CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN 2015–2020 Central Coastal Board Authorised and published by the Victorian PO Box 500, East , Government, Department of Environment, , Land, Water and Planning, 8 Nicholson Street, Phone: (03) 9637 9463 East Melbourne, September 2015 Email: [email protected] © The State of Victoria Department of Electronic copies of the plan are available Environment, Land, Water and Planning online at www.ccb.vic.gov.au. Melbourne 2015 If you would like printed copies or have any questions about the plan, please contact us using the details above.

Members of the Central Coastal Board at the This work is licensed under a Creative time of preparing this Regional Coastal Plan Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. were: You are free to re-use the work under that Mr Ross Kilborn (Chair) licence, on the condition that you credit the Dr Rosalind Jessop State of Victoria as author. The licence does Mr Doug Miller not apply to any images, photographs or Ms Angela Reidy branding, including the Victorian Coat of Mr Andrew Rodda Arms and the Victorian Government logo. Ms Anne-Marie Tenni To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// Mr Jeffrey Weir creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ deed.en The Central Coastal Board proudly acknowledges Victoria’s Aboriginal ISBN 978-1-74146-786-4 (Print) communities and their rich culture; and pays ISBN 978-1-74146-787-1 (pdf) its respects to the Traditional Owners in the Disclaimer Central Coastal Region. The Board also This publication may be of assistance to you recognises the intrinsic connection of but the State of Victoria and its employees traditional owners to Country and do not guarantee that the publication is acknowledges their contribution in the without flaw of any kind or is wholly management of land, water and resources appropriate for your particular purposes and management. therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. Unless stated, images sourced from the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning.

Front Cover Top: St Kilda Harbour, photo: Roberto Seba, Tourism Victoria. Bottom from left to right: Mangroves at . Cunningham Pier . Point Lonsdale Pier and Lighthouse. Blue Devil Fish, photo: Nicola Waldron. The Beach, St Kilda, Victoria, c1920-1954 Rose Stereograph Co. CENTRAL REGIONAL 1 COASTAL PLAN

CONTENTS

Minister’s Foreword 2 7 Managing Coastal Land and Infrastructure 27 List of Figures Chair’s Foreword 3 Regional Priority 3 – Integrating Coastal Planning Figure 1: The three levels of Preparing the Central Regional Coastal Plan 4 and Management 27 planning for coastal management 5 1 Introduction 5 Regional Priority 4 – Sustainable and Equitable Figure 2: Central Coastal Region Funding Mechanisms for Coastal Infrastructure and region of influence 8 1.1 What is the Regional Coastal Plan? 5 and Management 29 Figure 3: Melbourne’s growth 1.2 How the Regional Coastal Plan will be used 6 Regional Priority 5 – Oversee the Implementation boundary, neighbouring regional 1.3 The role of the Central Coastal Board 7 of the Recreational Boating Facilities Framework growth centres, Registered for the Central Coastal Region 30 Aboriginal Parties (RAP) and RAP 1.4 What the Regional Coastal Plan covers 7 Regional Priority 6 – Sustainable Visitation and applicants 9 1.5 Working with other organisations 9 Tourism Infrastructure Service Level Hierarchy 32 Figure 4: Bio-physical values of the 2 Valuing and Understanding the Coast 10 8 Valuing the Natural Environment and Central Coastal Region 11 2.1 Bio-physical values 10 Integrating Marine Planning 33 Figure 5: Economic and social 2.2 Eco-system services 12 Regional Priority 7 – Protecting Significant Coastal values of the Central Coastal Region 16 2.3 Aboriginal cultural values 12 and Marine Ecosystems and Habitats 33 9 Integration of Key Issues 34 Figure 6: Mind map of how the 2.4 Social and historical values 13 priorities link to have integrated 2.5 Coastal settings of significance 13 Regional Priority 8 – Promoting Leadership, actions in the Central Coastal Co-ordination and Capacity Building for the Coast 34 Region 21 2.6 Coastal use and development 14 10 Implementing the Regional Coastal Plan 36 Figure 7: Map indicating areas for 3 Coastal Processes and Climate Change 18 10.1 Monitoring, evaluation and reporting 36 hazard assessment and adaptation 3.1 Natural coastal processes 18 planning (based on coastal 10.2 Table of actions 36 3.2 Climate change 19 instability and low lying areas) 26 11 Appendices 38 4 Priority Actions for the Central Coastal Region 21 Figure 8: Indicative map of Appendix 1 – Public and agency consultation about foreshore, marine park and 4.1 The vision 21 the Regional Coastal Plan 38 sanctuary managers 28 4.2 Regional priorities 21 Appendix 2 – Coastal management and planning Figure 9: Boating facilities in the 4.3 The Plan at a glance 22 connections in Victoria 41 Central Coastal Region 31 5 Managing for Population Growth 23 Appendix 3 – Aligning Actions in the Central Regional List of Tables Coastal Plan with Key Issues and Desired Regional Priority 1 – Population Growth - Balancing Table 1: Central Regional Priorities Outcomes in the Victorian Coastal Access and Valuing the Natural Environment 23 for Action 21 Strategy 2014 42 6 Climate Change 24 Appendix 4 – List of coastal management plans in the Regional Priority 2 – Adapting to Climate Change Central Coastal Region 44 and Increased Coastal Hazards 24 Acronyms 46 References and Sources of Information 47 2 CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

MINISTER’S FOREWORD

The coast is close to the hearts of the This Plan will support government many Victorians who live near it, or visit agencies, community and industry it, and enjoy all that it has to offer. groups to work more collaboratively in Communities along the coastline are managing the coast. It will help coastal deeply connected to their local managers and communities tackle landscape and care about the future of challenges on the coast in their region the coast. more effectively, and with greater Our coastal environment is complex coordination. It will enable us to be and constantly changing, and there are more responsive and adaptable as many pressures that need to be pressures change over time, and our understood and managed better. As understanding of climate change Minister and a Local Member of a implications improves. coastal area, I appreciate how The local knowledge, passion and important it is to understand, protect enthusiasm of Victoria’s coastal managers and care for the things we love about and communities is invaluable, and I the coast. look forward to working together to Victoria has a strong coastal planning ensure that the diverse natural, social, and management framework, based on cultural and economic values of the the Victorian Coastal Strategy (2014). coast that we enjoy today remain for The Central Coastal Board has developed future generations. this Regional Coastal Plan to build on that framework and outline how the The Hon Lisa Neville MP Strategy should be put into practice. Minister for Environment, Climate Change and Water CENTRAL REGIONAL 3 COASTAL PLAN

CHAIR’S FOREWORD

The Central Coastal Board’s vision is: The Regional Coastal Plan is based The Central Coastal Board will use the Treasuring the Central Coastal Region upon the hierarchy of principles in the Regional Coastal Plan to inform, engage – a healthy and sustainable coast for Strategy – protecting the natural and encourage the involvement of all current and future generations. environment, providing direction and persons and organisations involved in The Central Coastal Region, from delivering sustainable use to meet the coastal planning and management to: Breamlea to Inverloch, covers nearly needs and aspirations of present and – reflect the regional priorities in their 1,000 kilometres of coastline. It includes future generations through integrated decisions; coastal zone management. Consistent the metropolis of Melbourne, the City – work together when they need to; of Greater Geelong, the peri-urban with the Strategy, the Plan gives communities of the region, the two preference to improving, and increasing – identify and resolve systemic gaps large bays of and Western the utilisation of, existing developed and emerging issues; and sites over new development. Port and the region’s open coastline – together deliver the Board’s vision and islands. The Central Coastal Board has identified for the region. eight regional priorities for the Central The region encompasses both public In parallel with the implementation of Coastal Region: and private land and includes the this Plan, the Victorian Coastal Strategy foreshores, estuarine and marine 1. Population growth – balancing Implementation Coordinating environments and the hinterland and access and valuing the natural Committee will be addressing some of catchments that influence and impact it. environment; the major issues identified for the coast. The region’s coast is enjoyed by millions 2. Adapting to climate change and In addition, the Minister will be reviewing of residents and visitors, and this will increased coastal hazards; the Coastal Management Act 1995 and increase as metropolitan Melbourne’s developing a new Marine and Coastal Act. 3. Integrating coastal planning and The knowledge gained in preparing and current population of 4.5 million grows management; to 8 million by 2051. There is a need to implementing this Plan will contribute strike the balance between maintaining 4. Sustainable and equitable funding to the Implementation Coordinating functioning ecosystems and the social mechanisms for coastal Committee and to the community and economic benefits of future use infrastructure and management; consultation for the new Act. and development. The coast, it’s marine 5. Implementing the Recreational The Board sincerely thanks the many and shore habitats, and our use and Boating Facilities Framework; organisations and people who have enjoyment of these areas will be 6. Sustainable visitation and tourism contributed to this Plan, and who on a affected by climate change, including a infrastructure service through the daily basis contribute to ensuring the recognised increase in the mean sea development of a multi-level vision of the Victorian Coastal Strategy level of 0.8m by 2100. It is already a hierarchy; 2014: A healthy coast, appreciated highly modified coast. by all, now and in the future. 7. Protecting significant coastal and This Plan provides a regional focus for marine ecosystems and habitats; all agencies and organisations with a and Ross Kilborn responsibility for coastal management Chair, Central Coastal Board to interpret and implement the 8. Promoting leadership, co-ordination Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 in the and capacity building. region. In particular, it will guide the development of coastal management plans for the length of the coast. 4 CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

PREPARING THE CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

The process of preparing the Central The draft Regional Coastal Plan was Regional Coastal Plan comprised three released in February 2015. The Central phases: Coastal Board held twelve formal 1. preliminary planning, information meetings in Frankston, Geelong, gathering and identification of Inverloch and Port Melbourne in regional priorities; February and March 2015 to provide further opportunities for consultation 2. development of a draft Plan for with stakeholders and the public. Many public consultation; and community groups attended, along 3. finalising the plan in response to with representatives from a wide consultation. cross-section of coastal management organisations, and mayors, executive As part of the first phase, an ‘invitation officers and staff from the thirteen to be involved’ brochure was sent out councils in the region (see Appendix 1). to key stakeholders in March 2014 at the beginning of the planning process. Sixty-five written submissions were It identified key questions to help focus received with comments specific to the feedback and guide submissions. It was region, with another thirteen about followed by a workshop for local Middle Brighton Beach state-wide issues. The Board reviewed councils to further identify Photo: Werner Hennecke these submissions and the feedback opportunities and gaps to address in from face-to-face meetings to revise the Plan. Key government agencies and finalise the Plan. involved in managing the coast were A range of issues were raised during also consulted. the consultation for the initial planning and subsequent draft Plan. These helped refine the Plan and shape its eight priority actions. Some issues of local importance were raised, for example, designating areas for dogs on beaches. These issues are best dealt with in local coastal management plans.

Dolphins in Port Phillip Bay Photo: Searoad Ferries, Tourism Victoria

Back Beach rock pools, Sorrento Photo: Ewen Bell, Tourism Victoria CENTRAL REGIONAL 5 COASTAL PLAN

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is the Regional The Plan provides a strong framework to support local planning and decision Coastal Plan? making on both public and private Victorian Coastal Developed by the Sets statewide direction for coastal planners The Regional Coastal Plan for the land. It aims to help people value and Victorian Coastal Strategy Council and managers Central Coastal Region is a Coastal understand the coast. The Regional Action Plan endorsed under part 3 of Coastal Plan will also provide the the Coastal Management Act 1995. Its framework for agencies, community contents meet the requirements of and industry groups working and section 23 of that Act. engaging with decision makers on emerging strategic regional priorities The Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 for the Central Coastal Region. Developed by Translates state-wide provides the broad framework for Regional Regional Coastal direction by identifying managing the coast and for developing As a statutory document, the Regional Coastal Plans Boards regional values, priorities and management gaps regional coastal plans and more local Coastal Plan has important links with and specific coastal management plans other statutory instruments. As outlined in the Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014, Keel boats on Port Phillip (Figure 1). This Plan provides a regional Photo: Teri Dodds framework for planning and decision- the broader land use planning system is making on both public and freehold important for the implementation of land at the local level. It also provides a the Strategy, regional coastal plans and The Plan’s primary audiences are local Coastal Developed by coastal focus for all agencies with responsibility coastal management plans (see government, committees of public land managers Sets local direction and Appendix 2). The relationship between Management (eg. local municipalities develops sub-regional or issues for coastal management to act management, government agencies based operational plans these policies and plans is through: Plans & committees of together to plan and manage the coast and peak bodies with a coastal focus. It management) by: – the State Planning Policy Framework has also been written to provide landowners, volunteer groups and – interpreting and implementing the which requires coastal planning to coastal communities with an Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 and be consistent with the Strategy and understanding of the framework for Figure 1: The three levels of planning for coastal management its hierarchy of principles at a relevant coastal action plans managing and protecting coastal regional scale; (including this Regional Coastal Plan); and values in the region, and how they can – facilitating integration across contribute to this outcome. The Plan has three parts: – sections of local planning schemes jurisdictions to increase efficiency – Chapters 2 and 3 provide an through Municipal Strategic The principle of ‘Integrated Coastal and effectiveness; overview of the values of the Central Statements and Local Planning Zone Management’ (ICZM) underpins Coastal Region and how they are – identifying regional coastal values Policy Frameworks. the Central Regional Coastal Plan. ICZM and strategic objectives (regional is about working across a geographic changing; priorities) to be accounted for; and area (land to sea), across different land – Chapters 4 to 9 set out the eight – identifying solutions that address tenures (public and private), and across regional priorities that are a focus for systemic gaps in coastal organisations and jurisdictions action; and (national, state, regional and local). management. – Chapter 10 explains how the plan ICZM is achieved through both formal will be implemented, including the and informal collaboration and process of monitoring, evaluating coordination between the various and reporting. groups using and managing the coast. 6 CENTRAL REGIONAL 1 INTRODUCTION COASTAL PLAN

1.2 How the Regional Sea All Dolphin Swims, Queenscliff Hierarchy of Principles Coastal Plan will Photo: Mark Chew, Tourism Victoria The Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 be used supports the hierarchy of principles introduced in previous Strategies In line with the Victorian Coastal This Plan has been designed to set and also recognises that the Strategy 2014 hierarchy of principles, realistic expectations about what can foundation of coastal planning and the Regional Coastal Plan documents be delivered, and by when. The Board management is a healthy coastal and describes key regional issues and anticipates that most of the key actions and marine environment. These strategic priorities. It links actions, those can be delivered within existing principles give effect to the directions accountable, the outcomes to be budgets of management agencies. in the Coastal Management Act achieved, and measures and reports on However, additional funding will be 1995 and are included in the State performance annually. The review needed to carry out some further Planning Policy Framework and in period for the Plan is 2020. planning and management steps, such planning schemes throughout as detailed coastal hazard studies and This Plan takes a long-term and regional Victoria. perspective. adaptation plans. Over the next five years the Plan provides the framework The principles are: The Regional Coastal Plan will build the for Commonwealth, state, regional, evidence base to guide future planning – Ensure the protection of local agencies and the private sector to and establish the foundations for the The Plan will also guide development significant environmental and work together on attracting funding to ongoing process of progressively and implementation of coastal cultural values; carry out this additional work. This is a improving management decisions. This management plans. Where existing state-wide issue raised in the Victorian – Undertake integrated planning will bring benefits in the future, coastal action plans are still relevant, Coastal Strategy 2014. and provide clear direction for including better targeted investment, local managers may continue to use the future; and improved coordination of management these plans. It is expected that over – Ensure the sustainable use of activities and promotion of best practice. time these coastal action plans would natural coastal resources. The actions in the Plan have been transition into coastal management The Central Coastal Board will developed to allow flexibility to adapt plans where needed. participate in a review of funding Only when the above principles to new information and achieve the During consultation for this Plan, many arrangements by the Victorian have been considered and best outcomes for the coast. The Board organisations and individuals expressed Coastal Council and the addressed: Department of Environment, Land, will undertake a mid-term review of the concern that funding is a limiting factor – Ensure development on the Water and Planning, as outlined in Plan’s implementation in 2018. for managing the coast. The Regional coast is located within existing the Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014. Importantly, the Board will use the Plan Coastal Plan provides governments and Sorrento Foreshore modified and resilient coastal managers with priorities for Photo: Ewen Bell, environments where the demand to work with other managers and Tourism Victoria stakeholders to increase understanding strategic investment. Sustainable and for development is evident and of the coast, protect coastal values and equitable funding mechanisms are any impacts can be managed further improve management essential to enable coastal managers to are important. However, land managers sustainably. meet their responsibilities and to better arrangements. have different abilities to utilise The actions in this Regional Coastal understand, protect and manage opportunities, with some having Plan support these principles and coastal values and assets. limited or no options to generate funds work to make sure that decision Current revenue streams, such as locally. There are also inconsistencies in making on the coast is guided by, income from parking, camping areas how the “user pays” principle is applied and consistent with the Victorian and caravan parks on Crown land, and in the region. Coastal Strategy 2014. leasing Crown land for other activities, 1 INTRODUCTION CENTRAL REGIONAL 7 COASTAL PLAN

