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Reference Writing in Scientific Aerticles: a Review Gite Y. A, Gite S.A..- Reference writing in Scientific Articles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Editorial Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 REFERENCE WRITING IN SCIENTIFIC AERTICLES: A REVIEW. Yogeshkumar Anandrao Gite,1 Santoshkumar Anandrao Gite.2* Scientific writing is a different skill and stands alone 2. WHAT IS CITATION? apart from the knowledge anyone bears about his subject specialty. Today’s era is research-oriented era Citation is a number written in superscript style after and anyone should know scientific writing skills to the information for which you have to write reference. express his/her though on global platform. Medical, In-text citations are the labeling (in the form of num- Alternative Medical and Allied Health sciences ex- ber) you write immediately after you quote from an perts and researchers also need Scientific Writing outside source in your text. When you use other skills to exchange and to share the knowledge among source to support or expand your ideas, it is necessary different streams of medical sciences. There are to give credit with an in-text citation. Few definitions many ways to share thoughts, e.g. Paper presentation, are as follows- Research Article, Review Article, Case Study/Series, A citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expres- Lectures as expert etc. Most common and most im- sion embedded in the body of an intellectual work portant parts in scientific writing are ‘Citations’ and that denotes an entry in the references section of ‘References’. In day today practice many mis con- the work.2 cepts are being observed regarding References and The combination of both the in-body citation many Authors do mistakes while writing References. (superscript numbering) and the entry in reference The purpose behind present article is share some list both commonly thought as a citation.2 thoughts regarding ‘Citations’ & ‘References’. This A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for article is mere a compilation of scattered information their creative and intellectual works that you utilized regarding ‘References’ which was gathered from dif- to support your research.3 ferent internet sources. Main aim is to enlighten ‘Reference Writing’ in articles for journals in In short, Reference means to enlist the ‘Vancouver Style’. I hope it will be helpful to PG sources. Citation means numbering the references Scholars, Researchers and Authors to improve their in text. ‘Reference and Citation’ both together are scientific writing skill. also called as Citation. 1. WHAT IS REFERENCE? 3. WHAT IS BIBLIOGRAPHY? References commonly forms the end part of any arti- Bibliography is not the part of journal articles. It is cle and are written in the form of specific list num- commonly listing all the materials that have been con- bered cardinally. (E.g. 1, 2, 3 and so on.) Reference is sulted while writing Compilation, Thesis, Scientific the source from where you have got information. Essay etc.4 Bibliography is not cited directly in the Each reference source you use in your article must text but it appears as an end document. Bibliography also appear in your references page. A source may be can be written chronologically as per year of publica- a book, serial/periodical, website, peer-reviewed tion or alphabetically as per name of source or author. journal article, or other media that you have used for While writing a bibliography, you should have to in- support. Few definitions are as follows clude the authors last and first name, year of publica- tion, name of the book, publication place and name of Reference is the action of mentioning or alluding publishers. Few definitions are as follows- something.1 Reference is the use of source information in or- Bibliography is listing all the materials that have der to ascertain something.1 been consulted. Reference means to provide information with ci- Bibliography is alphabetical arrangement of tation of sources of information.1 sources/materials consulted in Thesis, Book, Es- *Authors: 1. M.D. (Ayu), M.B.A. (H.S.M.), D.Y.T. (Yog), Associate Professor, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, PMT’s Ayurveda College, Shevgaon, Ahmednagar, MS, India. Email – [email protected]. 2. M.D. (Hom), Ph.D. (Hom) M.B.A. (H.S.M.), PG (Hom) London, D.Y.T. (Yog), Assistant Professor, Dept. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Ahmednagar Homeopathic Medical College, Ahmednagar, MS, India. Email – [email protected]. 91 Gite Y. A, Gite S.A..- Reference writing in Scientific Articles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Editorial Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 say etc. medical journals. Such sources are as follows- 3. PURPOSES OF CITATIONS AND REFER- Homepage/Website (e.g. Internet Sources) 3,5,6 ENCES Modern Science Books (e.g. Book by Authors / Book by Editors or Compilers) To give authoritative sources for your statements. Monographs (Documented treatise) To help the reader gain access to those sources. To acknowledges the fact that the information Classical Texts (e.g. Ayurveda Samhita) used in a paper did not originate with the writer. Journal Articles (from various journals) To uphold intellectual honesty or avoid- ing plagiarism. Databases To locate particular sources and combat plagia- Other sources (Thesis, Interviews, Newspaper rism. articles etc.) To attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources. 6. VARIOUS REFRENCE STYLES 4. REFRENCE PAGE Reference styles are standardized rules for presenting information about the sources used in a text. Typical- A references page is the last page an essay, the re- ly, a style will describe how to organize information search paper/article. That can be written in various about author(s), publication year, title and page num- styles. It lists all the sources you have used in your 7 bers. There are many different ways to organize the project, so readers can easily find what you've cited. references of a text. Some reference styles follow the author-year format, while others are based on foot- 5. DIFFERENT KINDS OF REFERENCE notes and/or numerical references.9 Your choice of SOURCES style depends upon type your writing. The various styles to write references are enlisted and elaborated Sources can be divided into three types, depending below. Kindly note that, for ‘biomedical journal arti- on their proximity to the subject of study, viz. Prima- cles’ only Vancouver Style is used and other styles ry, Secondary and Tertiary sources.8 It should be not- are just for information of readers. ed that the distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary sources is not a fixed one. 6.1. Vancouver Style 8 5.1. Primary Sources 6.1.1. Definition A primary source is usually a document or result that The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in is being reported first hand. In other words, primary the text, either bracketed or superscript or both. The sources are original sources, not interpretations made numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of by someone else. the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of 5.2. Secondary Sources8 the paper) that provide source detail.10 Vancouver is a numbered referencing style commonly used in medi- Secondary sources value, discuss or comment on the cine and science. It consists, 1. Citations to someone primary source, or on sources analogous to the pri- else's work in the text, indicated by the use of a num- mary source that is being analyzed. ber. 2. A sequentially numbered reference list at the 5.3. Tertiary Sources8 end of the document providing full details of the cor- responding in-text reference. This system is also A tertiary source is a source that summarizes or com- 11 piles facts and knowledge produced by someone else. called ‘author-number system’. The International Tertiary sources are often some kind of assemblage Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has of primary and secondary sources. recommended this style for Biomedical Journal Arti- cles. The MEDLINE/PubMed database uses this cita- 5.4. Commonly used sources in scientific writing tion style. 10 Despite various kinds of sources available, few 6.1.2. History11 sources are most commonly used in scientific or bio- In 1978, a committee of editors from various medical 92 Gite Y. A, Gite S.A..- Reference writing in Scientific Articles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Editorial Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 journals, the International Committee of Medical ies (cultural studies, drama and theatre, film, and Journal Editors (ICMJE), met in Vancouver, BC, other media). 10 It features brief parenthetical cita- Canada to agree to a unified set of requirements for tions in the text keyed to an alphabetical list of the articles of such journals. works cited that appears at the end of the work. Ref- erence list includes – Author, Title of source, Title 6.1.3. Labelling Citations11 of container, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location. 14 References are numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text – they are identified by Arabic 6.6. MHRA Style numerals in parentheses (1), square brack- MHRA style was developed by the Modern Humani- ets [1], superscript1, or a combination[1]. It depends ties Research Association (MHRA) and most widely upon the journal which one of these, they expect. used in the arts and humanities in the United King- The number usually appears at the end of the materi- 10 dom. al it supports, and an entry in the reference list would give full bibliographical information for the source.
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