DOCSLIB.ORG

Cultural Placemaking in Washington's U Street Corridor

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cultural Placemaking in Washington's U Street Corridor Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2020 Cultural Placemaking in Washington’s U Street Corridor: A Catch 22 Maya Coleman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Urban Studies and Planning Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6293 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cultural Placemaking in Washington’s U Street Corridor: A Catch 22 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Urban and Regional Planning at Virginia Commonwealth University by Maya Coleman, B.A. in Political Science Hampton University, 2018 Director: Dr. Kathryn Howell, Assistant Professor, Urban and Regional Planning Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia May, 2020 Acknowledgments To my family and friends that motivated me with constant support and positivity, I could not do this without you. Thank you to Dr. Howell for the outstanding guidance, along with my other committee members Dr. Dickinson and Dr. Fasulo for their invaluable support. Thank you to the universe and God for keeping me grounded. The support from any and all involved in my journey of completing this thesis is greatly appreciated. Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Case Context ................................................................................................................................................ 4 The U Street Corridor ............................................................................................................................... 4 The “City” Within a City .......................................................................................................................... 5 The U Street Corridor Decline.................................................................................................................. 6 U Street Post Riots .................................................................................................................................... 8 Revitalization & Redevelopment of the U Street Corridor ....................................................................... 9 Present Day U- Street Corridor .............................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 2: Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 14 Culture ................................................................................................................................................... 14 Formal and Informal Culture ............................................................................................................. 15 Culture in Public Space ........................................................................................................................ 17 Community & Neighborhood Culture ................................................................................................ 20 Community, Place Attachment, & Sense of Place .............................................................................. 21 Placemaking........................................................................................................................................... 23 Informal Placemaking ......................................................................................................................... 24 Black Placemaking .............................................................................................................................. 26 Cultural Planning.................................................................................................................................. 28 Cultural Districts & Cultural Branding ............................................................................................. 29 Black Branding ................................................................................................................................... 31 Gentrification ........................................................................................................................................ 31 Summary & Gaps in Literature .............................................................................................................. 34 Chapter 3: Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 35 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................... 35 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 37 Observation ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Archival Research ............................................................................................................................... 38 Focus Group & Interviews .................................................................................................................. 39 Descriptive Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 39 Chapter 4: Findings .................................................................................................................................. 39 Characteristics of Formal & Informal Placemaking in the Corridor .............................................. 39 Government Supported Formal Placemaking.................................................................................... 45 Policing of Informal Placemaking ....................................................................................................... 56 Community Structure, Participation and Response to Placemaking ............................................... 66 Placemaking and Sense of Place .......................................................................................................... 71 Gentrification ...................................................................................................................................... 74 Diversity .............................................................................................................................................. 77 Ownership ........................................................................................................................................... 80 The Power of Class in Placemaking .................................................................................................... 83 Placemaking Narratives in the Corridor ........................................................................................ 87 Chapter 5. Discussion and Conclusion .................................................................................................... 91 Role of Informal Placemaking ............................................................................................................ 91 Blackness in Formal and Informal Placemaking ................................................................................ 94 References .................................................................................................................................................. 97 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 104 Figure 1. Municipal Reeves Center 2019 ......................................................................................... 105 Figure 2. U Street Census Tracts 43 & 44 ........................................................................................ 105 Figure 3. Metro PCS, 7th Street and Florida NW, October 2019 .................................................... 105 Figure 4. Murals in the U Street Corridor ........................................................................................ 105 Figure 5. Historic Markers in the U Street Corridor ........................................................................ 105 Figure 6. U Street Apartments and Signage ..................................................................................... 105 Figure 7. U Street Statues and Memorials ........................................................................................ 105 Figure 8. Shaw Outdoor Community Markers .................................................................................. 105 Figure 9. Street Artists in the Corridor ............................................................................................. 105 Figure 10. Street Chair in the Corridor ............................................................................................ 105 Figure 11. Stickering and Graffiti in the U
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What Is “Creative Placemaking”?
