AUGUST 1957 No. t6 Left: 1945: The Chinese Peo- ple's Liberation Army brings back damaged Japanese planes to re- pair-most of them no good for anything but training Hslnhua Neus AgencA photo

Belout: Today: China has built up an aircraft industry of her own. The as- sembly shop in an air- craft works Pkoto bu Lln Yang

Chino's Aircroft Industry-Yesterdoy qnd Todoy

ltr{ t),* q PEOPLES CHINA

No. 76, 1957 August 16 CONTENTS

SOCIALISI,I - TIIE WILL OF THE CHINA AND TIIE CI{INESE PEOPLE Chao WORLD 40 - Ching-tun Who Is Undermining the Geneva RIGHT-WING COTERIE E)Egypt,s War of BACK COVER: PotterV Lion from. Shih- Resistance uan Tounship, Kuangtung

From the Editor's Desk

In our two previous issues we have demn the words and actions of the right- given you some information about the wing elements and prove that China must Chinese people's repudiation of the bour- flrmly take the socialist road under the geois rightists who took advantage of the lcadership of the Chinese Comrnunist Communist Party's "rectification cam- Party. The congress session demonstrated paign" to launch a wanton political attack the uniby of the Chinese people and was on the leadership of the Party and the indeed a success. Our correspondent's nation's socialist cause. Beginning in June, articie in this number describes this im- the refutation from people in all walks portant session of the NPC. of life soon developed into a nation-widc During the ferocious attack of the movement. As a matter of fact the rightists, Chang Po-chun and Lo Lung-chi, rightist attack and the refutation by the both Vice-Chairmen of the China Demo- people represent a tense struggle carried cratic League and government ministers, out in the political and ideological aspects were ring-leaders. Hu Yu-chih, Secretary- of the socialist revolution, the economic General of the China Democratic League, part rvhich of v'as in the main completed gives a detaiied study of the Chang-Lo in 1956. It is still a fundamental struggle alliance. We hope these two articles will between capitalism and socialism bub it further help you to get a better under- takes place in the domain of politics and standing of the fight between the Chinese ideology. That is why the whole nation is people and the bourgeois rightists. involved. lYith a huge amount of socialist con- That is why, too, when the annual struction going on in the country, China session of the National People's Congress has an increasing need of trained person- was held on June 26-JuIy 15 it dealt with nel, "360,000 College Graduates in Eight the rightists. There on the rostrum peo- Years" tells how China's universities and ple's deputies f::om all parts of the coun- colleges train young technicians and ex- try cited numerous facts to refute and con- perts to help build our country. Socialism-the WilI of the Chinese People

- The Struggle Against the Bourgeois Rightists at the National People's Congress

Chao Ching-lun Our Comespondent nN JUNE 26, a hot Peking summer day, mation in the minds of the Chinese people, \J more than a thousand deputies to particularly of the bourgeoisie and the China's National People's Congress met for bourgeois intellectuals, is far from over. So its fourth annual session. It was an unusual the class struggle in our country has not one; for it took place at the height of the yet ended. nation's struggle against the bourgeois rightists. The deputies were gathering to A Cloud in the Sky review the achievements of the past year, We were sharply reminded of this in examine its shortcomings and work out the spring, when for several weeks dark future tasks. They had also come together clouds drifted over the Chinese sky, and to give battle to the slanderers and adver- there was a commotion in the political life saries of sociaUsm. of the country. Blowing up the storm were Three years earlier, in this same im- a handful of bourgeois rightists who did not posir-rg Huai Jen Tang Hall, these same want to see China proceed along the so- elected representatives had voted to adopt cialist road, and rallied around the alliance the Constitution of the Chinese people,s of Chang Po-chun and Lo Lung-chi. Chang Republic-the flrst people's fundamental Po-chun. Minister of Communications, is law in the nation's history. The Constitu- Chairman of the Chinese Peasants and tion lays down China's road to socialism, Workers' Democratic Party and Vice-Chair- with the Communist Party in the lead. man of the China Democratic League. Lo During the past two years, the tide of so- Lung-chi, another Vice-Chairman of the cialist transformation has been in full flow. Democratic League, is Minister of Timber The great majority of China's peasants and Industry. These two men brushed aside handicraft workers have jcined co-opera- the Constitution that they had them- tives; virtually aII capitalist firms have come selves voted for. They and their adherents under joint state-private operation. Now launched a long-premeditated attack on the socialist revolution-the most radical rhe Chinese Communist Party and break with the past in human history-has socialism. This effort was intended to been peacefully acccmplished, at amazing create chaos in the country and push it back, speed, in China-a huge country with 600 when the time came, to the capitalist road. million people. The people, when they saw what was The socialist transformation of the happening, wouid have none of this. They ownership of the means of production has fought back resolutely. An acute class been mainly completed. But the transfor- struggle ensued. This class struggle was in

