Arcade Fire Et Le Paradoxe De L'indie

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Arcade Fire Et Le Paradoxe De L'indie Université de Montréal Arcade Fire et le paradoxe de l’indie : de la scène montréalaise à la reconnaissance internationale par Margalida Amengual Garí Faculté de musique Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales en vue de l’obtention du grade de maîtrise en Musique, option Musicologie Mai, 2017 © Margalida Amengual Garí, 2017 ii Résumé Près de quinze ans après la percée du grunge de Nirvana dans le circuit mainstream, le groupe Arcade Fire, issu de la scène indie montréalaise des années 2000, a connu une reconnaissance internationale importante. En effet, malgré un début de carrière et un premier disque, Funeral, davantage associés à la musique indépendante, Arcade Fire a rencontré un grand succès commercial, public et critique, et sa musique est aujourd’hui distribuée et diffusée dans les circuits globaux de la pop. Dès lors, comment un groupe ayant changé de scène et d’échelle de production, de diffusion et de distribution est-il pourtant toujours associé au terme indie ? Appuyée par une bibliographie en études des musiques populaires et en sociomusicologie, cette étude explore cette question d’abord par une recherche historique sur le terme indie et sur la scène du même nom à Montréal, puis par une analyse historique de la carrière d’Arcade Fire, et ce, afin de comprendre comment ce terme a continué à être opérationnel pour parler du groupe. Ce travail démontre que si la carrière d’Arcade Fire est devenue moins indie dans la manière de produire, de distribuer et de diffuser la musique, l’étiquette indie fonctionne néanmoins toujours pour parler du groupe, car elle est liée à des valeurs de l’être humain que sont l’identité et l’authenticité. En ce sens, la construction d’une identité indie et d’une aura d’authenticité autour du groupe a fonctionné comme une stratégie pour donner de la valeur et légitimer sa carrière jusqu’à ce jour. Mots clés : 1) Arcade Fire, 2) scène indie, 3) succès commercial, public et critique, 4) identité, 5) authenticité iii Summary Almost fifteen years after the mainstream breakthrough of Nirvana’s grunge, the group Arcade Fire, originating from the early 2000s indie scene in Montreal, has earned important international recognition. In fact, despite the close association of their early career and their first album, Funeral, with the independent music scene, Arcade Fire has gone on to meet with great commercial, public and critical success. Why, therefore, is this group, who has changed their scene and their scale of production, diffusion and distribution, still linked with the term “indie”? Supported by a bibliography in popular music studies and sociomusicology, this master’s thesis explores this question firstly through a historical study of the term indie and of Montreal’s indie scene, followed by an analysis of Arcade Fire’s career, in order to understand this term’s continued relevance in writing about the group. This work shows that while the Arcade Fire’s career is now less indie in their manner of producing, distributing and diffusing their music, the label still serves as a way of referring to the group, since it is linked to the human values of identity and authenticity. In fact, the construction of an indie identity and an aura of authenticity around the group functions as a strategy to add value and legitimate its career to date. Keywords: 1) Arcade Fire, 2) indie scene, 3) commercial, public and critical success, 4) identity, 5) authenticity iv Table de matières Identification du jury iii Résumé iv Summary v Table de matières vi Remerciements viii 0. INTRODUCTION 1 0.1 Objet d’étude 3 0.2 Vocabulaire 11 0.3 Problématique et hypothèse 12 0.4 Méthodologie 14 0.5 Plan des chapitres 15 0.6 Limites de ce mémoire 16 1. WHO THE FUCK IS ARCADE FIRE ? 18 1.1 La musique d’Arcade Fire 19 1.2 Le son Arcade Fire 22 1.3 La carrière discographique d’Arcade Fire 27 1.3.1 Arcade Fire, un EP DIY republié (2003) 27 1.3.2 Funeral, l'ouvre fondatrice (2004-2005) 28 1.3.3 Le buzz de Montréal et la retraite 30 1.3.4 De Farnham au monde : Neon Bible et Miror Noir (2006-2007) 31 1.3.5 De l'indie au mainstream : The Suburbs (2008-2011) 33 1.3.6 Le Grammy 35 1.3.7 Le changement : le lancement de Reflektor (2012-2013) 36 1.3.8 L’album Reflektor 39 1.3.9 Le rencontre avec d'autres musiques 40 1.4 Où en est Arcade Fire ? (2013-2016) 42 2. UNE SCÈNE MUSICALE INDIE 44 2.1 Le Québec, Terre promise de la musique « indé » ? 