1.3 The role of the 1.4 What the Regional – catchments - rivers and drainage systems that affect the coastal zone, Central Coastal Coastal Plan covers including estuaries and ; Board The Central Coastal Region comprises and the areas of 13 local councils that form The Central Coastal Board is a statutory – atmosphere - near, around and over the administrative and physical interface planning and advisory body of the coast as defined above. of the catchment flows and influences community members with extensive Some key spatial characteristics of the on Port Phillip, Western Port and the experience and expertise in coastal region are: region’s open coast. matters. Appointed by the Minister for – 993 kilometres1 of coastline Environment, Climate Change and Importantly, in the Central Coastal (inclusive of islands such as Phillip Water, it provides strategic guidance for Region it is both the region’s hinterland Island and ); managing the region’s coast. The Board (for example the greater metropolitan has specific functions, which are to: Melbourne and peri-urban area) and – 3600 square kilometres of marine the large embayments of Port Phillip waters and embayment (notably – develop coastal action plans and Western Port that drive and Port Phillip and Western Port); (including this overarching Regional influence the use and management of Coastal Plan) and guidelines for – 20,246 square kilometres of catchment the region’s coastline, estuarine and coastal planning and management Photo: Ross Kilborn (Port Phillip and Western Port, marine areas (see Figure 2). for the region; Corangamite and West Significant agricultural areas in the catchment management authorities); – provide leadership in implementing More broadly, the Board seeks to be an region’s catchments, particularly around the Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014, – 4.5 million resident population in advocate for coastal issues. Where Werribee and Western Port, add to the coastal action plans and coastal the Central Coastal Region and its needed, it aims to raise difficult issues diverse and complex land uses and guidelines in the Central Coastal hinterland; and questions to help resolve how best pressures. Region; to manage and protect the region’s – in excess of 40 organisations The term ‘coast’ encompasses both – monitor, evaluate and report on the coastal areas into the future. A key part managing the coast; and public and private land, and means: Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 and of this is shaping future expectations – 13 local councils that form the Regional Coastal Plan in the region; about: – the marine environment - nearshore region’s coastline (see Figure 3). marine environment, the seabed, – facilitate the involvement of – how the coast, and the demands on and waters out to the State limit of individuals and organisations to it, will change over time; three nautical miles; participate in the planning and – how to respond to those changes; management of the coast in the – foreshores - or coastal Crown land and Port Phillip Bay from region; and Arthur’s seat up to 200 m from the high water – how to plan for and use the coast to Photo: Salahuddin mark; – provide advice to the Minister for protect its values. Ahmad – coastal hinterland - land directly Environment, Water and Climate 1 The length of coastline was calculated Change and the Victorian Coastal influenced by the sea or directly using the official coastline for Victoria Council on coastal issues and influencing the coastline and marine (FR_FRAMEWORK_AREA_LINE, ANZLIC ID: development in the region. areas, and with critical impacts on ANZVI0803002894) which represents the the foreshore and nearshore state boundary zero metre contour environment; coastline. It does include small islands such as Mud Island. It does not include rivers and estuaries such as the Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers. For further information please go to http://www.data.vic.gov.au 8 CENTRAL REGIONAL 1 INTRODUCTION COASTAL PLAN

The region’s coast can be broadly characterised as: – urban coast - intensively used public and freehold land, planned and managed for a wide range of use and development, including residential use, commercial activities, recreation, marinas and commercial ports; – open coast - visitor and tourism destinations supported by services and infrastructure; – natural coast - low impact use and development planned and managed to support and protect environmental values; and – coastal waters and embayments - receptor of catchment inputs, boating, and water-based tourism and commercial shipping that is regulated and managed to protect the health and safe use of marine environments and marine protected areas. These areas include coastal communities with defined town boundaries.

Figure 2 Central Coastal Region and region of influence 1 INTRODUCTION CENTRAL REGIONAL 9 COASTAL PLAN

MELBOURNE

1.5 Working with other organisations

This Plan identifies lead and partner Urban growth boundary organisations for each action. The Board will work with these organisations to develop an implementation plan within six months of the Regional Coastal Plan being endorsed by the Minister. This will provide further detail about the process, the specific roles and responsibilities of each organisation, and the timing for each action in this Plan. Managing the Central Coastal Region is complex. Many organisations are involved including 43 managers along the coastline (see Figure 8 on page 28). These organisations have their own planning processes that contribute to protecting coastal values. The Central Coastal Board will support and work with these organisations to coordinate planning activities and integrate management wherever possible. There may also be opportunities to work with industry groups and the private sector to improve management of the coast. The Central Coastal Board will support actions in the regional catchment strategies and waterway strategies that aim to improve the condition of coastal values, particularly to maintain or improve water quality in estuaries, embayments and coastal waters.

Figure 3 Melbourne’s growth boundary, neighbouring regional growth centres, Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAP) and RAP applicants (Sources: Regional Growth Plans; Aboriginal Affairs Victoria) 10 CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

2 VALUING AND UNDERSTANDING THE COAST

2.1 Bio-physical values At an international level the region parks and reserves (for example, Phillip contains three Ramsar listed wetlands: Island Nature Parks, North Western Port The Central Coastal Region provides a – Western Port (59,297 hectares which Nature Conservation Reserve, Jawbone broad range of values to people. In also includes the UNESCO Western Flora and Fauna Reserve, The Spit many ways, the inherent natural Port Biosphere Reserve); Wildlife Reserve, Point Cook Coastal features underpin many uses of coastal Park and Wildlife areas. This use brings pressures that can – Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands (261 Reserve) contribute to the protection of reduce the natural values and amenity, hectares); and significant bio-physical values. The for example through loss of marine and – Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) region also has extensive lengths of terrestrial vegetation and habitat. and Bellarine Peninsula (22,645 accessible foreshore and recreational 2.1.1 Coasts hectares) (see Figure 4). beaches. The region’s coastline has diverse Collectively, the Ramsar sites provide Most of the region’s vegetation is highly bio-physical characteristics that provide critical habitat for tens of thousands of modified. For example, the original benefits in the form of: migratory waders and water birds, and vegetation of the threatened coastal winter habitat for the critically Moonah woodland now only occurs in – recreational use; endangered orange-bellied parrot. scattered remnants. This highlights the importance of protecting existing – shoreline stabilisation; The region includes Point Nepean, remnant stands of native vegetation – buffering for and adapting to coastal Red knot on Mud Island French Island and Mornington Photo: Annette Hatten wherever possible. hazards and climate change; Peninsula national parks. Other regional Estuaries form an important part of the – habitat protection and biodiversity; bio-physical character of the coastline. and Some of the key ones in the region are: – landscape character and amenity. , Balcombe Creek, Limeburners Bay and estuaries. Estuaries are highly variable environments that from time to time undergo salinity changes due to the mixing of sea water with fresh water catchment flows. Important rivers in the region include the Barwon, Werribee, Maribyrnong, Yarra and Bass Little penguins on rivers. Phillip Island The Victorian Waterway Management Strategy 2013 provides the framework for government, in partnership with the Above: Red octopus in community, to manage rivers, estuaries rock pools, Point Lonsdale and wetlands to support environmental, social, cultural and economic values for all to enjoy. 2 VALUING AND UNDERSTANDING THE COAST CENTRAL REGIONAL 11 COASTAL PLAN

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biodiversity and conservation values I C I I Connewarre O A B L Lake a R I l U Lake Connewarre co O Queenscli m S I FRENCH ISLAND include: be O Victoria Cree N I Murtnagurt k M I Wildlife Reserve Ocean N I MARINE NATIONAL PARK Swamp F Mount Martha PE I Grove D I YARINGA Lang Lang – Popes Eye with diverse biodiversity; B I N Barwon Point HastingsI MARINE E Safety Beach Devilbend I FRENCH ISLAND Heads Lonsdale A Portsea I NATIONAL Reservoir I

– a distinctive reef habitat at Portsea Dromana ne CreeI k NATIONAL PARK Sorrento ingi PARK arr I Hole; and Rosebud W I Mt Wellington BARWON PO I I Rye I NT I FRENCH ISLAND BLUFF NE – unique seagrass beds at Port Phillip PEAN RD ARTHURS SEAT l a Somers MARINE POINT NEPEAN Tootgarook STATE PARK s u Heads, Flinders and Bunurong. 0 10 20 SANCTUARY NATIONAL PARK Swamp n i n P e er n Y Riv M o r n i n g t o WESTERN PORT W ss H a k S B Candowie Port Phillip is also home to resident and e CHURCHILL S kilometres e A r B Reservoir EX-HMAS CANBERRA C ISLAND MARINE MORNINGTON PENINSULA n Cowes quite isolated communities of RECREATION RESERVE i a Flinders NATIONAL PARK NATIONAL PARK M bottlenose and common dolphins. PHILLIP ISLAND Bass Hill Lance Creek San Remo Reservoir PORT PHILLIP HEADS MARINE NATIONAL PARK The Central Victorian Bioregion from LEGEND A. POINT NEPEAN D. POPES EYE MUSHROOM REEF Cape Otway to west of Wilsons B. POINT LONSDALE E. PORTSEA HOLE er Parks and Reserves MARINE SANCTUARY wlett Riv Promontory includes the region’s open C. F. MUD ISLAND PHILLIP ISLAND Po NATURE PARK coast. Areas of high conservation value Marine Protected Areas KILCUNDA-HAMERS HAVEN COASTAL RESERVE include: Coastal Wetlands Inverloch – the marine community in the deep UNESCO Biosphere Reserve CAPE PATTERSON COASTAL RESERVE canyon at the entrance to Port BUNURONG MARINE PARK Ramsar sites Phillip; BUNURONG BUNURONG MARINE NATIONAL PARK COASTAL RESERVE – bull kelp at Barwon Bluff; and – a large fur seal colony at Seal Rocks, Phillip Island. Figure 4 Bio-physical values of the Central Coastal Region 12 CENTRAL REGIONAL 2 VALUING AND UNDERSTANDING THE COAST COASTAL PLAN

The region also includes significant 2.2 Eco-system services 2.3 Aboriginal cultural artificial habitats: The Central Coastal Board The natural coastal systems in the values – South Channel Fort (white-faced supports incorporating cultural Central Coastal Region are of intrinsic storm petrels); Aboriginal people have ongoing and heritage and traditional knowledge value and provide a range of beneficial strong connections with the coast and into all coastal planning and – Chinaman’s Hat (Australian fur ecosystem services. Healthy coastal and view the coastal lands as inseparable management. seals); marine ecosystems play important roles from the coastal waters: their stories of in providing services that help sustain – St Kilda breakwater (Little penguins); place, and the tens of thousands of both the ecological values of the years of physical evidence of their – Popes Eye, mentioned previously, ecosystems themselves and a variety of presence across the region remind us important for nesting gannets; and other values and uses for people. For of these connections. Shell middens, example, mangroves protect against – many shipwrecks, particularly camping places and scar trees dating wave erosion, and sea grass beds act as between Port Phillip Heads and back some 12,000 years are just a few nurseries for important fish species. Torquay. physical examples of the long term Other benefits include: The proximity of so many marine connection of Aboriginal people to protected areas to a major population – storm protection, erosion buffers, coastal areas in the region – a centre is unique on a global scale and and flood and disease control; connection that continues today. presents the Central Coastal Region – products from nature such as food The current coastline wasn’t always with a significant responsibility and set and pharmaceuticals; where it is now, and Traditional Owner of challenges. Such protected areas are interests and responsibilities extend to primarily managed for their ecological – habitat, biodiversity, nutrient cycling and biogeochemical services; and areas now inundated. Land and sea values, but also afford opportunities to country is a term for the whole provide social value through recreation – recreational opportunities, and environment, integrating land, intertidal ‘i sea, i care’ (for example dive sites such as Popes education, aesthetics, amenity and areas and sea, and including natural, ambassadors learning Eye and Portsea Hole in Port Phillip) and spiritual values. heritage, material and spiritual from Traditional community involvement in their Owners with a Coastal vegetation and sediments also components. This connection is the smoking ceremony. management. provide important ecosystem services basis for maintaining cultural traditions Photo: Jeff Weir Potential threats to these protected by sequestering significant amounts of and passing on knowledge across marine areas, and the marine carbon (known as “blue carbon”) in generations. environment generally, include impacts mangrove forests, seagrass meadows Indigenous people play an active role from sediment, nutrients, toxicants and and intertidal salt marshes. in managing natural resources litter from catchments, oil spills, marine particularly relating to ‘sea country’. As pest incursions, dredging and anticipated custodians and owners (through impacts from climate change. Victorian legislation such as the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and the Traditional Owner Settlement Act 2010), Aboriginal people have responsibilities for country in a range of ways, encompassing natural resources and An Aboriginal shell cultural heritage. Indigenous groups in midden deposit from the region include the Wathaurung, Jawbone Flora and Fauna Reserve, Wurundjeri, Boon Wurrung and Williamstown Bunurong (see Figure 3 on page 9). Photo: Phillip Wierzbowski 2 VALUING AND UNDERSTANDING THE COAST CENTRAL REGIONAL 13 COASTAL PLAN

