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The Changing Geopolitical Dynamics of the Middle East and Their Impact on Israeli-Palestinian Peace Efforts
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Honors Theses Lee Honors College 4-25-2018 The Changing Geopolitical Dynamics of the Middle East and their Impact on Israeli-Palestinian Peace Efforts Daniel Bucksbaum Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, International Relations Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Bucksbaum, Daniel, "The Changing Geopolitical Dynamics of the Middle East and their Impact on Israeli- Palestinian Peace Efforts" (2018). Honors Theses. 3009. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses/3009 This Honors Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Lee Honors College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Changing Geopolitical Dynamics of the Middle East and their Impact on Israeli- Palestinian Peace Efforts By Daniel Bucksbaum A thesis submitted to the Lee Honors College Western Michigan University April 2018 Thesis Committee: Jim Butterfield, Ph.D., Chair Yuan-Kang Wang, Ph.D. Mustafa Mughazy, Ph.D. Bucksbaum 1 Table of Contents I. Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 II. Source Material……………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 III. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 IV. Historical Context for the Two-State Solution………………………………………………………...6 a. Deeply Rooted and Ideological Claims to the Land……………………………………………….…..7 b. Legacy of the Oslo Accords……………………………………………………………………………………….9 c. Israeli Narrative: Why the Two-State Solution is Unfeasible……………………………………19 d. Palestinian Narrative: Why the Two-State Solution has become unattainable………..22 e. Drop in Support for the Two-State Solution; Negotiations entirely…………………………27 f. -
Cry for Hope, an Urgent Call to End the Oppression of the Palestinian People
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Global Coalition of Christians Issues Call for Palestinian Justice A growing list of church leaders and justice advocates sign on to the call Bethlehem, Palestine, July 1, 2020— Kairos Palestine and Global Kairos for Justice, a broad network of allies including Palestinian Christians and international friends of Kairos Palestine, issue Cry for Hope, an urgent call to end the oppression of the Palestinian people. Rifat Kassis, General Coordinator of Kairos Palestine, explains, “The Body of Christ can no longer stand by as world leaders and the international community trample on the rights of Palestinians to dignity, justice and self-determination under international law. The integrity of the Christian faith itself is at stake.” The authors of this international call describe the release as coming at a time of global emergencies, when the world has been summoned to turn its attention to the most vulnerable. They point to movements around the world that are seeking to bring down the structures of racism, ethnic cleansing, and the violation of land and its resources. Cry for Hope: A Call to Decisive Action makes the case that, as Israel announces its annexation plans, a critical point has been reached in the struggle to end the oppression of the Palestinians. Authors of the Cry for Hope argue that the personal, cultural, economic and environmental suffering of Palestinians under occupation increases day-by-day. Apart from the Cry, leaders around the world have made the case that, with expected support from the U.S. administration, Israel’s annexation of an additional one-third of the West Bank, including the fertile Jordan Valley, will effectively accomplish the goal of colonizing the Palestinian homeland. -
Concordis Papers Viii
CONCORDIS PAPERS VIII Christian Churches and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict February 2010 Third Edition 2 Blessed are the peacemakers … Matthew 5:9 List of Contents Page 3 Introduction Rt Hon Viscount Brentford 4 Maps 5 A Note on the Purpose of this Booklet (Revised for 3rd Edtion) 6 Chronology (expanded in 2nd Edition) 8 Current Political Background Dr Fiona McCallum 10 A Christian View of Israel Dr Calvin Smith 12 Biblical Perspectives on Israel and Palestine and how these Relate to the Church Revd Chris Rose 14 Summary of Discussion at Consultation 16 Working Together towards Peaceful Co‐existence Geoffrey Smith and Jerry Marshall 18 Musalaha and the Churches Dr Salim Munayer 20 The Need for a Bridging Narrative Dr Richard Harvey 22 Engaging with the Land and People Revd Mike Fuller 24 Core Christian Principle Common to All Ben White 26 The Contributors 27 About Concordis International Cover photo: © CC Or Hitch 3 Introduction Rt Hon Viscount Brentford oncordis International has worked—not always under that name—for over 25 C years to build sustainable and just peace in areas suffering from war, by developing relationships between key individuals on all sides of violent conflict and helping them together to find constructive ways forward. Our field of experience includes South Africa, Rwanda, Sudan, Kenya and Afghanistan. With respect to the Middle East, we have so far limited ourselves to the relatively modest ambitions that available funding has allowed. This paper is the eighth in a series which seeks to build on the strengths of the Concordis approach through spreading understanding of issues and the multilateral consensus developed in consultations, primarily connected with the conflicts in Sudan. -
Palestinian Christians
