Reference Writing in Scientific Aerticles: a Review

Gite Y. A, Gite S.A..- Reference writing in Scientific Articles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Editorial Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 REFERENCE WRITING IN SCIENTIFIC AERTICLES: A REVIEW. Yogeshkumar Anandrao Gite,1 Santoshkumar Anandrao Gite.2* Scientific writing is a different skill and stands alone 2. WHAT IS CITATION? apart from the knowledge anyone bears about his subject specialty. Today’s era is research-oriented era Citation is a number written in superscript style after and anyone should know scientific writing skills to the information for which you have to write reference. express his/her though on global platform. Medical, In-text citations are the labeling (in the form of num- Alternative Medical and Allied Health sciences ex- ber) you write immediately after you quote from an perts and researchers also need Scientific Writing outside source in your text. When you use other skills to exchange and to share the knowledge among source to support or expand your ideas, it is necessary different streams of medical sciences. There are to give credit with an in-text citation. Few definitions many ways to share thoughts, e.g. Paper presentation, are as follows- Research Article, Review Article, Case Study/Series,  A citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expres- Lectures as expert etc. Most common and most im- sion embedded in the body of an intellectual work portant parts in scientific writing are ‘Citations’ and that denotes an entry in the references section of ‘References’. In day today practice many mis con- the work.2 cepts are being observed regarding References and  The combination of both the in-body citation many Authors do mistakes while writing References. (superscript numbering) and the entry in reference The purpose behind present article is share some list both commonly thought as a citation.2 thoughts regarding ‘Citations’ & ‘References’. This A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for article is mere a compilation of scattered information their creative and intellectual works that you utilized regarding ‘References’ which was gathered from dif- to support your research.3 ferent internet sources. Main aim is to enlighten ‘Reference Writing’ in articles for journals in In short, Reference means to enlist the ‘Vancouver Style’. I hope it will be helpful to PG sources. Citation means numbering the references Scholars, Researchers and Authors to improve their in text. ‘Reference and Citation’ both together are scientific writing skill. also called as Citation.

1. WHAT IS REFERENCE? 3. WHAT IS BIBLIOGRAPHY?

References commonly forms the end part of any arti- Bibliography is not the part of journal articles. It is cle and are written in the form of specific list num- commonly listing all the materials that have been con- bered cardinally. (E.g. 1, 2, 3 and so on.) Reference is sulted while writing Compilation, Thesis, Scientific the source from where you have got information. Essay etc.4 Bibliography is not cited directly in the Each reference source you use in your article must text but it appears as an end document. Bibliography also appear in your references page. A source may be can be written chronologically as per year of publica- a book, serial/periodical, website, peer-reviewed tion or alphabetically as per name of source or author. journal article, or other media that you have used for While writing a bibliography, you should have to in- support. Few definitions are as follows clude the authors last and first name, year of publication, name of the book, publication place and name of  Reference is the action of mentioning or alluding publishers. Few definitions are as follows- something.1  Reference is the use of source information in or-  Bibliography is listing all the materials that have der to ascertain something.1 been consulted.  Reference means to provide information with ci-  Bibliography is alphabetical arrangement of tation of sources of information.1 sources/materials consulted in Thesis, Book, Es-

*Authors: 1. M.D. (Ayu), M.B.A. (H.S.M.), D.Y.T. (Yog), Associate Professor, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, PMT’s Ayurveda College, Shevgaon, Ahmednagar, MS, India. Email – [email protected]. 2. M.D. (Hom), Ph.D. (Hom) M.B.A. (H.S.M.), PG (Hom) London, D.Y.T. (Yog), Assistant Professor, Dept. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Ahmednagar Homeopathic Medical College, Ahmednagar, MS, India. Email – [email protected].

91 Gite Y. A, Gite S.A..- Reference writing in Scientific Articles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Editorial Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 say etc. medical journals. Such sources are as follows-

3. PURPOSES OF CITATIONS AND REFER-  Homepage/Website (e.g. Internet Sources) 3,5,6 ENCES  Modern Science Books (e.g. Book by Authors / Book by Editors or Compilers)  To give authoritative sources for your statements.  Monographs (Documented treatise)  To help the reader gain access to those sources.  To acknowledges the fact that the information  Classical Texts (e.g. Ayurveda Samhita) used in a paper did not originate with the writer.  Journal Articles (from various journals)  To uphold intellectual honesty or avoid- ing plagiarism.  Databases  To locate particular sources and combat plagia-  Other sources (Thesis, Interviews, Newspaper rism. articles etc.)  To attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources. 6. VARIOUS REFRENCE STYLES