2.4 Social and historical Bathing boxes are colourful icons of Port Phillip. They occupy a unique role in values bayside beach life. The lighthouses along These values include both historical the coastal headlands provide a sense connections and contemporary of place and have historical significance customs. (for example Pt. Lonsdale, Queenscliff, Williamstown, Port Melbourne, Cape Victoria’s first European settlement Schanck). The urban coast also has many started at Sullivan Bay near Sorrento in piers, ports, marinas, yachting clubs, 1803 – 30 years before Melbourne was promenades and pathways contributing founded. The 1852 Quarantine Station to an active coastline and waterways. at Point Nepean played an important role in handling immigrants to the new Natural landscapes within the region settlement of Melbourne. Fifty heritage include the mangrove forests of Western buildings remain from this era. A fort at Port, the Port Phillip Heads coast with views of Bass Strait and The Rip, and the Cape Woolamai The Heads and the artificial island of Photo: Phillip Wierzbowski South Channel Fort were built in the impressive coastal scenery of Cape 1880s as important parts of Victoria’s Woolamai and The Nobbies. Many defences. Cape Schanck locations around the bays provide a Other features in the region include: Lighthouse 2.5 Coastal settings of sense of isolation and ‘semi-wilderness’ The Central Coastal Region is important Photo: Salahuddin despite the metropolis (for example – the Altona Meadows active sand Ahmad to past and newly arrived migrants. significance Seaford or Somers) and are part of the spits – one of the major coastal sand These communities contribute a rich bodies of Port Phillip; Coastal settings include the landscape cherished fabric of the region. fabric of cultures to the region. They are – the Altona East sand bars – a also a potential untapped source of types of the coastline, the underwater The Central Coastal Region has many features of the marine environment sites of geomorphic and geological sequence of about 20 intertidal and enthusiasm in managing and submarine bars extending unbroken protecting coastal values. For example, and the vistas obtained both from land importance. The Beaumaris Cliffs fossil and water. site is of international significance. Its for up to 600 m parallel to the initiatives such as the Bilingual Coast coastline; and Guides program support these For much of the Central Coastal Region sedimentary rocks contain fossils of communities to develop a greater the coastal landscape is framed by built marine megafauna dating back to six – the areas around Lyall Inlet, Quail understanding of the coast and a sense form. The views of Port Phillip and million years (Wakelin Associates 2009). Island and Watson Inlet with diverse of custodianship. Melbourne’s skyline from points on land The site contains the most diverse intertidal geomorphology. range of marine mammal fossils, and is Coastal areas give sense of place and (for example Williamstown, Pt Cook, The waters of the region provide a wide Portarlington and Arthurs Seat) are a the most important site of its type, in range of habitats and include a number identity for residents and visitors. This Australia. generates a strong connection to the feature. Likewise there are picturesque of popular dive sites. Intertidal rocky coast for many people, which is views of Corio Bay and Geelong from reefs occur along much of the coastline reflected in the numerous community Limeburners Point and of Phillip Island facing Bass Strait. Areas such as and Western Port from San Remo. Bunurong Marine Park and Marine groups and individuals active in Brighton Bathing Boxes managing coastal areas. Photo: Department of National Park, Ricketts Point Marine Environment, Land, Sanctuary and Mushroom Reef Marine In many places, the coastal landscape is Water and Planning Sanctuary provide easy access to the a primary area for recreation and social marine environment. involvement, and this contributes to the health and well-being of the community. 14 CENTRAL REGIONAL 2 VALUING AND UNDERSTANDING THE COAST COASTAL PLAN

2.6 Coastal use and 2.6.1 A place to live development In the Central Coastal Region, the opportunity to reside on, or High population and intensive use is a emotionally connect to, the coast is distinguishing feature of the Central embraced by many. The most recent Coastal Region, and much of the Victorian Coastal Council’s Community coastline around metropolitan areas is Attitudes and Behaviour Survey for the highly modified. There are also many coast (Ipsos-Eureka SRI 2012) estimated values and uses in close proximity to each that a quarter of people living within other, and this can create conflict. five kilometres of the coast visit it daily The challenge is to manage the pressures and almost ninety percent at least once from a demanding population now, and a month. This study also identified that in the future. The region is heavily the most enjoyable aspect of a coastal urbanised and is predicted to grow to a visit is the clean and unspoilt catchment population of almost eight environment, the scenery and the time million by 2051 (Victoria in Future 2014). spent with family and friends and just Metropolitan Melbourne is a growing ‘being there’. Queenscliff Harbour tourism destination both internationally The study also found that one of the and nationally. Peak populations, biggest concerns of survey participants particularly on the Bellarine and The region has high economic, social about the coast was rubbish and litter. Mornington peninsulas, Phillip Island and commercial values with high usage Recent work by CSIRO in its 2014 and Bass Coast can triple in size during and ageing infrastructure. report, Understanding the Effects of holiday periods due to second home Consequently it is a high cost coastline Marine Debris on Wildlife, showed that ownership and holidaymakers in caravan to manage and maintain. The much of the plastics and debris found parks and accommodation houses. predominant forms of coastal use and in our marine environments is Strategic planning for the growth of the development include residential, visitor, concentrated near cities. Litter region is set out in several documents tourism and recreation infrastructure management will continue to be a - Plan Melbourne (Metropolitan Planning and commercial uses. challenge for the Central Coastal Region. Strategy 2014), G21 Regional Growth Recurrent maintenance and replacement The extensive urban coastline provides Plan (Geelong Regional Alliance 2013) costs for boat ramps, jetties, walking for relatively intensive residential uses in and the Gippsland Regional Growth Plan both established coastal communities and bicycle paths, sea walls, beach Ocean Grove released in 2014. These have an important renourishment and dredging are critical Photo: Catharina Greve (for example Williamstown) and new role in ensuring sustainable communities to maintaining economic, social and coastal developments (for example and delineating settlement boundaries community value of coastal Wyndham Harbour or Martha Cove). and green breaks between settlements. infrastructure. Many locations along the region’s The plans also identify current and urban coast are, and will continue to, future population patterns. experience higher density residential development in the form of townhouses and apartments as a result of urban consolidation and redevelopment (for example Geelong, Hampton/ Sandringham, Chelsea, Frankston and Docklands). 2 VALUING AND UNDERSTANDING THE COAST CENTRAL REGIONAL 15 COASTAL PLAN

Throughout the region there are many Government’s Target One Million plan peri-urban towns where a key will improve fishing opportunities and Case Study – Managing the community value is the ‘coastal lifestyle’. increase recreational fishing in Victoria coast to support Towns such as Barwon Heads, Ocean to 1 million people over four years. environmental and Grove, Portarlington, Flinders, Somers, There are some 211 boating facilities, recreational needs Corinella, Cowes, Inverloch and others including boat ramps, yacht and are characterised by defined settlement motorboat clubs and marinas. An One of Victoria’s major natural wildlife boundaries with breaks of open or estimated 98 percent of boats are attractions, Phillip Island’s Penguin natural coast between the towns. Such trailerable and this places considerable Parade, is exemplar of managing coastal towns are experiencing growth pressure on boat ramps, particularly at the coast for sustainable tourism in permanent residents due both to the peak periods. The Central Coastal Board development. Annual visitation to lifestyle they offer and relative proximity has prepared a Recreational Boating the Penguin Parade has been in to major employment opportunities. Facilities Framework (2014) as an excess of 500,000 visitors per year inventory of the region’s boating for the last 20 years. Admission to For many residents of metropolitan the Penguin Parade is controlled by Melbourne, for example, growth corridors facilities and a planning framework to help manage expectations and classify ticket sales through Phillip Island to the east and west of the region, the Nature Parks, with a maximum coast is never far away. The proximity of facilities based on the level of service they provide (see Regional Priority 5). capacity of 3,700 people per night. two different bay experiences – the nature The Silver Spirit docked at of Western Port and the activity of Port Cunningham Pier in Geelong Swimming is popular at beaches in Port Phillip Island Nature Parks is a Phillip – and the rugged stretches of the Photo: Barton van Laar, Phillip, Western Port and surf beaches on not-for-profit, self-funded Tourism Victoria open coast, means the 993 kilometres the open coast patrolled by surf life organisation operating on Crown of the Central Coastal Region is inherent saving clubs. Several popular dive sites land under its own Board of in how current and future residents of focus on the wide range of marine Management. It is also overseen by the region value the coast. habitats (for example Popes Eye and the state government as a committee Portsea Hole in Port Phillip, and Flinders of management appointed under 2.6.2 Recreation and tourism Pier and Crawfish Rock in Western Port). section 14 of the Crown Land The coast is a major contributor to Open coast diving destinations include (Reserves) Act 1978. Funds generated Melbourne’s liveability today (Figure 5). several wreck sites. Surfing is popular on from ecotourism activities are Many value a day at the beach, coastal the Bass Coast and the outer coasts of invested into conservation, research walks, cycle paths and the views from Phillip Island, Mornington and Bellarine and education programs. The Phillip roads along the foreshore. Smaller Peninsulas. Other activities include Island Nature Parks has undertaken coastal settlements provide strong links wind-surfing, kite-surfing and jet-skiing. significant management actions to Enjoying the beach improve the penguins’ habitat, to neighbourhood, family and place. at Rosebud Key tourist attractions such as the Phillip Photo: Catharina Greve including the presence of rangers, Holiday-makers have for generations Island Nature Park, the coastal and travelled to the same destinations, from the acquisition and rehabilitation maritime areas of the Mornington and of freehold land within the penguin hotels to family camping areas. Popular Bellarine peninsula and St Kilda are major summer destination coastal caravan/ Ocean Grove, Portarlington and on the colony on Summerland Peninsula, Bass Coast, as well as seasonally popular Leatherjacket in drawcards for tourists, and the resulting camping sites include Rosebud/Rye strapweed and fox and weed control. sites on the Mornington Peninsula and service industries are of great economic foreshore, Portarlington, Kilcunda and Photo: Museum Phillip Island Nature Parks was in many other coastal towns. Victoria importance to both the state and Inverloch. regional economies (for example $140 awarded the 2015 Australian Coastal The region has more than half of the Recreational fishing and boating is a million per annum from Phillip Island Award in the category of ‘Planning State’s caravan and camping sites on major attraction of the coast. Port Phillip Nature Parks). See Figure 5 for some of and Management’ for the restoration coastal Crown land, with major year round and Western Port bays offer diverse the region’s recreation and tourism of the Summerland Peninsula. facilities located at Barwon Heads/ boating opportunities. The Victorian facilities. 16 CENTRAL REGIONAL 2 VALUING AND UNDERSTANDING THE COAST COASTAL PLAN

Figure 5 Economic and social values of the Central Coastal Region 2 VALUING AND UNDERSTANDING THE COAST CENTRAL REGIONAL 17 COASTAL PLAN

2.6.3 Commercial enterprise Commercial and local port authorities Commercial fishers in the region are the waterway managers for Case studies – Natural operate under the authority of a Fishery designated areas under the Marine coastal values in an urban Access Licence. The total number of Safety Act 2010. Parks Victoria is the setting designated waterway manager for Port these licences is capped. Current Jawbone Flora and Fauna government policy is for commercial Phillip and Western Port and Yarra, Maribyrnong and Patterson rivers. The Reserve and Marine Sanctuary is netting in Port Phillip and Corio Bay to a little promontory, west of the be phased out. Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 and elements of the State Planning Policy beach at Williamstown. For over 80 The Fisheries Act (Victoria) 1995 also Framework (including Clause 18.03 that years access was restricted to the provides for the management, lists port land use and development area and it was used as a rifle development and promotion of a strategies) currently guide land-use range. viable aquaculture industry. The main planning within designated ports. The Today it is managed by Parks species harvested in the bays are blue amenity values offered by ports are also Victoria and has been transformed mussels. recognised within regional growth plans. into a haven for coastal and marine The region contains the State’s largest Industrial use of coastal areas, for life right next to Melbourne. This commercial ports – the Port of example by oil refineries, steel and has largely been achieved by the Melbourne, Geelong Port and the Port Cruise ships Melbourne aluminium works and saltworks, is work of volunteers, the Jawbone of Hastings. The Port of Melbourne is Photo: Roberto Seba, reducing. There is significant potential Marine Sanctuary Care Group, with Tourism Victoria the largest container port in Australia to rehabilitate and redevelop some the help of the local community and Melbourne is a major freight industrial sites adjacent to the coast. and visitors who care for the area. logistics hub in the country. These ports This will be facilitated with adequate Warringine Coastal Reserve, contribute significantly to the Victorian planning of the industrial and land use south of Hastings, is a tribute to economy both in terms of revenue and changes. decades of community and jobs and there is a continuing demand government partnerships to for capacity. The hospitality industry places a high value on a waterfront setting for its restore the coastal landscape from The marked increase in population and visual amenity and a sense of well- cattle farm to a coastal asset and trade in the next 30 years will increase being it engenders. Commercial use of accessible window to Western freight and shipping, and may lead to the coast needs to be carefully planned Port’s Ramsar values. Today, future expansion of port facilities. to protect natural values and balance walking tracks and boardwalks Population growth will also increase the demand for coastal space with provide access to remarkable use of other marine craft, with the Fishing community values. coastal habitats including potential need to expand marine Photo: Mark Chew, woodland, saltmarsh and industries to service recreational Tourism Victoria mangrove communities that boating demand. Such facilities should support diverse animal and bird be established inland from the coast in Swanson Dock life including 25 rare species. marine industry precincts. Photo: Port of Melbourne Corporation 18 CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

3 COASTAL PROCESSES AND CLIMATE CHANGE

3.1 Natural coastal decision makers (for example the Victorian Coastal Hazard Guide 2012). processes Case study – The impact of There has been a legacy of managing the June-July 2014 storms The coast is the interface between land existing coastal hazards with hard The 2014 winter storms had and sea; it is not static. It is constantly structures, such as groynes and sea significant impact on the responding to the influence of tides, walls, to minimise erosion. These metropolitan coast particularly in wind, waves and weather systems. structures affect coastal processes: they erosion-prone areas and where Local conditions, such as landforms (for alter sand movement and the effects of repairs were required to ensure example sandy beaches, rocky headlands, wave energy and, consequently are public safety. Damage occurred to: cliffs, low-lying mud flats and estuaries) expensive to maintain. Interrupting – seawalls at Black Rock and Point also influence coastal processes. natural long shore drift of sand can Lonsdale (north) due to result in the loss of beaches and foreshore Inundation is the flooding of land by undermining and loss of sand in one area and accretion in another. ocean waters or river catchments. (remediation costs of $300,000- Erosion can be long-term (a receding Proposals for protective works on the $400,000), and rock revetments coastline) or short-term (cyclic movement coast (on private or public land) should adjacent to St Kilda Marina and of sand caused by storms and return to be considered and designed as part of west of Portsea Pier; normal conditions). When coastal a larger coastal compartment or “whole – infrastructure associated with processes have an impact on natural or of coastal cell system” rather than Storm hits Sandringham Yacht Club 2014 safe boat launching (for built assets they are considered a hazard. individual sites. These larger systems are Coastal environments can also be Photo: Werner Hennecke example Pt Richards groyne areas with the same physical affected by acid sulfate soils which The structures placed along the coast repair $50,000, characteristics and processes such as occur in naturally low lying coastal must be designed and sited in ways launching jetty and pier repairs); landforms and patterns of sediment areas such as wetlands and estuaries. that take account of coastal processes. If left undisturbed, these soils are Several coastal land managers, such as movement. They are the basis for – beach access paths and effectively managing physical hazards harmless. If exposed to air, the soils foreshore trails (for example the Bellarine Bayside Foreshore react with oxygen to form sulfuric acid Committee of Management, Phillip and establishing a consistent approach. Williamstown and Altona, which in turn can lead to release of Ramblers Road Foreshore in Island Nature Parks Board of Management This is particularly important for the other toxic elements, killing plants and Geelong, and Bellarine Bayside as well as the Department of highly modified beach systems in Port animals, contaminating water and Foreshore coastal trail $40,000- Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Phillip. Only a small portion of the corroding infrastructure. Drainage, $50,000); Crown lessees such as yacht clubs and original dune systems remain. As a excavation, drought, storm surge and the Association of Bayside Municipalities result, the natural movement of sand climate change can trigger these – caravan park flooding damage have taken the initiative to commission along the coast has been significantly reactions. The Victorian Coastal Strategy (for example Lang Lang studies on coastal processes to inform altered and the beach systems need to 2014, regional catchment strategies foreshore); decisions and address coastal risk. be artificially replenished to maintain and State Planning Policy aim to avoid – erosion of beach cliffs at Jam Applications for use and development sandy beaches. More than 20 beaches disturbing coastal acid sulfate soils. The Jerrup; and in the coastal and marine environment around Port Phillip have been artificially Victorian Coastal Acid Sulfate Soils Coastal processes and – loss of beach cliffs at Sandringham renourished in the last 25 years to offset Strategy and the Victorian Best Practice are considered under the legislative infrastructure, beach and others. framework of the Coastal Management the loss of significant volumes of sand. Mentone Guidelines for Assessing and Managing Act 1995 and Planning and Environment Photo: Werner Coastal Acid Sulfate Soils give advice about Henneke Act 1987. Improved information on identifying and managing these soils. coastal processes has helped to guide 3 COASTAL PROCESSES AND CLIMATE CHANGE CENTRAL REGIONAL 19 COASTAL PLAN

