DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of the Effects of Cycling Frequency on Lithium-Ion And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of the Effects of Cycling Frequency on Lithium-Ion And A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF CYCLING FREQUENCY ON LITHIUM-ION AND LITHIUM-POLYMER BATTERIES’ DEGRADATION _______________________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science _____________________________________________________ BHAVANA SHARON GANGIREDDY Dr. Robert O’Connell, Thesis Supervisor DECEMBER 2020 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF CYCLING FREQUENCY ON LITHIUM-ION AND LITHIUM-POLYMER BATTERIES’ DEGRADATION presented by Bhavana Sharon Gangireddy, a candidate for the degree of master of science, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. _______________________________________________________ Dr. Robert O’Connell, Ph.D. Committee Chair and Thesis Advisor _______________________________________________________ Dr. Naz Islam, Ph.D. _______________________________________________________ Dr. Stephen Lombardo, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to wholeheartedly thank and praise God, the almighty for the blessings and opportunity he bestowed on me, so that I have been able to accomplish my thesis. I would like to sincerely thank my advisor, Dr. Robert O’Connell, for believing in me and for the remarkable support and expert guidance he has provided throughout my time as his student. He was always quick and patient with my numerous questions and doubts, and genuinely cared about my work. Without his persistent help, I would not have accomplished my goal. I would like to thank Dr. Naz Islam and Dr. Stephen Lombardo for being my committee members and for extending their time and concern. I would like to thank my parents, Mr. Deva Kumar and Mrs. Jerusha Kantha Kumari for their love and support in all points of my life, especially in my education. I would like to thank my sister, Keerthana Sharon for always being there for me and for her valuable suggestions. I would like to thank my friend, Puneeth Bathula for being there for me through thick and thin. I would also like to thank my relatives and friends who believed in me and supported me at all times. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... v Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Energy Storage Systems ..........................................................................................8 1.3. Battery Energy Storage Systems ........................................................................... 16 2. BATTERIES USED IN BESS 2.1. Working mechanism of a battery ......................................................................... 17 2.2. Comparison of different types of batteries ........................................................... 19 2.3. Types of Lithium-ion batteries ............................................................................ 21 2.4. Characteristics of Lithium-ion and Lithium Polymer batteries ........................... 26 2.5. Factors contributing to the degradation of Lithium-ion and Lithium Polymer batteries ................................................................................................................ 30 3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND PROCEDURES 3.1. Equipment used and their specifications.............................................................. 33 3.2. Lab design .......................................................................................................... 34 3.3. Operating procedures .......................................................................................... 35 4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 4.1. Experimental data and analysis ............................................................................ 37 iii 5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH PROSPECTS 5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 45 5.2 Future prospects ................................................................................................. 45 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 47 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1.1 Global fossil consumption .......................................................................................... 6 1.2 Various forms of energy storage ................................................................................ 9 2.1 Discharging process of a battery............................................................................... 18 2.2 Charging process of a battery.................................................................................... 19 2.3 U.S. grid scale battery storage capacity by chemistry .............................................. 29 3.1 Experimental set-up of the equipment ...................................................................... 34 4.1 Plot of the charging process of the INR battery ....................................................... 38 4.2 Plot of the discharging process of the INR battery ................................................... 40 4.3 Behavior of discharge capacity under standard rate of charging/discharging (1.3 A, 0.5 A) ......................................................................................................................... 41 4.4 Behavior of discharge capacity under increased rate of charging/discharging (2 A, 2 A) ............................................................................................................................ 