4 People's Chino munist leadership. Like the enemies of socialism at every other time and place, they had their own dictionary of slander. To them bureaucracy was a synonym for socialism, sectari- anism for proletarian dictator- ship, doctrinairism for Marxism The alliance of Chang Po- chu.n and Lo Lung-chi served the rightists as a national head- ,,,,,,,:,,,::,,:,,,: quarters (for more facts, see .: ,r.:. "Right-Wing Coterie Exposed" Cha Yi-ping, deputy from Anh\.vei Province, refuting Chang in this issue-Ed.). Another of Po-chun's (1st leftt reactionary worrls and cleerls at a group i;heir chieftains was Chang Nai- meeting Photo bA Meng Ching-piao chi, then Vice-Chairman both of the China Democratic National fact the continuation, in the fleld of Construction Assoc,iation and of the Al1- politics and ideoiogy, of the socialist revolu- China Federation of Industry and Com- tion of 1956 i,r,hich had already changed the merce. His line was to befuddle the orvnership of the rrreans of prcduction. capitalists by selling them the idea that the It rvas in lVIay tl-rat the all-out attack flxed interest from their share in the state- by the rightists began. They launched this private enterprises was no longer exploita- diversion after the opening of the Com- tion, that there was already no difference munist Party's "rectification campaign,, between them anC the working class, that against bureaueracy, sectarianism and sub- it was therefore not necessary for them to jectivism in its own ranks.* Members of continue with their socialist re-education or the various clemoci:atic parties, non-Party to accept working-cIass leadership. intellectuals, business men and industrialists helped A few members of the other demo- the Cornmunists in this campaign cratic parties r,vith constructive criticism. slandered the Soviet Union, The Com- tried to sow discord in Sino-Soviet relations, munist Party and the people at large were spread false reports to discredit move- forging ever closer bonds the of unity and ment for weeding out counter-revolution- rnutual understar:ding. aries which is necessary consotrida- was to the It at this very moment that the tion of a people's democratic bourgeois rightists picked their system, or time for Iibelled the Communist Party, calling a action. Crazed by ambition. it they thought "universal monopolist." Among them were theSz could instigate some kind of "Hun- Lung Yun and Huang Shao-hsiung, mem- garian events" China. use in it to usurp bers of the Revolutionary Committee of the the leading place of the Communist Party, anC Kuomintang, both of whom had at one time turn the country back towards been provincial governors army capitalism. and generals under Chiang Kai-shek. The Rishtist Attaek Another was Chu An-ping, a member Pretending to be helping the Com- of the Chiu San Society and editor of the munist Party rvith the rectification, the Kuangming Jihpao, who had joined the rightists magnified every shortcoming and Chang-Lo aIliance. mistake. They ignored the great achieve- A very few individuals belonging to no ments the people had made under Corn- party also raised the rightist flag. Ko pei- chi, a lecturer at *See the China People,s Uni- People's China, No. 13, 1952. versity who had formerly been a major-

August 16, 1957 general in the Kuomintang army, flatly This lasted 20 days, and the voice of the denied the fact of the improvement of the Chinese people, speaking loudly for social- Iiving conditions of the people since China's ism, fiIIed the great congress haI1. What liberation. Gnashing his teeth, he publicly had the people already achieved along the threatened to "kill the Communists." socialist road? Their gains were related in Premier Chou En-Iai's report to the con- A Movement Against the Rightists gress on the work of the government (see supplement to People's China, No. 14, 1957), Small in number, the rightists were and in oiher reports on economic affairs. no more than bits of rotting flotsam on During her First Five-Year Plan, China had ihe ocean of the peoPle. For a brief done more in industrial development than moment, however, they succeeded in agitat- in several decades before the liberation. In ing the sea. How could this have happened? 1953-57 she produced 16.3 million tons of Chairman lv[ao Tse-tung had declared in steel, as compared to 7.6 million for the his famous speech "On the Correct whoie half-century between 1900 and 1949. Handling of Contradictions Among the Peo- Jet planes, motor lorries, giant power- ple," that the revolutionary consciousness generators and machine tools of the latest of tt e masses must be exposed to the fury type-a1l these things, which old China of the elements, not fostered in hothouses. could not dream of making, are now coming Standing on this principle, the Communist out of our factories. Party decided not to return the blow's of rightists for a whiIe. It In 1956, despite the worst natural this handful of calamities in scores of years, China's peas- people ful1y recognize their wanted the to ants, newly organized into co-operatives on the necessar5/ true colours and draw a nation-wide scaIe, produced 2,740 million Iessons. yuan's worth more farm products than in The situation soon became clear. Just 1955-an increase greater than the average as exploitation was about to be ful1y elimi- annual increase in the previous three years. nated, just as the people had begun to free By 1956, too, the purchasing power of themselves from poverty and live happily China's peasants was 136 per cent above and weII, the rightists made an effort to that of 1950. And in the same year, aver- push the country back-to switch it to the age workers'wages were up 37 per cent as ieturn route that would inevitably lead to compared with 1952. the old miserable, semi-colonialism. Realiz- Premier Chou, in his report, gave ing this, the people could not contain their serious attention to some shortcomings in anger. During the early part of June, government work. At a time when the the workers, from one end of the country Chinese people are performing great labours to the other, Iaunched a roar of protest. So never attempted in the past, some difficul- did the peasants and other strata of society. ties are bound to arise, some mistakes are Most government functionaries, and most inevitable. But the people see these quite members of the democratic parties, fought differently from the rightists. Pei Ah-chien, Pro'n ince firmly against the black sheep in their ranks. a congress deputy from Yunnan These parties met to adopt anti-rightist who is of Lisu nationality, aptly described flnd one resolutions and began "rectiflcation cam- the rightist attitude: "When they paigns" of their own, to criticize anti- stitch of black wool in a white blanket, they and anti-socialist ideas. A say the blanket is black. With a straw Communist they want to halt the socialist torrent." nation-wide, vigorous movement against the rightists swung into action. Workers Sperrk Up It was just at this time, from June 26 Deputy after deputy got up to substan- to July 15, that the National People's Con- tiate China's progress with facts from real gress went into annual session. life. "We used to send our turbine-genera-