3.2 Climate change There is still a need for better information on coastal hazards, particularly at a more Case study – Port Phillip Climate change will cause many detailed local scale. There is also a need Bay Coastal Adaptation significant changes to the region’s to engage local communities in coastal and marine environments, with developing adaptation responses Pathways Project (2011-2013) far reaching consequences. within the region. The Port Phillip Bay Coastal Adaptation Pathways project, Rising sea levels are predicted to cause A number of coastal managers and initiated by the Association of increased inundation and flooding of local governments have undertaken or Bayside Municipalities with support low lying coastal areas, greater coastal are completing studies to assess the from the Municipal Association of erosion, higher storm surges, and likely impacts of coastal hazards due to Victoria and the Central Coastal higher costs of managing coastal land. climate change. The projects include Board, developed a benefit-cost In some areas, increased inundation or the Western Port and Bellarine analysis as an approach to help erosion could lead to the loss of narrow Peninsula/Corio Bay Local Coastal decision-makers plan to adapt to coastal reserves. Higher ocean Hazard Assessments and the Port Phillip climate change. Five case study sites temperatures are likely to change Bay Coastal Adaptation Pathways. ocean currents, and increased were selected which experience The knowledge gained from these local absorption of carbon dioxide is likely to coastal hazards. Government studies will allow the next phase of lead to ocean acidification, disrupting authorities, agencies, councils and St Kilda foreshore during adaptation planning. The following communities wanted to know marine and coastal ecosystems. Higher stormy weather An adaptation approach is required where needs to be considered in collaboration what ‘adaptations’ they should temperatures will bring longer, hotter Photo: there is the need to address the legacy with the local community: make, and when to make them. and drier periods, with greater threats of earlier land use decisions that have from bushfires. More intense rain resulted in coastal hazards and risk to – the need for technical material to be Four broad ‘pathways’ were applied The Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 events will cause increased riverine and property and infrastructure from erosion translated into language that across the study sites: planning benchmarks are to plan for an estuarine flooding and higher inflows or inundation. The options may include supports increased community Accommodate, Moderate increase of not less than 0.8 m by 2100 of catchment pollutants. living with the risk for the economic life involvement in decision-making; Protection, Major Protection and and 0.2 m may be used for urban infill. The high biodiversity of the region’s of existing assets, removing or relocating – adaptation options for an urban Retreat. ‘Retreat’ was not coast will be affected by all of these This also needs to allow for the combined the assets, or mitigating the risk. environment with highly modified considered to be necessary for any effects of tides, storm surges, coastal of the sites. In fact, the best changes. Inundation and erosion will The Victorian Climate Change Adaptation coastal systems and high levels of processes and location conditions when benefit-cost ratio in two of the squeeze some coastal habitats against Plan 2013 sets out how the Victorian use; and assessing the risks and impacts associated case studies was associated with immobile barriers such as cliffs and Government is managing these risks with climate change. This direction is – the need for hazard assessments to the ‘Accommodate’ pathway, infrastructure, change the distribution (amongst others) and acknowledges incorporated in all planning schemes. be turned into adaptation plans and which did not require any of some species and increase pressure the contribution by all tiers of government, actions. immediate physical infrastructure. from pest plants and animals. There is also specific guidance for decision business and communities in this work. makers to address flooding in the Central In these cases, the study found Climate change has the potential to The Climate Change Adaptation Coastal Region under Melbourne that the best course of action was increase the severity of coastal hazards Memorandum of Understanding Water’s Guidelines for Development in to work on plans, policies and by bringing about increased rates of between state and local government Flood-prone Areas and Planning for Sea community education while erosion and more extensive inundation. also identifies sea level rise as one of Level Rise. Given the current body of preparing to implement ‘Moderate Some impacts such as sea level rise are the agreed priority areas for clarification knowledge and information, an Protection’ in the future. For the gradual and occur over a long of responsibilities. other case studies, the research timeframe, whereas extreme weather important principle is the need to avoid future development in areas that are suggests that ‘Moderate Protection’ events can occur at any time and should be considered now. significantly reshape the coastline. likely to be impacted by projected coastal hazards under climate change. 20 CENTRAL REGIONAL 3 COASTAL PROCESSES AND CLIMATE CHANGE COASTAL PLAN

Case study – Bay Blueprint Case study – Western Port Local Coastal Hazard Assessment (2014-2016) The Victorian Government’s Future Coasts Program undertook four pilot Local The state government funded an Coastal Hazard Assessments to provide the best available information to adaptation project to strengthen identify how, when and where management agencies can work together to cooperation between the ten respond to the potential impacts of climate change. The three other pilot sites councils within the Association of are at Port Fairy, and Bellarine. Bayside Municipalities (ABM) and The Western Port assessment is a collaboration between the Department of other stakeholders, and to better Environment, Land, Water and Planning, , South East Councils understand the context for Climate Change Alliance, Bass Coast and Mornington Peninsula councils, adaptation opportunities in and the and the . The study area includes all round Port Phillip Bay. The project shorelines of Western Port and French Island, as well as the northern shorelines also aims to contribute to a of Phillip Island. Western Port is an environmentally significant Ramsar listed consistent regional approach to and Biosphere Reserve which is sensitive to changes in climate and climate change. It will improve the requires careful management. capacity of ABM councils to use climate and non-climate An initial broad scale coastal hazard assessment was done first, followed by assessment information and detailed local scale assessments at four key areas: enhance their skills and knowledge – Balnarring to Somers; of coastal risks and vulnerability – Tooradin and coastal villages; assessments. – Lang Lang (main drain to Jam Jerrup); and The first stage of the project has started and is due to be completed – Rhyll Inlet and Silverleaves. by late 2015. It involves developing The study focused on: a framework, based on stakeholder and expert input, which brings – inundation hazards from storm surge and catchment inflows with together relevant knowledge, modelling for various events and three sea level rise scenarios (0.2m by research and programs. This will 2040, 0.5m by 2070 and 0.8m by 2100); and clarify the context for adaptation – erosion hazards using groupings of coastal landforms that respond to options and guide a general coastal processes in a similar manner. approach for progressing climate The project showed that appropriate actions to respond to predicted climate adaptation around and in Port change impacts will vary depending on the relative severity of those impacts Phillip Bay. The subsequent stage and the characteristics of the coastline. A number of townships at low will use the framework to develop elevations will be more vulnerable to flooding; increasing rates of shoreline Bay Blueprint - a Bay Plan for 2070 to erosion are likely to occur at Balnarring –Somers, Lang Lang, Rhyll Inlet and include triggers and scenarios as a Silverleaves, and saltwater intrusion may increase in the area of the former Koo basis for adaptation options. In the Wee Rup swamp. final stage of the project, training and awareness raising material will The partnership of agencies will use the work to engage with local be developed to link adaptation communities about adaptation responses to the risks of climate change. measures more strongly to council Mangrove habitat, decision-making processes. Western Port Bay Photo: Phillip Wierzbowski CENTRAL REGIONAL 21 COASTAL PLAN

4 PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR THE CENTRAL COASTAL REGION

4.1 The Vision – topics identified by stakeholders implementation of the Regional Coastal during the consultation process as Plan. For example, sustainable funding is The Board’s vision for the region is: important; and critical if we wish to retain and maintain Treasuring the Central Coastal Region – areas where the Central Coastal Board infrastructure, improve existing - A healthy and sustainable coast for can provide leadership and influence. recreation and visitation opportunities, current and future generations. and protect and rehabilitate important The priority actions apply across both ecosystems and habitats in the Central 4.2 Regional Priorities public and private land tenures. Coastal Region. All of these regional priorities are The Central Coastal Board has identified important and inter-related (Figure 6). 3 eight priority areas as a focus for action. As a whole, they will strengthen and These are outlined in Chapters 5 to 9. improve the way we understand, Integrating coastal planning and management These Regional Priorities reflect: protect, use and manage the coast. – key issues identified in the Victorian None of the regional priorities can be Coastal Strategy 2014 which are considered in isolation. Each action is relevant for specific attention in the linked; recognising these linkages will 1 2 Central Coastal Region (see Table 1 lead to improved outcomes by Population growth – balancing Adapting to climate change and Appendix 3); access and valuing the and increased coastal hazards natural environment VCS 2014 Key Issues Central Regional Priorities for Action Integrated Actions Managing population growth 1. Population growth – balancing access and valuing the in the Central natural environment Coastal Region Adapting to a changing climate 2. Adapting to climate change and increased coastal hazards Managing coastal land and 3. Integrating coastal planning and management 7 6 infrastructure 4. Sustainable and equitable funding mechanisms for coastal infrastructure and management Protecting significant coastal Sustainable visitation and and marine ecosystems tourism infrastructure service 5. Overseeing the implementation of the Recreational and habitats 5 level hierarchy Boating Facilities Framework for the Central Coastal Region Oversee the implementation of 6. Sustainable visitation and tourism infrastructure the Recreational Boating service level hierarchy Facilities Framework Valuing the natural environment 7. Protecting significant coastal and marine ecosystems and habitats Integrating marine planning Contributing to the review of the Coastal Management 4 8 Act 1995, and development of a new Marine and Coastal Act; and new management arrangements and oversight Sustainable and equitable Promoting leadership, of marine parks, coasts and bays funding mechanisms co-ordination and capacity building

Integration of key issues 8. Promoting leadership, co-ordination and capacity building

Table 1 Central Regional Priorities for Action Figure 6 Mind map of how the priorities link to have integrated actions in the Central Coastal Region. 22 CENTRAL REGIONAL 4 PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR THE CENTRAL COASTAL REGION COASTAL PLAN

VICTORIAN COASTAL STRATEGY 2014 VISION A healthy coast appreciated by all, now and in the future

4.3 The Plan at a HIERARCHY OF PRINCIPLES – Protect significant environmental and cultural values – Development within existing modified and resilient – Integrate planning and giving clear direction environments where demand is evident and impacts glance – Sustainable use of natural coastal resources can be managed sustainably

KEY STATEWIDE COASTAL ISSUES (as identified in the Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014)

Managing for Adapting to a Managing coastal land Valuing the natural Integrating marine population growth changing climate and infrastructure environment planning

VISION FOR CENTRAL COAST Treasuring the Central Coastal Region - a healthy and sustainable coast for current and future generations

PRIORITY REGIONAL COASTAL ISSUES (as identified from Plan development and consultation)

1. Population growth – balancing access and 3. Integrating coastal planning and management 6. Sustainable visitation and tourism 8. Promoting leadership, co-ordination and valuing the natural environment 3.1 Prepare guidelines for the development of coastal infrastructure service level hierarchy capacity building 1.1 Ensure implementation of catchment and coastal management plans 6.1 Develop a Visitation Level of Service Framework to 8.1 Prepare an implementation plan for the Regional planning and management objectives and priorities 3.2 Clarify roles and responsibilities and expectations for guide local decisions, support investment and Priorities are aligned all regional agencies involved in managing the coast communicate with users 8.2 Leadership to provide support to all Central Coastal 1.2 Engage and communicate with the community especially where operating boundaries overlap 6.2 Undertake planning for visitation: Region stakeholders that will strengthen their capacity about the reasons for changes of service and use (see 3.3 Measure and report on the extent of the region that has a. Map and categorise infrastructure throughout the for managing our coast in the short and long term. Regional Priority 6) coastal management plans consistent with statewide region; and This may include: 1.3 Monitor and promote the development of public guidelines and the Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 b. Develop a service-level hierarchy for infrastructure a. Strategic events or conferences; access to the water along all suitable public land in 3.4 Ensure effective planning mechanisms are in place 6.3 Identify priority areas for visitation and tourism, in b. Support for community groups and programs; the region along all of the Central Coastal Region. Where it is particular identify: c. Ongoing updates to Regional Coastal Plan 2. Adapting to climate change and increased sensible a plan should be developed across multiple a. Resilient parts of the coast where visitation can be mapping and information; and coastal hazards land managers encouraged; d. A collaborative knowledge hub for sharing 2.1 Develop a systematic approach to prioritise areas for 4. Sustainable and equitable funding mechanisms b. Vulnerable parts of the coast where demand information about coastal and marine research in detailed coastal hazard assessments and adaptation for coastal infrastructure and management might be reduced by encouraging visitors towards the Central Coastal Region planning 4.1 Facilitate awareness of opportunities for “user pays” alternative sites; and 8.3 Promote and support work done by all local coastal 2.2 Refine methodologies for conducting detailed approaches to support coastal management c. Vulnerable parts of the coast with unique visitor and marine volunteer community groups coastal hazard assessments and integrating flood 4.2 Analyse and report on options for improved funding experiences and limited scope to reduce demand 8.4 Undertake a mid-term review of the Regional Coastal studies in coastal areas to identify high risk areas arrangements for managing coastal Crown land in the 7. Protecting significant coastal and marine Plan Central Coastal Region 2.3 Refine methodologies for local adaptation planning, ecosystems and habitats including addressing barriers to practical local 5. Oversee the implementation of the Recreational 7.1 A Central Coastal Regional perspective is factored adaptation action Boating Facilities Framework for the Central into the development of an environmental value Coastal Region 2.4 Continue, or undertake new, detailed coastal hazard measurement system and environmental accounts assessments and adaptation planning, particularly for 5.1 Facilitate annual monitoring and review of the the priority areas identified in 2.1 implementation of the Recreational Boating Facilities 2.5 Implement identified adaptation responses through Framework local decisions, for example updating local planning 5.2 The Central Coastal Board will work with government schemes, coastal management plans and emergency agencies which have direct responsibility for funding plans, and prioritising future works and/or management to identify responsibilities for implementing the Recreational Boating Facilities Framework CENTRAL REGIONAL 23 COASTAL PLAN