42 4.5 Comparison of three different batteries with different cycling frequencies under increased charging/discharging conditions (2 A, 2 A) .............................................. 43 4.6 Comparison of lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries under their standard conditions .................................................................................................................. 44 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Comparison of different chemistries of batteries .................................................. 25-26 4.1 Projected cycle life of the batteries ............................................................................. 44 vi ABSTRACT Conventional energy sources are depleting rapidly and might last for another 50-150 years depending on our current usage. Environmental issues like global warming are also rising quickly. Renewable energy sources can address both these issues and offer various other advantages like stabilizing the load, lower maintenance requirements etc. However, due to their intermittent supply, they are not always reliable. The energy harnessed from renewable sources needs to be stored and readily available for our use. Hence, the power system network is shifting towards energy storage technologies. There are various energy storage technologies available, out of which the battery energy storage systems (BESS) for large-scale energy storage are widely used. Examples of BESS are in the modern electronics & electrical devices like laptops, smartphones, iPad etc. This thesis focuses on various types of batteries used in BESS, their degradation processes and the factors contributing to their degradation. Two types of batteries, lithium-ion and lithium-polymer were tested under different conditions to observe the degradation process and the results obtained were analyzed. vii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Global demand for energy has been increasing rapidly due to growing populations and economies. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the total global energy consumption statistics over the last five decades are found to be 86,005.52 TWh in 1980, 105,204.31 TWh in 1990, 117,927.7 TWh in 2000, 153,531.4 TWh in 2010 and 171,006.38 TWh in 2017 [1]. Such a rise in consumption poses two serious problems to the world — depletion of fossil fuel reserves and rise in global warming. To begin with, continuous usage of fossil fuels to generate electricity started raising concerns of depleting fossil fuel reserves, creating a need for energy security for future consumers. Out of 171,000 TWh of total global energy consumption in 2017, 132,500 TWh of energy dominantly came from fossil fuel sources of coal, crude oil and natural gas [2] as shown in Figure 1.1. These fossil fuel reserves continue to diminish as demand for them keeps increasing. According to the Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 by BP, one of the world's seven oil and gas supermajors, the coal reserves accounted for only 132 years of current production, oil reserves for only 50 years and gas reserves also for only 50 years [3]. These figures are only helpful as a static measure, since they vary with time as our levels of consumption rise or fall. 1 Figure 1.1 Global fossil fuel consumption Another important limit to fossil fuel usage is its environmental impact. Since
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Review of Functional Separators for Lithium Metal Battery Applications
    materials Review A Review of Functional Separators for Lithium Metal Battery Applications Jooyoung Jang y, Jiwoong Oh y, Hyebin Jeong y, Woosuk Kang y and Changshin Jo * School of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjakgu, Seoul 06974, Korea; [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (J.O.); [email protected] (H.J.); [email protected] (W.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-820-5477 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 31 August 2020; Accepted: 12 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: Lithium metal batteries are considered “rough diamonds” in electrochemical energy storage systems. Li-metal anodes have the versatile advantages of high theoretical capacity, low density, and low reaction potential, making them feasible candidates for next-generation battery applications. However, unsolved problems, such as dendritic growths, high reactivity of Li-metal, low Coulombic efficiency, and safety hazards, still exist and hamper the improvement of cell performance and reliability. The use of functional separators is one of the technologies that can contribute to solving these problems. Recently, functional separators have been actively studied and developed. In this paper, we summarize trends in the research on separators and predict future prospects. Keywords: lithium metal battery; separator; next-generation batteries 1. Introduction Rechargeable batteries are chemical energy storage systems that interconvert chemical energy and electrical energy through the redox reactions of cathode and anode materials. Fossil fuel-based energy cycles are being replaced by renewable energy cycles at a high pace. In this regard, energy storage devices have proven to be essential in fulfilling the global demands of sustainable energy supply and solving problems such as oil depletion and environmental pollution [1–5].
