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Histoire De L'afrique Du Sud 1 Histoire De L'afrique Du Sud

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Histoire De L'afrique Du Sud 1 Histoire De L'afrique Du Sud Histoire de l'Afrique du Sud 1 Histoire de l'Afrique du Sud L'histoire de l'Afrique du Sud est tr•s riche et tr•s complexe du fait de la juxtaposition de peuples, de cultures et d'ethnies diff€rentes depuis la Pr€histoire. La culture des Bochimans y est pr€sente depuis au moins 25 000 ans et celle des Bantous, depuis au moins 1 500 ans. Les deux cultures auraient, selon des sources limit€es ‚ l'arch€ologie, g€n€ralement cohabit€ paisiblement. L'histoire €crite d€bute avec l'arriv€e des Europ€ens, en commenƒant par les Portugais qui d€cident de ne pas coloniser la r€gion, laissant la place aux N€erlandais. Les Britanniques contestent leur pr€€minence vers la fin du XVIIIe„si•cle, ce qui a men€ ‚ deux guerres. Le XXe„si•cle est marqu€ par le syst•me l€gislatif s€paratiste et s€gr€gationniste de l'Apartheid puis par l'€lection du premier pr€sident noir d'Afrique du Sud Nelson Mandela ‚ la suite des premi•res €lections nationales multiraciales organis€es dans le pays. Pr€-colonisation L'histoire pr€coloniale est difficile ‚ relater en raison notamment de l'absence d'€crits et de la difficult€ ‚ dater des €v•nements pass€s concernant un territoire €tendu, ‚ l'€poque inconnu des civilisations La Prot€a, fleur embl•me de l'Afrique du Sud ma…trisant l'€criture et peu peupl€. Par cons€quent, l'histoire de ce pays n'a longtemps relat€ que les €v•nements post€rieurs aux premi•res explorations europ€ennes. Ce n'est que depuis une vingtaine d'ann€es que les historiens int•grent vraiment les d€couvertes des arch€ologues pour commencer ‚ (tenter de) retracer la p€riode pr€coloniale de l'Afrique du Sud. La Montagne de la Table en 1683 Histoire de l'Afrique du Sud 2 Commandos afrikaners durant la Seconde Guerre des Boers Hommes zoulous en habit traditionnel Pr€histoire De nombreux fossiles trouv€s dans les grottes de Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai et Makapansgat indiquent que des australopith€cin€s vivaient sur le plateau du Highveld il y a environ 2,5 millions d'ann€es[1]. Il est g€n€ralement accept€ que Homo sapiens, l'humain moderne, a remplac€ Homo erectus il y a 100 000 ans. Des fossiles controvers€s trouv€s dans le site de Klasies River mouth, dans la province du Cap-Oriental, indiqueraient que l'humain moderne vivait en Afrique du Sud il y a 90 000 ans. L'Afrique du Sud compte €galement de nombreux sites du Middle Communaut€ bochiman Stone Age tels que Blombos, Diepkloof ou Border Cave. Ces sites ont livr€ des vestiges interpr€t€s comme des indices de l'€mergence de la modernit€ culturelle : blocs d'ocre grav€s, perles en coquillage (Blombos), coquilles d'†uf d'autruche incis€s (Diepkloof), os incis€s (Border Cave). Histoire de l'Afrique du Sud 3 Durant le Later Stone Age se mettent en place des groupes apparent€s aux Bochimans et aux Kho‡kho‡ actuels. En l'absence de documentation €crite et compte tenu de la raret€ des vestiges arch€ologiques, il est difficile de reconstituer pr€cis€ment l'histoire et l'€volution de ces groupes. Il semblerait que le nombre des Bochimans n'ait jamais exc€d€ une cinquantaine de milliers d'individus sur le territoire de l'actuelle Afrique du Sud[3]. Ces chasseurs-cueilleurs nomades avaient un tel respect de la nature qu'ils n'ont, en termes modernes, laiss€ presque aucune empreinte €cologique ‚ part des peintures rupestres. Il y a environ 2 500 ans, certains Bochimans ont acquis du b€tail des r€gions plus au nord, ce qui a graduellement chang€ leur mode de vie €conomique de chasseurs-cueilleurs vers celui d'€leveurs. Cela a introduit les notions de richesse personnelle et de propri€t€ dans leur soci€t€, 1 = 3000 - 1500 av. JC, foyer d'origine des peuples bantous en solidifiant ainsi les structures et 2 = v.1500 av JC, premi•res migrations 4 2.a = Bantous orientaux,„22.b = Bantous occidentaux d€veloppant sa politique. 