Palestinian Christians Palestinian Christians are the descendants of the original indigenous Christians who first believed in Jesus Christ. They are the descendants of the disciples of Jesus Christ & the descendants of other Jews, Philistines, Arabs, Aramaeans/Eremites, Canaanites, Greeks, Romans, Persians & Samaritans... who accepted the Messiah when He was with them in the flesh. Today, they live in Nazareth, Bethlehem, Gaza, Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa, Jenin, Taybeh, Birzeit, Jifna, al-Bireh, Zababdeh, Tel Aviv, Tubas, Azzun, Aboud, Tiberias, Sakhnin, Shefa-'Amr, Galilee, Jish, Amman, & other places in the Biblical Palestine & Jordan, in addition to the exile. They are Arab Christian Believers of Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic (eastern & western rites), Protestant, Evangelical & other denominations, who have ethnic or family origins in Palestine. In both the local dialect of Palestinian Arabic and in classical or modern standard Arabic, Christians are called Nasrani (a derivative of the Arabic word for Nazareth, al-Nasira) or Masihi (a derivative of Arabic word Masih, meaning "Messiah"). Christians comprise less than 4% of Palestinian Arabs living within the borders of former Mandate Palestine today (around 4% in the West Bank, a negligible percentage in Gaza, and nearly 10% of Israeli Arabs). According to official British Mandate estimates, Mandate Palestine’s Christian population varied between 9.5% (1922) and 7.9% (1946) of the total population. Demographics and Denominations Today, the majority of Palestinian Christians live abroad. In 2005, it was estimated that the Christian population of the Palestinian territories was between 40,000 and 90,000 people, or 2.1 to 3.4% of the population. -
Despite Pandemic, Israeli Forces Drop Herbicide on Gaza and Shoot at Fishermen
Despite pandemic, Israeli forces drop herbicide on Gaza and shoot at fishermen NewsKate on April 11, 2020 0 Comments Gaza fish market. (Photo: Mohammed Assad) Gaza PCHR: In new Israeli violation, Israeli naval forces wound 2 fishermen in northern Gaza sea BEIT LAHIA 9 Apr — Israeli naval forces continue their attacks against Palestinian fishermen in the Gaza Sea preventing them from sailing and fishing freely, accessing the zones rich in fish, despite the fact that fishermen posed no threat to the lives of Israeli naval forces deployed in Gaza waters … According to the investigations of the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR), at approximately 07:50 on Thursday, 09 April 2020, Israeli gunboats stationed northwest of Beit Lahia in northern Gaza Strip chased Palestinian fishing boats sailing within the allowed fishing area (3 nautical miles) and opened fire at a fishing boat. As a result, two fishermen, Obai ‘Adel Mohamed Jarbou‘ (21) and Ahmed ‘Abed al-Fattah Ahmed al-Sharfi (23), were shot and injured with rubber-coated steel bullets. The young men, from al-Shati’ [‘Beach’] camp in Gaza City, were taken to the Indonesian Hospital, where their injuries were classified as minor. It should be noted that Israeli gunboats conduct daily chases of Palestinian fishermen in the Gaza Strip, and open fire at them in order to terrify them and prevent them from sailing and accessing the zones rich in fish. The latest Israeli naval forces’ attack was on Wednesday, 08 April 2020, as Israeli gunboats stationed northwest of Beit Lahia in northern Gaza Strip, chased Palestinian fishing boats sailing within the allowed fishing area (3 nautical miles) and opened fire at a fishing boat. -
Kairos Palestine Study Guide
four-week congregational study plan KAIROS PALESTINE a moment of truth faith, hope, and love— a confession of faith and call to action from Palestinian Christians 1 Mennonite Central Committee | Matthew Lester Mennonite Central Committee worker Ed Nyce talked with Abdul J’wad Jabar, whose farm bordered an Israeli settlement in the valley of Bequa’a, Palestine, in 2001. MCC’s partner organizations in Palestine and Israel identified information-sharing as MCC’s most helpful contribution toward peace. CONTENTS SECTION 1 ...............................................................................1 What is the Kairos Palestine document and why should we study it? SECTION 2 ...............................................................................4 The reality on the ground—background facts and maps SECTION 3 ...............................................................................9 A four-week lesson plan outline for congregational study SECTION 4 ............................................................................. 14 Brief history of Mennonite involvement in Palestine-Israel SECTION 5 ............................................................................. 16 The text of the Kairos document © 2016 Israel/Palestine Mission Network of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) and Mennonite Palestine Israel Network (MennoPIN) ISBN 978-1-5138-0108-7 2 four-week congregational study plan KAIROS PALESTINE a moment of truth INTRODUCTION Kairos Palestine is the Christian Palestinian’s word to the world about what is happening in Palestine. Its importance stems from the sincere expression of Palestinian Christian concerns for their people and their view of the moment of history they are living through. It is deeply committed to Jesus’ way of love and nonviolence even in the face of entrenched injustice. It seeks to be prophetic in addressing things as they are, without equivocation. It is a contemporary, ecumenical confession of faith and call to action. -