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Lithium-Ion Anode Materials Using an Experimentally Verified Physics-Based Electrochemical Model
    energies Article Comparison of Lithium-Ion Anode Materials Using an Experimentally Verified Physics-Based Electrochemical Model Rujian Fu 1, Xuan Zhou 2,*, Hengbin Fan 2, Douglas Blaisdell 2, Ajay Jagadale 2, Xi Zhang 3 ID and Rui Xiong 4 ID 1 Independent Researcher, Novi, MI 48377, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504, USA; [email protected] (H.F.); [email protected] (D.B.); [email protected] (A.J.) 3 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; [email protected] 4 National Engineering Laboratory for Electric Vehicles and Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-850-762-9500 Received: 17 November 2017; Accepted: 12 December 2017; Published: 19 December 2017 Abstract: Researchers are in search of parameters inside Li-ion batteries that can be utilized to control their external behavior. Physics-based electrochemical model could bridge the gap between Li+ transportation and distribution inside battery and battery performance outside. In this paper, two commercially available Li-ion anode materials: graphite and Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12 or LTO) were selected and a physics-based electrochemical model was developed based on half-cell assembly and testing. It is found that LTO has a smaller diffusion coefficient (Ds) than graphite, which causes a larger overpotential, leading to a smaller capacity utilization and, correspondingly, a shorter duration of constant current charge or discharge. However, in large current applications, LTO performs better than graphite because its effective particle radius decreases with increasing current, leading to enhanced diffusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Radiation on the Morphology of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes
    Effect of Radiation on the Morphology of Lithium-ion Battery Cathodes Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Dandan He, B.S. Graduate Program in Nuclear Engineering The Ohio State University 2014 Thesis Committee: Lei Cao, Advisor Tunc Aldemir Mingzhai Sun Copyright by Dandan He 2014 Abstract The Lithium ion (Li-ion) battery is widely used as power source for consumer electronic devices due to its high energy density, large specific capacity. Recently, application of the Li-ion battery has been extended to aerospace, in which the outer space’s radiation environment has more stringent requirements for the battery performance. This type of battery also provides power for critical modern rescue, sampling equipment in nuclear environment, such as the robots deployed in the aftermath of Fukushima nuclear accident. As one of the most important components of these emergency response robots, the stability of the Li-ion battery under radiation is of crucial importance. The radiation effects on materials are generally categorized into four types: ionization, atomic displacement, impurity production, and energy release. To our knowledge, there has been no definitive study of such effects on Li-ion batteries and how ionizing radiation affects Li-ion batteries’ structure, strength, deformation, and electrical properties to final failure. ii In this work, the surface morphology of the Li-ion battery cathode before and after neutron and gamma ray radiation were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Distinct particle coarsening (size increase) of the cathode after irradiation was observed, which may primarily came from the crystal boundary migration driven by internal stress due to irradiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced Conductivity and Ion Exchange Capacity of Chitosan Membranes Through Modification with Lithium for Lithium Polymer Battery Application
    S. N. Asnin, Wahab, D. Permana, L. O. Ahmad, WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS S. H. Sabarwati, L. O. A. N. Ramadhan Enhanced Conductivity and Ion Exchange Capacity of Chitosan Membranes through Modification with Lithium for Lithium Polymer Battery Application S. N. ASNIN1, WAHAB2, D. PERMANA3, L. O. AHMAD1*, S. H. SABARWATI1, L. O. A. N. RAMADHAN1 1Department of Chemistry, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 2Department of Mining Engineering, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 3 Department of Agriculture, University of Sembilanbelas November, Kolaka INDONESIA *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] http://www.uho.ac.id Abstract: - Modification of chitosan membranes using lithium has been developed. The chitosan membranes were prepared from several deacetylation degree of chitosan. The effect of the deacetylation degree towards an ion conductivity properties of the chitosan membranes, effect of concentration of chitosan-lithium membranes and capability of ionic conductivity as an electrolyte polymer for lithium polymer battery application were studied. The membranes were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Fourier transform-infrared -1 spectroscopy showed a peak at 1573.8 cm correspond to the ionic interaction between lithium salt with NH2 groups from chitosan. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed high pore density and rigidity of chitosan membrane microstructure, meanwhile chitosan-lithium membranes have clusters which indicated the deposition of lithium nitrate salt at chitosan polymer chains. The water uptake capacity of the chitosan-lithium membranes was higher than that of the chitosan membrane. The tensile strength analysis showed that the chitosan-lithium membranes was more elastic than the chitosan membranes. Chitosan membrane conductivity -2 -1 -1 and ion exchange capacity are 1.70 x 10 S.cm and 2.11 meq.g , while the conductivity after adding lithium -2 -1 -1 salt increased to 8.53 x 10 S.cm and 3.16 meq.g , respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Batteries
