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Selected Mycotoxins : Ochratoxins, Trichothecenes, Ergot (Environmental Health Criteria ; 105) L.Ochratoxins 2.Trichothecenes 3.Ergot Alkaloids I

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Selected Mycotoxins : Ochratoxins, Trichothecenes, Ergot (Environmental Health Criteria ; 105) L.Ochratoxins 2.Trichothecenes 3.Ergot Alkaloids I Other titles available in the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA series include: I. Mercury'! 37. Aquatic (Marine and 2. Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Freshwater) Biotoxins Terphenyls 38. Heptachlor 3. Leada 39. Paraquat and Diquat 4. Oxides of Nitrogena 40. Endosulfan 5. Nitrates, Nitrites, and 41. Quintozene N-Nitroso Compoundsa 42. Tecnazene 6. Principles and Methods for 43. Chlordecone Evaluating the Toxicity of 44. Mirex Chemicals, Part 1 45. Camphechlor 7. Photochemical Oxidants 46. Guidelines for the Study of 8. Sulfur Oxides and Suspended Genetic Effects in Human Particulate Matter Populations 9. DDT and its Derivatives 47. Summary Report on the 10. Carbon Disulfide Evaluation of Short-term Tests II. Mycotoxins for Carcinogens (Collaborative 12. Noise Study on In Vitro Tests) 13. Carbon Monoxide 48. Dimethyl Sulfate 14. Ultraviolet Radiation 49. Acrylamide 15. Tin and Organotin Compounds 50. Trichloroethylene 16. Radiofrequency and Microwaves 51. Guide to Short-term Tests for 17. Manganese Detecting Mutagenic and 18. Ars~jnic Carcinogenic Chemicals 19. Hydrogen Sulfide 52. Toluene 20. Selected Petroleum Products 53. Asbestos and Other Natural 21. Chlorine and Hydrogen Mineral Fibres Chloride 54. Ammonia 22. Ultrasound 55. Ethylene Oxide 23. Lasers and Optical Radiation 56. Propylene Oxide 24. Titanium 57. Principles of Toxicokinetic 25. Selected Ra<Jionuclides Studies 26. Styrene 58. Selenium 27. Guidelines on Studies in 59. Principles for Evaluating Enviroqmental Epidemiology Health Risks from Chemicals 28. Acrylonitrile During Infancy and Early 29. 2,jl{- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Childhood: The Need for a Ac1d (2,4-D) Special Approach 30. Principles for Evaluating 60. Principles and Methods for the He~th Ri,sks to Progeny Assessment of Neurotoxicity Assoeiated with ~xposure to Associated With Exposure to Chemicals during Pregnancy Chemicals 31. Tetrachloroethyl~ne 61. Chromium 32. Methylene Chloride 62. 1,2-Dichloroethane 33. Epichlorohydrin 63. Organophosphorus Insecticides 34. Chlordane - A General Introduction 35. Extremely Low Frequency 64. Carbamate Pesticides - (ELF) Fields A General Introduction 36. Fluorine and Fluorides 65. Butanols - Four Isomers a Out of print continued inside back cover This report contains the collective views of an in­ ternational group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the Interna­ tional Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 105 SELECTED MYCOTOXINS: OCHRATOXINS, TRICHOTHECENES, ERGOT Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Organization Geneva, 1990 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Selected mycotoxins : ochratoxins, trichothecenes, ergot (Environmental health criteria ; 105) l.Ochratoxins 2.Trichothecenes 3.Ergot alkaloids I. Series ISBN 92 4 157105 5 (NLM Classification: QW 630) ISSN 0250-863X © World Health Organization 1990 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoycopyrightprotection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications, in part or in toto, application should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed orrecommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. Computer typesetting by HEADS, Oxford OX7 2NY, England PRINTED IN FINLAND Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy 90/8600 - VAMMALA - 5000 This report contains the collective views of an in­ ternational group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the Interna­ tional Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 105 SELECTED MYCOTOXINS: OCHRATOXINS, TRICHOTHECENES, ERGOT Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Organization Geneva, 1990 . The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Selected mycotoxins : ochratoxins, trichothecenes, ergot (Environmental health criteria ; 105) l.Ochratoxins 2.Trichothecenes 3.Ergot alkaloids I.Series ISBN 92 4 157105 5 (NLM Classification: QW 630) ISSN 0250-863X © World Health Organization 1990 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications, in part or in toto, application should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. Computer typesetting by HEADS, Oxford OX7 2NY, England PRINTED IN FINLAND Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy 90/8600 - VAMMALA - 5000 CONTENTS Page ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR SELECTED MYCOTOXINS: OCHRATOXINS, TRICHOTHECENES, AND ERGOT . 11 INTRODUCTION . 13 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH . 15 1. Ochratoxin A . 15 1.1 Natural occurrence . 15 1.2 Analytical methods . 15 1.3 Metabolism . 15 1.4 Effects on animals . 16 1.5 Effects on man . 17 2. Trichothecenes . 17 2.1 Natural occurrence ................. 17 2.2 Analytical methods . 18 2.3 Metabolism . 18 2.4 Effects on animals . 19 2.5 Effects on man . 20 3. Ergot ....................... 21 3.1 Natural occurrence . 21 3.2 Analytical methods . 22 3.3 Effects on animals . 22 3.4 Effects on man . 22 4. Recommendations for further research . 23 4.1 General recommendations . 23 4.2 Ochratoxin A . 23 4.3 Trichothecenes . 24 4.4 Ergot . 25 3 Page I. OCHRATOXINS . .... 27 1.1 Properties and analytical methods . 29 1.1.1 Chemical properties . 29 1.1.2 Methods for the analysis of foodstuffs and biological samples . 30 1.2 Sources and occurrence . 33 1.2.1 Fungal formation . 33 1.2.2 Occurrence in foodstuffs . 35 1.2.2.1 Plant products .......... 35 1.2.2.2 Residues in food of animal origin . 39 1.3 Metabolism . 44 1.3.1 Absorption . 44 1.3.2 Tissue distribution . 45 1.3.2.1 Animal studies 45 1.3.2.2 Studies on man . 46 1.3.3 Metabolic transformation . 46 1.3.4 Excretion . 47 1.4 Effects on animals . 50 1.4.1 Field observations . 50 1.4.1.1 Pigs . 50 1.4.1.2 Poultry .............. 51 1.4.2 Experimental animal studies ...... 51 1.4.2.1 Acute and chronic effects . 51 1.4.2.2 Teratogenicity
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