5 MANAGING FOR POPULATION GROWTH

Regional Priority 1 – Priority Actions Lead Partner agents By when Population Growth - 1.1 Ensure implementation of catchment CMAs, LC, CoM, PV, TV, EPA, Ongoing and coastal planning and management MW DELWP, CCB Balancing Access and objectives and priorities are aligned Valuing the Natural 1.2 Engage and communicate with the CCB LC, CoM, PV, TV, 2018 community about the reasons for CMAs, MW, EPA, Environment changes of service and use (see Regional DELWP Priority 6) The 4.5 million resident catchment population of the Central Coastal Region 1.3 Monitor and promote the development CCB DELWP, LC, CoM, PV 2020 of public access to the water along all is projected to increase by 40 per cent suitable public land in the region to 6.3 million by 2031 and to almost eight million, an increase of more than 75 per cent, by 2051. A more immediate response is to align Outcomes This will create ‘tipping points’ on the management objectives and priorities 1. Visitor infrastructure and services are region’s coast as a cumulative impact of to recognise the importance of and matched to the resilience of the so many people seeking to use the same improve marine, estuarine, wetland and coastal location; resource. There is unlikely to be sufficient waterway health. The A Cleaner Yarra Geelong waterfront 2. The diversity of visitors and their resources to provide and develop all authorities play important roles Photo: Paul Riley River and Port Phillip Bay – A Plan of needs are recognised and planned coastal recreation infrastructure to the protecting the quality of runoff Action 2012 is an example in the for; same level of service at multiple reaching coastal waters. region. This Plan responds to statewide locations. Some areas have reached example multiple use of buildings in directives from the Victorian Coastal 3. Conflicts between different uses are carrying capacity already and new foreshore areas. However, changes to Strategy 2014 and the Victorian minimised; approaches are needed for the future. recreational use and experiences will Waterway Management Strategy 2013, The hierarchy of principles in the 4. Coastal areas where there is high be needed over time. and is supported by initiatives such as The projected population increase will demand and the need for high Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 urban water reform, Melbourne Water’s place great pressure on the region’s A long term response is to concentrate service levels are identified through (see page 6) highlights that Healthy Waterways Strategy 2013 and coastal and marine ecosystems, as well recreation pressures to more resilient local planning schemes, coastal development should only occur Living Rivers Program. as other environmental values and when the principles about areas where increased demand can be management plans or Parks services that support and maintain protecting, planning and accommodated. This will require A key outcome has been the Cleaner Victoria’s plans; social, economic and cultural values. management of community and user Yarra and Bay Report Card which identifies sustainable use of natural coastal 5. Community and user groups Catchment water flow from diffuse group expectations through key environmental indicators such as resources are met. engaged about reasons for changes sources such as stormwater from urban engagement and communication water quality, wetlands and seagrass. in recreational uses; and areas can make swimming, fishing and about the reasons for change. This report card also establishes a other water-based recreation unsafe, as methodology for monitoring the 6. Actions to improve marine, The challenges will be to provide Balancing access to these facilities is well as damaging estuaries and marine overall health of the Bay and catchment estuarine, wetland and waterway equitable access for safe and clean best considered at a regional scale. habitats. Pollution and litter, particularly and identifying water quality ‘hot spots’. health are prioritised and successful. water based recreation while Carefully distributing facilities and plastics and plastic particles, can have There is an opportunity for similar protecting significant coastal service levels across the region will major adverse impacts on coastal reporting mechanisms to occur in other environmental values. The looming enhance accessibility, reduce potential birdlife and marine fauna, as well as on catchments in the region, in particular population pressures can be partly conflicts between users and identify coastal amenity. Melbourne Water, local Western Port and the Bellarine. mitigated by maximising the use of councils and catchment management vulnerable sites for protection. existing infrastructure through for 24 CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

6 CLIMATE CHANGE

Regional Priority 2 Adaptive management responses may provide local and/or private benefits, – Adapting to Climate for instance by protecting private land. Change and Increased In these circumstances beneficiaries and local communities can reasonably Coastal Hazards expect to contribute to the capital and Climate change has significant ongoing management and consequences for the Central Coastal maintenance costs of works that Region, including loss of public and protect their assets. private land and beaches, damage to There are a range of management buildings and other infrastructure, responses to coastal hazard risks. changes in coastal landscapes and Broadly, risks can be: coastal and marine ecosystems, and destruction of cultural heritage. – avoided, for example, by updating planning schemes to implement To adapt, these impacts will need to be State coastal planning policy; addressed at the appropriate scale and over different time periods. Increasing – reduced through planned retreat or protection (such as sea walls, beach ocean temperatures and acidification Middle Brighton Beach Jute matting erosion are global scale impacts; they are being storm event 2009 control, Curlewis, renourishment or improved building Photo: Werner Hennecke Corio Bay construction); addressed through international and Photo: Matt Crawley, national initiatives. Regional-scale Bellarine Catchment – shared through insurance and impacts, such as changes to biodiversity, resulting from climate change, will Network better information sharing; or fire regimes and water supply, are being cause increased rates of erosion and – transferred, for example by addressed across broad landscapes by more extensive flooding. guidelines apply unless a council’s accepting and living with the risk or state and regional organisations. The state government’s Future Coasts adaptation planning makes specific dealing with it through emergency This Regional Coastal Plan focuses on program produced guidelines, alternative arrangements. The Strategy responses. hazards that are unique to the coast comprehensive data sets and digital envisages that increased risks from Certain adaptation responses may be – coastal flooding, erosion and models to help Victorians better coastal hazards will be strategically triggered by observed changes in the long-term recession, driven by rising understand the hazards and plan for managed, on both public and private environment (for example, increasing sea levels. There is a clear need to the risks associated with sea level rise land, through regional and local height of sea walls or relocating improve regional and local planning for and storm surge. It also worked with adaptation planning. This involves the infrastructure when sea level reaches a these impacts - this Plan sets the Black Rock storm event 2009 local councils to engage their Photo: Werner Hennecke use of coastal hazard assessments to predefined height, or when specific framework for regional action. communities in investigating local identify areas of public and private land areas are flooded with a certain The primary causes of coastal inundation needs and opportunities. vulnerable to inundation, erosion or frequency). This allows certain actions and flooding are storm surges combining The Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 sets recession, and understanding how the and investments to be deferred until with high tides (especially storm-tides), the policy for planning for an increase community’s values in these areas are risks in particular locations are more extreme wave events and, sometimes, of 0.2 m for urban infill and 0.8 m by affected. Better understanding of the certain, to ensure staged adaptation. estuarine flooding. Erosion risks are 2100 for greenfield development physical processes and community values that determine hazards informs Having the appropriate authorities determined by tides, wave action, sea outside town boundaries. The Victorian engaging with the local community – levels and geology. Rising sea levels, Government’s floodplain management the assessment of future risks and adaptive management responses. the people directly affected by the risk 6 CLIMATE CHANGE CENTRAL REGIONAL 25 COASTAL PLAN

and in the best position to manage it Priority Actions Lead Partner agents By when Outcomes – is the best way to go about 1. Findings from local coastal hazard adaptation planning. Therefore much 2.1 Develop a systematic approach to DELWP CCB, LC, CoM, MW, 2016 prioritise areas for detailed coastal hazard PV, CMAs, relevant assessments are applied locally to adaptation planning needs to be led at assessments and adaptation planning peak bodies* address hazards; the local level, in close consultation with the affected community, and in 2.2 Refine methodologies for conducting DELWP LC, CCB, CoM, MW, 2016 2. Areas at high risk are identified and detailed coastal hazard assessments and PV, CMAs, relevant adaptation responses are included partnership with all levels of government. integrating flood studies in coastal areas peak bodies* to identify high risk areas in local planning schemes, coastal The map in Figure 7 shows the two management plans, and emergency areas where coastal hazards have been 2.3 Refine methodologies for local DELWP LC, CCB, CoM, MW, 2017 management plans; assessed (Western Port and the adaptation planning, including PV, CMAs, relevant Bellarine Peninsula and Corio Bay) and addressing barriers to practical local peak bodies* 3. The full range of options for adaptation action two areas within which further detailed adapting to flooding and erosion hazard assessment and adaptation 2.4 Continue, or undertake new, detailed LC DELWP, CCB, MW, 2018 risks to public and private land are planning are likely to be needed: Port coastal hazard assessments and PV, CMAs, CoM properly considered (including adaptation planning, particularly for the benefits and costs) and reflected in Phillip and the Bass Coast from Phillip priority areas identified in 2.1 Island to Inverloch. These areas have local decisions; particularly significant built and natural 2.5 Implement identified adaptation LC CoM, MW, PV, CMAs, 2020 responses through local decisions, for DELWP, SES 4. The community has a shared assets that are vulnerable to coastal example updating local planning understanding of erosion and hazards. schemes, coastal management plans and flooding risks and adaptive emergency plans, and prioritising future management responses; and The Department of Environment, Land, works Water and Planning will develop, with 5. Coastal communities and Partner Agents, a systematic regional * Relevant Peak bodies include: ABM, SECCCA, MAV and VNPA ecosystems are resilient to coastal approach to prioritise areas for more hazards. detailed hazard assessment, where adaptation planning would be The results of these hazard assessments beneficial. Priorities will be set in and flood studies, once they are partnership with local councils, developed in consultation with catchment management authorities affected communities, should be and Melbourne Water, who are also incorporated into formal instruments, working on regional prioritisation to such as planning schemes, building manage the risks of riverine and controls, local emergency plans and estuarine flooding. adaptation strategies. Additional funding will be needed to The Board will encourage continued carry out detailed local coastal hazard building of reliable data sets and assessments and adaptation planning. knowledge amongst coastal managers The Regional Coastal Plan provides the to assess emerging risks and promote framework for Commonwealth, state, continual improvement in adaptation regional, local agencies and private planning. interests to form partnerships to fund Cliff erosion at Barwon and undertake coastal hazard Heads assessments and adaptation planning Photo: Catharina Greve for identified priority areas in the Central Coastal Region. 26 CENTRAL REGIONAL 6 CLIMATE CHANGE COASTAL PLAN

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Vulnerable locations where coastal hazards assessment have occurred San Remo Muddy shores tt River Powle Western Port local coastal hazard assessment locations representative of: Sandy shores • the range of shoreline types Wonthaggi Muddy shores backed by soft/hard rock Inverloch • examples of key physical processes for inundation and erosion • a range of shoreline value classes economic, Sandy shores backed by soft/hard rock social/cultural, ecological, geological and archaeological Soft rock shores Vulnerable locations which would bene t from coastal hazard assessment because of: Hard rock shores BASS STRAIT • high social, economic and environmental assets Low lying area with potential for inundation • low lying areas subject to inundation • vulnerable coastal profile Built up areas

Figure 7 Map indicating areas for hazard assessment and adaptation planning (based on coastal instability and low lying areas) DISCLAIMER: The data used in this map is from the Victorian Coastal Inundation Dataset and the Smartline Coastal Geomorphic Map of Australia and is intended to be used at a regional scale to assist strategic planning and risk management. CENTRAL REGIONAL 27 COASTAL PLAN

7 MANAGING COASTAL LAND AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Regional Priority 3 – The Department of Environment, Land, to ensure community expectations of Priority Actions Lead Partner agents By when Water and Planning is developing coastal foreshore managers are met Integrating Coastal guidelines for coastal management and these standards are maintained 3.1 Prepare guidelines for the development DELWP CCB, CoM, LC, PV 2015 of coastal management plans Planning and plans. Coastal management plans (Victorian Auditor General’s Office should follow the Victorian Coastal report – Oversight and Accountability 3.2 Clarify roles, responsibilities and VCC CCB, DELWP, LC, 2018 Management Strategy 2014 and this Regional Coastal of Committees of Management 2014). expectations for all regional agencies CoM, PV involved in managing the coast There are over forty different managers Plan including the guiding concept of The report also identified that there is especially where operating boundaries along the coastline with many more for integrated coastal zone management potential to strengthen coastal overlap water, waterways and catchments (see to promote collaborative foreshore management by improving the 3.3 Measure and report on the extent of the CCB DELWP, LC, CoM, PV 2018 Figure 8). The complexity of the roles management across public and private governance, oversight and support for region that has coastal management and responsibilities within coastal tenure. Good management means committees of management. plans consistent with statewide management can be confusing. working across land tenures where it is guidelines and the Victorian Coastal One way to do this is to identify and act Strategy 2014 Application of the principle of sensible to do so. Better integration on opportunities to form larger, more integrated coastal zone management across larger adjoining areas of both viable and financially sustainable entities 3.4 Ensure effective planning mechanisms DELWP CCB, CoM, LC, PV 2020 will facilitate collaboration and public and private land is very such as coastal management plans are in to manage the coast. place along all of the Central Coastal coordination of coastal management important. To that end the objectives of The coast is rich in coastal values; Region. Where it is sensible a coastal across these boundaries. the coastal management plan management plan should be developed guidelines will be to: community expectations for its across multiple land managers. From this, It is important to provide clarity about management are set within the – improve strategic planning; local public land managers can put the roles, responsibilities and Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014. One of together precinct or master plans expectations for all regional agencies – support more consistent the desired outcomes for that strategy involved in managing the coast – monitoring; is for the built environment on especially where operating boundaries – strengthen local community foreshores to be confined to structures Crown land should make efficient use Outcomes overlap. The Board will support the providing significant community benefit engagement; and of that land and enhance public access. 1. Improved efficiency and Victorian Coastal Council’s work in this and to those whose functionality There may be opportunities to redevelop effectiveness of coastal managers area and ensure that important – simplify coastal approvals. depends on them being near the water. existing facilities to allow better or initiatives are not delayed by disputes including better alignment with Where coastal management plans cover Surf lifesaving club lookout towers, broader use of them (including multiple about roles and responsibilities. The Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 and a larger area, local managers may wish marina and boat sheds are examples of uses) and more appropriate use of the development of the new marine and Regional Coastal Plan priorities; to develop more detailed precinct or buildings whose functionality depends coast to benefit the community. coastal act and new oversight and 2. Improved governance, oversight master plans for specific areas or sites. on being near the water. Foreshore management arrangements for marine The voluntary efforts and the expertise and support for committees of managers need to work with the lessees parks, coasts and bays, led by the Under the Coastal Management Act 1995, offered by local coastal land managers management; of these buildings to ensure that the Department of Environment, Land, coastal management plans apply to is a great advantage in managing the siting and design of facilities do not 3. Management models based on Water and Planning, will provide an Crown land on the coast. As noted values associated with coastal land. It is increase coastal hazards or reduce sustainable revenue; opportunity to improve and clarify previously, the development of the important to make sure that volunteering amenity for other users. Decisions about future roles and responsibilities for new act and new oversight and is a rewarding and productive experience. 4. Better integration of planning and how to manage the variety of coastal coastal management. management arrangements will management between public land provide an opportunity to improve and values on the foreshore are made through managers and private land; and Clarifying the boundaries of coastal clarify future roles and responsibilities the development of coastal management 5. Strong community engagement in reserves helps to improve cooperative for coastal management. plans and planning schemes. management, including clearly planning for the coast. The Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 notes defining responsibilities where different The Department recently identified the that use and development of coastal tidal heights are used as the boundary. need for strong governance processes 28 CENTRAL REGIONAL 7 MANAGING COASTAL LAND AND INFRASTRUCTURE COASTAL PLAN

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Water corporations Balnarring Foreshore Reserve MARINE PARK AND Committee of Management BUNURONG MARINE NATIONAL PARK Bass Coast Phillip Island Nature Park SANCTUARY MANAGER Shire Council

Other Parks Victoria Coastal waters BASS STRAIT

Figure 8 Indicative map of foreshore, marine park and sanctuary managers 7 MANAGING COASTAL LAND AND INFRASTRUCTURE CENTRAL REGIONAL 29 COASTAL PLAN