    LITHIUM BATTERIES 1. Introduction Over the past 20 years, lithium battery technology has dramatically evolved, providing increasingly greater energy density, greater energy per volume, longer cycle life and improved reliability. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, has the greatest electrochemical potential and provides the largest specific energy per weight. Lithium batteries are now powering a wide range of electrical and electronical devices, including laptop computers, mobile phones, power tools, telecommunication systems and new generations of electric cars and vehicles. Next to advantages, new technologies often bring new challenges and risks. Reports on incidents with lithium batteries catching fire have made the public well aware of their flammability hazard and have triggered massive research on the mechanisms initiating such events and the ways to make operation, storage, transportation and recycling safer. This document covers some of the safety related issues of lithium batteries. 2. Types of Lithium Batteries 2.1 Cell or Battery? Although the word "battery" is a common term to describe an electrochemical storage system, international industry standards differentiate between a "cell" and a "battery". A cell is a single encased electrochemical unit (one positive and one negative electrode) with a voltage differential across its two terminals (Figure 1). Figure 1: Examples of cells A battery is two or more cells that are electrically connected together and fitted with devices such as a case, terminals, marking and protective devices that it needs to function properly (Figure 2). EHS-DOC-147 v.2 1 / 18 Figure 2: Examples of batteries However, in common usage, the terms "cell" and "battery" are used interchangeably.
    [Show full text]
  • 228-234 Research Article Green Synthesis of Copolymer Electrolytes F
    Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2017, 9(6):228-234 ISSN : 0975-7384 Research Article CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Green Synthesis of Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries Catalyzed by an Ecocatalyst Maghnite-H+ Feriel Hennaoui* and Mohammed Belbachir Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, University of Oran, Ahmed Benbella, Algeria _____________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The ideal electrolyte material for a solid-state battery would have the ionic conductivity of a liquid, the mechanical properties of a solid, and the formability of a commodity thermoplastic. The ionic conductivity changed with the molecular weight of the polymer, it varies inversely with the glass transition temperature. In our study, to achieve high ionic conductivity, we synthesize copolymer PDMS/PEO as polymer electrolytes by a simple method, one step of catalytic ring opening polymerization using Maghnite-H+ (Mag-H+), a montmorillonite sheet silicate clay exchanged with protons. It is preferred for its many advantages: a very low purchase price compared to other catalysts, the easy removal of the reaction mixture. The reaction of copolymerization is carried out in chloroform at 60°C for 10 h. POE used is POE 400 and POE 1000. PDMS with a Tg of -123°C was synthesized. Various techniques, including 1H-NMR, IR, DSC, XRD and TGA were used to elucidate structural characteristics and thermal properties of catalyst and products. Analyses results confirm the synthesis
    [Show full text]
  • Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
    ELECTRICITY STORAGE AND RENEWABLES: COSTS AND MARKETS TO 2030 October 2017 www.irena.org ELECTRICITY STORAGE AND RENEWABLES: COSTS AND MARKETS TO 2030 © IRENA 2017 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. ISBN 978-92-9260-038-9 Citation: IRENA (2017), Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and it serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org Acknowledgements IRENA is grateful for the the reviews and comments of numerous experts, including Mark Higgins (Strategen Consulting), Akari Nagoshi (NEDO), Jens Noack (Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT), Kai-Philipp Kairies (Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives, RWTH Aachen University), Samuel Portebos (Clean Horizon), Keith Pullen (City, University of London), Oliver Schmidt (Imperial College London, Grantham Institute - Climate Change and the Environment), Sayaka Shishido (METI) and Maria Skyllas-Kazacos (University of New South Wales).
