavor

507. ö5flQao taakam thirst

509. taanku- bear, endure; sustain

544. teriyum know (ho

568. 6:Trrorrgb. tooNu- seem, appear

576. 1-7 La] liar) ETD naTavaTikke conduct, behavior

635. neeru straight; upright, honest

646. LJ paci hunger

657. LIO 4. paTu suffer; feel

710. urr 6. paaru= see, try

733. L4 hF1 IL.1Lb puriyum understand

770. pookku practice; behavior; trend

923. curr a-20r vaacane smell, odor

124

139 V. Physical _Sciences

1. YllYses (see also: Weather (03))

63. aslLd di) viMaanam science, field of knowledge

122. jflJ ='ara nature; -ology

aakaayam sky

suuriyan sun

cantiran moon

naccattram star

viTi- dawn _s day), rise (of sun

401. cakti power, energy

832. rrçrLu karaNTTu electricity

'247. veLiccam light

171. ruupam image; reflection

243. cattam sound, noise

631. 0 ULI neruppu, tii fire

725. poke smoke

2. Measurement

61.01617r(CLI aLavu measure, limit

272. ebt: kaTTi lump, clump, mass

347.&60-1)r-r kiloo kilog am

367. 6. kpre-/ 2) be lacking; 6) reduce, cut o

535. tuNTu pieee, bit, slice; towel

538. . tuLi (a) drop; a very little

617. nere- become full, overflow

125

140 MovementVerbs of Motion

120. Ld Eb ES eyakkam movement

2./6. ace-/ move, shake

82. aaTu- move (rhythmically), dance

145. g) eranku- descend, get down/out of

179. afEE fr? uuttu- pour

232. 0.J 3. ecru- ascend, climb up enter

236. 6T fp 3. eettu- raise

258. ffi 7 kaTa pass, cross, go beyond

274. EE./.1 kaTTu- bind; build

292. Ebni 7. kala mix

304. LQ 3. kaRa take off, remove

408. (TIT canti meet

454. G) EP. (LI paNNu-, ceyyi- do, make

485. 6. taTu hinder

486. 3. taTTu- tap, clap, pat

521. if3i-H-i 3. tiruppu- turn (tr.)

522. 6 1:"1 3. tirump- turn, return intr.) 525. T 7. tera open 540. gir Eb 3. tuukku- lift up; weigh

557. cAprilj, 2. toTaru- continue, follow, pursue

574I-5E0 2.16. nakaru-F 2) move aside; 6) move, ''shift"

ni uttu- stop; erect 616. 5633. 626. 2. /6. noRe-rz 2) enter; 6) poke, make enter

769.dijTT irr. (3. ) poo go

861. muuTu- cover, close 126

1 920. Jrf Irr. vaa come

936.- 051G 4. viTu leave; release; let

955 2. viRu- fall

963. 00j fLG 3 lieTTu- cut, chop

Basic Abstract Nouns_ see also: Adverbs- (F2) and Abstract Quail_ F4)) For other abstract nouns see the relevant section.

28. 44unrui DO apaayam danger

37. 000 1_13 El Li ameppu structure; organization

49. 04 al 1-10 avaciyam necessity, urgency

67. ,9,1 E,Li Li 611 Lb anuPavath experience; enjoyment

89.,9,bLJ aapattu adve--ity

96..0.,b D-L:Duia aarampam beginning

163. 6-15) otavi help

235. 9- ,--;? rr tayaar arrangement, preparati

257. 6LL kaSTam difficulty, trouble

327. 4(aaraNam cause, reason

368. kuttam fault; guilt

493. ,EpLH.4 tappu mistake, error

505. ep crirr bo goNam quality, condition

529. i51çrü o tiiviram intensity

589. 6:15) LAO laapam benefit

612. nele situation

681. LI 71-0LJ6107 parampare tradition, generation

851. muyarcci attempt, effort

949. eTrT virootam enmity

127

142 X. Basic -Verbs see also section E, Verbs with S ecial Uses

977. Op imp. veeNum wan should, 'need (+ dat.)

544. Gap tf) 64 Lb teriyum know, kne- how to(-* dat.)

842. at4t440) imp, muTiyum can, be able (+ instr.)