Palestinian Groups
1 Ron’s Web Site • North Shore Flashpoints • http://northshoreflashpoints.blogspot.com/ 2 Palestinian Groups • 1955-Egypt forms Fedayeem • Official detachment of armed infiltrators from Gaza National Guard • “Those who sacrifice themselves” • Recruited ex-Nazis for training • Fatah created in 1958 • Young Palestinians who had fled Gaza when Israel created • Core group came out of the Palestinian Students League at Cairo University that included Yasser Arafat (related to the Grand Mufti) • Ideology was that liberation of Palestine had to preceed Arab unity 3 Palestinian Groups • PLO created in 1964 by Arab League Summit with Ahmad Shuqueri as leader • Founder (George Habash) of Arab National Movement formed in 1960 forms • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in December of 1967 with Ahmad Jibril • Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation (PDFLP) for the Liberation of Democratic Palestine formed in early 1969 by Nayif Hawatmah 4 Palestinian Groups Fatah PFLP PDFLP Founder Arafat Habash Hawatmah Religion Sunni Christian Christian Philosophy Recovery of Palestine Radicalize Arab regimes Marxist Leninist Supporter All regimes Iraq Syria 5 Palestinian Leaders Ahmad Jibril George Habash Nayif Hawatmah 6 Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa • 8/24/1929 - 11/11/2004 • Born in Cairo, Egypt • Father born in Gaza of an Egyptian mother • Mother from Jerusalem • Beaten by father for going into Jewish section of Cairo • Graduated from University of King Faud I (1944-1950) • Fought along side Muslim Brotherhood -
The Palestinians: Overview, 2021 Aid, and U.S. Policy Issues
Updated September 9, 2021 The Palestinians: Overview, Aid, and U.S. Policy Issues The Palestinians and their ongoing disputes and interactions million (roughly 44%) are refugees (registered in the West with Israel raise significant issues for U.S. policy (see “U.S. Bank, Gaza, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria) whose claims to Policy Issues and Aid” below). After a serious rupture in land in present-day Israel constitute a major issue of Israeli- U.S.-Palestinian relations during the Trump Administration, Palestinian dispute. The U.N. Relief and Works Agency for the Biden Administration has started reengaging with the Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is mandated Palestinian people and their leaders, and resuming some by the U.N. General Assembly to provide protection and economic development and humanitarian aid—with hopes essential services to these registered Palestinian refugees, of preserving the viability of a negotiated two-state including health care, education, and housing assistance. solution. In the aftermath of the May 2021 conflict International attention to the Palestinians’ situation involving Israel and Gaza, U.S. officials have announced additional aid (also see below) and other efforts to help with increased after Israel’s military gained control over the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. Direct recovery and engage with the West Bank-based Palestinian U.S. engagement with Palestinians in the West Bank and Authority (PA), but near-term prospects for diplomatic progress toward Israeli-Palestinian peace reportedly remain Gaza dates from the establishment of the PA in 1994. For the past several years, other regional political and security dim. -
Downloaded License
Exchange 49 (2020) 257-277 brill.com/exch The Revival of Palestinian Christianity Developments in Palestinian Theology Elizabeth S. Marteijn PhD Candidate, School of Divinity, Centre for the Study of World Christianity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK [email protected] Abstract Palestinian Christians are a minority of approximately 1 or 2% in a context marked by conflict, expulsions, and ongoing emigration. Despite all this, Palestinian Christians have made a significant contribution to society in the spheres of politics, the arts, sci- ence, and social welfare. Moreover, from the 1980s onwards, this Palestinian context of struggle has also been the source for the emergence of a socially and politically committed contextual theology. This article analyses the development of Palestinian contextual theology by examining theological publications by Palestinian theologians. It identifies liberation, reconciliation, witness, ecumenism, and interfaith-dialogue as some of the dominant theological themes. What unites these publications is a theological engagement with the Palestinian Christian identity in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Keywords contextual theology – Israeli-Palestinian conflict – Kairos theology – Palestinian Christianity – Palestinian theology – public theology 1 An Arab Christian Awakening Palestinian Christians feel deeply rooted in Palestinian society. They under- stand themselves as part of the Palestinian community and actively contribute to its flourishing. This article aims to outline how Palestinian Christians have embraced their vocation, in the words of Emeritus Patriarch Michel Sabbah, to © Elizabeth S. Marteijn, 2020 | doi:10.1163/1572543X-12341569 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0Downloaded license. from Brill.com09/30/2021 04:35:54PM via free access 258 Marteijn be “in the service of society.”1 Michel Sabbah, born in Nazareth in 1933, was con- secrated on 6th January, 1988, by Pope John Paul II as the first Palestinian-born Roman Catholic Patriarch of Jerusalem. -