6 People's China tors abroad for repair," said Chu Shun-yu, a Shanghai worker. "Now my factory can not only repair but make them. We're turn- ing out 25,000-kw. models and soon there'll be one of b0,000 kw.,, Before the liberation, Chu said he had rented and driven a pedicab (tricycle rickshaw), and paid 60 per cent of what he got in fares to its owner. Over- worked, with never enough to eat, he had become pale and thin-he could not even afford rice, only beans, for his wife when she was pregnant. And now? "You can see from my Li Yu-hsiu, depu{y from I{iangsi and Chairman of appearance," Hsiaochi Farming Co-op in Hsingkuo County, refuting Lo said Chu Shun-yu, Lung-chi's (1st ri.ghtl words and acts against socialism who looks the picture of health Photo bA Meng Ching-piao today, "how much better life has become." one. Our hearts beat as one. We can no And here is the story of Ma Liu_hai. more be separated than the tongue from the miner and deputy from Shansi province. teeth. If the rightists try to knock out the He was only ten when he flrst went down teeth, pluck out the tongue, destroy social- the pits, crawling up and down the dark ism, we workers wiII lift our hammers and tunnels with a basket of coal on his shoulder. fight." Peaso.nts' Stoty Chang Hui-ting, a peasant, is a deputy from northern Anhwei Province, on the Huai River, where natural calamities have been frequent from time immemorial. he had worn He anything but rags, so he did is more used to ploughing than to making not even understand how to button up the speeches his notes took him a whole coat-and had day to ask help from the trade to write up,- and he read from them syltable union chairman. by syllab1e. But how many poor peasants In 1953, Ma Liu-hai, who had never had in o1d China could read or write at a1l? any schooling before, was sent to a special And could any of them dream of address- workers and peasants' middle school in pe- ing the highest assembly of the state? yet king. When he returned to his colliery a in the congress Chang, a plain tiller of the fresh transformation awaited him. He found soi1, stood up and talked as a master does flne new hostels and cottages for the in his own house. Perhaps that was what miners. Today his income is thirty times the bourgeois rightists could least stomach. what it was before the liberation. His When family lives in comfort. One can areas north of the Huai River under- were inundated in 1981, stand what workers like Ma Liu-hai feel, more than a quarter-century ago, Chang said, hearing rightist appeals to turn back. They 68 families in his village had fled know who has brought them the new life. elsewhere, 12 people had frozen or starved to death, many "We workers and the Communist families had sold their children. in 1954, Party," ,,live said Deputy Chu Shun-yu, as the floods were more severe than in 1g31.

August 16, 1957 But this time, the Communist Party and no place for bureaucracy, sectarianism and the People's Government led the peasants subjectivism. in flnding work to tide .over the calamity. Real facts in China testify to the truth Not a man in Chang's village fled or had to in Premier Chou's words. The Communist beg for a living; no one starved; and that Party, in launching its "rectifi.cation cam- no children were sold goes without saying. paign," mobilized the people to come out Talking about co-operative farming, boldly and openly in uncovering and criti- Chang told the congress that the co-op to cizing the errors of government organs and which he belonged had stopped payment on functionaries, so that these could be land shares and become fully socialist corrected. When has a leading party in a (with all income derived from labour) in capitalist country ever done such a thing? the autumn of 1955. Despite crop damage The people who have lived in New from excessive rain and gales in 1956, it had China for eight years value what they have. produced 25 per grain cent more than before At the congress, deputies of all origins had ir changed over. Chang poured scorn on the their say workers, peasants, intellectuals, rightists who talked of agricultural co- wolnen, members- of the national minorities operation as a failure and said that peasants and capitalists. While crying down the are worse off than they used to be. rightists, they made many helpful criticisms "It makes me wonder," he said, on the work of the government. Altogether "whether those who speak that way are at the session 243 proposals were made for really people's deputies and ministers. Why improvements in various aspects of our dE do they sound exactly like landlords or national life. rich peasants?" The Democratic Pdrties Does Socialism Breed Bureaucracy? Congress deputies from the democratic The preachers and would-be restorers parties spoke with great indignation against of capitalism had one audience who they the rightist attacks on the constitutional thought would be responsive the mem- order in China. bers of the democratic parties.- the intel- Wu Han, a historian who is Chairman lectuals and the capitalists. One way in of the Peking Committee of the China which they hoped to get a hearing was to Democratic League, took Chang Po-chun equate the proletarian state with bureau- and Lo Lung-chi to task at one of the fulI cracy, etc., and to extol bourgeois political sessions. As national vice-chairmen of the forms at its expense. Premier Chou En-Iai, League, he said, they had violated its own in his report to the congress, rebuffed them rules as well as the Constitution by trying in a fundamental way: to set up a policy-making organ above the In a country of bourgeois dictatorship, National People's Congress and the Com- state organs are means by which the bour- munist Party. The course they advocated geoisie oppress and exploit the masses. They wds against the overwhelming sentiment are fundamentally opposed to the interests of of the people, including most members of the people. In these state organs, bureau- the Democratic League. They, Wu Han cracy, sectarianism and subjectivism are not said, had never supported the criminal only unavoidable but also ineradicable. The schemes of the Chang-Lo alliance. They case wrth our state organs is entirely different. could not tolerate the misuse of the Socialism is the common cause of the whole prestige and organization of the League, a people, undertaken under the leadership of legal party, as a screen for illegal activities the working class. A socialist country must constitutionally-established and can mobilize the broadest masses of the against the people to take part in the management and system. supervision of state affairs. That is why, fun- Deputy Cheng Chien, Vice-Chairman damentally speaking, a socialist country has of the Revolutionary Committee of the