717. 649_ &pg imp. piTikkum .like dat.)

775. 4irrgi imp. pootum be enough(-1- dat.)

733. imp. puriyum understand(.1- dat.)

10. 01 4 6 aTi strike, beat

58. of 1. aRu weep, cry

68. 4,..g0 Lq 3. anuppu- send

76. 40 Irr. (3) aa(ku) be (so and s become; happen

82. 4(8 3. aaTu= move, dance

127. 7. iru be; stay, wait, remain C:s

145.arprai 3. vranku= descend, get down/out of

159. aLa5rT y 2. ukkaaru- sit

160. 2. oNaru- feel, realize, recognise

185. cr(3 6. eTU1 take, remove

186. GrL 3. eTTu- reach, reach for

188. Trtritcr .eNNu- count, number;[think, ponder]

215. 0-rg 2. eRuntiru get up; awake, emerge

216. qr9A4 3. eRutu- write

219. OTT/f-)) 2. eri- thro-- throw at

222. GraTT 5. in say, tell, quotative

232. g(50 3. eeru- ascend, climb, get into

253. 0 3. ooTu- run

292. Eb6-0 7. kale mix, mingle 128

1 308. kaRuvu- wash

317. ff,r-t- LLGA kaalTu- show, point out

363. 6 kuLi7z bathe

371. Ern- G kuuTu- gather, assemblethinite, join]

374. Ern_ kuuTTu= add, bring together; _sweep

375. er-n- kuuppiTU call, shout

383. EiSoT 5. keelm hear, listen; ask

390. 61E6rraGdi-IrrIrr. koNTupoo take away, take along

391.-avroivr0 6111r koNTaa bring

394.Qrrr 1. -(k)koo ram. rker; have, posses

408. 6. cantil . meet

416. cYgo W 6. came: cook

424. rT-L 4; caappiTu eat, have a meal

454. GIT6L1 I. paNNu-, ceyyi- do, make

469. 01) collu- say,tell, inform, request

522. tirumpu- turn; return, go back

525. 7. tera open

540. tuukku- lift up, raise; weigh

541. bxunku- sleep

549. teeTu- seek, search

556. aaramp begin, start

558. rrG toTu touch

568. 3. tooNu- seem, appear

574. 7. naTa walk; behave; happen

575. naTattu- direct; manage conduct, arrange

584. nampu- believe, trust, rely on

615. nillu stand; stay; cease' 129 144 616. jfi.. 5.1 3. niruttu- stop; erect; support

619. 6. nene= think, remember, consider

626. LI 2. /6. noRe- - enter; poke, make enter jI

653. Li 6. paTi= read; study

657. LJ 4. paTu suffer; feel, experience

703. L17(3 paaTu- sing

710. LIFrcr paaru= see, watch; try (to)

716. i5l4 6. piTi= catch, take, grab

720. Sffi 2./6. piri-/ depart; separate, divide

= 721. 3 rp 7. pera be born 753. g 4. peru give birth to 754. 611 ET 3. peecu- speak, talk

769. ei-HT irr. ( poo go

772. dd Fro 4. pooTu put, place; thro away)

803. W 7. mara forget

839. i9. 2./6= muTi-/: finish

861. 3. muuTu- cover, close

919. al o-Tr cr. 2. /6. vaLaru-/= grow; raise

920. Cll ur Irr. vaa come

921. 0-117 vaankn- buy, get, receive

936. 4. viTu leave; release; permit

950. 5. vittiTu sell

955. 2. viRu- fall

958. veLeyeaTu- playgame

983. 6. vayyi= put, place, set aside; keep; serve (food

130

145 APPENDIX II.High Frequency High Literary Words Not Included in theCore Vocabulary

984. it is not

985. et cetera

986. therefore

987. this sort of

988. there is there are

989. EGH rrr existing, being, present in

990. giri-il crowd; society

991. ,Err-15-610-;) on behalf of (post. + obl.)

992. 1-51(p other, different, foreign

993. OLVTG&f time, occasion; sun

994. bp err orr our king

995 La 76) Li@ fl) very large

996. very great, much

146

131