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Assessment of the Irrigation Potential in Burundi, Eastern DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, Southern Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda

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Assessment of the Irrigation Potential in Burundi, Eastern DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, Southern Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda Assessment of the Irrigation Potential in Burundi, Eastern DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, Southern Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda Inception Report June 2011 Client Nile Basin Initiative NELSAP Regional Agricultural Trade and Productivity Project Authors P. Droogers W. Terink J. Brandsma W.W. Immerzeel Report FutureWater: 100 FutureWater Costerweg 1G 6702 AA Wageningen The Netherlands +31 (0)317 460050 [email protected] www.futurewater.nl Table of contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Contract Details 7 1.2 Inception Report 7 1.3 Acknowledgements 7 2 General Information 8 2.1 Background 8 2.1.1 Nile Basin Initiative 8 2.1.2 The Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP) 8 2.1.3 Regional Agricultural Trade & Productivity (RATP) Project 8 2.2 Project objectives 9 3 Research Area and Main Issues 10 3.1 Overview , 10 3.2 Irrigation potential 11 4 Data and Tools 17 4.1 Data and Interpretation 17 4.1.1 Current studies 17 4.1.2 Climate 18 4.1.3 Streamflow 20 4.1.4 Digital Elevation Models 22 4.1.5 Soils 23 4.1.6 Land cover 24 4.1.7 Vegetation indices 26 4.1.8 Evapotranspiration 27 4.1.9 Groundwater 28 4.1.10 Large scale irrigation practices in the Nile basin 28 4.1.11 Other data sources 30 4.2 Water resources assessment: PCRaster 31 4.3 Irrigation water requirements and potential crop yields 31 5 Methodology 33 5.1 Overview 33 5.2 Work Packages 34 5.3 Phase 1 36 5.3.1 Collection and review of existing information 36 5.3.2 Land suitability assessment 37 5.3.3 Water resources assessment 38 5.3.4 Assessment of irrigation water requirements 39 5.3.5 Potential crop yield assessment 40 5.3.6 Environmental, socio-economics 40 5.3.7 Institutional and legal framework 41 5.3.8 Integration 41 5.4 Phase 2 42 5.4.1 Collection and review of existing information 42 5.4.2 Land suitability assessment 42 2 5.4.3 Water resources assessment 43 5.4.4 Assessment of irrigation water requirements 43 5.4.5 Potential crop yield assessment 44 5.4.6 Environmental, socio-economics 44 5.4.7 Institutional and legal framework 45 6 Staffing and Management 46 6.1 Consultant Staff 46 6.2 Management and meetings 49 6.3 Travel 49 7 Deliverables 51 7.1 Overall 51 7.2 Draft Report Phase 1 51 7.3 Draft Report Phase 2 52 7.4 Final Report 53 8 References 54 9 APPENDIX: Literature Review 57 9.1 Introduction 57 9.2 Irrigation related studies 57 9.3 Other relevant studies 63 9.4 Country specific studies 67 9.4.1 Burundi 67 9.4.2 Eastern DRC 67 9.4.3 Kenya 67 9.4.4 Rwanda 68 9.4.5 Sudan 69 9.4.6 Tanzania 69 9.4.7 Uganda 70 10 Appendix: Summary Countries 72 10.1 Burundi 72 10.1.1 General 72 10.1.2 Socio-economy 72 10.1.3 Relief, climate, and hydrography 72 10.1.4 Main crops and land use 73 10.1.5 Agriculture 73 10.1.6 Summarized facts 77 10.2 Eastern DRC 78 10.2.1 General 78 10.2.2 Socio-economy 78 10.2.3 Climate 78 10.2.4 Agriculture and main crops 79 10.2.5 Summarized Facts 81 10.3 Kenya 82 10.3.1 General 82 10.3.2 Socio-economy 82 10.3.3 Climate and hydrography 82 10.3.4 Agriculture and main crops 83 10.3.5 Summarized Facts 86 3 10.4 Rwanda 87 10.4.1 General 87 10.4.2 Socio-economy 87 10.4.3 Relief, climate, and hydrography 88 10.4.4 Agriculture, land use, and main crops 88 10.4.5 Summarized Facts 90 10.5 Sudan 91 10.5.1 General 91 10.5.2 Socio-economy 91 10.5.3 Relief, climate, and hydrography 92 10.5.4 Agriculture, land use, and main crops 92 10.5.5 Summarized Facts 94 10.6 Tanzania 95 10.6.1 General 95 10.6.2 Socio-economy 95 10.6.3 Relief, climate, and hydrography 95 10.6.4 Agriculture, land use, and main crops 96 10.6.5 Summarized Facts 98 10.7 Uganda 99 10.7.1 General 99 10.7.2 Socio-economy 99 10.7.3 Relief, climate, and hydrography 99 10.7.4 Agriculture and main crops 100 10.7.5 Summarized Facts 102 11 Appendix: PCRaster-NELmod 103 11.1 Hydrological modeling 103 11.2 PC-Raster 104 11.2.1 Introduction 104 11.2.2 Previous applications 105 11.2.3 Discretization 106 11.2.4 Model concept 106 11.2.5 Model data 111 11.3 Conclusions 112 12 Appendix: Facilitator Contract 113 13 Appendix: Data Form 115 14 Appendix: Minutes Validation Workshop 118 15 Appendix: Local expert selection 127 4 Tables Table 1. World’s Major River Systems 2 ....................................................................................10 Table 2. Countries in Nile Basin ..............................................................................................11 Table 3. Breakdown of the consumptive use in the irrigation sector by country (Source: WaterWatch, 2009). ................................................................................................................29 