8 People's China Kuomintang and formerly a high-ranking conscious. Guided by the Communist party, military officer of the old regime, spoke of they can flght and stand the test of stormv how most members of the democratic weather. parties view the role of these bodies: In fact, some of those who got lost for The different democratic parties in China a time have now found the right road again. developed and grew under the guidance, ancl Chinese intellectuals have their personal with the help, of the Communist party. experience; it tells them that they cannot A11 have played a role in state power, voted and must not ever take the road back to the for the Common Programme and the Con- past. stitution, acknotvledged the leadership of flre Professor Hua Loo-keng, the noted Communist Party and made service to so- mathematician, put it this way: cialism their pclitical line. This is horv they won the confidence and good opinion of the When a man in the prime of life like people and their political status of ,,mutual myself looks back to the past, he l

August 16, 1957 socialist path leads to a bright future for As for the handful of bourgeois right- the nation. ists, their intrigues have been exposed in Besides, socialism and the working bright sunlight. They are completely class are very strong in China. The capi- isolated. They are powerless, like a flsh in talists have already handed over their flrms a dry pond. to the state and the restoration of the old The Chinese people are generous. system is out of the question. Under these Premier Chou said in his report on the work circumstances, they have no use for the of the government: words Chang Nai-chi, who "pleasing" of It is our hope that these right-wing class bright colours paints the bourgeois in elements, helped by outside prodding, and and says it does not need to learn anything profiting from their own experience and their to go to socialism. They see such words only own increasing understanding of things, will as "sugar-coated poison." repent and accept the opportunities given Deputy Hu Tsu-ang, Vice-Chairman of them to remould themselves. The door of the All-China Federation of Industry and socialist transformation remains open for Commerce, has explained why: them. The acceptance of socialist transformation Then he sounded a note of warning: by industrialists and business men is like climbing a mountain. They must go on climb- But it is quite possible that a very small ing step by step; they must not waver but number of right-wing elements will persist stick to it. The smooth path cannot be reached in their reactionary stand, refuse to remould merely by handing over the means of pro- themselves and even take action to sabotage duction to the people; one must hand over the socialist construction. In that case they one's bourgeois ideas as well. But Chang wiII cut themselves away from the people. doesn't want industrialists and Nai-chi mentioned this business men to reach the peak. He wants AII the rightists in to pull them down when they are half way article, with the exception of Ko Pei-chi, so that they rvil1 faII and get broken into are deputies to the National People's Con- preces. gress. Meeting overwhelming censure at its That is why. one after another, capi- sessions and panel discussions, they could talists among the deputies got up to de- not but bow to the popular wi1l, and begin nounce Chang Nai-chi. to admit their errors. In its last few days, most of them made public self-criticisms. Unity f or Socialism Some showed a degree of repentance. When the congress adjourned on JuIy Others were obviously not sincere. 15, more than 400 deputies had spoken and The congress is over, but aII over the a number of panel discussions had been country the fight against the rightists goes he1d. Practically aII speakers had expressed on. It is an inevitable battie between the indignation with the rightists. Many had working class and the bourgeoisie, between exposed their underhand activities, and two roads socialist and capitalist. The refuted their anti-socialist, anti-Communist contending- sides are unequal in strength and anti-Soviet utterances. They gave facts as everybody except a few people are for to show why China must insist on the so- socialism. cialist road, \,hy Communist leadership must be fi.rmly supported, and why the The rightists tried to derail the train of fraternal solidarity of China and the Soviet history. They failed, and, whether they stay Union must be protected and in every way aboard or get themselves thrown off, the strengthened. Altogether, the congress was train bound for socialism, pulled by the a vivid demonstration of how consolidated Iocomotive of the Communist Party, wiII and unshakable the unity of the Chinese continue to race ceaselessly on to the people on the basis of socialism has become. bright future.

70 People's Chlna Right-Wing Cotefie Expo.sed

- The Story of the Chang-Lo Alliance

Hu Yu-ehih Secretary-General of tlw China Democratic League

TN MAY AND JUNE this year there was a in Shanghai, for their attack on socialism r considerable commotion in China,s and on the Communist Party. political 1ife. The Communist Party had undertaken its "rectification The people, however, discovered in campaign,, to going uncover and remedy shortcomings time what was on. Then they in and turn launched an ideological political mistakes in its work and invited non-Party and attack on the rightists. people to help improve its work by giving In the China Dem- ocratic League itself the great majority their views and criticism. A handful of , of the members threw themselves into a bourgeois right-wingers tried to cash in on campaign of exposure and criticism the this. They began a political attack aimed of Chang-Lo alliance. at the overthrow of the socialist system and of leadership by the Communist Party. This attack was nation-wide and organized. The Social Roots At its centre was the "Chang-Lo al1iance,,, What are the social roots of the Chang a group of intriguers named after its chief Po-chun-Lo Lung-chi group? participants, Chang Po-chun and Lo Lung- chi. As early as 1939, at a time when the democratic revolution in China was still Chang Po-chun, Vice-Chairman of the developing, Chairman Mao Tse-tung China Democratic League and Chairman of pointed out the "dual character" of China's the Chinese Peasants and Workers' Demo- national bourgeoisie. He wrote: cratic Party, is the Minister of Communica- tions. Lo Lung-chi, another Vice-Chairman At certain periods and to a certain extent part of the Democratic League, is Minister of this class can take in the revolution imperialism and against the govern- Timber Industry. When the "rectifi.cation against ment of bureaucrats and warlords and become campaign" began. instructed they secretly a revolutionary force. But in another period their adherents in Peking and other places there is danger that it may follor,v the big to inflame feeiing among scientists, writers comprador bourgeoisie as its accomplice in and artists, in the press, educational insti- counter-revolution.+ tutions and publishing houses to which they had access. They also succeeded in uti- Iizing two newspapers, the Kuangming *Mao Tse-tung, The Chinese Reoolution and Jihpao in Peking and the Wen Wei Pao the Chinese Communist Partg.

