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Study of Capacity Fade of Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery with Continuous Cycling & Power Performance Modeling of Energy Storage Devices Pedro L

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Study of Capacity Fade of Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery with Continuous Cycling & Power Performance Modeling of Energy Storage Devices Pedro L Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2008 Study of Capacity Fade of Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery with Continuous Cycling & Power Performance Modeling of Energy Storage Devices Pedro L. Moss Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING STUDY OF CAPACITY FADE OF LITHIUM-ION POLYMER BATTERY WITH CONTINUOUS CYCLING & POWER PERFORMANCE MODELING OF ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES By PEDRO L. MOSS A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2008 The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Pedro L. Moss defended on April 11, 2008 Jim P. Zheng Professor Directing Dissertation Juan C. Ordonez Outside Committee Member Yan Xin Committee Member Simon Foo Committee Member Hui Li Committee Member Approved: Victor DeBrunner, Chair, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii I would like to dedicate this manuscript to my wife Veronica Moss, my son Pedro Moss Jr. and my daughter Petergail Moss. Veronica thanks for the hard work and dedication to our family while I attend graduate school. Petergail and PJ, I hope lessons I have learned I can pass on to you that you may achieve goals greater than those I aspired for. If you invest in your education, it will remain with you for the rest of your life. My greatest contribution I want to leave to you is to passionately follow your dreams, for in them lies your destiny. I finally dedicate this manuscript to my mother Rachel Miller, my late grandmother Mable Miller, Harolene Wilkinson, and Myrtis Spenser. Thanks for all the love, nurturing and support that you have given to me throughout my life. Love always. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With greatest gratitude, I would like to thank the members of my graduate committee Dr. Jim Zheng, Dr. Yan Xin, Dr. Simon Foo, Dr. Hui Li and Dr. Juan Ordonez for their time and service on my committee. I am very thankful to my advisor Dr. Jim Zheng for all the non-academic and academic guidance and support that he has given to me during my graduate studies. This work would not have been completed without the substantial support and involvement of Dr. Jim Zheng and Dr. Yan Xin. Apart from the academic portion of my studies my advisor has given me tremendous personal support for which, with great gratitude I would like to say, thank you. I am very grateful to Dr. Foo for always making himself available for fruitful discussions. Dr. Hui Li has been a great inspiration to me and is a personification of what a great teacher should be like. I am grateful to Dr. Eric Lochner at the Physics Department at Martech for his time taken to train me on how to use SEM and to take x-ray measurements. I am thankful to have worked with such great colleagues in the lab, Dr. Xu Wang, Dr. Lenwood Fields, Dr. Author Pun, Dr. Young Wang, and Huazhong Wang. I would also like to thank Mrs. Alison Stuart in the Office of Financial Aid at Florida State University for making sure that I received the necessary financial support while I completed my studies. Mr. Eric Sapronetti, Ms. Donna Butka, Mr. Donte Ford, and Ms. Andrea Nelson thank you for your wonderful service to the Electrical and Computer Engineering department. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................. 15 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 15 1.2 Dissertation Outline ............................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................. 18 LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERIES ........................................................................... 18 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Lithium-ion and Lithium Polymer Batteries ......................................................... 19 2.2.1 Anode Materials .................................................................................... 25 2.2.2 Cathode materials .................................................................................. 27 2.2.3 Electrolytes ............................................................................................. 29 2.2.4 Capacity Degradation ............................................................................. 30 2.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................. 34 ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION ............................................................. 34 3.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy ......................................................... 34 3.1.1 Ohmic Polarization ................................................................................. 35 3.1.2 Activation Polarization ........................................................................... 36 3.1.3 The Double Layer Capacitance .............................................................. 38 3.1.4 Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) ........................................................... 44 3.1.5 The Warburg Impedance Element .......................................................... 46 3.1.6 Equivalent Circuit Modeling .................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................. 51 COMPUTER SIMULATION FOR DESCRIBING POWER PERFORMANCE OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS ........................................................................... 51 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 51 4.2 Experimental ....................................................................................................... 54 4.3 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................... 55 v 4.3.1 Galvanostatic charge/Discharge Cycling ................................................ 55 4.3.2 EIS Measurements ................................................................................. 59 4.3.3 EIS Measurements ................................................................................. 61 4.3.4 Transient Response ............................................................................... 65 4.3.5 System Model Simulation Matlab/Simulink ............................................. 66 4.3.6 Power Performance ................................................................................ 67 4.3.7 Effect of Ionic Resistance on Power Performance ................................. 70 4.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................. 74 STUDY DEGRADATION MECHANISM IN Li-POLYMER BATTERIES ........................ 74 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 74 5.2 Experimental ....................................................................................................... 76 5.3 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................... 77 5.3.1 Charge/Discharge Characterization ....................................................... 77 5.3.2 EIS Measurements ................................................................................. 79 5.3.3 Equivalent Circuit Model ......................................................................... 82 5.3.4 SEM Analysis ......................................................................................... 87 5.3.5 XRD Analysis ......................................................................................... 88 5.3.6 Half Cell Analysis ................................................................................... 91 5.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 6 .................................................................................................................. 96 DYNAMIC PPERFORMANCE OF Li-POLYMER BATTERY USING TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL ................................................................................................................ 96 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 96 6.2
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