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Leading Global Producer of Halloysite Clay

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Leading Global Producer of Halloysite Clay Leading Global Producer of Halloysite Clay Dragonite™ for Controlled Release of Active Agents Safe Harbor Statement and SEC Cautionary Note Information provided and statements contained in this presentation that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended and the Private Securities amended, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements only speak as of the date of this presentation and the Company assumes no obligation to update the information included in this presentation. Such forward-looking statements include information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, including descriptions of our business strategy. These statements often include words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” or similar expressions. These statements are not guarantees of performance or results and they involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. For a further description of these factors, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, included within our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, which was filed on April 15, 2011. Although we believe that these forward- looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, there are many factors that could affect our actual financial results or results of operations and could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward- looking statements. All future written and oral forward-looking statements by us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to above. Except for our ongoing obligations to disclose material information as required by the federal securities laws, we do not have any obligations or intention to release publicly any revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances in the future or to reflect the occurrence forward looking statements to reflect events or circumstances in the future or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Cautionary Note to U.S. Investors - The United States Securities and Exchange Commission permits U.S. mining companies, in their filings with the SEC, to disclose only those mineral deposits that a company can economically and legally extract or produce. We use certain terms on this website (or press release), such as “measured,” “indicated,” and “inferred” “resources,” which the SEC guidelines strictly prohibit U.S. registered companies from including in their filings with the SEC. U.S. Investors are urged to consider closely the disclosure in our Form 10-K which may be secured from us, or from our website at http://www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml. What is Dragonite™ Halloysite Clay? FORMATION: Halloysite is formed naturally through the hydrothermal alteration of various types of rocks over the course of hundreds of millions of years. Conditions for its formation are uncommon and the resulting deposits easily eroded if unprotected during formation. As a result, commercially viable deposits are extremely rare. PROPERTIES: Dragonite™ Halloysite Clay typically has a diameter smaller than 100 nanometers with lengths ranging from about 500 nanometers to over 1.2 microns. Halloysite as mined Traditional uses include fine china, advanced technical ceramics, fillers in paints and paper, food extenders, catalysts and molecular sieves. 3 Morphology of Kaolin and Halloysite 1. PLATY KAOLIN 2. STACKS OF KAOLINITIE 3. TUBULAR HALLOYSITE 4 Dragonite™ Crude Ore 5 Characterization of Halloysite 1. XRD - Mineralogy 2. XRF - Major element chemistry 3. ICP-MS – range of trace elements 4. FTIR 5. Surface area 6. Porosity 7. Brightness and colour, ISO 8. Particle size distribution 9. SEM and TEM – morphology 10. Full range of product evaluation 6 XRD Scans of 100% Halloysite, Kaolinite and Mixture DRAGON 26 100% HALLOYSITE NO MODULATION GSL BULK 5 99.2% KAOLINITE MODULATION DRAGON 22 64% HALLOYSITE 36% KAOLINITE MODULATION 7 Carbon Nanotubes versus Dragonite™ Parameters Dragonite™ CarbonTubes Diameter / length 50 / 1000 nm 2 / 1000 nm Inner Lumen Diameter 15 nm 1 nm Biocompatibility Biocompatible Poisonous 8 Schematic Representation 15 nm 0.2 -1.0 µm 7 Å Oxygen 7 Å OH group Aluminium Dragon Mine, UT End on View of Kaolinite / Silicon Applied Minerals, Inc Dragonite™ Dragonite™ Halloysite Clay occurs in nature as hydrated mineral that has the formula of Al2Si2O5(OH)4.2H2O which is similar to kaolinite except for the presence of an additional water monolayer between the adjacent layers. It forms by kaolinite layer rolling due to the action of hydrothermal processes. 