Regional Priority 4 – Sustainable and Case study – Barwon Coast Committee of Management Inc. The Barwon Coast Committee of Management, established in 1995 through Equitable Funding the amalgamation of the former Ocean Grove Foreshore Committee and Mechanisms for Coastal Barwon Heads Park Committee, is responsible for the management of 13 km of coastal Crown land reserves adjoining Barwon Heads and Ocean Grove on Infrastructure and the Bellarine Peninsula. The land the Committee manages is steeply rising, well Management vegetated coastal Crown land that comprises the barrier sand dune system. Coastal managers work to maintain the Barwon Heads and Ocean Grove are year round destinations for tourists and region’s economic, social and holiday makers. The revenue from the Committee’s two caravan parks, environmental coastal values. However, including a variety of accommodation units and one seasonal camping the costs of doing this are high because ground, are essential for not only maintaining high standards for those of the intensity of use of the coast in facilities, but also for protecting and enhancing the natural environment and the region. For example, the Port Phillip maintaining a range of visitor facilities such as toilets, barbecues, playgrounds, coast receives 40 million recreational car parks and safe beach access. visits each year. These costs will In 2013-14, the caravan park and accommodation operations generated $5.02 continue to rise as managers deal with Living by the sea, million of the operating revenue for the Committee of $5.35 million. The total climate change and rapidly increasing Chelsea operating expenditure for the Committee was $4.4 million, including $2.1 populations. Coastal managers in the million on caravan park operations and $1.1 million on natural resource region are concerned about how these management. The Committee’s cash operating surplus for 2013-14 of The Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 costs can be sustained in the future. approximately $1.0 million provided funding for investment in new capital identified this issue as significant across infrastructure within the caravan parks, accommodation facilities and the coastal There are widely varying levels of the state. The Strategy calls for broader reserve, such as upgrading toilets and firefighting services in the caravan resourcing available to different (often and long term approaches to be parks, new accommodation cabins and repairs to the Barwon Heads seawall. adjoining) coastal managers, reflecting explored and analysed about setting their different revenue streams, such as priorities for, and financing, new and Complementing the revenue and operating expenses of the Committee are caravan parks and campgrounds on existing coastal protection, the valuable contributions of volunteers (volunteer capital) that are not Crown land. Investment in asset infrastructure and user facilities. This recognised in the annual financial reporting of the Committee. replacement and maintenance is often aims to better align funding and The operations of the Barwon Coast Committee of Management provide an dependent on limited government capacity with accountability. example of sustainable funding mechanisms that support visitor infrastructure grant programs. Ideally, funding models The Central Coastal Board will actively investment and maintenance and natural resource management. should account for the benefits all Williamstown residents and broader users of the region participate, and represent the views of derive from the coast. There should be stakeholders in the region, in a review of funding arrangements by the a proportionate contribution from all Outcome these beneficiaries of the coast towards Victorian Coastal Council and the Priority Actions Lead Partner agents By when Department of Environment, Land, the cost of coastal management. 4.1 Facilitate awareness of opportunities for CCB ABM, DELWP, LC, 2018 1. Sustainable and equitable funding Water and Planning, as outlined in the “user pays” approaches to support CoM mechanisms that reflect the benefits Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014. coastal management all residents of the region and its 4.2 Analyse and report on options for DELWP CCB, CoM, LC, PV, 2019 hinterland (Metropolitan Melbourne, improved funding arrangements for VCC and Bass managing coastal Crown land in the Coast Shire) derive from the coast of Central Coastal Region the Central Region. 30 CENTRAL REGIONAL 7 MANAGING COASTAL LAND AND INFRASTRUCTURE COASTAL PLAN

Regional Priority 5 – Priority Actions Lead Partner agents By when Oversee the 5.1 Facilitate annual monitoring and review CCB LC, PV, DELWP, ongoing of the implementation of the DEDJTR, CoM, Implementation of the Recreational Boating Facilities Framework recreational boating Recreational Boating industry groups 5.2 The Central Coastal Board will work with CCB LC, PV, DELWP, 2018 Facilities Framework government agencies which have direct DEDJTR, CoM, responsibility for funding and/or recreational boating for the Central Coastal management to identify responsibilities industry groups Region for implementing the Recreational Boating Facilities Framework The Recreational Boating Facilities Framework 2014 (RBFF) updates the information about the current state and Outcomes preferred future of recreational boating Mornington 1. Matching boating expectations with facilities presented in the Boating Photo: Mark Chew, strategically and safely located Coastal Action Plan 2007. It is an example Tourism Victoria facilities; of how the Board has addressed a coastal issue at the regional scale. It 2. Providing access for a range of shows that there are significant boating use consistent with the opportunities to provide a strategic Framework’s Recreational Boating approach to servicing demand for Facility Hierarchy; recreational boating that accounts for 3. Balancing boating and other coastal other values and users. uses and minimising the The RBFF provides an inventory of the environmental impacts of boating region’s boating facilities, including use and facilities; and local port facilities, and classifies each of 4. Government agencies are them into five different categories responsible for implementing the based on the level of service they Recreational Boating Facilities provide (see Figure 9). The focus is on Framework. describing a hierarchy of boating facilities that will assist facility managers with future infrastructure planning and Boating at Port Melbourne maintenance. Photo: Ross Kilborn The RBFF takes a positive step towards Queenscliff Harbour planning for the development of Photo: Department of boating facilities, including local port Environment, Land, infrastructure, to balance community Water and Planning expectations and demands while ensuring environmental and social values are understood and considered. The RBFF’s level of service approach at the regional scale lends itself to better management of all facilities. 7 MANAGING COASTAL LAND AND INFRASTRUCTURE CENTRAL REGIONAL 31 COASTAL PLAN

Figure 9 Boating facilities in the Central Coastal Region (from the Recreational Boating Facilities Framework 2014) 32 CENTRAL REGIONAL 7 MANAGING COASTAL LAND AND INFRASTRUCTURE COASTAL PLAN

Regional Priority 6 – Priority Actions Lead Partner agents By when Sustainable Visitation 6.1 Develop a Visitation Level of Service CCB DELWP, LC, PV, CoM, 2018 Framework to guide local decisions, Local Ports, DEDJTR, and Tourism support investment and communicate Tourism Vic, other with users (refer Actions in Regional RCBs Infrastructure Service Priority 1) Level Hierarchy 6.2 Undertake planning for visitation: LC, PV, CoM, Local 2018 a. Map and categorise infrastructure DELWP Ports, Tourism Vic, Coastal visitation and tourism throughout the region; and other RCBs infrastructure caters for the Central b. develop a service-level hierarchy for CCB Coastal Region’s catchment population infrastructure as well as its intrastate, interstate and 6.3 Identify priority areas for visitation and CCB DELWP, LC, PV, CoM, 2018 international visitors. Examples of tourism, in particular identify: TOs, Tourism Vic and activities are visiting the Penguin Parade a. resilient parts of the coast where Tourism Boards, on Phillip Island, attending international visitation can be encouraged; other RCBs yachting events on Port Phillip and b. vulnerable parts of the coast where Corio Bays and holidaying at caravan demand might be reduced by parks and camping grounds. encouraging visitors towards alternative sites; and Visitation and tourism is a key The capacity of the physical c. vulnerable parts of the coast with unique economic driver for Victoria. The Central infrastructure will be challenged, visitor experiences and limited scope to reduce demand. Coastal Region experiences consistent leading to environmental risks and high demand for coastal-based social pressures about how the coast is visitation and tourism. In part, this is used. These challenges can be met by a due to the year round attraction of variety of potential responses using There is a range of infrastructure that Outcomes Melbourne as a global tourism planning, education and regulatory supports, and has synergies with, the 1. Community expectations for destination and inter and intrastate mechanisms. provision of visitation and tourism to tourism and recreation matched visitation to the region’s tourism the coast – such as commercial uses on with a level of service that accounts attractions. There is also the challenge to respond coastal public land or adjacent freehold for function, risk and social and to emerging coastal tourism source land, and transport services. Visitation and tourism to the Central markets (for example Asia and India) and economic benefits; Coastal Region is expected to increase, market sectors such as nature-based The infrastructure required to support 2. Provision of sustainable public given Melbourne’s tourism status, and tourism and cruise shipping. tourism facilities also helps determine access for a range of visitation and the proximity of significant coastal Top: Chinamans Hat, the place/location’s role in a service tourism uses; features and attractions, such as Point Port Phillip Bay Strategically, the key will be to level hierarchy and the designation of Nepean, the Mornington and Bellarine Photo: Mark Chew, determine the infrastructure that is the place/location as a coastal activity 3. Designation of coastal activity Tourism Victoria Peninsulas and the Bunurong Coast. functionally important to create and precinct. precincts in coastal management Above: Boardwalk, maintain access for visitors and tourists plans and local planning schemes; St. Kilda – examples may include, car parking, The actions in this Plan will support and Photo: Roberto Seba, boardwalks and coastal pathways. state and regional tourism bodies Tourism Victoria 4. Increased potential for private sector Where practical, levels of service should responsible for planning and facilitating investment to improve coastal be functionally integrated across public sustainable tourism. management. and freehold land at particular locations. CENTRAL REGIONAL 33 COASTAL PLAN

8 VALUING THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND INTEGRATING MARINE PLANNING

Regional Priority 7 – Priority Actions Lead Partner agents By when Protecting Significant 7.1 A Central Coastal Regional perspective is DELWP VCC, CCB, LC, CoM, 2020 factored into the development of an PV Coastal and Marine environmental value measurement Ecosystems and system and environmental accounts Habitats A new environmental management Outcomes As noted in Section 2.2, the Central plan for Port Phillip is being developed Coastal Region’s natural systems are of 1. The value of ecosystem services of by the Department of Environment, intrinsic value and provide a range of coastal and marine environments Land, Water and Planning, in services that significantly benefit are explicitly taken into account in partnership with Melbourne Water, EPA human society. These ecosystems planning for coastal development; Victoria and other key organisations, to services include storm and flood and guide future investment in protection, erosion buffers and nutrient environmental works and address key 2. Coastal waters, estuaries, wetlands cycling. For example, mangroves threats. It will also contribute to and the on-shore environment of protect against wave erosion, sea grass developing appropriate measures of the Central Coastal Region are beds act as nurseries for important fish the condition of the natural features planned and managed to promote species, and coastal salt marshes and healthy rich and diverse coastal and The catchment management and values of the Bay. benthos fix nutrients and carbon. marine ecosystems. authorities in the region (Corangamite, Melbourne Water and its partnering The Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 Port Phillip and Westernport, and West land managers are undertaking a range identifies the need to consider the full Gippsland) have identified some of strategic research projects to improve values from these services, when important coastal and marine our knowledge of the Western Port making decisions about use and environmental values and threats to marine and coastal environment. These management of coastal and marine those values in their regional catchment projects will help protect and improve ecosystems. The Strategy calls for the strategies. A Cleaner Yarra River and the bay’s health into the future. development and implementation of Port Phillip Bay – A plan of action is The Victorian Government has an environmental value measurement another example of an environmental committed to reviewing the Coastal system and environmental accounts value measurement and accounting Management Act 1995 and developing a that are consistent with international system that could be replicated in other new Marine and Coastal Act which will systems. The Board will work with the areas. Victorian Coastal Council to provide the be the primary mechanism for Top: Dive Victoria, improving the integration of coastal perspective of the region in developing Queenscliff such approaches. Photo: Mark Chew, and marine planning. Tourism Victoria Cheetham Wetland and the Photo: Phillip Wierzbowski 34 CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

9 INTEGRATION OF KEY ISSUES

Regional Priority 8 – active in community education. In The Central Coastal Board has a role to many areas, volunteers are critical support coastal stakeholder Promoting Leadership, because they do much of the representations to the Minister in Co-ordination and management and maintenance of local situations that will further the public open space and recreation implementation of the Regional Coastal Capacity Building for facilities with few resources. Also, citizen Plan and the Victorian Coastal Strategy the Coast science is important for monitoring and 2014 in the Central Coastal Region. gathering better information for The Board also has a role in providing The Central Coastal Board works with all ongoing management, for example stakeholders involved in the coast in opportunities for networking and Fluker post measurements of beach knowledge exchange between different the region. This includes, local profiles. government, government agencies, groups and agencies. Our coastal statutory bodies, peak organisations The contribution of these groups is communities continue to change, and (such as the Association of Bayside driven by passion, enthusiasm and there is an ongoing need to support Municipalities, the South East Councils strong connection to the coast. information sharing, including Climate Change Alliance, and the The Central Coastal Board values the contemporary research to make the Municipal Association of Victoria), work of all volunteers along the coast most of our coastal management community groups and coastal land and will work with them where possible experience and promote innovation. managers. The Central Coastal Board Queenscliff Narrows to provide them with positive and aims to promote and lead and Gordon TAFE stabilising works rewarding experiences. understanding and engagement of all Photo: Matt Crawley, Coastal managers and community these players in achieving the outcomes Bellarine Catchment groups support working on joint coastal of this Plan. network. projects with Traditional Owners of the Community involvement in ‘hands-on’ region and should be encouraged to management (for example as part of a do so. Opportunities to raise cultural Coastcare group) and in planning and awareness should be pursued including decision-making (for example as a the opportunity to develop plans for member of a committee of management, land and sea country. Regional Coastal Board or Victorian Coastal Council) is central to Victoria’s model of coastal management. There is a broader range of groups and National Tree Day, organisations involved in monitoring, Hobsons Bay managing, protecting and restoring Photo: Coastcare many coastal values, and raising broader community appreciation of those values. These include numerous ‘friends’ groups, Coastcare, Landcare and conservation groups. For example, Birds Australia has 930 volunteers working to protect coastal bird habitat along the Victorian coastline, and is 9 INTEGRATION OF KEY ISSUES CENTRAL REGIONAL 35 COASTAL PLAN

Priority Actions Lead Partner agents By when Case study – ‘i sea, i care’ Marine Ambassador Program 8.1 Prepare an implementation plan for the CCB All partner agents 2016 The ‘i sea, i care’ Ambassador Program works with Victorian communities to Regional Priorities build a strong sense of pride and stewardship for our marine treasures. The 8.2 Leadership to provide support to all CCB VCC, DELWP, PV Dolphin Research Institute developed the program in 2001 in response to Central Coastal Region stakeholders that research showing that Victorians value the marine life in other states above will strengthen their capacity for their own. managing our coast in the short and long term. This may include: ‘i sea, i care’ promotes the key messages that: a. Strategic events or conferences; ongoing – “Victoria’s Marine Treasures are Too Precious to Lose”; and b. Support for community groups and ongoing programs; – all of us living in the catchment put our marine values at risk – we all need c. Ongoing updates to Regional Coastal ongoing to change our actions. Plan mapping and information; and The program develops ambassadors who work as peer educators, public d. A collaborative knowledge hub for 2016 sharing information about coastal and speakers and champions within their communities. It works predominantly marine research in the Central Coastal with primary schools and growing numbers of secondary schools, businesses Region. and community groups. ‘i sea, i care’ has many elements including the 8.3 Promote and support work done by all CCB CMAs, LC, DELWP, ongoing whole-year school ambassador program, the Challenge Summer beach local coastal and marine volunteer TOs program, and social research surveys conducted by ambassadors. The community groups program would not exist without critical partnerships, particularly with 8.4 Undertake a mid-term review of the CCB All partner agents 2018 Melbourne Water since 2002. Other partners, including six councils, over 100 Regional Coastal Plan schools, more than 2500 ambassadors and Dolphin Research Institute’s dedicated team who all make ‘i sea, i care’ a true community program. Outcomes 4. Stakeholder organisations (for 1. Annual progress reporting about example local government, peak implementation of the Regional groups including the Association of An ‘i sea, i care’ Coastal Plan; Bayside Municipalities, the Municipal ambassador Association of Victoria, Traditional Photo: Jeff Weir 2. Mid-term review of progress against Owners and industry groups) the Plan’s implementation plan; understand and are engaged in the 3. The Central Coastal Board provides delivery of the outcomes of the leadership in the implementation of Regional Coastal Plan; and the Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 5. Monitoring and annual review of the in the region; Regional Coastal Plan.