    What is “Creative Placemaking”? The term “creative placemaking” is used commonly in community development and city/urban planning. But what does it really mean? How will you know it when you see it? Creative Placemaking is generally understood as the use of arts and culture by diverse partners to strategically shape the physical and social character of a place in order to spur economic development, promote enduring social change and improve the physical environment.1 1. Use of arts and culture. This could involve a painter, musician, sculptor, historian, architect – or any other expression of “arts and culture”. The project could be many things including a mural, a street carnival, busker musicians on a street corner, or a public art sculpture about the place’s history. Artists are involved in the planning, execution and activity. 2. Diverse partners. Contributors to projects might include neighborhood residents, businesses, non-profits, churches, government agencies, etc. Diverse partners who invest time, talent and/or financial support will strengthen the project and take greater ownership in its maintenance and stewardship long-term. 3. Shape a place. The combination of arts, culture, and diverse partners can convert an under-utilized place and make it something useful, safe, beautiful and vibrant. 4. To spur, promote and improve. Whether the project is big or small, low-budget or very expensive, successful creative placemaking projects attract people. People want to be near other people. Places that attract people also attract new
    [Show full text]
  • Gentrification, Displacement & Creative Placemaking
    Gentrification, Displacement & Creative Placemaking: Evaluation Methods for Nonprofit Arts and Cultural Organizations by Grace Komarek-Meyer [email protected] Capstone Research Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Nonprofit Administration Degree in the School of Management directed by Dr. Marco Tavanti San Francisco, California Summer 2019 1 Abstract Gentrification, Displacement & Creative Placemaking: Evaluation Methods for Nonprofit Arts and Cultural Organizations focuses on the cultural strategies of creative placemaking projects, the role of the nonprofit organization in combating gentrification and displacement, and the task of evaluation and measurement program impact of creative placemaking projects. The first section of this report contains a literature review that is divided into two main focuses: (1) the history, context, and research of gentrification and displacement, and (2) Creative Placemaking and cultural strategies to support community development and resist the negative effects of gentrification and displacement for community members, neighbors, and key stakeholder groups. The second section of this report contains primary data collected in the form of three expert interviews with nonprofit arts and cultural organizations and one urban planning professional. The final component of this report consists of a set of recommendations for nonprofit arts and cultural organizations to take into consideration when carrying out various creative placemaking projects. 2 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my fellow cohort members in the Masters of Nonprofit Administration program at the University of San Francisco’s School of Management for their continued support and generosity over the past year and a half. I have learned so much from each and every one of you, and am excited to see the amazing things that you all do with your careers with the unique knowledge, skills, and perspectives you all bring to the nonprofit sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Intervenciones Urbanas Hechas Por Ciudadanos: Estrategias Hacia
    Intervenciones urbanas hechas por ciudadanos: Estrategias hacia mejores espacios públicos INTERVENCIONES URBANAS HECHAS POR CIUDADANOS: ESTRATEGIAS HACIA MEJORES ESPACIOS PÚBLICOS [Versión preliminar] 1ª Edición (CC) Ocupa Tu Calle Calle General Silva 767, Miraflores, Lima Perú Tel. +51-1-234-0232 www.ocupatucalle.com (CC) Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU- Habitat) P.O. Box 30030 00100 Nairobi GPO KENYA Tel: +254-020-7623120 (Oficina Principal) www.onuhabitat.org EXENCIÓN DE RESPONSABILIDAD (CC) Fundación Avina Calle Evelio Lara, Casa Nº131-B, Ciudad del Saber, Clayton, Ciudad de Panamá, Las designaciones empleadas y la presentación del material en el presente informe República de Panamá no implican la expresión de ninguna manera de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas Tel. +507-317-1121 con referencia al estatus legal de cualquier país, territorio, ciudad o área, o de sus http://www.avina.net autoridades, o relativas a la delimitación de sus fronteras o límites, o en lo que hace a sus sistemas económicos o grado de desarrollo. Los análisis, conclusiones y recomendaciones del presente informe no necesariamente reflejan el punto de ISBN: No. 978-92-1-132845-5 vista del Programa de Asentamientos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas o de su Consejo de Administración. Alentamos el uso y reproducción del material incluido en esta publicación La referencia efectuada en esta publicación sobre algún producto comercial, siempre y cuando se utilice para promover una ciudad mejor; que no se utilice nombres de marcas, procesos o servicios, o la mención de alguna razón social, firma o con fines de lucro y se consigne adecuadamente la referencia a Ocupa Tu Calle, empresa, no constituye necesariamente endoso, recomendación o preferencia por ONU-Habitat y Fundación Avina.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Placemaking for Mobility