August 16, 1957 17 In 1949, after the liberation of the as a student in Germany. He deserted the mainland and the founding of the People's Part5, after the defeat of tite revolution in Republic, China passed from the demo- 1927 and joined the "ThirC Party" (pred- cratic to the socialist revolution. By 1956, ecessor of the Chinese Peasants and that revolution was in the main victorious. Workers' Democratic Party) which at that Throughout those years, the poiicy of the time advocated a "middle road" for China Chinese Communist Party towards the na- against both Chiang Kai-shek and the tional bourgeoisie was one of uniting with Communists.- Since that time, Chang Po- it on the one hand and transforming it on chun has been propagating the anti-Com- the other. Thanks to this course, the national munist views of the renegade Kautsky, a bourgeoisie accepted the policy of redemp- distorter of Marxism and a theorist cf the tion and handed over its means of prod-uc- Second International. In fact. Chang has tion to the state. Its socialist transforma- not been a Marxist cf any kind 'nu.t an tion was taking place step by step. A great apoloqist for capitalism. majority of intellectuals among them ac- Lo Lung-chi, a gradulate of Tsinghua cepted ideological remoulding and a small University, studied political science at number of these managed to shed their Columbia University in New York. Later he lcourgeois outlook, becoming intellectuals became ciosely associated with the anti- who for interests work the of the working Communisi pseudo-schoiar Hu Shih. He people. was chief eCitor, at one time, of the Hsin This, however, is only one side of the Yueh (New Moon), a monthiy published by matter. Hu Shih in Shanghai, and of the Yi Shih Pao, a Catholic church organ in Tientsin. In The bourgeoisie, as a class, does not an article in Hsin Yueh in 1930, during the wiilingly disappear from the stage of his- Second Revolutionary Civil War, Lo wrote: tory. In the course of the socialist revolu- tion, a great many of its members, and many To flnd a way out for the Chinese people bourgeois intellectuals, continue to vacil- in the present condition of the country, vre iate between two roads-socialism and capi- can naturally only hope that the Kuomintang talism. They are the bourgeois middle-of- succeeds in wiping out the Communists as soon as possible. the-roaders. In some respects they accept This is u-irat is meant by "choosing the lesser evil." the leadership of the working class and the Communist Party; in others they resist it. In December of the same year, in an Only a small minority are bourgeois right- articLe entitled "To the Japanese People ists, strongly opposed to the Communist and the Chinese Government," Lo declared: Party and to socialism. They bide their time, Today we can hear young people in China watching and waiting, racking their brains saying such things as "better go with the for a way to pu1l China back to the road Russians than surrender to Japan." Com- of capitalism. munist success in this country would of course be a disaster to China and it would Chang end Lo be no blessing to Japan either. Russia today is taking this opportunity to rise as a power. In numbers, the bourgeois rightists are If China and Japan flght, things will go as very ferv. But they are dangerous because in the battle between the clam and the cur- they are deeply anti-socialist and anti-Com- le$', the Communists rvil1 get both, like the munist, and can influence bourgeois middle- flsherman in the storv.* Once the whoie East of-the-roaders in the same direction. This is precisely the character of the "Chang- Lo alliance" of bourgeois-rightist intriguers. +In the old Chinese taie. the curleq' used its beak to get at the clam, u'hich then closed its Chang Po-chun, who is of landlord shell tight on it. A passing flsherman took the origin, joined the Chinese Communist Party opportunity and captured the pair.

12 People's China goes Red, all will be lost. ,,If the nest falls, no egg is safe.', Here is something for every intelligent and far-sighted Japanese citizen and statesman to think about. In 1949, at a meeting of the Democratic

were people of this kind, people 1ike Lo Lung-chi. part, said ,,Third as late as April last at a League "Middle Road" and Force" meeting: "Ouir Peasants and Workers, Democratic Party owes its existence to its fight against the Communists; the Dem- ocratic League owes its existence to its middle-of-the-road line.,, These utterances exemplify how stub- born and long-standing is the anti- communism of Chang and Lo. During the period of the democratic revolution, and particularly towards the end of the War of Resistance to Japanese Aggression, both took the middle of the road, opposing Chiang while fighting the Communists. A1l crows are black in the light of day. Chang and Lo are both anti-Communists of the same type. It is no accident that they eventually formed an alliance; they have a common class base, their political thought comes from the same source. that time, Lo Lung-chi flirted with the Both Chang Po-chun and Lo Lung-chi U.S. imperialists, asking are them to foster representatives of classes that are going his "Chinese third force.,, out of existence. He admitted that Chang calls himself a he once said to J. "street-corner politician"; actually he is a U.S. ambassador to political gadabout. When the intriguers of States has bet on the the Chang-Lo alliance are sorted out, one and lost its stake; no readily flnds what Chang actually repre- the Democratic sents are the former warlords, League horse: that,s a sure officials, way to recoup the Ioss.,, gangsters, loca1 despots, old intellectuals of But po-chun the Chang had neither the landlord class and deserters from the time nor the possibility revolutionary ranks all sorts of social forces to back him up. dregs inside the bourgeoisie,- strongly feu- was of two minds wheth dalist and comprador-like in character. on Lo Lung-chi. In 1 Lo Lung-chi is one of those bourgeois People's Liberation Army continued intellectuals, mainly holding British and its victorious advance. The Chinese people, American university degrees, some of whom led by the Communist party, succe&ed in are rather well-known in China,s academic overthrowing circles. Kuomintang rule and liberat_ ing the mainland. The ,,middIe A part of road.,, or these intellectuals have made "third road" fizzled out, a bankrupt illusion. much progress in their thinking in recent What is the middle years. Before road in politics? they were remoulded It is by its nature reactionary. Dur:ing our