Boats moored at Sorrento Photo: Ewen Bell, Tourism Victoria 36 CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

10 IMPLEMENTING THE REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

10.1 Monitoring, More information will help to adapt to 10.2 Table of Actions the dynamic physical, biological and evaluation and social nature of the coast, and to protect coastal values. The proposed reporting Regional Priority 1– Population growth Lead Partner agents By when five-yearly State of the Bays report, to – balancing access and valuing the Monitoring, evaluation and reporting be developed by the Commissioner for natural environment on the condition of the coast and the Environmental Sustainability, will be a implementation of actions is 1.1 Ensure implementation of catchment CMAs, LC, CoM, PV, TV, EPA, Ongoing pivotal part of this, providing up to date and coastal planning and management MW DELWP, CCB fundamental to efficiently and information about the health of coasts, objectives and priorities are aligned effectively protect and enhance coastal bays and waterways. values. The Victorian Coastal Council, in 1.2 Engage and communicate with the CCB LC, CoM, PV, TV, 2018 The accountabilities and timelines for community about the reasons for changes CMAs, MW, EPA, partnership with the Central Coastal of service and use (see Regional Priority 6) DELWP Board and other agencies, will develop the delivery of the actions set out in the 1.3 Monitor and promote the development CCB DELWP, LC, CoM, PV 2020 a state framework to monitor the following tables provide the basis for reporting on the implementation of of public access to the water along all condition of Victoria’s coast and the suitable public land in the region delivery of actions set out in the this Plan. The Board will develop an Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014, the implementation plan within six months of the Regional Coastal Plan being Regional Priority 2 – Adapting to climate Lead Partner agents By when Regional Coastal Plan and coastal change and increased coastal hazards management plans. approved, giving more detail about the process, responsibilities and timing for 2.1 Develop a systematic approach to DELWP CCB, LC, CoM, MW, 2016 There is considerable existing undertaking the actions. prioritise areas for detailed coastal hazard PV, CMAs, relevant information about the condition of the assessments and adaptation planning peak bodies* coastal values in the region and the The Board will report annually to the 2.2 Refine methodologies for conducting DELWP LC, CCB, CoM, MW, 2016 processes and pressures that affect Victorian Coastal Council on progress. detailed coastal hazard assessments and PV, CMAs, relevant them. This includes a range of The Plan will be reviewed in 2020. integrating flood studies in coastal areas peak bodies* to identify high risk areas monitoring programs by the Victorian Government, Melbourne Water and 2.3 Refine methodologies for local DELWP LC, CCB, CoM, MW, 2017 catchment management authorities, adaptation planning, including PV, CMAs, relevant addressing barriers to practical local peak bodies* the Environmental Protection Authority adaptation action and local councils. Results are publicly reported in the Yarra and Bay Report 2.4 Continue, or undertake new, detailed LC DELWP, CCB, MW, 2018 coastal hazard assessments and PV, CMAs, CoM Card, the Beach Report, the Index of adaptation planning, particularly for the Stream Condition and the Index of priority areas identified in 2.1 Estuary Condition. 2.5 Implement identified adaptation responses LC CoM, MW, PV, CMAs, 2020 through local decisions, for example DELWP, SES updating local planning schemes, coastal management plans and emergency plans, and prioritising future works

* Relevant Peak bodies include: ABM, SECCCA, MAV and VNPA Stairs to beach at Cape Woolamai Photo: Salahuddin Ahmad 10 IMPLEMENTING THE REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN CENTRAL REGIONAL 37 COASTAL PLAN

Regional Priority 3 – Integrating coastal Lead Partner agents By when Regional Priority 6 – Sustainable visitation and tourism infrastructure service level Lead Partner agents By when planning and management hierarchy 3.1 Prepare guidelines for the development DELWP CCB, CoM, LC, PV 2015 6.1 Develop a Visitation Level of Service Framework to guide local decisions, support CCB DELWP, LC, PV, CoM, 2018 of coastal management plans investment and communicate with users (refer Actions in Regional Priority 1) Local Ports, DEDJTR, Tourism Vic, other 3.2 Clarify roles, responsibilities and VCC CCB, DELWP, LC, 2018 RCBs expectations for all regional agencies CoM, PV involved in managing the coast 6.2 Undertake planning for visitation: LC, PV, CoM, Local 2018 especially where operating boundaries a. Map and categorise infrastructure throughout the region; and DELWP Ports, Tourism Vic, overlap b. develop a service-level hierarchy for infrastructure. CCB other RCBs 3.3 Measure and report on the extent of the CCB DELWP, LC, CoM, PV 2018 6.3 Identify priority areas for visitation and tourism, in particular identify: CCB DELWP, LC, PV, CoM, 2018 region that has coastal management a. resilient parts of the coast where visitation can be encouraged; TOs, Tourism Vic and plans consistent with statewide guidelines Tourism Boards, and the Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 b. vulnerable parts of the coast where demand might be reduced by encouraging visitors towards alternative sites; and other RCBs 3.4 Ensure effective planning mechanisms DELWP CCB, CoM, LC, PV 2020 c. vulnerable parts of the coast with unique visitor experiences and limited scope to reduce such as coastal management plans are in demand. place along all of the Central Coastal Region. Where it is sensible a coastal management plan should be developed Regional Priority 7 – Protecting significant Lead Partner agents By when across multiple land managers. From this, coastal ecosystems and habitats local public land managers can put 7.1 A Central Coastal Regional perspective is DELWP VCC, CCB, LC, CoM, 2020 together precinct or master plans factored into the development of an PV environmental value measurement Regional Priority 4 – Sustainable and Lead Partner agents By when system and environmental accounts equitable funding mechanisms for coastal infrastructure and management Regional Priority 8 – Promoting leadership, co-ordination and capacity building for Lead Partner agents By when 4.1 Facilitate awareness of opportunities for CCB ABM, DELWP, LC, 2018 the coast “user pays” approaches to support CoM 8.1 Prepare an implementation plan for the Regional Priorities CCB All partner agents 2016 coastal management

4.2 Analyse and report on options for DELWP CCB, CoM, LC, PV, 2019 8.2 Leadership to provide support to all Central Coastal Region stakeholders that will CCB VCC, DELWP, PV improved funding arrangements for VCC strengthen their capacity for managing our coast in the short and long term. This may managing coastal Crown land in the include: Central Coastal Region a. Strategic events or conferences; ongoing b. Support for community groups and programs; ongoing Regional Priority 5 – Oversee the Lead Partner agents By when c. Ongoing updates to Regional Coastal Plan mapping and information; and ongoing implementation of the Recreational d. A collaborative knowledge hub for sharing information about coastal and marine 2016 Boating Facilities Framework for the research in the Central Coastal Region. Central Coastal Region 8.3 Promote and support work done by all local coastal and marine volunteer community CCB CMAs, LC, DELWP, ongoing 5.1 Facilitate annual monitoring and review CCB LC, PV, DELWP, ongoing groups TOs of the implementation of the DEDJTR, CoM, Recreational Boating Facilities Framework recreational boating 8.4 Undertake a mid-term review of the Regional Coastal Plan CCB All partner agents 2018 industry groups 5.2 The Central Coastal Board will work with CCB LC, PV, DELWP, 2018 government agencies which have direct DEDJTR, CoM, responsibility for funding and/or recreational boating management to identify responsibilities industry groups for implementing the Recreational Boating Facilities Framework 38 CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

11 APPENDICES

Appendix 1 – Public and agency consultation about the Regional Coastal Plan

1. Submissions from public consultation about the Regional Coastal Plan Stakeholders Agency/Group/Person Scoping Draft Plan Phase Phase Stakeholders Agency/Group/Person Scoping Draft Plan Community Group Preserve Western Port Action Group P Phase Phase Queenscliff Community Association P Committees of Barwon Coast Committee of Management P P Management Sandringham Foreshore Association P Bellarine Bayside Foreshore Committee of Management P Shoreham Community Association P Capel Sound Foreshore Committee P Sorrento Foreshore Advisory Group P Phillip Island Nature Parks P P The Somers Residents Association P Point Leo Foreshore Committee of Management P Wyndham Boatshed Association P P Community Group Beaumaris Conservation Society P Indigenous Group Federation of Victorian Traditional Owner Corporations P P Bellarine Catchment Management Network and Bellarine P Landcare Group Individual Bessie Tyers P BERG Mt Martha P Cassie Johnstone P Birdlife Australia P P Chris Gurney P Blairgowrie Community Fire Prevention Action Group P Chris Mitchell P Bushwalking Victoria P Dalis Law P Frankston Beach Association P Dalton Koss HQ P Friends of Edwards Point P David Curtis P Friends of Hooded Plover P David Grace P Friends of the Hooded Plover Breamlea P David Kenwood P Geelong Environment Council P Denis More P Geelong Field Naturalists Club P Ian Samuel P Mordialloc Beaumaris Conservation League Inc P Joy Button P Mornington Peninsula Beach Box Association & Port Phillip Kathleen McInnes P P Beachbox Association Kevin Chambers P Mornington Peninsula Beachbox Association P Lex Chalmers P Mornington Peninsula Ratepayers’ and Residents’ Association P P M. Fluker P and McRae Action Group Michael Norris P Nepean Historical Society Inc P Nina Earl P Peninsula Speaks P Peter Merritt P Philip Island Boardriders Club P Susie Inglis P Phillip Island Conservation Society P 11 APPENDICES CENTRAL REGIONAL 39 COASTAL PLAN

Stakeholders Agency/Group/Person Scoping Draft Plan Stakeholders Agency/Group/Person Scoping Draft Plan Phase Phase Phase Phase Local Government Council P P Peak Body Victorian Catchment Management Council P Bayside City Council P Victorian Chapter Australian Coastal Society P P P Victorian National Parks Association P P Cardinia Shire Council P VR Fish P City of Greater Geelong P P Yachting Victoria P P P Regional Statutory Barwon Water P Authority City of Melbourne P Corangamite Catchment Management Authority P P City of Port Phillip P Melbourne Water P P Frankston City Council P Port Phillip & Westernport Catchment Management P P Authority Hobsons Bay City Council P P Southern Rural Water P Mornington Peninsula Shire Council P P CMA P Western Alliance for Greenhouse Action P State Government Australian Fisheries Management Authority P Wyndham City Council P Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and P Peak Body Association of Bayside Municipalities P P Resources Birdlife Bass Coast P Department of Education and Early Childhood P Engineers Australia P Development Four Wheel Drive Victoria P P Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning P Greenfleet Australia P Maritime Safety Victoria P Heritage Council Victoria P The Hon Martin Dixon MP, State Member for Nepean P Life Saving Victoria P Office of the Victorian Government Architect P Mornington Peninsula Marine Alliance Inc P Parliamentary Secretary to the Premier of Victoria P Parks Victoria P Port Phillip Eco Centre P Sanctuary Living P South East Councils Climate Change Alliance P The Hermal Group P Victorian Association for Environmental Education P Victorian Caravan Parks Association P 40 CENTRAL REGIONAL 11 APPENDICES COASTAL PLAN

2. Agencies invited to workshops as part of Regional Coastal Plan stakeholder consultation (Phase 1 – March 2014 and Phase 2 – February 2015)

Stakeholders Agency/ Group/ Person Phase Stakeholders Agency/ Group/ Person Phase Key issues raised in Phase 1 Key issues raised in Phase 2 (March 2014) (February 2015) 1 2 1 2 Include: Include: Committees of Barwon Coast Committee of Peak Body Australian Coastal Society P P P Management Management – Improving integrated planning – Clarity about the role of, and links BirdLife Australia P Bellarine Bayside Foreshore across jurisdictions – catchments between, the Regional Coastal Plan, P P Committee of Management Coastcare Victoria P coast-marine continuum; the Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014, statutory planning mechanisms and Indigenous Federation of Victorian Traditional Heritage Council Victoria P – Adapting to climate change and P other key plans; Group Owner Corporation Life Saving Victoria P increased coastal hazards; Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria P Municipal Authority Victoria P P – Managing for population growth – Clarity about roles and responsibilities of coastal entities and their funding Victorian Aboriginal Heritage and consequent increased demand P Sustainability Victoria P Council for coastal access and infrastructure; and governance structures; Tourism Victoria P Victorian Traditional Owner Land – Providing sustainable and equitable – Adapting to climate change and Transport Safety Victoria (Maritime) P Justice Group (Land Justice P funding mechanisms; increased coastal hazards; Council) Victorian Association of P – The use of inundation maps in Local Association of Bayside Environmental Education – Matching recreational boating P P expectations with strategically and planning scheme; Government Municipalities Victorian Caravan Parks Association P safely located facilities; – Providing sustainable and equitable Bass Coast Shire Council P P Victorian National Parks Association P funding mechanisms; Bayside City Council P P – Identifying regionally significant Victorian Recreational Fishers P environmental values that are under – Valuing the natural environment Borough of Queenscliffe P P State Department of Environment, Land, threat; and integrating marine planning P P Government Water and Planning Cardinia Shire Council P P – Promoting sustainable tourism and including strong actions to protect Casey Shire Council P P Environment Protection Authority P visitor use and development; significant coastal and marine ecosystems and habitat; City of Greater Geelong P P Parks Victoria P P – Supporting coastal management – Protecting areas of geological Victorian Catchment Management and decision-making through City of Port Phillip P P P Council co-ordination and capacity building; significance such as the Beaumaris Frankston City Council P P Cliffs Tertiary Fossil site; Victorian Coastal Council P P and Hobsons Bay City Council P P – Promoting evidence-based coastal – Improving monitoring and reporting Kingston City Council P P management practices and of implementation, visitations and environmental condition to help Melbourne City Council P P decisions. planning and management Mornington Peninsula Shire P P decisions; and Council – Greater recognition of work done by volunteers and community groups along the coast.

A number of submissions in both phases of consultation also raised issues of local importance that are best addressed by local managers. 11 APPENDICES CENTRAL REGIONAL 41 COASTAL PLAN

Appendix 2 – Coastal management and planning Coastal management Coastal planning connections in Victoria (from Victorian Coastal Coastal Management Act 1995 Planning and Environment Act 1987 Strategy 2014, page 7) Victorian Coastal Strategy Victoria Planning Provisions (Private and public land) (Private and public land) • State-wide vision Standard provisions for use and • Policies and actions development of coastal land • Guidance for Regional Coastal Plans • Environmental and landscape values

STATE • Roles and responsibilities (coasts, coastal Crown land, coastal tourism, bays, waterways) • Environmental risks (coastal inundation, erosion) • Controls on development

Regional Coastal Plans Regional Growth Plans (Private and public land) (Private and public land in designated area) • Regional vision • Regional issues, threats and gaps • Strategic land use and infrastructure • Agreed integrated strategic directions directions • Support for place based management • Direction for accommodating growth • Coastal hazards • Issues and challenges REGIONAL

Coastal Management Plans Municipal Planning Schemes (Public land) (Private and public land)

• Vision for coastal reserve • Municipal strategic statement • 3 year business plan with actions • Local plans and policies

LOCAL • Land manager directions for reserve • Structure plans and settlement boundaries • Recreation and activity nodes • Coastal development policy

Public land Freehold land (managed by coastal CoMs, local government, Parks Victoria, local • Land use controls community groups) • Title restrictions • Coastal Management Act consents • Incentives • Bush tender etc.