    REPORT SEPTEMBER 2016 A GUIDE TO PLACEMAKING FOR MOBILITY 4 A BETTER CITY A GUIDE TO PLACEMAKING FOR MOBILITY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CONTENTS A Better City would like to thank the Boston Transportation 5 Introduction Department and the Public Realm Interagency Working Group for their participation in the development of this research. 6 What is the Public Realm? This effort would not have been possible without the generous 7 Boston’s Public Realm funding support of the Barr Foundation. 7 Decoding Boston’s Public Realm: A Framework of Analysis TEAM 15 Evaluating the Public Realm A Better City 16 Strategies for Enhancing • Richard Dimino the Public Realm • Thomas Nally 21 Small Interventions lead • Irene Figueroa Ortiz to Big Changes Boston Transportation Department 23 Envisioning a Vibrant Public Realm • Chris Osgood • Gina N. Fiandaca • Vineet Gupta • Alice Brown Public Realm Interagency Working Group • Boston Parks and Recreation Department • Boston Redevelopment Authority • Department of Innovation and Technology • Mayor’s Commission for Persons with Disabilities • Mayor’s Office • Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics A Better City is a diverse group • Mayor’s Youth Council of business leaders united around a • Office of Arts and Culture common goal—to enhance Boston and • Office of Environment, the region’s economic health, competi- Energy and Open Space tiveness, vibrancy, sustainability and • Office of Neighborhood Services quality of life. By amplifying the voice • Public Works Department of the business community through collaboration and consensus across Stantec’s Urban Places Group a broad range of stakeholders, A Better • David Dixon City develops solutions and influences • Jeff Sauser policy in three critical areas central • Erin Garnaas-Holmes to the Boston region’s economic com- petitiveness and growth: transporta- tion and infrastructure, land use and development, and energy and environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Reimagining Contemporary Urban Planning with Placemaking
    Reimagining Contemporary Urban Planning with Placemaking Abhishek Behera Master of City and Regional Planning Georgia Institute of Technology May 2017 Advisor: Prof. William J. Drummond Looking Ahead with Placemaking I Cover Artist with his works on 40th St New York City, adjacent to Bryant Park (Source: Author) II Applied Research Paper Reimagining Contemporary Urban Planning with Placemaking Abhishek Behera Master of City and Regional Planning Georgia Institute of Technology May 2017 Advisor: Prof. William J. Drummond Looking Ahead with Placemaking III For the following cities: Delhi, for being my home, Paris, for making me fall in love, Mumbai, for showing me a dream, Libreville, for bringing me closer to nature, Ahmedabad, for teaching me how to succeed, Atlanta, for introducing me to the free world, San Francisco, for preparing me to let go, New York, for letting me find myself, And all the other cities who have been part of my journey thus far. IV Applied Research Paper Acknowledgment I express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Bill Drummond for his encouragement and guidance through the process of this paper. I am also grateful to Professors Bruce Stifftel and Mike Dobbins for supporting me, whenever I have doubted myself. I want to thank Meg Walker, Senior Vice President Project for Public Spaces, Anabelle Rondon, Manager, Massachusetts Smart Growth Alliance, and Greg Giuffrida, Corridor Executive, Memorial Drive Atlanta for taking out time and sharing their experiences in urban planning and community engagement. I wish to acknowledge my friends in the United States, from the program and otherwise, who have been always on by my side and helped me explore and learn about a new culture in the past two years.
    [Show full text]
  • Placemaking in the European Context. the Movement Is Here to Stay
    The Journal of Public Space ISSN 2206-9658 2019 | Vol. 4 n. 1 https://www.journalpublicspace.org VIEWPOINT Placemaking in the European context. The movement is here to stay Jeroen Laven, Anna Bradley STIPO / Placemaking Europe, The Netherlands [email protected] | [email protected] SPACE Levente Polyak Eutropian, Austria [email protected] PUBLIC OF Abstract The importance of public space as a foundation for good cities is recognised across Europe at a policy level and also amongst practitioners. Placemaking Europe, previously known as the European Placemaking Network, is a fresh network connecting a growing JOURNAL number of practitioners, academics, community leaders, market parties and policy makers working on public spaces in ways that give due consideration to placemaking and the City at Eye Level. Through this approach, Placemaking Europe shares knowledge, exchanges THE ideas, and actively shapes collaborative projects. Keywords: placemaking, city at eye level, ground floor, STIPO, Europe To cite this article: Laven , J., Bradley, A., Polyak, L. (2019). Placemaking in the European context. The movement is here to stay. The Journal of Public Space, 4(1), 135-154, DOI 10.32891/jps.v4i1.1159 This article has been reviewed and accepted for publication in The Journal of Public Space. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ISSN 2206-9658 | 135 City Space Architecture / UN-Habitat Placemaking in the European context Public space quality is the backbone of a sustainable city. To ensure quality in the public realm, cities need; great streets supported by places that intuitively captivate users, compelling them to want to stay longer; a human scale inspired by the interaction between buildings and streets; user ownership; placemaking; good plinths (active ground floors); and a person-centered approach based on user experience1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustaining the Liveliness of Public Spaces in El Houma Through Placemaking
    The Journal of Public Space ISSN 2206-9658 2020 | Vol. 5 n. 1 https://www.journalpublicspace.org Sustaining the Liveliness of Public Spaces in El Houma through Placemaking. The Case of Algiers Mohamed Yazid Khemri, Alessandro Melis University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom School of Architecture [email protected] | [email protected] Silvio Caputo University of Kent, United Kingdom School of Architecture [email protected] Abstract This paper takes Algiers as a case study, highlighting the social use of urban spaces in El Houma, in the Algerian capital, as a form of placemaking, a people-centred approach aimed at improving urban spaces within a neighbourhood. El Houma is a word for neighbourhood in North Africa synonymous with Hara and THE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC SPACE THE JOURNAL Mahalla in the Middle East. El Houma is not a typical neighbourhood that only houses people, it is a socio-spatial product formed by social relations between residents of the same neighbourhood. It is, therefore, a way of representing urban space though social practices, creating a strong sense of community, a sense of place and social interaction. Based on theories and mapping techniques from urban sociology and urban design, the research applies a methodology of activity mapping, in order to investigate patterns of outdoor social activities in public spaces and their correlation with the physical design of the neighbourhood. The research will measure the liveliness of public spaces exploring how people adapted their lifestyle to the built environment and vice versa. The findings demonstrate how the different social activities are spatially distributed, and their impact on the liveliness of el Houma.
    [Show full text]
  • Placemaking: Valuing History, Culture and Environment in Your Community
    Municipalitythe A publication of the League of Wisconsin Municipalities March 2015, Volume 110, Number 2 Placemaking: Valuing History, Culture and Environment in Your Community In this issue: Principles of Community Placemaking Historic Preservation Tax Credit Arts and Creative Economy Municipalitythe A publication of the League of Wisconsin Municipalities March 2015 Volume 110, Number 3 Departments Contents From the Principles Executive Dir. 77 Of Community Placemaking 78 Legal FAQs 97 Road Trip! The League’s Municipal Partnership for Prosperity Tour 85 History 101 Historic Preservation Tax Credits Contribute to Making Web Wisconsin Places 86 Siting 102 Arts and the Creative Economy League Success for Wisconsin, Its People and Its Communities 89 Calendar 104 Basic Provisions Legal For Public Art 93 Captions 105 Contracts 2015 Building Inspectors Local Officials Institute In the News 107 Program 78 Cover photo: Trolls welcome New Municipal Officials visitors to Mt Horeb, by Jean 2015 Workshops Staral. Announces 100 the Municipality March 2015 75 From the Executive Director To Each Its Own y office overlooks Lake My son, a Second Lieutenant in the Air Force, works at Cape Canaveral MMonona. While in the Florida. His boss regularly kayaks to work. While Florida kayakers don’t summer that makes for amaz- need to worry about being swallowed up by ice, they do have to be on the ing views, even in the winter lookout for alligators. Gail snow- it has its unique appeal. Take shoes, the Air Force Colonel kayaks. What do the two places have in com- this morning, for example. mon? (Other than health-conscious- and-slightly-disturbed-commuters.) Communications Director Gail Nothing obvious.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability VIEWPOINTS
    This article was downloaded by: On: 14 May 2010 Access details: Access Details: Free Access Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t782882883 VIEWPOINTS To cite this Article (2008) 'VIEWPOINTS', Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 1: 1, 5 — 15 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/17549170801903769 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549170801903769 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Journal of Urbanism Vol. 1, No. 1, March 2008, 5–15 VIEWPOINTS In addition to full-length research papers, an important feature of this new journal will be what we are calling ‘‘viewpoints’’.