3 = 1000 - 500 av JC, €clatement de la culture Urewe Les Kho‡kho‡ se sont d€plac€s vers le sud, (Bantous orientaux) 4 - 7 = Avance vers le Sud rejoignant la r€gion du Cap de 9 = 500 av JC - 0 €clatement du foyer Congolais [2] Bonne-Esp€rance. Ils ont continu€ ‚ occuper 10 = 0 - 1000 ap. JC derni•re phase de migration davantage les cˆtes, tandis que les Bochimans, qu'ils nommaient San, sont rest€s ‚ l'int€rieur des terres. Leurs liens €taient toutefois €troits et le m€lange des deux cultures a donn€ lieu ‚ celle des Kho€san. Expansion des Bantous ‰ la mŠme €poque o‹ les Kho‡kho‡ apparaissent, des peuples Bantous sont arriv€s du nord-ouest, plus pr€cis€ment du delta du Niger. La premi•re vague de ces peuples migrants issus de l'Œge du fer, agriculteurs et €leveurs, aurait atteint l'Afrique du Sud vers l'an 300[4] pour Repr€sentation pr€historique peinte d'un €l€phant ‚ l'entr€e des grottes du Cango Histoire de l'Afrique du Sud 4 s'€tablir dans l'actuelle province du KwaZulu-Natal vers 500. D'autres ont descendu la rivi•re Limpopo vers les IVe„si•cle ou Ve„si•cle pour parvenir vers le Xe„si•cle dans l'actuelle province du Cap-Oriental. Leur migration n'€tait pas coh€sive et s'est faite en petites vagues, d€plaƒant tout de mŠme des populations de chasseurs-cueilleurs. Non seulement €leveurs, les Bantous €taient aussi des agriculteurs, ma…trisant entre autres cultures, celle du bl€. Ils travaillaient aussi le fer et vivaient dans des villages. Ce sont les ancŠtres des peuples parlant les langues nguni : xhosa, zoulou et diverses autres langues tribales. Les Xhosas seront les seuls ‚ Štre organis€s en •tats pour se d€fendre de leurs voisins. Pour tous les autres peuples, l'unit€ politique ne d€passera pas le groupe de village. Les deux cultures auraient, selon des sources limit€es ‚ l'arch€ologie, g€n€ralement cohabit€ paisiblement. Toujours est-il qu'on peut observer une int€gration d'€l€ments des cultures Kho€san et Bantoue. Outre les art€facts arch€ologiques, la linguistique r€v•le que le clic caract€ristique des Kho€san a €t€ incorpor€ dans plusieurs langues bantoues[5]. L'Arriv€e des Europ€ens L'histoire €crite d€bute avec l'arriv€e des Europ€ens. C'est le 3„f€vrier„1488, ‚ Mossel Bay que d€barque pour la premi•re fois sur ces rives un €quipage europ€en ‚ la recherche d'une nouvelle route vers l'Inde et l'Asie, command€ par le Portugais Bartolomeu Dias. Ils nomment le cap Cabo da Boa Esperan•a, nom portugais du Cap de Bonne-Esp€rance. Le 25„d€cembre„1497, un autre navigateur portugais, Vasco de Gama, explore la cˆte sud du continent et baptise une des r€gions cˆti•res du Drapeau hollandais du XVIIe„si•cle nom de Natal (NoŽl en portugais). En 1498, il contourne l€Afrique et pousse au nord-est, explorant des r€gions de l'actuel Mozambique, avant de se diriger vers l'Inde. Les cˆtes n'€tant pas propices ‚ l'accostage et des tentatives d'€changes avec les Kho‡kho‡ s'€tant r€v€l€es source de conflits, les Portugais jettent leur d€volu sur la r€gion du Mozambique. Celle-ci offre en effet de meilleurs points d'accostages, en plus de ressources naturelles int€ressantes, dont certains fruits de mer et des gisements d'or. Le naufrage, en 1647, du navire hollandais, le Nieuw-Haarlem, dont les rescap€s avaient surv€cu un an au pied de la montagne du Cap, incite les N€erlandais ‚ cr€er ‚ cet endroit un point de ravitaillement. C'est ainsi que la Compagnie n€erlandaise des Indes orientales envoie Jan van Riebeeck pour y installer une base fortifi€e. Le 6„avril„1652, Jan van Riebeeck d€barque au pied de la Montagne de la Table, avec quatre-vingts hommes ‚ bord d'une flottille compos€e du Drommedaris, du Reijer et du Goede Hoop pour cr€er une • station de rafra…chissement •, destin€e ‚ fournir de l'eau, de la viande, des l€gumes et des fruits frais aux €quipages diminu€s par le scorbut apr•s quatre mois de mer[6]. Ce territoire €tait d€limit€ par une haie d'amandes am•res dont on retrouve la trace dans les jardins botaniques de Kirstenbosch. Quand les N€erlandais d€barqu•rent, la p€ninsule du Cap €tait habit€e par quelques tribus de chasseurs indig•nes Kho‡kho‡ et San que les Hollandais baptis•rent du nom de Hottentot (b€gayeur). Dans le reste de l'Afrique du Sud, les peuples Sothos occupaient alors les hauts plateaux au sud du fleuve Limpopo (actuelle province du Limpopo), les Tsongas vivaient dans l'est (actuel Mpumalanga) tandis que les peuples Ngunis (Zoulous, Xhosas, Swazis) se partageaient la r€gion m€ridionale ‚ l'est de la Great Fish River, ‚ 1 500„km ‚ l'est du Cap[7]. Histoire de l'Afrique du Sud 5 Durant les premi•res ann€es de cohabitation avec les N€erlandais, les Kho‡kho‡s €taient bien dispos€s ‚ l'€gard des nouveaux arrivants. Des relations commerciales se nou•rent entre eux. Les Bochimans €chang•rent leur b€tail contre toutes sortes d€objets manufactur€s hollandais. Une partie d'entre eux fut n€anmoins d€cim€e par la variole apport€e par les Europ€ens.
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