4. REFRENCE PAGE Reference styles are standardized rules for presenting information about the sources used in a text. Typical- A references page is the last page an essay, the re- ly, a style will describe how to organize information search paper/article. That can be written in various about author(s), publication year, title and page num- styles. It lists all the sources you have used in your 7 bers. There are many different ways to organize the project, so readers can easily find what you've cited. references of a text. Some reference styles follow the author-year format, while others are based on foot- 5. DIFFERENT KINDS OF REFERENCE notes and/or numerical references.9 Your choice of SOURCES style depends upon type your writing. The various styles to write references are enlisted and elaborated Sources can be divided into three types, depending below. Kindly note that, for ‘biomedical journal arti- on their proximity to the subject of study, viz. Prima- cles’ only Vancouver Style is used and other styles ry, Secondary and Tertiary sources.8 It should be not- are just for information of readers. ed that the distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary sources is not a fixed one. 6.1. Vancouver Style 8 5.1. Primary Sources 6.1.1. Definition A primary source is usually a document or result that The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in is being reported first hand. In other words, primary the text, either bracketed or superscript or both. The sources are original sources, not interpretations made numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of by someone else. the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of 5.2. Secondary Sources8 the paper) that provide source detail.10 Vancouver is a numbered referencing style commonly used in medi- Secondary sources value, discuss or comment on the cine and science. It consists, 1. Citations to someone primary source, or on sources analogous to the pri- else's work in the text, indicated by the use of a num- mary source that is being analyzed. ber. 2. A sequentially numbered reference list at the 5.3. Tertiary Sources8 end of the document providing full details of the corresponding in-text reference. This system is also A tertiary source is a source that summarizes or com- 11 piles facts and knowledge produced by someone else. called ‘author-number system’. The International Tertiary sources are often some kind of assemblage Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has of primary and secondary sources. recommended this style for Biomedical Journal Arti- cles. The MEDLINE/PubMed database uses this cita- 5.4. Commonly used sources in scientific writing tion style. 10 Despite various kinds of sources available, few 6.1.2. History11 sources are most commonly used in scientific or bio- In 1978, a committee of editors from various medical 92 Gite Y. A, Gite S.A..- Reference writing in Scientific Articles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Editorial Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 journals, the International Committee of Medical ies (cultural studies, drama and theatre, film, and Journal Editors (ICMJE), met in Vancouver, BC, other media). 10 It features brief parenthetical cita- Canada to agree to a unified set of requirements for tions in the text keyed to an alphabetical list of the articles of such journals. works cited that appears at the end of the work. Ref- erence list includes – Author, Title of source, Title 6.1.3. Labelling Citations11 of container, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location. 14 References are numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text – they are identified by Arabic 6.6. MHRA Style numerals in parentheses (1), square brack- MHRA style was developed by the Modern Humani- ets [1], superscript1, or a combination[1]. It depends ties Research Association (MHRA) and most widely upon the journal which one of these, they expect. used in the arts and humanities in the United King- The number usually appears at the end of the materi- 10 dom. al it supports, and an entry in the reference list would give full bibliographical information for the source. 6.7. ACS Style and AIP Style

6.1.4. Format of References/Citations The American Chemical Society (ACS) style and American Institute of Physics (AIP) style are the Format of citations depend upon type of reference referencing styles used in Chemistry, Physics and source used by author. This is elaborated in this arti- Mathematics respectively. In these styles, references cle under next section ‘7. How to write references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, for IJRAMS.’ and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed. 10 6.2. Harvard Style 6.7. AMS Style The Harvard Style is also called as ‘author-date system’. Harvard referencing involves a short author- American Mathematical Society (AMS) style uses date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted ‘brackets with author's initials and year’ inserted in after the cited text within parentheses (bracket) and the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typi- the full reference to the source being listed at the end cal citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label of the article. Hence it is called a specific kind format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called of parenthetical referencing.10 A reference list in- an "Authorship trigraph." 10 cludes various pieces of information including - Name of the author(s), Year published, Title, City 6.8. IEEE Style published, Publisher, Pages.12 The style of the Institute of Electrical and Electron- 6.3. Chicago Style / Chicago Turabian Style ics Engineers (IEEE), or IEEE style, encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers Chicago style (CMOS) is most widely used in histo- them consecutively, with numbers repeated through- ry and economics as well as some social sciences.10 out the text as needed. 10 Typically, Chicago style presents two basic docu- mentation systems – 1. Notes and bibliography (in 6.8. APA Style reference list) and 2. Author-date (in text citation).13 The style of the American Psychological Associa- 6.4. Columbia Style tion (APA) style is most often used in social sciences. APA citation style is similar to Harvard referenc- The Columbia Style gives detailed guidelines for ing, listing the author's name and year of publica- citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models tion.10 In text citation includes author’s last name, for both the humanities and the sciences.10 date of publication and page number. These items must match exactly the corresponding entry in the 6.5. MLA Style references list. 15 MLA style was developed by the Modern Language 7. HOW TO WRITE REFERENCES FOR Association (MLA) and is most often used in the IJRAMS arts, humanities, particularly in English studies, other literary studies, and some inter- disciplinary stud- International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and

