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Dissertation / Doctoral Thesis DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation /Title of the Doctoral Thesis „Atmospheres of evolved C-rich stars - from observations to models, and back“ verfasst von / submitted by Dott.ssa mag. Gioia Rau angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.) Wien, 2016 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 796 605 413 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Astronomie field of study as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Franz Kerschbaum Ass.Prof. Dr. Josef Hron 2 Acknowledgments Doing a PhD is a school of Science, and of life. Hereafter I would like to thank all the people who made the accomplishment of this thesis possible in those years. First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Josef Hron, who, welcoming me in the AGB research group, gave me the possibility to grow so much professionally and personally. I learn a lot from you, thank you to be always available in explaining me the physics of the AGB stars and of interferometry, for our discussions, and for all the support and flexibility you gave me over the last year. I think that I gained a little bit of your trust, and this is very important to me! And of course thanks for sharing the passion for volleyball... and sweets! :) Thanks to my second supervisor Franz Kerschbaum, who has always been supportive and gave me very helpful inputs for my research. Thanks to Claudia Paladini, our talks and confrontations helped me to grow and develop many skills. Thanks for your availability for email and Skype discussions. And for pushing me to go beyond my limits. A special thought goes to Thomas Posch, who always gave me his trust, encouraged me, was available for discussion, helpful comments and answered my questions in a very detailed way. Your broad and deep knowledge and culture are very inspiring to me! Not to mention the shared passion for public outreach and philosophy. Thank you Thomas! I would like to thank also the many great scientists and collaborators I met during those years of PhD, below listed in alphabetical order, who gave me very useful inputs for my research. Kjell Eriksson, Susanne Höfner, Maria Lugaro, Paola Marigo, and all the people from our Vienna research group: Bernard Aringer, Magdalena Brunner, Tho- mas Lebzelter, Claire Lykou, Andreas Mayer, Marco Mecina, Christine Nicholls, Walter Nowotny. Thanks to the PhD students and postdocs from the Institute, who made these times full of happy shared moments: Carla Baldovin, Ines Brott, Oliver Czoske, Odysseas Dionatos, Lucas Ellmeier, Josefa Großschedl, Alvaro Hacar Gonzalez, Jan Forbich, Da- niela Klotz, Rainer Koehler, Karolina Kubiak, Ulrike Kuchner, Theresa Lüftinger, Stefan Meingast, Paula Teixeira, Miguel Verdugo. The secretary and other members of the in- stitute contributed to made my days always nice and productive. A big thanks goes also to all my friends throughout Europe - especially those closest to me in the last period. Your warmness, talks, support and all the fun helped me to relax from the hard work, and to reach one of my dreams which is this thesis. You are too many to be written all here, but if you are reading this, I am sure that you know the special place you have for me. Though, I cannot avoid to mention some of my Viennese friends: Julia, who helped me in translating the abstract in german, and was my very first friend in Vienna: thanks for our talks, skiing, dinners, shared moments: you are a great friend to me Julietta! Mari your caring is something I will never forget, ”Anita”! And Claudia: sharing is caring, and our deep conversations sustained me everyday. And, last but not least, my biggest gratitude goes to my brightest inspiring star: my dad. You always believed in me, giving me support, trust, teachings. Thanks for providing me the opportunity to study, grow, experience a greater reality, and for having nurtured in me the intellectual curiosity for Science and the Universe, since the young age. Thank you for making my education always your priority, and for teaching me, through your example, what it means the hard work, the sense of responsibility, of justice, and of duty. Your unconditional love will last forever, because I can feel your daily support. Thank you for having always reminded me how strong I am: today I am who I am because of you. I will be forever grateful for all that you are to me. Thank you mum for always listening and understanding, our chats are a precious treasure to me. I love you both up to the stars and beyond. Thanks to my brothers for all your love: you as well teached me how to grow, and you are two high reference points to me. Thanks to my nice, which is as my little sister, to be exactly as you are; and to my nephews, who inspire me to discover what is