45 2.2 Montréal, capitale culturelle 46 2.3 Une scène musicale indie à Montréal 49 2.3.1 Le processus de conceptualisation de « scène » 49 2.3.2 La formation d'une scène culturelle au Mile End 52 2.3.3 L'affirmation d'une scène musicale indie 54 Les acteurs : groupes, salles, labels et public 54 La visibilité : un buzz médiatique avec Arcade Fire 58 L’après-buzz : une scène vivante 61 Le récit du « Montréal Sound » face à l’hétérogénéité 64 2.4 Arcade Fire et Montréal : une histoire d’amour 65 v 2.5 Conclusion 67 3. « ONE VERY, VERY INDIE BAND » 68 3.1 Mise en contexte historique du concept 70 3.1.1 Un terme en évolution 70 3.1.2 L’authenticité comme valeur de l’indie 76 3.2 Arcade Fire, un groupe indie ? 78 3.2.1 Le récit sur Arcade Fire et l’indie 80 3.2.2 Une naissance « authentique » et un début indie 81 3.2.3 L’indie de Merge Records et les majors 82 3.2.4 Contrôle artistique indie et revenus économiques mainstream 85 3.2.6 À la recherche du grand public et du mainstream 88 3.2.7 Le danger du mainstream 89 3.3 Conclusion 92 4. LA RÉCEPTION D’ARCADE FIRE DANS LA CRITIQUE MUSICALE SPÉCIALISÉE 95 4.1 La critique musicale, une vocation politique 96 4.2 Les critères d’appréciation dans la critique 98 4.3 Pourquoi ces médias 99 4.3.1 Rolling Stone : la voix historique 99 4.3.2 Pitchfork : le tastemaker de la scène indie 100 4.3.3 Les Inrockuptibles : la voix francophone 101 4.4 Analyse des critiques 101 4.4.1 EP Arcade Fire 101 4.4.2 Funeral 105 4.4.3 Neon Bible 108 4.4.4 The Suburbs 112 4.4.5 Reflektor 116 4.5 Conclusion 120 5. CONCLUSION 124 Bibliographie 130 Annexes xi vi Remerciements Le processus de rédaction d'un mémoire demande un temps d’isolement et de solitude remarquable. Cependant, il est aussi vrai que sans l’appui de plusieurs personnes, ce projet aurait été impossible. Je tiens d’abord à remercier ma directrice de recherche Flavia Gervasi qui, par son appui constant, a rendu mes études à Montréal et ce projet de recherche possibles. Je la remercie pour son conseil, son suivi et sa patience. Je remercie tout particulièrement le directeur du projet Développement des publics de la musique au Québec (DPMQ), Michel Duchesneau, pour sa générosité ; il m'a donné l'opportunité d'intégrer une équipe de recherche jeune, active et pluridisciplinaire au sein de laquelle j'ai pu mettre en valeur ma double formation académique. Je remercie ma famille et tout particulièrement mes parents, Sebastià et Antònia, qui m'ont donné l'opportunité d'étudier la musique dès mon enfance et qui m'ont poussée et soutenue vers les études universitaires. Merci également à mon frère, Sebastià Vicenç, et à ma sœur, Catalina, qui poursuivent aussi des carrières académiques à des milliers de kilomètres de distance de la maison. Je tiens à remercier mes amies musicologues Caroline Marcoux-Gendron et Natassja Menezes qui m'ont montré le chemin à suivre et qui ont été des exemples de travail et d'amitié. Je suis reconnaissante envers mes correctrices et collègues Jeanne Doucet et Catherine Harrison-Boisvert qui m’ont aidée dans ce défi d’écrire un mémoire en français. Je remercie aussi mon amie Amparo Aguado qui m’a soutenue tout au long de l’année de rédaction, ainsi que mes ami.e.s un peu partout à travers le monde pour qui la distance n’a pas été un frein à notre amitié. Enfin, je tiens à remercier l’Observatoire interdisciplinaire de création et de recherche en musique (OICRM), la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales (FESP), la Faculté de musique et la chaire de musicologie de l’Université de Montréal pour l’appui financier pendant ma maîtrise. vii À Rai avec qui partager la musique sera toujours un défi et un plaisir. viii ix INTRODUCTION 1 « Ce groupe [Arcade Fire], appartient maintenant au monde entier, pas seulement à Montréal », MARY CHELLAMY (Journaliste, From Montréal1) C’était le 30 août 2014, j’étais à Montréal et je me préparais à aller voir un concert. Ce n’était pas un concert montréalais comme un autre, car il s’agissait de la fin de la tournée « Reflektor » du groupe local Arcade Fire, aujourd’hui mondialement reconnu. Le groupe arrivait à la fin de sa tournée après 110 concerts dans 80 villes réparties sur 4 continents2 et il jouait à domicile, au Parc Jean-Drapeau de l’Île Sainte-Hélène, avec les gratte-ciels de la ville de Montréal en toile de fond. 25 000 personnes dans le public, trois artistes en première partie, plus de trois heures de spectacle : il s’agissait là d’une véritable fête de la musique, tout en confettis et en serpentins.
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