93 Gite Y. A, Gite S.A..- Reference writing in Scientific Articles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Editorial Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 Medical Sciences (IJRAMS) is Bimonthly publish- nents must be: ing, Peer reviewed, Open access Medical Journal. 1. Topic, While submitting articles to IJRAMS references are 2. Subtopic (if any), mandatory to be in ‘Vancouver Style’. All guidelines 3. Link (with complete URL, which is available in related to Manuscript and References are available on website http://www.ijrams.com, under menu top address bar.), ‘Author Guidelines/Instructions to Authors’. Here are 4. Date (last access). guidelines to write references to publish articles in For example: IJRAMS.  Osteoarthritis/Causes, www.example.com/ 7.1. Components of References osteoarthrits-causes. Last accessed on dd/mm/ 7.1.1. In-Text Citation yyyy.  Pneumonia, www.example.com/Pneumonia. Last  In-Text Citations are mandatory and to be written accessed on dd/mm/yyyy. after the information from specific source. 7.2.2. Ayurvedic Classical and other Texts  In-Text Citations must be, in superscript number form and bold. Don’t use brackets. (E.g. This is A. Classical Text: my reference number one.1)  The number 1 in superscript and bold form is Ci- Few components may be not applicable in case of cer- tation or In-Text Citation. tain Samhita, then skip those components. Sequence  In-Text Citations must be in sequence starting of components must be: from the number 1 as they appear in the text. 1. Name of Editor/Editors (surname and initial)  The Citation number can be repeated again if 2. Edition number (write edition number in bracket) needed. 3. Author of Classical text (Samhitakar) 7.1.2. Reference listing 4. Name of Classical Text (Samhita) 5. Sthana/Khanda  Reference listing is mandatory and to be kept at 6. Name of Adhyaya/Taranaga the end of article, after ‘Conclusion’ and prior to 7. Number of Adhyaya ‘Tables/Figures’. 8. Verse number (Shloka number)  Reference listing must be numbered in sequence 9. Place of publication starting from 1 (1, 2, 3 and so on). 10. Name of publication body  It must reflect the detailed bibliographic infor- 11. Year of publication mation regarding to In-Text Citation number. 12. Page number. (E.g. Reference No. 1 must give the bibliographic information of In-Text Citation No. 1.) For example:  The information entered under references must be  Tripathi B, editor, (1st ed.). Ashtanga Samgraha in the ‘specific manner’ including ‘specific punc- of Vagbhata, Sutra Sthana; Ayushkamiya tuation marks’ at ‘specific places.’ Adhyaya: Chapter 1, Verse 10-16. Varanasi:  Use the term ‘Ibidem’ for more than one refer- Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series, 2010; p. 2-3. ences from the same source. B. Commentary on classical Text: 7.2. IJRAMS Guideline for Reference listing16 Few components may be not applicable in case of cer- IJRAMS has provided guidelines regarding five main tain Samhita, then skip those components. Sequence sources and its subtypes which are commonly used in of components must be: scientific writing. Remember the ‘punctuation marks’ in examples below are also important. All the guide- 1. Name of Editor/Editors (surname and initial) lines below are from https://www.ijrams.com/author- 2. Edition number (write edition number in bracket) guidelines/instructions-to-authors/. 3. Author of Commentary (Tikakar) 4. Name of Commentary (Tika) 7.2.1. Homepage/Website 5. Author of Classical text (Samhitakar) Information from ‘Internet’ in the article it is called 6. Name of Classical Text (Samhita) ‘Homepage / Website’ source. Sequence of compo- 7. Sthana/Khanda