the magic of wonder. The work presented in this thesis was supported by the Austrian Science Fund FWF under project number AP23006, and by the Abschlussstipendium der Universität Wien. 5 merging Astronomy and Astrophysics Annales d’Astrophysique Editor in Chief: T. Forveille Arkiv for Astronomi Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes T. Forveille of the Netherlands Astronomy & Astrophysics Bulletin Astronomique Observatoire de Paris Journal des Observateurs 61, avenue de l’Observatoire Zeitschrift fur Astrophysik 75014 Paris, France Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia Tel.: 33 0(1) 43 29 05 41 Fax: 33 0(1) 43 29 05 57 e-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.aanda.org Paris, August 23, 2016 Reprint Permission Material: Article by Rau et al. 2015, A&A, 583, A106 To be used in: PhD thesis, University of Vienna Permission granted to: Gioia Rau Institut für Astrophysik Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna Tuerkenschanzstr. 17 A-1180 Vienna / Austria mail to: [email protected] I hold copyright on the material referred to above, and hereby grant permission for its use as requested herewith. The credit should be given as follows: Credit: Author, A&A, vol, page, year, reproduced with permission © ESO. Thierry Forveille A&A Editor-in-Chief Sponsored by Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. Produced and distributed by EDP Sciences for ESO. 6 i A mio padre, la mia Stella preferita, e a mia madre. “Fatti non foste per viver come bruti, ma per seguire virtute e canoscenza.” Dante Alighieri - Inferno, Canto XXVI ii Abstract A short but intriguing stage in the evolution of low to intermediate (∼ 0:8 to ∼ 8 ) mass stars, the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) is populated by stars with extended, complex, shell-like structured atmospheres. Modelling giant star atmospheres remains a challenging task in contemporary astron- omy. Carbon-rich AGB star atmospheres have been widely studied by several authors, who compared observations with hydrostatic and dynamic atmospheric models but rarely in a systematic way with multi-facility observations. The methodical testing of models with multi-technique observations has in fact emerged as the only adequate way to pro- vide strong constraints on models. The study of C-enriched AGB stars atmospheres, is the main purpose of this the- sis. Advanced state-of-the-art dynamic and hydrostatic model atmospheres have been compared with new and archive mid-infrared interferometric MIDI observations and lit- erature spectro-photometric data. In total eight C-rich stars have been investigated: RU Vir, R Lep, R Vol, Y Pav, AQ Sgr, U Hya, X TrA and R For. The first part of this monograph consists of three introductory chapters, which present general background on AGB stars, on the types of models used to interpret the data, and on the main observational technique used in this work: optical interferometry. Chapter 4 focuses on the study of the atmosphere of RU Vir. Hydrostatic, geometric and dynamic models have been fit to the observations. The dynamic model Spectral En- ergy Distributions (SED) were first fitted to the literature data, obtaining one best-fitting model; then, for all the stellar pulsational phases of this specific model, the interfero- metric intensity profiles and visibilities were computed. This method was adopted for the whole thesis. Showing an SED which agrees well with the models only betwee 2 and 14 µm, this star turned out to be a peculiar, puzzling Mira. This research was extended to a set of carbon-enriched Mira, Semi-regular and Ir- regular variables, in Chapter 5. Characteristics of the atmospheres of these stars, such as their extension, dust properties and mass loss, together with further constraints on iv the models, are given. Stellar parameters are derived and the stars are located in in Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, with results showing a good accord between the main pa- rameters obtained from the modelling and evolutionary computations of the thermally pulsating AGB. A substantial amount of effort was devoted to the data-reduction, quality checks, and analysis of Very Large Telescope Interferometer/MIDI data, part of a ESO Large Program of observations. The scientific results of this program are given in Chapter 6. Even though encouraging results regarding the dynamic models are obtained in this thesis, some differences between SEDs and interferometric studies persist. Chapter 7 in- vestigates, from an observational standpoint, if removing the assumption of the small particle limit (SPL) could improve the agreement between models and observations. A test-case star, R Lep, is used, and its measurements are compared to the newly pro- duced non-SPL model from the Uppsala group.
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