Table 4. Actually irrigated areas in the Nile Basin according to different sources (Source: WaterWatch, 2009). ................................................................................................................29 Table 5: Soil and terrain suitability for surface irrigation by country. .........................................59 Table 6: Nile basin, irrigation potential, water requirements, water availability and areas under irrigation ..................................................................................................................................60 Table 7: Overview of irrigable and irrigated areas in Burundi (Niyongabo, 2007). .....................74 Table 8: Area equipped for irrigation in Burundi. ......................................................................77 Table 9: Agro-climatic zones in DRC (Iessime, 2007). .............................................................79 Table 10: Area equipped for irrigation in DR Congo. ................................................................81 Table 11: Agricultural land sizes in Kenya (Isaya, 2007). .........................................................84 Table 12: Area equipped for irrigation in Kenya. ......................................................................86 Table 13: Agro-climatic zones in Rwanda (AQUASTAT, 2005). ...............................................87 Table 14: Area equipped for irrigation in Rwanda. ...................................................................90 Table 15: Annual projection of water consumption (in BCM) in Sudan in 2003 (Salih, 2007). ...91 Table 16: Total arable land by farming sector in Sudan (Dawelbeit, 2008). ..............................92 Table 17: Area equipped for irrigation in Sudan. ......................................................................94 Table 18: Area equipped for irrigation in Tanzania. ..................................................................98 Table 19: Area equipped for irrigation in Uganda. ..................................................................102 Figures Figure 1: Overview Nile Basin. ................................................................................................13 Figure 2: Overview study area. ................................................................................................14 Figure 3: Sub-basins in NELarea. ............................................................................................15 Figure 4: Rainfall estimate obtained from FEWS-NET (24/11/2000). ........................................19 Figure 5: Overview of UNH discharge stations in the study area (http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Stn/B2.html). ........................................................................21 Figure 6: SRTM 90 m Digital Elevation Data of the world. ........................................................22 Figure 7: Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD). ..............................................................24 Figure 8: Two phases approach in the project and associated Work Packages. .......................33 Figure 9. Time planning. (T) indicates travel to the region (note that one travel can serve more than one Work Package, details in section 6.3). ......................................................................36 Figure 10: Assessment of irrigation potential. ..........................................................................58 Figure 11: Internal renewable water resources by country (in km 3). .........................................59 Figure 12: Schematic balance of Lake Victoria, Kyogo, and Albert (km 3/year) (Source: Sutcliffe and Parks, 1999).....................................................................................................................62 Figure 13: Map of Burundi with the Nile basin. .........................................................................76 Figure 14: Agricultural area and arable land in Burundi. ...........................................................77 Figure 15: Agricultural production in Burundi. ..........................................................................77 5 Figure 16: Map of Eastern DRC with the Nile basin. ................................................................80 Figure 17: Agricultural area and arable land in DR Congo. ......................................................81 Figure 18: Agricultural production in DR Congo. ......................................................................81 Figure 19: Map of Kenya with the Nile basin. ...........................................................................85 Figure 20: Agricultural area and arable land in Kenya. .............................................................86 Figure 21: Agricultural production in Kenya. ............................................................................86 Figure 22: Map of Rwanda with the Nile basin. ........................................................................89 Figure 23: Agricultural
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