94 Gite Y. A, Gite S.A..- Reference writing in Scientific Articles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Editorial Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 8. Name of Adhyaya/Taranaga A. Author(s): 9. Number of Adhyaya 10. Verse number (Shloka number) Any Modern science/English book, written by author 11. Place of publication (s) himself is the source. Sequence of components 12. Name of publication body must be: 13. Year of publication 1. Name of Author/Authors (surname and initial) 14. Page number. 2. Name of Book For example: 3. Edition number 4. Place of publication  Tripathi B, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Shash- 5. Name of publication body ilekha of Indu on Ashtanga Samgraha of 6. Year of publication Vagbhata, Sootra Sthana; Ayushkamiya Adhyaya: Chapter 1, Verse 10-16. Varanasi: For example: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series, 2006; p. 7-8.  Warner PP. Basic principles of Oncology. 1st ed. 7.2.3. Regional language books: New York: Reliable Publications; 2012. A. Author(s): B. Editor(s), Compiler(s): Any regional language (other than English) book, Any Modern science/English book, edited/compiled written by author(s) himself is the source. Sequence by editor(s)/compiler(s) is the source. Sequence of of components must be: components must be: 1. Name of Author/Authors (surname and initial) 1. Name of Editor/Editors (surname and initial) 2. Name of Book 2. Name of Book 3. Language (write language name in bracket) 3. Edition number 4. Edition number 4. Place of publication 5. Place of publication 5. Name of publication body 6. Name of publication body 6. Year of publication 7. Year of publication 7. Page number For example: For example:  Karmarkar GS. Swasthavritta (Marathi). 2nd ed.  Lamb DA, Ashwell DJ, Editors. Psychology of Pune: Subharati Publication; 2014. Adolescents. 3rd ed. Philippines: SS Smith and Company; 1999. p. 350, 617-721. B. Editor(s): C. Chapter in a book: Any regional language (other than English) book, edited/compiled by editor(s)/compiler(s) is the Any Modern science/English book, edited/compiled source. Sequence of components must be: by editor(s)/compiler(s) in which many authors have written their topics, is the source. Sequence of com- 1. Name of Editor/Editors (surname and initial) ponents must be: 2. Name of Book 3. Language (write language name in bracket) 1. Name of Author/Authors (surname and initial) 4. Edition number 2. Name of Book 5. Place of publication 3. Name of Editor/Editors (surname and initial) 6. Name of publication body 4. Edition number 7. Year of publication 5. Place of publication 8. Page number. 6. Name of publication body 7. Year of publication For example: 8. Page number  Gogate RM (Editor). Yoga Aani Ayurveda For example: (Marathi). 1st ed. Mumbai: Atharva Prakashan; 2015. p.139, 145-46.  Breathwet BN, King SK. Therapeutic potential of anti-oxidant agents from plant products Pharma- 7.2.4. Modern Books and Other Monographs copeia. In: Franklin PM, Editor. 2nd ed. Mexico: 95 Gite Y. A, Gite S.A..- Reference writing in Scientific Articles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Editorial Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 ST Publishing Company; 2012. p. 243-50. ment): 7.2.5. References in a journal publication Any journal article/paper published in Volume with Supplement of that journal, is the source. Sequence There is an easy way to write reference of Journal of components must be: articles. Many journals provides the section ‘Cite this article as’. This is nothing but the standard way 1. Name of Author/Authors (surname and initial) to give ‘Reference/Citation’ for that particular arti- 2. Title of Article cle. If this section is absent then follow following 3. Name of journal (standard abbreviated form or guidelines. full name) 4. Year of publication A. Standard journal article (for up to six authors): 5. Supplement number 6. Page number Any journal article/paper written by less than six author(s) is the source. Sequence of components must For example: be:  Gilespee S. Invasive surgical treatment of com- 1. Name of Author/Authors (surname and initial) plex anal prolapse in aged people. Int J Med Sur 2. Title of Article 2009; Suppl 1:175-82. 3. Name of journal (standard abbreviated form or full name) D. Standard journal article (Issue with supple- 4. Year of publication ment): 5. Volume number Any journal article/paper published in Issue with 6. Issue number Supplement of that journal, is the source. Sequence 7. Page number of components must be: For example: 1. Name of Author/Authors (surname and initial)  Sharma AV, Shinde SN, Pawar RS, Vaidya VR, 2. Title of Article Wagh AD. Need for an advancement in Pan- 3. Name of journal (standard abbreviated form or chakarma practice. International J Res Ayu Alt full name) Med 2018; 26(2):203-10. 4. Year of publication 5. Volume Number B. Standard journal article (for more than six au- 6. Issue Number thors): 7. Supplement number 8. Page number Any journal article/paper written by less than six author(s) is the source. Sequence of components must For example: be:  Patil DK, Suravase MD, Mane MJ. Women's psy- 1. Name of Author/Authors (surname and initial of chological reactions to menopausal syndrome. first six authors followed by et al.) Women Health J 1996; 23(1, Suppl 2):89-97. 