9 Potential Applications of Dragonite™ 1) Paint with anti-fouling properties where marine biocide was loaded. Delivery of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and anti-microbials 2) Release of anticorrosion agents in protective coating 3) Plastic fillers (strength, self-healing) 4) Drug sustained release (cosmetics), food additives, fragrance 5) Use in advanced ceramic materials, bio-implants 6) Specific adsorbent (oil, ions), hydrogen storage 7) Templating nanoparticle synthesis and molecular sieves 8) Catalytic materials (hydrocarbon cracking) 10 Dragonite™ Microscopy Images SEM TEM AFM 11 Dragonite™ 0.5 TEM of composite with PMMA ] -1 0.4 *g -1 *Å 3 0.3 cm -3 0.2 [10 V D 0.1 0.0 0 50 100 150 200 Pore diameter [nm] Zeta potential for Dragonite™ Halloysite Clay Pore size distribution of Dragonite™ lumen obtained from N2 (middle curve), silica (blue), and alumina (red) adsorption measurements analyzed with BET model nanoparticles 12 Dragonite™ - Biocompatible & “Green” CLSM images of Dragonite™ (functionalised by APTES) intracellular uptake by HeLa cells. (Up) Hoechst- fluorescence of nuclei (blue) (left) and FITC-fluorescence (green) of Dragonite™ +APTES (right). (down) Transmission image of HeLa cells and (down) FITC Fluorescence Dragonite™+APTES and HeLa nuclei (blue) overlayed images (right). Applied Minerals Inc., Dragon Mine Making Dragonite™ Tube Fluorescent With Aminopropyl Triethoxysilane-FITC Trypan Blue test of Dragonite™ in HeLa (and MCF-7 tissue cells. % Cell Viability vs Dragonite™ concentration for 24-48-72 hours. It is much less toxic than usual table salt - NaCl (which kills cells at concentration of 5 µg/ml) 13 Release Profiles for Drug Loaded Into Dragonite™ in Water (10-hour release) 0.018 Unloaded Halloysite 0.016 Dexamethasone loaded Mercury porosimetry 0.014 halloysite of Dragonite™ 0.012 Halloysite Clay 0.010 unloaded and loaded 0.008 with drugs 0.006 Pore Volume in mL/g/nm 0.004 50 0.002 0.000 45 10 100 1000 Pore Diameter in nm 100 Brilliant Green 40 80 35 60 30 25 Release (%) 40 Dexamethasone from halloysite 20 Dexamethasone crystals % Release % Furosemide from halloysite 20 15 Furosemide crystals Nifedipine from halloysite 0 10 Nifedipine crystals 0 100 200 300 400 Dexamethasone Model Time (Min) 5 Nifedipine model Furosemide Model 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time in hr 14 Protein Loading / Release in Water %Release of Urease from Halloysite 100 80 80 Insulin Halloysite Insulin crystal 60 60 40 40 % Release % 20 Release (%) 20 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (hrs) Time in Hours % Release of Peroxidase from Halloysite % Release ofCatalyse from Halloysite 80 100 60 80 60 40 40 % Release % 20 20 % Release % 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 -20 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Time in hours Time in hours Low charged at neutral pH insulin ( 2 nm diameter , pKa 7.1), urease ( 6 nm, pKa 6.2), and positive at neutral pH peroxidase (diameter ca 3.5 nm, pKa 8) show faster release than negative catalase (9 nm diameter, pKa 5.5), glucose oxidase (7 nm, pKa 4.2), and acetylcholinesterase (diameter ca 8 nm, pKa 5.5). 5-10 hours versus 100-150 hours 15 General Procedure for Preparation of Dragonite™ Halloysite Clay-Paint Composite for Corrosion Protection Initial Halloysites Inhibitor Loading Washing Nanocontainers in Hybrid Incorporation into Coating Polyelectrolyte Shell Assembly Coating 16 Dragonite™ in Paint Layer Protective chemicals (corrosion inhibitors, antifouling agents) slowly release from the Dragonite™ tubes when cracks occurred 17 Benzotriazole Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism Corrosion process is going on in the absence of corrosion inhibitor Benzotriazole effectively stops copper from corrosion Structure of benzotriazole by forming protective layer on the surface of the metal iron (II) and copper benzotriazole complex 18 Self-Healing Coatings Polyurethane paint after 6 month of exposure to 30g/L NaCl Dragonite™-Paint composite, loaded with 8-hydroxyquinoline Dragonite™-Paint composite, loaded with benzotriazole 19 Halloysite-Paint Composite Tensile Properties Epoxy Polyurethane 2.5 0% halloysite 3 1% halloysite 2 2% halloysite 2.5 5% halloysite 0% 10% halloysite 2 1% 1.5 30% halloysite 2% 1.5 1 5% 10% 1 Stress (MPa) Stress 0.5 Stress (MPa) 0.5 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 Strain (%) Strain (%) Halloysite is readily mixed with a variety of metal protective coatings, which is an important advantage. Above -stress-strain characteristics of halloysite-paint composites with different halloysite concentration. 20 Dragonite™-Paint Composite Surface Properties 100 Polyurethane 90 Polyepoxy 80 70 60 Contact angle Contact 50 40 0 2 4 6 8 10 Halloysite concentration (wt%) Water contact angles on Dragonite™-paint composite surfaces 21 Paint Adhesion Test on 2024 Al Plate Epoxy Polyurethane 22 Paint Resistance to Rapid Deformation 7 A366 Fe alloy 6 2024 Al alloy 5 4 3 2 Deformation energy (J) Deformation energy 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Halloysite concentration (%) Epoxy samples after impact without (left) and with (right) 3% Dragonite™ loading. The Dragonite™ prevented cracking of the 23 epoxy material. Controlling Release Rates • Release rate may be controlled by geometry of Dragonite™ Halloysite Clay (tubes with smaller internal diameters provide longer release).
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