August 16, 1957 13 democratic revolution, however, it had its Communist clique inside the Democratic progressive aspect; its adherents were League, masking it as a "meeting of friends anti-Chiang and anti-Japanese. After the for literary pursuits." There was, in fact, a liberation. however, this progressive side clash of interest between Chang and Lo; was lost the "middle" position became each wanted to be at the head of the League. reactionary.- With the Chinese revolution But both had the same goal: to supplant entering the period of transition to social- the Communist Party in leadership and ism, the bourgeoisie had to choose one of restore capitalism in China when oppor- two roads. It could accept socialist trans- tunity offered. formation, which means the leadership of the working class and the Communist Party. Wishful Thinking to capitalism, which means Or it could stick The capitalist class is bound to see all pecple the opposing the and leadership by things in the light of its own wishful think- Communists. There is no third road be- ing, not of the objective laws by which road socialist trans- tween these two. The of things develop. Chang and Lo shared the open The question is: formation is to all. same hope that there would be great capitalism. socialism or turmoil in China- and the world, that social- It seemed once as though Chang and ism would pass away in the tumult, that Lo had chosen socialism. As representa- the people's regime would totter and capi- tives of their parties, they took part in the talism could take over. Chang often told Chinese People's Political Consultative pe:p1e that there would be "major changes" Conference of 1949, accepted its Common in three years, or two years, or one year. Programme, worked in the government. In Lo Lung-chi did not believe international 1954, they took part in the National Peo- tension could possibly relax. AI1 these ple's Congress and voted for the Constitu- views were moulded by their subjective tion. Thus they expressed support for the desire, their urge to flght against the Com- leadership by the Communist Party and for munists and socialism. the general Iine of China's tlansition to It is indeed true that the past year, socialism. 1956, was one of major changes. They oc- But actually, the facts now uncovered curred in China and in the international show Chang and Lo were piaying a Jekyll- situation. But they were not the kind of and-Hyde game. In public, they pretended "major changes" that Chang and Lo could agreement with socialist transformation picture. In China, it was the year that and with Communist leadership. In private, brought decisive victory to the socialist however, they never ceased to talk and act transformation of agriculture, the handi- against socialism and the Communists. crafts and private industry and commerce, In the early post-liberation years. great and great successes in building up industry, victories were won in the campaign to farming, culture and education. It brought resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, in the new strength to the socialist cause, not any Iand reform and the san lan and usw Jan weakening. The Party and government movements. Because of these, the Com- gained instead of losing prestige among the munist Party and the government won the people. Abroad, the world-wide anti- unanimous support and confldence of the Communist hue and cry resulting from the people. The bourgeois rightists could not Hungarian events was a bad thing. But then hope to carry out their anti-Communist, because these events were correctly dealt anti-s:cialist activities openly. Chang Po- with, the socialist camp emerged stronger chun spent most of his time bu;ring old and more united than ever. The imperial- books and visiting antique shops. He pre- ist intrigue to subvert Hungary came to tended to have lost interest in politics in grief. fact he was just waiting for something- to Lust for power robbed the rightists of turn up. Lo Lung-chi set up an anti- common sense. Chang and Lo made an

14 People's Ch,ina Addressing a meeting of the peasants and Workers' Democratic party in May 1956 Chang Po-chun said: Today many people say that capitalism is no good. In actual fact. it still has vitality. The reason is that it has a multi-party system, democracy, upper and lou,er houses of parlia- ment, a party in porver and a party in op_ position. The capitalist rvay is: if you aren,t a meeting of the Peasants and Workers, any good, let me try-and if I,m no good you Democratic Party in July 1956, Chang said, can try. Those in por,ver attack those in op- "The situation will continue to change. Our position, and those in opposition attack those power. responsibility will be heavy." Events dis- in This is rvhy capitalism has vitalit5r. closed that the "change" he meant was from socialism to capitalism. The The aim of the Chang-Lo alliance was "responsibil- to ity" he meant was that of attacking the discard the people's democratic system working class and the Communist party. in favour cf bourgeois democracy, and to vzeaken or destroy the leading position of To bring about "major changes,, of this the working class and the Communist party- kind needs a strong, organized body. Chang With the superstructure of socialisrn Po-chun and Lo Lung-chi allied themselves shaken, the way would be paved for the to form one. Chang had a set of revisionist restoration of capitalism. Thus the condi- theories disguised as Marxist-Leninist ones, tions for a bourgeois dictatorship would be and thirty years' experience as a political created. gadabout. Lo had a small sect of his own, In foreign policy, the Chang-Lo alliance and some bourgeois intellectuals were under was anti-Soviet. They did not like to see his influence. Divided, they could not un- the unity of the socialist camp headed by dertake anything on a big scale. United, the Soviet Union. With regard to culture they thought they could build up the and education, both Chang and Lo have strength they needed. consistently opposed Communist party leadership in these flelds, alleging that Their Real Aims Communists are ignorant of science and therefore unable to guide it. Both have, in What is the real aim of the Chang-Lo effect, denied that alliance? culture and science exist Judging from facts that have in the Soviet Union. They declare already that, come to light, these intriguers had in science, China should learn from Britain a clear-cut programme. They hoped flrst and the United States. po-chun, to shake the proletarian Chang in dictatorship in addition, acts as a defender of Chinese China, then to replace it by the dictatorship traditions. Marxism-Leninism. of the capitalist in his opin- class. They wanted to ion, is just dogma; only China,s ancient replace the people's congress system with 'of classics are worth reading. Chang poses a parliamentary system the Anglo- as a defender of national culture American in order type, democratic centralism by a to falsely accuse the Communist party two-party system. During of the past year, neglecting it. It is one of his wayi of in the Chinese People's Political Consulta- attracting backward intellectuals and tive Conference and in government the insti- expanding his anti-Communist influence. tutions, Chang Po-chun, Lo Lung-chi and other leading rightists made many ridicu- Methods Not Accidental lous and unfounded speeches. Their attack As to the actions of the Chang-Lo aI- was mainly centred on the system of peo- liance, it would be a mistake to regaid them pLe's congresses and the work done in sup- as in any way unconscious or accidental. pressing counter-revolutionaries. In fact, their strategy, tactics, principles and