2. Title of Article 3. Name of journal (standard abbreviated form or 8. REFRENECE GEBERATOR OF IJRAMS full name) 4. Year of publication 8.1. Introduction 5. Volume number 6. Issue number International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and 7. Page number Medical Sciences has provided online ‘REFERENCE GENERATOR’. ‘Reference Gener- For example: ator’ available on http://www.ijrams.com is free of  Dongare AS, Singade PA, Pardeshi DL, Puranik cost for user. Authors may use this software to write SK, Mane DR, Bora RR, et al. Common chal- references in standard ‘Vancouver Style’. This lenges in chronic metabolic diseases. Internation- ‘Reference Generator’ is for the articles to be submit- al J Health 2007; 44(4):294-96. ted to IJRAMS only. Authors may use this tool free of cost at another place also. IJRAMS team will not C. Standard journal article (Volume with supple- be responsible for any discrepancy regarding this tool 96 Gite Y. A, Gite S.A..- Reference writing in Scientific Articles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Editorial Article (www.ijrams.com) ISSN: 2582-2748 Vol. 1; Issue 2: Oct - Dec 2018 at any other place. 22/09/2018. 8.2. How to use Reference Generator? 2. Citation/Definition, Available from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation. Last accessed on 8.2.1. Select reference type 22/09/2018. 3. What is citation? Available from https://  There are five main reference source types. Au- pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp. Last accessed on thors have to select the desired one. 22/09/2018.  Authors have to select subtypes in case of few 4. Bibliography, Available from https:// sources wherever necessary. (Refer previous sec- www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between tion for details.) -reference-and-bibliography-They-are-same-or- 8.2.2. Fill the form not. Last accessed on 22/09/2018. 5. Reference Citation, Available from https://  After selection of type or type and subtype both a www.utoledo.edu/library/help/guides/docs/ specific form will open. apastyle. pdf. Last accessed on 22/09/2018.  Authors have to fill the bibliographic details in 6. Reference Citation, Available from https:// that form. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation. Last accessed on  If any field in the form is not applicable leave it 22/09/2018. blank. 7. Reference page, Available from https:// study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-reference- 8.2.3. Generate reference page-definition-examples-quiz.html. Last ac-  Click on the green ‘GENERATE’ button. Refer- cessed on 22/09/2018. ence will be generated in the empty window be- 8. Reference/Different kind of sources, Available low. from http://awelu.srv.lu.se/sources-and- referencing/different-kinds-of-sources/. Last ac-  Authors are requested to generate references se- cessed on 22/09/2018. quentially to avoid inconvenience. 9. Various reference styles, Available from http://  In case of any difficulty consult Editor-in-Chief sokogskriv.no/en/sources-and-references / on mail. reference-styles/ Last accessed on 22/09/2018. 8.2.4. Copy-Paste and Change font 10. Various reference styles, Available from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation. Last accessed on  Copy all references and paste on MS Office docu- 22/09/2018. ment. 11. Vancouver style, Available from https://  Change the font to Times New Roman, size 12 as guides.lib.monash.edu/citing-referencing/ van- default font couver. Last accessed on 22/09/2018.  Authors may need to edit few fields after that 12. Harvard style, Available from http:// manually. www.citethisforme.com/harvard-referencing. Last accessed on 22/09/2018. 8.2.5. Technical Issue 13. Chicago Turabion style, Available from https://  Author may suffer few technical issues while us- pitt.libguides.com/c.php?g= 12108&p =64732. ing this tool. Last accessed on 22/09/2018.  IJRAMS team is working to resolve same issues. 14. MLA style, Available from https://  It is recommended to read section ‘7’ of this arti- pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/mla8thedition. cle carefully so that authors can easily understand Last accessed on 22/09/2018. this tool. 15. APA style, Available from https:// pitt.libguides.com/c.php?g=12108&p=64730. 9. REFERENCES Last accessed on 22/09/2018. 16. Author Guidelines, Available from https:// www.ijrams.com/author-guidelines/instructions- 1. Reference/Definition, Available from https:// to-authors. Last accessed on 22/09/2018. www.google.co.in/search?q=reference+ definition&rlz=1C1CHBD_enIN799IN799&oq=Refere Cite this article as: Gite YA, Gite SA. Reference writing in nce+definition&aqs=chrome.0.0l6.8112j1j4&sou Scientific Articles: A Review. International Journal of Re- rceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8. Last accessed on search in Ayurveda and Medical Sciences 2018; 1 (2): 91-97.