    [Show full text]
  • The ABC's of Placemaking Governance Learning from Amsterdam, Berlin and Copenhagen
    DEGREE PROJECT IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2021 The ABC's of Placemaking Governance Learning from Amsterdam, Berlin and Copenhagen FILEMON WOLFRAM KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT The ABC's of Placemaking Governance Rus playground in Lima, Peru. (Basurama, 2010) Filemon Wolfram Master's Thesis The ABC's of Placemaking Governance: →Learning from Amsterdam, Berlin and Copenhagen Master's Thesis by Filemon Wolfram AG212X Degree Project in Urban and Regional Planning KTH Royal Institute of Technology / School of Architecture and the Built Environment 8.2.2021 Stockholm, Sweden Supervisor: Andrew Karvonen Examiner: Tigran Haas The ABC's of Placemaking Governance Acknowledgement I have received a great deal of help and support throughout the writing of this thesis. I would like to thank the following people for their contribution to this research: I wish to thank the City of Helsinki for providing me with funding, and giving me the opportunity to conduct this research as part of their ongoing research project on place- making. I am thoroughly grateful to Salla Ahokas, Urban Planner at the City of Helsinki, for sending me continuous updates on relevant publications and projects to look into. As between theory and practice. My supervisor, Associate Professor Andrew Karvonen, provided me with invaluable su- pport in forming the academic foundation for the thesis. I am sincerely thankful to Andy for always answering my questions clearly and with impressive speed. Andy also went the extra mile when reviewing my early drafts, helping me form the structure and impro- ve the language.
    [Show full text]
  • The-Hasheesh-Eater.Pdf
    ARMY MEDICAL LIBRARY WASHINGTON Founded 1836 Section.. Number ..%-.??.0.Qj___ 7 Fobm 113c, W. D.. S. G. O. (Revised June 13, 1936) DUE LAST DATE i < V'-. • 0EC1 «? THE 63> HASHEESH EATER: BEING PASSAGES FROM THE LIFE OF A PYTHAGOREAN. ' "Weave a circle round him thrice, And close your eyes with holy dread, For he on honey-dew hath fed, And drunk the milk of Paradise." Kubla. Khan. j( i & & / 7 NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 1857 - l.TBRj? L34S2, 1857 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, by Harper & Brothers, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York. CONTENTS, CHAPTER PAGE I. THE NIGHT ENTRANCE 15 II. UNDER THE SHADOW OF ESCULAPIUS 29 III. THE KINGDOM OF THE DREAM 34 IV. CASHMERE AND CATHAY BY TWILIGHT 44 V. THE HOUR AND THE POWER OF DARKNESS 60 VI. THE MYSTERIES OF THE LIFE-SIGN GEMINI 75 VII. THE NIGHT OF APOTHEOSIS 85 VIII. VOS NON VOBIS—WHEREIN THE PYTHAGOREAN IS A BY- STANDER 101 IX. THE SHADOW OF BACCHUS, THE SHADOW OF THANATOS, AND THE SHADOW OF SHAME 123 X. NIMIUM—THE AMREETA CUP OF UNVEILING 132 XI. THE BOOK OF SYMBOLS 149 XII. TO-DAY, ZEUS; TO-MORROW, PROMETHEUS 153 XIII. EIDOLA THEATRI AND THE PRINCE OF WHALES 161 XIV. HAIL'. PYTHAGORAS 176 XV. "THEN SEEVA OPENED ON THE ACCURSED ONE HIS EYE OF ANGER" 188 XVI. AN OATH IN THE FORUM OF MADNESS.. 203 XVII. DOWN WITH THE TIDE ..
    [Show full text]
  • Yellowstone Wildlife DISCOVERY of a WONDERLAND
    Yellowstone Wildlife DISCOVERY OF A WONDERLAND More than a century ago, explorers The large predators were the last and fur traders returning from the to gain the sanctuary that had been wilderness of the Montana Territory accorded legislatively to all animals astounded the American people of the park. In an effort to build up with tales of a land of lakes, forests, the populations of elk and mountains, and canyons where bison, a prolonged campaign giant geysers spouted, springs boiled, against cougars, wolves, and coyotes and wildlife abounded. Coming was instituted. The killing did not from such men as Jim Bridger— end until the early 1930's. a notorious teller of tall tales—these Today, a new ecological aware­ accounts were received with some ness, a wider appreciation of the skepticism. But in 1870 an expedi­ esthetic and scientific value of wild tion of distinguished citizens led by animals, and extensive research Gen. Henry Washburn returned have led to better understanding of from the "Land of the Rock wildlife populations in Yellowstone Yellow River," as it was called by and other national parks. Despite the Indians, confirming its marvelous character. the mistakes of the past and the gaps in our A movement to set aside this wonderland for understanding of the ecology of the park, it is all the people was soon launched by a group today a haven for wildlife and a mecca for people of foresighted citizens. Their efforts resulted in who wish to see animals in a natural state. establishment of the world's first national park.
    [Show full text]