August 76, 1957 15 sequence were all worked out in advance. For its propaganda the Chang-Lo al- Established facts show that these anti- liance flrst laid its hands on the Peking Communist intriguers looked to the support Ktnangmtng Jihpao, an organ of the deroo- of that part of the intellectuals who are cratic parties, and the Shanghai Wen Wei dissatisfled with the Communist Party. Pao, read mainly by intellectuals. New They counted on such intellectuals, who organs were also founded, in the name of were not yet remoulded ideologically, who the democratic parties, to publicize its anti- were temporarily maladjusted to or even Communist, anti-socialist programme. resentful towards the new socialist system' To put organizational and propaganda shortcomings They exaggerated some of the ,,vork on a solid basis takes time. From the and peasant of state employees of worker end of 1956, the Chang-Lo alliance worked origin, and tried to set the intellectuals hard towards this goal. Chang Po-chun against them, so as to seize Ieadership in the made his own subjective estimate of the field of culture, science and higher educa- campaign" of the Chinese poisonous ideas of "rectification tion. They spread Communist Party. tr'acts now brought to to capture the intel- "absolute democracy" iight show that he had jumped to the con- lectuals and the youth, to make them dis- Party's prestige among the the clusion that the gruntled with the Party, so that, when that once the the "Hun- masses was on the wane, and moment came, something like "rectiflcation campaign" started, mass dis- garian events" could be staged in China. content would erupt. In this situation, the at things was revealed The way they looked could be attacked and the chance of Vice-Minister of Higher Party by Tseng Chao-Iun, usurping leadership from it might come. Education, one of the six right-wing profes- sors who attended an emergency meeting "Rectification Campaign" called by Chang Po-chun on June 6 in Pe- king to discuss the current situation. Early in 1957, the Chinese Communist Tseng said: Party announced that its "rectification t+\ One rnust not think that literary meu campaign" would not begin until 1958. cannot effect a rebellion. It is in the tradi- Chang Po-chun and Lo Lung-chi thought, tion of Chinese intellectuals to stir up disturb- therefore, that they would have ample time ances. The students of the Imperial College to prepare. At meetings of the Democratic in the Han dynasty, and the students who League in Mar:ch and April they made some started the May the Fourth Movement in 1919 anti-Communist and anti-socialist state- both made big trouble in China. ments, and began some organizational arrangements. They mobilized the local and Propaganda Organization units of both r;he League and the Peasants To carry out their intrigue, they had to and Workers' Democratic Party to start prepare The Chang-Lo organizationally. recruiting, mainly among dissatisfled right- alliance found a base for their illegal, anti- and reactionary elements. Their activities in a legal organiza- wing Constitutional manoeuvres at that time, however, were Democratic League, which they tion, the Iargely under cover. They were still care- sought with might and main to bring under come out in their true colours. their leadership. For this purpose, they ful not to tried to oust Shen Chun-ju, Chairman of But things did not go as theY had the Democratic League, and other left-wing planned. On February 27, 1957 Chairman progressives within its ranks, while trying Mao Tse-tung made his speech, "On the to win middle-of-the-roaders to the right- Correct Handling of Contradictions Among wing view. Chang and Lo both held that the People." This was the beginning of the democratic parties should grow very what has since been called "no ordinary considerably in size, that the League shouid spring." After the speech, the Party called expand its membership to one or two mil- for the carrying out of the "hundred flow- lion, including youth, workers and peasants. ers" policy with added vigour. In April the