    [Show full text]
  • Product Name: Lithium-Polymer Battery
    Product Name: Lithium-Ion Battery Report No.:GLB/YZS180208-A0 Safety Data Sheet SAFETY DATA SHEET 1. Product and company identification Product identification: Lithium-Ion Battery Commercial product name: INR10440 Nominal Voltage: 3.7V Nominal capacity: 350mAh Wh rating: 1.295Wh[1S1P] Revision: 1.0 Manufacturers: Chenzhou Grand-Pro Tech Co.,Ltd Address: The intersection of Shihu Ave. And Linjing 2nd Rd,Bailutang Town,Suxian District,Chenzhou,Hunan,China The period of validity : At the end of 2018 E-mail:[email protected] Tel: (86)735-2668188 Fax: (86)735-2668799 2. Hazards identification Classification:This chemical is not considered hazardous by the 2012OSHA Hazard Communication Standard(29 CFR 1910.1200)This product is an article which is a sealed battery and as such does not require an MSDS per the OSHA hazard Communication Standard unless ruptured.The hazards indicated are for a ruptured battery. Acute toxicity-Oral category 4 Serious eye damage/eye irrtation category 2 Acute toxicity-lnhalation(Gases) category 4 Reproductive toxicity category 1B Acute toxicity-lnhalation(Dusts/Mists) category 4 Specific target organ category 2 Skin corrosion/irritation category 2 toxicity(repeated exposure) Emergency Overview (including Signs and Symptoms, Route(s) of Entry, etc.) Intact batteries present no specific hazards. Acute Health Hazards (e.g., Inhalation, Eye Contact, Skin Contact, Ingestion, etc.): Address: Intersection of Shihu Ave.and Linjing 2nd Rd.SuXian District, Chenzhou, Hunan,China Tel: （86）735-2668188 Fax:（86）735-2668799 第 1 页 共 1 页 Product Name: Lithium-Ion Battery Report No.:GLB/YZS180208-A0 Safety Data Sheet Burning batteries: AVOID inhalation of toxic fumes.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Capacity Fade of Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery with Continuous Cycling & Power Performance Modeling of Energy Storage Devices Pedro L
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2008 Study of Capacity Fade of Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery with Continuous Cycling & Power Performance Modeling of Energy Storage Devices Pedro L. Moss Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING STUDY OF CAPACITY FADE OF LITHIUM-ION POLYMER BATTERY WITH CONTINUOUS CYCLING & POWER PERFORMANCE MODELING OF ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES By PEDRO L. MOSS A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2008 The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Pedro L. Moss defended on April 11, 2008 Jim P. Zheng Professor Directing Dissertation Juan C. Ordonez Outside Committee Member Yan Xin Committee Member Simon Foo Committee Member Hui Li Committee Member Approved: Victor DeBrunner, Chair, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii I would like to dedicate this manuscript to my wife Veronica Moss, my son Pedro Moss Jr. and my daughter Petergail Moss. Veronica thanks for the hard work and dedication to our family while I attend graduate school. Petergail and PJ, I hope lessons I have learned I can pass on to you that you may achieve goals greater than those I aspired for. If you invest in your education, it will remain with you for the rest of your life. My greatest contribution I want to leave to you is to passionately follow your dreams, for in them lies your destiny.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Battery Transportation Plan
    LITHIUM BATTERY TRANSPORTATION PLAN Lithium batteries are used in many electronic devices such as cameras, cell phones, laptop computers, medical equipment and power tools. While most lithium batteries are safe, there have been recent reports of incidents involving the failure of lithium batteries: • Computer batteries have heated up and caused fires on cargo and passenger aircraft. • A charging lithium ion battery exploded on a mini-submarine designed to carry U.S. Navy SEALs to shore. • A passenger’s camera batteries began smoking at the boarding gate. • Two large battery packs in a checked baggage began smoldering. The bag burst into flames when an airline agent picked it up. Once ignited, they can cause any nearby batteries to overheat and catch fire. These fires are difficult to put out, especially on aircraft and produce toxic and irritating fumes. In the United States, lithium batteries are subject to the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Regulations and regulated as dangerous goods. When you ship lithium batteries, including those contained in or packed with devices and equipment, you must meet shipping requirements and declare package