SITE • Master plans to guide developments on coastal reserves • Operational plans • Budgets etc. 42 CENTRAL REGIONAL 11 APPENDICES COASTAL PLAN

Appendix 3 – Aligning actions in the Central Regional Coastal Plan with Key Issues and Desired Outcomes in the Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014

Note: (i) Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 Key Issues: 1. Managing population growth 2. Adapting to a changing climate 3. Managing coastal land and infrastructure 4. Valuing the natural environment 5. Integrating marine planning

Central Regional Coastal Plan Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 Regional Action Issue Key Issues (i) Desired Outcome (page) Priority 1 1 Ensure implementation of catchment and coastal planning and management objectives and 4 1.5 Catchments and water quality – Better planning/management framework and priorities are aligned collaboration (43) 2 Engage and communicate with the community about the reasons for changes of service and 1, 3 2.2 Coastal settlements – Settlements support protection of coastal values, growth to suitable use (see Regional Priority 6) areas (54) 2.5 Community participation – Local communities value the coast (62) 3.3 Access to the coast – Community access minimises safety and environmental risks (70) 3.4 Boating and water-based activities - Balance between access and environmental values (72) 3 Monitor and promote the development of public access to the water along all suitable public 3 3.2 Visitation and tourism – Diverse visitation in suitable areas, capacity guides service level (68) land in the region 3.3 Access to the coast – Community access minimises safety and environmental risks (70) 2 1 Develop a systematic approach to prioritise areas for detailed coastal hazard assessments and 2 2.1 Coastal hazards and processes – Better understanding of vulnerable areas (49) adaptation planning 2 Refine methodologies for conducting detailed coastal hazard assessments and integrating 2, 3 flood studies in coastal areas to identify high risk areas 3 Refine methodologies for local adaptation planning, including addressing barriers to practical 2, 3 local adaptation action 4 Continue, or undertake new, detailed coastal hazard assessments and adaptation planning, 2, 3 2.1 Coastal hazards and processes – Better understanding of vulnerable areas, development particularly for the priority areas identified in 2.1 siting (49) 2.2 Coastal settlements – Growth to suitable areas (54) 5 Implement identified adaptation responses through local decisions, for example updating 2, 3 2.1 Coastal hazards and processes – Development siting, no interference with natural coastal local planning schemes, coastal management plans and emergency plans, and prioritising processes (49) future works 3 1 Prepare guidelines for the development of coastal management plans 3, 5 1.5 Catchments and water quality – Better planning and management framework and collaboration (43) 2 Clarify roles, responsibilities and expectations for all regional agencies involved in managing 3 the coast especially where operating boundaries overlap 3.1 Coastal buildings, infrastructure and management – Building and infrastructure planning across boundaries (65) 3 Measure and report on the extent of the region that has coastal management plans consistent 3 3.3 Access to the coast – Community access minimises safety and environmental risks (70) with statewide guidelines and the Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 4 Ensure effective planning mechanisms such as coastal management plans are in place along 3, 5 1.5 Catchments and water quality – Better planning and management framework and all of the Central Coastal Region. Where it is sensible a coastal management plan should be collaboration (43) developed across multiple land managers. From this, local public land managers can put 3.1 Coastal buildings, infrastructure and management – Building and infrastructure planning together precinct or master plans across boundaries (65) 11 APPENDICES CENTRAL REGIONAL 43 COASTAL PLAN

Central Regional Coastal Plan Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 Regional Action Issue Key Issues (i) Desired Outcome (page) Priority 4 1 Facilitate awareness of opportunities for “user pays” approaches to support coastal 3 3.3 Access to the coast – Community access minimises safety and environmental risks (70) management 3.4 Boating and water-based activities - Sustainable network of facilities (72) 2 Analyse and report on options for improved funding arrangements for managing coastal Crown land in the Central Coastal Region 5 1 Facilitate annual monitoring and review of the implementation of the Recreational Boating 1, 3 3.2 Visitation and tourism - Diverse visitation in suitable areas, capacity guides service level (68) Facilities Framework 3.4 Boating and water-based activities - Sustainable network of facilities, balance access and 2 The Central Coastal Board will work with government agencies which have direct environment (72) responsibility for funding and/or management to identify responsibilities for implementing the Recreational Boating Facilities Framework 6 1 Develop a Visitation Level of Service Framework to guide local decisions, support investment 1, 3 1.4 Onshore environments – Access and use in onshore environments is well managed (41) and communicate with users 1.6 Heritage - Role of Traditional Owners recognised (46) 3.2 Visitation and tourism - Diverse visitation in suitable areas, capacity guides service level (68) 2a-b Undertake planning for visitation: (a) map and categorise infrastructure throughout the region 1, 3 and (b) develop a service-level hierarchy for infrastructure 3a-c Identify priority areas for visitation and tourism: resilient areas, vulnerable areas to reduce 1, 2, 3 3.3 Access to the coast – Community access minimises safety and environmental risks (70) demand, and vulnerable areas with limited scope to reduce demand 3.4 Boating and water-based activities - Sustainable network of facilities, balance between access and environmental values (72) 7 1 A Central Coastal Regional perspective is factored into the development of an environmental 4 1.1 Valuing the coast - Environment values recognised (33) value measurement system and environmental accounts 1.2 and 1.3 Marine environments (35), wetlands estuaries (38) - Planning and management of coastal waters, estuaries wetlands, onshore environments 8 1 Prepare an implementation plan for the Regional Priorities 1, 2, 3, 4 2 Leadership to provide support to all Central Coastal Region stakeholders that will strengthen 2.4 Research and knowledge sharing - Information exchange (60) their capacity for managing our coast in the short and long term 2.5 Community participation – Local communities value the coast and actively participate in planning and management(62), communities supported, community participation with best information (62) 3 Promote and support work done by all local coastal and marine volunteer community groups 4 Undertake a mid-term review of the Regional Coastal Plan 44 CENTRAL REGIONAL 11 APPENDICES COASTAL PLAN

Appendix 4 – List of Coastal Management Plans in the Central Coastal Region

1. Coastal Action Plans (under the Coastal Management Act 1995)

Coastal Action Plan Title of Plan Responsible Agent Mount Eliza to Point Nepean Coastal Action Plan 2005 Lang Lang Foreshore Reserve Coastal Management DELWP Plan 2012 Draft Corio Bay Coastal Action Plan 2005 Limeburners Bay Management Plan Boating Coastal Action Plan 2007 Merricks Beach Foreshore Reserve Coastal Merricks Beach Foreshore Management Plan 2012 Draft Committee of Management & DELWP 2. Coastal Management Plans prepared since 2005 Mornington Coastal Management Plan 2012 Draft Mornington Peninsula Shire Title of Plan Responsible Agent Mornington Harbour Precinct Plan 2013 Mornington Peninsula Shire Barwon Coast Coastal Management Plan 2013/14 to Barwon Coast Committee of Mount Martha Coastal Management Plan 2008 Mornington Peninsula Shire 2015/16 Management Northern Bellarine Foreshore Plan 2012 Bellarine Bayside Foreshore Balnarring Foreshore Reserve Coastal Management Balnarring Committee of Committee of Management Plan 2012 Management Phillip Island Nature Parks Strategic Plan 2012-17 Bayside Coastal Management Plan 2014 Bayside City Council Point Henry Foreshore Management Plan 2006 City of Greater Geelong Bonnie Watson Foreshore Reserve Coastal Cannons Creek Foreshore Reserve Management Plan 2013 Committee of Management Point Leo Coastal Management Plan 2012 Draft Point Leo Foreshore Committee of Management & DELWP Breamlea Foreshore Masterplan and Management City of Greater Geelong Plan Update 2010 Ramblers Road Foreshore Management Plan Buckley Park Coastal Management Plan Rosebud Coastal Management Plan 2012 Mornington Peninsula Shire Cannons Creek Foreshore Reserve Coastal Cannons Creek Foreshore Reserve Sandringham Foreshore Coastal Management Plan Bayside City Council, DELWP, Parks Management Plan 2013 Committee of Management 2010 Victoria Clifton Springs Coastal Management Plan 2008 City of Greater Geelong San Remo Foreshore Reserve Management Plan DELWP 2010 Dromana Foreshore Coastal Management Plan 2010 Dromana Foreshore Committee of (Review) Management & DELWP Somers Foreshore Reserve Management Plan 2014 Somers Foreshore Committee of Draft Management Flinders Foreshore Reserve Coastal Management Parks Victoria, Mornington Peninsula Plan 2010 Shire Council Stony Point and Hastings Foreshore Management Foreshore Committee of Plan 2001 Management Foreshore Management Plan 2011 (City of Port City of Port Phillip Phillip) 2011 Warneet Foreshore Coastal Management Plan 2012 Warneet Foreshore Reserve Committee of Management Frankston Foreshore Coastal Management Plan 2012 Frankston City Council Whitecliffs to Camerons Bight Foreshore Reserve Whitecliffs to Camerons Bight Kingston Coastal Management Plan 2009 Kingston City Council Coastal Management Plan 2012 Foreshore Committee of Management 11 APPENDICES CENTRAL REGIONAL 45 COASTAL PLAN

3. Other Coastal Plans prepared since 2005

Title of Plan Responsible Agent Anderson Inlet Fisheries Reserve Management Plan 2006 DPI Fisheries Victoria Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary Management Plan 2007 Parks Victoria Bunurong Marine National Park Management Plan 2006 Parks Victoria Corangamite Fishery Management Plan 2008 DPI Fisheries Victoria Eastern Port Phillip Bay Aquaculture Fisheries Management Plan 2005 DPI Fisheries Victoria Flinders Aquaculture Fisheries Reserve Management Plan 2005 DPI Fisheries Victoria Flinders Pier Master Plan 2008 Parks Victoria Hastings South Coastal Management Plan & Recreational Boating Precinct 2008 Draft Mornington Peninsula Shire Hastings Structure Plan and Coastal Management Plan 2010 Draft Mornington Peninsula Shire Jawbone Marine Sanctuary Management Plan 2007 Parks Victoria Mornington Peninsula National Park and Arthurs Seat State Park Management Plan 1998 Parks Victoria Mushroom Reef Marine Sanctuary Management Plan 2007 Parks Victoria Phillip Island Nature Parks Strategic Plan 2012-17 Phillip Island Nature Parks Board of Management Point Cook Coastal Park and Cheetham Wetlands Future Directions Plan 2005 Parks Victoria Point Cooke Marine Sanctuary Management Plan 2007 Parks Victoria Point Lonsdale Foreshore Master Plan 2009 Borough of Queenscliffe & Greater Geelong Point Nepean National Park and Point Nepean Quarantine Station Management Plan 2009 Parks Victoria Port Phillip and Western Port Fisheries Management Plan 2009 DPI Fisheries Victoria Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park Management Plan 2006 Parks Victoria Port Phillip (Western Shoreline) & Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site Strategic Management Plan 2003 Parks Victoria & DELWP Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary Management Plan 2005 Parks Victoria Rye Recreational Boating Precinct Master Plan 2013 Mornington Peninsula Shire Sorrento Recreational Boating Precinct Plan 2011 Mornington Peninsula Shire St Kilda Pier Conservation Management Plan 2004 Parks Victoria Tooradin Foreshore and Boating Infrastructure Master Plan 2009 Tooradin Foreshore Committee of Management & DELWP Western Port Marine National Parks Management Plan (Yaringa, French Island & Churchill Island) 2007 Parks Victoria Western Port Ramsar Site Strategic Management Plan 2003 Parks Victoria Williamstown Foreshore Strategic Plan 2010 Parks Victoria 46 CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

Acronyms

AAV Aboriginal Affairs Victoria NCR Nature Conservation Reserve ABM Association of Bayside Municipalities NP National Park CAP Coastal Action Plan PV Parks Victoria CCB Central Coastal Board OAAV Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria CMA Catchment Management Authority RAP Registered Aboriginal Party CMP Coastal Management Plan RCB Regional Coastal Board CoM Committee of Management RCP Regional Coastal Plan CSIRO Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation RDV Regional Development Victoria DEDJTR Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources SECCCA South East Councils Climate Change Alliance DELWP Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning SES State Emergency Services EPA Environment Protection Authority TV Tourism Victoria FFR Flora and Fauna Reserve TO Traditional Owners HV Heritage Victoria VAGO Victorian Auditor General’s Office ICZM Integrated coastal zone management VCC Victorian Coastal Council IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change VCS Victorian Coastal Strategy LCHA Local Coastal Hazard Assessment VNPA Victorian National Parks Association LC Local Council VIF Victoria in Future LPPF Local Planning Policy Framework WC Water corporation MAV Municipal Association of Victoria WR Wildlife Reserve MW Melbourne Water

Bathing Boxes, Mornington Peninsula Photo: Roberto Seba, Tourism Victoria CENTRAL REGIONAL 47 COASTAL PLAN

References and Sources of Information

AECOM (2012). Adapting to inundation Department of Environment and Primary Melbourne Water (2012). Planning for Parks Victoria (2007). Point Cooke Victorian National Parks Association in urbanised areas: supporting decision Industries (2013). Improving our Waterways Sea Level Rise – Guidelines. Marine Sanctuary – Management Plan (2014). Protecting Marine Waters. makers in a changing climate – Port – Victorian Waterway Management Parks Victoria (2003). Port Phillip Bay 2007. Melbourne, Victoria. Wakelin Associates (2009). Sites of Phillip Bay Adaptation Pathways Project Strategy. Melbourne, Victoria. (Western Shoreline) & Bellarine Parks Victoria (2007). Western Port Marine Geological and Geomorphological Report. Melbourne, Victoria. Department of Transport, Planning and Peninsula Ramsar Site – Strategic National Parks Management Plans: Yaringa Significance on Public Land – VEAC Central Coastal Board (2014). Local Infrastructure (2013a). Population Management Plan. Melbourne, Victoria. Marine National Park, French Island Marine Metropolitan Melbourne Study 2008/9. Recreational Boating Facilities Framework and Settlement along the Victorian Parks Victoria (2003). Western Port National Park, Churchill Island Marine Water Technology (2015). Western Port – February 2014. Melbourne, Victoria. coast. Melbourne, Victoria. Ramsar Site – Strategic Management National Park. Melbourne, Victoria. Local Coastal Hazard Assessment. Corangamite Catchment Management Department of Transport, Planning and Plan. Melbourne, Victoria. Parks Victoria (2013). Shaping our future. Melbourne Victoria. Authority (2006). Corangamite River Local Infrastructure (2014). Plan Melbourne Parks Victoria (2005). Ricketts Point Port Phillip and Western Port Catchment West Gippsland Catchment Management Health Strategy 2006-2011. Colac, Victoria. Metropolitan Planning Strategy 2014. Marine Sanctuary – Management Plan Management Authority (2014). http:// Authority (2005). West Gippsland River Corangamite Catchment Management Melbourne, Victoria. 2005. Melbourne, Victoria. www.ppwrcs.vic.gov.au/ Health Strategy 2005. Traralgon, Victoria. Authority (2013). Corangamite Regional Department of Transport, Planning and Parks Victoria (2006). Bunurong Marine Registered Aboriginal Parties (2014). West Gippsland Catchment Catchment Strategy 2013-2019. Colac, Local Infrastructure (2014). Victoria in National Park – Management Plan 2006. http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/index.php/ Management Authority (2005). West Victoria. Future 2014 – Population and Melbourne, Victoria. aboriginal-affairs/registered-aboriginal- Gippsland River Health Strategy 2005. CSIRO (2014) Understanding the effects Household Projections to 2051. parties Traralgon, Victoria. Melbourne, Victoria. Parks Victoria (2006). Port Phillip Heads of marine debris on wildlife. Canberra, ACT. Marine National Park – Management Victorian Auditor-General (2014). Oversight West Gippsland Catchment Department of Sustainability and Geelong Region Alliance (2013). The Plan 2006. Melbourne, Victoria. and Accountability of Committees of Management Authority (2012). West Geelong Regional Growth Plan: A Environment (2012). Cleaner Yarra River Parks Victoria (2007). Barwon Bluff Management. Melbourne, Victoria. Gippsland Regional Catchment and Port Phillip Bay Action Plan. sustainable growth strategy. Geelong Strategy 2013-2019. Traralgon, Victoria. Victoria. Marine Sanctuary – Management Plan Victorian Coastal Council (2014). Melbourne, Victoria. 2007. Melbourne, Victoria. Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014. Department of Sustainability and Ipsos-Eureka Social Research Institute Melbourne, Victoria. (2012). Coastal and Marine Environment Parks Victoria (2007). Jawbone Marine Environment (2012). Victorian Coastal Sanctuary – Management Plan 2007. Victorian National Parks Association Hazard Guide. Melbourne, Victoria. Community Attitudes & Behaviours (Wave Four) Report. Melbourne, Victoria. (2014). The Coast is Unclear – An Department of Sustainability and Parks Victoria (2007). Mushroom Reef uncertain future for nature along the Environment (2013). Victorian Climate Melbourne Water (2007). Port Phillip Victorian coast. and Western Port Regional River Health Marine Sanctuary – Management Plan Change Adaptation Plan. Melbourne, 2007. Melbourne, Victoria. Victoria. Strategy. Melbourne, Victoria. 48 CENTRAL REGIONAL COASTAL PLAN

NOTES The Beach, St Kilda, Victoria. c1920-1954 Rose Stereograph Co. www.ccb.vic.gov.au