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The Factors That Affect Kenyan Domestic Tourists from Visiting Tourism Facilities in Kenya: Case of Nairobi, Mombasa and Nakuru Towns

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The Factors That Affect Kenyan Domestic Tourists from Visiting Tourism Facilities in Kenya: Case of Nairobi, Mombasa and Nakuru Towns THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT KENYAN DOMESTIC TOURISTS FROM VISITING TOURISM FACILITIES IN KENYA: CASE OF NAIROBI, MOMBASA AND NAKURU TOWNS. Mong'are Omare PhD Thesis in Tourism Management Submitted to School of Business and Economics Department of Tourism and Tour Operations Management Moi University March 2016 DECLARATION I declare that this research project is my original work and has not been presented in any other University. Sign: Date: Mong’areOmare SBE/DPHIL/05/06 This research project has been submitted for examination with our approval as University supervisors. Sign: Date: Prof. John S. Akama Department of Tourism Moi University Sign: Date: Prof. TimothySulo, Department of Agricultural economics and Resource Management Moi University ii DEDICATION I dedicate this research to my family, dear wife Priscilla, sons-Mato, John, daughters;Godwillie, Lolia, Joy and Sara for their for their support throughout the course of the study. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge the guidance received from my university Supervisors; Prof. Akama and Prof. Sulo; in the process of developing this research thesis. I also acknowledge the support of my fellow students for their companionship in this academic journey. iv ABSTRACT I This study examined the factors that affect domestic tourism in Mombasa, Nairobi and Nakuru with a view of addressing the effects in order to improve domestic tourism in Kenya. The study investigated a sample of cross-section of the tourist stakeholders and through questionnaires and interview schedules obtained data from respondents consisting of managers of hotels and lodges, and tour operating firms, Government officials, Kenya Wildlife Service officials, resident tourists and local residents. The broad objective of the study was to establish the factors that affect Kenyan residents from visiting tourist facilities in the three Towns. The study aimed at determining the effect of; socio-economic factors on domestic tourism in Kenya, town of residence on domestic tourism, the economic contributions made by Kenyans participating in domestic tourism, individual‟s psycho-factors on domestic tourism, and sustainable performance framework indicators for domestic tourism in Kenya. A sample of 600 respondents from tourist industry players in the regions was selected using purposive and stratified random sampling methods. A structured questionnaire and interview schedule with both closed and open-ended questions were used to collect data from the respondent. A total of 558 respondents filled the instruments, a response rate of 93%, from which data was extracted for analysis and made statistical inferences, presentations and conclusions. The study findings indicated that the level of education was a major contributing factor in domestic tourism with 50% of participants having middle level education,36 % had university degree with 1% of the participants having no education. It also revealed that the biggest impediment to domestic tourism was costs with 48% of respondents saying they could not afford, 50% of the male respondents could not afford while only 47% of the female respondents could not afford. Nairobi had 62% of the respondents indicating that affordability was an issue and 31% from Nakuru. The second most significant impediment to domestic tourism was family commitment with 19% of the respondents saying this was an impediment, 15% being male while 23% were female. The study also found that about 15% of the respondents had participated in domestic tourism making an average of 5.35 visits per year and spending an average of Kshs: 9,965 per visit. The results further showed that the respondents perceived domestic tourism as being expensive (48%)and could not afford participating in domestic tourism activities. The study concluded that the government and tourist industry stakeholders need to address the hindrances pointed out in order to improve domestic tourism; these include price adjustments, construction and maintenance of roads to the parks and Provision of cheaper transport to the national park. it was recommended that Creation of awareness of the attractions and sensitizing the local communities on the value of tourism and the need to conserve national resources for posterity. If these measures are taken then domestic tourism participation would improve. Leading to creation of employment. And generation of' income for towns and improve Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product notwithstanding national development. The study will assist the government and other industry stakeholders in coming up with practical measures to address the obstacles with a view to increasing Kenyan participation in domestic tourism. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES. ......................................................................................................... xii LIST OF ACRONYMS& ABBREVIATIONS. .............................................................. xiii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Study ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement .................................................................................................... 7 1.3 The General Objective .............................................................................................. 8 1.4 The Specific Objectives ............................................................................................ 8 1.5 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................ 9 1.6 The Significance of the Study ................................................................................... 9 1.7 The Scope of the Study ........................................................................................... 11 1.8 Assumptions ............................................................................................................ 11 1.9 Operational Definitions ........................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 13 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 13 2.1.0 The Concept and Brief History of Tourism ......................................................... 13 2.1.0.1. The History of Kenya ................................................................................... 15 2.1.0.2. The Economy of Kenya. .............................................................................. 17 2.1.0.3. Effect of tourism on the economy ................................................................ 17 2.1.1. The Development of Tourism and Tourism Categories ..................................... 19 vi 2.1.2. Tourism Products ................................................................................................ 21 2.1.2.1. Cultural Tourism ......................................................................................... 23 2.1.2.2. Sports Tourism ............................................................................................ 24 2.1.2.3. Wildlife Tourism ......................................................................................... 25 2.1.2.4. Ecotourism .................................................................................................. 27 2.1.2.5. Other Forms of Tourism ............................................................................. 27 2.1.3.Theoretical review ............................................................................................... 28 2.1.4.Growth Pole Theory ............................................................................................. 31 2.2.0 EMPIRICAL REVIEW ....................................................................................... 33 2.2.1 Domestic Tourism ................................................................................................ 33 2.2.2.Tourism Industry in Kenya .................................................................................. 37 2.2.3.Domestic Tourism in Kenya ................................................................................ 41 2.2.4 Determinants of Participation in Tourism ........................................................... 44 2.2.4.1. Income .........................................................................................................
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