United Nations Forum on the Question of Palestine
UNITED NATIONS FORUM ON THE QUESTION OF PALESTINE 70 Years after 1948 – Lessons to Achieve a Sustainable Peace 17 and 18 May 2018 Trusteeship Council Chamber, United Nations Headquarters, New York KEYNOTE PRESENTATION HANAN ASHRAWI Member of PLO Executive Committee Hanan Ashrawi is a Palestinian legislator, activist, and scholar. She is a member of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Executive Committee. Dr. Ashrawi served as a member of the Leadership Committee and as an official spokesperson of the Palestinian delegation to the Middle East peace process, beginning with the Madrid Peace Conference of 1991. She was elected to the Palestinian Legislative Council representing Jerusalem in 1996. She then headed the Legislative Reform Committee between 2000 and 2005. In 2006, she was again elected to the Palestinian Legislative Council representing the list called The Third Way. In 2009, she was elected as member of the Executive Committee of the PLO, making history as the first woman to hold a seat in the highest executive body in Palestine. As a civil society activist, Dr. Ashrawi has founded and headed many organizations and institutions such as the Independent Commission for Human Rights (ICHR), the Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy (MIFTAH) and the Coalition for Accountability and Integrity (AMAN). She has also won numerous prizes and medals, including the Sydney Peace Prize in 2003, the UNESCO’s Mahatma Gandhi Medal in 2005, and the French Commandeur de l’Ordre National du Mérite in 2016. She is the author of several books, articles, poems and short stories on Palestinian politics, culture and literature. -
Journeying with Real People Towards the Real Bethlehem Could Transform Christmas for You and for Your Friends
Journeying with real people towards the real Bethlehem could transform Christmas for you and for your friends. This is a precious book - precious to keep and precious to give away. Very Rev Dr A. Mclellan, Convener, World Mission Council, Church of Scotland. This book takes the traditional Advent themes of faith, hope and love and looks at them through the lens of ordinary Palestinians, who live in the land we call holy. We hope that it will both inspire you and challenge you as you make the journey towards Christmas. Maggie Lunan, Co-Chair, nativity. The traditional themes of Advent - light out of darkness, hope out of despair, the struggle to give birth to new life in the midst of difficulty and suffering - are here given a reality that is both vigorous and challenging. These reflections from people living on a knife-edge enlarge our vision. Kathy Galloway, Head of Christian Aid Scotland. World Mission Council 121 George Street Edinburgh, EH2 4YR © COS257 10/12 Scottish National Charity Number: SC0 11353 nativity supports Kairos Palestine and is involved dignity. For these reasons we support the rights of all in this resource because we want to encourage people Palestinians and Israelis to live in safety and security, to reappraise Christmas and look at all the celebrations and believe their rights are indivisible from each other. around Christmas with fresh eyes, to challenge the sentimentality of it and offer alternatives that incorporate Christian Aid welcomes the Kairos document as an ‘Just God’. As part of the bigger picture this resource important way of engaging the churches in the UK and offers the opportunity to consider the reality both of Ireland with peace and justice in Israel and the occupied Christmas past and Christmas present in Bethlehem. -
Struggles for Power and Unity: Constitutional Designs in the Palestinian Authority
Struggles for Power and Unity Constitutional Designs in the Palestinian Authority Tonje Merete Viken MA-thesis in Middle Eastern and North-African Studies Spring 2008 Asian and African Studies program at the Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages Faculty of Humanities UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Acknowledgements I want to thank my supervisor Dag H. Tuastad at the University of Oslo for challenging and stimulating feedback, and for always making me think twice about what I was actually writing about. Thanks to Bahjat for his excellent work as my interpreter, and for his patience and creativity in dealing with Gaza traffic and the PLC bureaucracy. I would especially like to thank all my informants in Gaza and Ramallah who took time out from their busy schedules to meet with the student from Norway. I am amazed at their patience, and I sincerely hope that I have treated their confidence with fairness and respect. Thanks also to Muhammed and Gudrun for help and advice during my stay in Gaza. I am indebted to Hilde Katrine Haug for commenting on the thesis underway and for giving me constructive advice. Thanks to Cecilie Endresen for proof reading. I am also grateful to Kåre Vollan for answering questions and providing me with information that I would otherwise have been unable to obtain. I also want to thank my fellow students, Andrea Liven Rivrud and Thomas R. Berdal for good times and our discussions in Tel Aviv and over the phone during our respective field works. I am also grateful to Martin B. Holter, Hilde Lysengen Havro, Ingrid Baltzersen and Erik Bolstad for commenting, listening to countless monologues on the Basic Law, and for asking difficult questions.