contents to postal carriers, couriers or transport companies. Definitions A cell is a single encased electrochemical unit (one positive and one negative electrode) with a voltage differential across its two terminals. • Did you know that AA batteries and AAA batteries are actually cells? A battery is two or more cells that are electrically connected together and fitted with devices such as a case, terminals, and markings that it needs to function properly. • Did you know that battery packs, modules or battery assemblies manufactured to provide a source of power to another piece of equipment are treated as batteries? A lithium metal battery (primary) is usually non-rechargeable, contains metallic lithium and features a higher energy density than other non-rechargeable batteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Lithium-Ion Battery Models for Simulating Storage Systems in Distributed Power Generation
    inventions Article Comparison of Lithium-Ion Battery Models for Simulating Storage Systems in Distributed Power Generation Hartmut Hinz Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, 60318 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; [email protected]; Tel.: +49-69-1533-2277 Received: 9 June 2019; Accepted: 2 August 2019; Published: 6 August 2019 Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries are well known in numerous commercial applications. Using accurate and efficient models, system designers can predict the behavior of batteries and optimize the associated performance management. Model-based development comprises the investigation of electrical, electro-chemical, thermal, and aging characteristics. This paper focuses on the analysis of models describing the electrical behavior. In particular, it investigates how cell voltage and state of charge can be determined with sufficient accuracy for a given load profile. For this purpose, the Thevenin-based, the Rint, and the Shepherd’s models, as well as a generic library model of an electronic circuit simulation software package, are compared. The procedure for determining model parameters is discussed in detail. All models are evaluated for the application in the analysis of distributed power generation. The validation is carried out by comparing simulation and measurement results with the help of a case study. Keywords: lithium-ion battery; equivalent circuit model; simulation; distributed generation 1. Introduction Forecasts indicate that the global energy demand will continue to rise through 2040 [1]. At the same time, global greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced by the mid-century to less than half of the level of 1990 [2]. For this reason, fossil fuels cannot meet the rising demand for energy under these claims in the long-term.
    [Show full text]
  • Lipo Battery Safety January 2013 the Following Information Is to Be Used
    LiPo Battery Safety January 2013 The following information is to be used as a guideline for the safe handling, storage and charging of Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries. Dispose of all batteries through UVM’s Waste Disposal Procedure. For more info, contact: [email protected]. General Info Li-Po batteries can store approximately 350% more energy than a typical Nickel- Cadmium (NiCd) battery pack and weigh approximately 10-20% less. LiPo batteries can discharge much more current than a NiCd battery and can be fully charged within approximately one hour. LiPo batteries do not develop memory or voltage depression characteristics like NiCd batteries; they do not need to be discharged before being charged. There are different types of Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries: Primary or non-rechargeable metallic lithium cells These cells are constructed with metallic lithium. The metallic lithium in a non- rechargeable primary lithium battery is a combustible alkali metal that self- ignites at 352 degrees F. In a normal atmosphere, these batteries react explosively with water to form hydrogen. The presence of minute amounts of water may ignite the material and the hydrogen gas. Lithium fires can also throw off highly reactive molten lithium metal particles. Cells adjacent to any burning material could overheat causing a violent explosion. Because there is metallic lithium in a non-rechargeable lithium batteries, a Class D fire extinguisher must be used to effectively fight a fire involving non-rechargeable lithium batteries Secondary or rechargeable lithium ion cells Rechargeable secondary cells utilize lithium ions that are intercalated into graphite, lithium metal oxides and/or lithium salts.
    [Show full text]