16 People's China Party announced that its "rectifrcation cam- suppressed aII efforts by the honest people paign" would soon start. who attended to express contrary views. They succeeded in fooling some others. For The planned schedule of the Chang-Lo a time ''dark clouds seemed to be drifting alliance was thus They to upset. had over the Chinese sky." chailenge the Communist Party before their organizational preparations were complete. Isolated They felt that there was no time to be lost, Isolators that things had to be done in a hurry. So, On June 6, Chang Po-chun called a basing themselves on the China Democratic meeting attended by six rightist professors League, the Peasants and Workers' Demo- of Peking universities and they made an cratic Party and the two newspapers Wen "optimistic" estimate of the situation- Wei Pao and Kusangrning Jih,pao, which Chang judged that the rnasses were far they controlled. they launched a ferocious more discontented with the Party than the attack on the Chinese Communist Party. Party had itself thought. As hesaw it, the everywhere were making disturb- In education, they instigated university students ances. They had only to go out on the professors to demand the abolition of streets, and be joined by the townspeople, leadership by Communist Party committees second "Hungary" to take place in in institutions of higher learning. They for a When this happened, said Chang, also instigated right-wing scientists to work China. the Communist Party wouid lose control of out a research programme which tore science would be compelled to away from the tasks of building socialism. the situation. It turn to the Democratic League (meaning In politics, Chang Po-chun ca11ed for Chang and Lo) to "clear up the mess." What the establishment of a "political planning a wonderful ideal This was the moment at council" which would, in effect, subvert the which the vainglory of the right-wing people's congress system, anci abolish careerists reached its height and they threw the leadership of the Communist Party. off their masks, so carefull;r worn over Lo Lung-chi, on his part, urged the many years. establishment of a "rehabilitation com- The preposterous utterances of the mittee" with membership drawn from all rightists enraged the people. On June B, parties to review all actions taken against the Peking Jenmzn Jihpao (People's Daily) counter-revolutionaries and in fact to give brought news of workers' meetings to de- them support. Both encouraged Chu An- nounce the rightists. Soon the people's ping, then chief editor of the Kuangndng attacks on the rightists became a country- Jihpao, to announce his demagogic slander wide tidal wave. Everywhere they were that "the Party was monopolizing the denounced. and their underhand activities state," saying, without any grounds, that uncovered. It was not the Communist Party members held all the leading govern- Party that was isolated, the rightists found, ment posts, high and 1ow. There was a but they themselves. clamour for the Communist Party to get At the National People's Congress held out of office, and for the different parties from Jr-rne 26 to July 15, Chang Po-chun and to take charge of the government by turns. Lo Lung-chi, both of them deputies, came Lieutenants of the Chang-Lo clique under heavy fire from their fellow deputies themselves began to admit some of travelled to many places to "fan the -and flames." They called meetings at which the their acts and schemes. shortcomings of the Party were exaggerated At the moment, the campaign to and its members were blackened and slan- uncover and brand the rightists is gaining dered. The purpose of a1l this was to incite vigour all over the country. Their plotting, people to act and flght against the Com- led by Chang Po-chun and Lo Lung-chi, has munists. At their meetings the rightists rebounded on their own heads.

1\Trgust 16. 1957 17 360,000 College @aduates in Eight Years

Chang Chien qINCE the founding \-'' of the Chinese come which the Chinese Communist party People's Republic in 1949 the main task and the People's Government have adopted confronting the Chinese people has been a series of important measures. socialist transformation and socialist con- struction, which requires not only a large Lack of Students amount of capital but also a Iarge personnel. The first The number of ccllege graduates required difficulty we encountered was the lack for work during the period of the First of students. In o1d China not only was higher education Five-Year Plan (1953-19b7) alone is 288,000 not well developed people, 40 per cent but primary and secondary education lagged of them students of people,s technological subjects. behind too. After liberation the Government took measures to relieve the During the past hundred years China situation but time had to be allowed for has been backward not only in her economy them to yield results. In our educational but also in culture. The flrst modern school system it takes middle school students six of higher learning in China, the peiyang years to finish their courses, so those who University, did not come into existence tiII enrolled in the middle schools in 1g50 could 1895. From 1912 to 1947, a period of 36 not leave before 1956. There were only years, the total number of college graduates 370,000 students who completed their stud- in the whole country did not exceed 210,000, ies in the middle school.s in the period of whom the number of students study- 1952-1956, but during the same period the ing technological subjects formed only a number of entrants the colieges required seventh. During the period of the First was 510,000. That meant a deflciencv of Five-Year PIan we are going to have a 140,000. Meanwhile we had to take into larger number of college graduates than we account the fact that, for one reason or had in that whole 36 years, and increase the another, such as poor health, poor school number of subjects to meet the needs of the work or economic considerations, not every nation. We shall greatly increase the num- one of the students who left the middle ber of students studying technological sub- schools could go to co11ege. jecbs as well as those studying in normal To ensure a sufficient colleges and those taking courses in public number of ap- health, agriculture, plicants and to give room for selection, the forestry and nitural People's science. Needless to Government, besides exhorting say, in trying to fulfll flnishers our task of developing higher education at the middle schools and the we workers' and peasants' have encountered many difficulties, to over- short-term schools to take the entrance examinations for col- lege, mobilized 840,000 people to take these The author is Vice-Director of the Department examinations, including state employees, of Planning, Ministry of Higher Education. primary school teachers, students who

I8 People's China COLLEGE GRADUATES had been through secondary schools o[ 65,563 technology and secondary normal schools, 60.r06 young people whc had discontinued their studies and were waiting for employment, 49,268 demobilized servicemen, students relurned from overseas and young intellectuals from 32,629 industrial and commercial circles. Since many of the state employees had 1eft 2t,460 9ch9o1 a long time and forgotten what they had learned, the People,s Government gave them three months2 paid leave in which to make preparations for the examinations. If they failed in the examinations they were 1949 1952 1953 t9s6 1957 allowed to resume their work as usual. To help the state employees and other young pecple preparing for entrance to college the People's Government started refresher cccccSTUDENTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL SUEJECTS AS courses. An appropriation was also made PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL NUMBER OF GRADUATES fo! grants generous enough to permit college students to live decently. AU flgures in this chart are preliminary statistics and include the post-graduate Owing to these measures the colleges students who flnished their courses not onl.y got the number of students they B! su Lt required but also had a chance of selection. Moreover, qualifications the of the new of the new teachers the colleges took the following measures: 1) Old teachers were asked to give coaching. Research groups on teaching methods, consisting of teachers both oId and new, were established. The old teachers helped the new ones prepare their lessons origin to the total rose from 20.46 in 19b2 and gave them all kinds of help in teach- to 34.1 in 1956. ing methods. In this way the competence of the new teachers was soon raised to Not Enough Teachers higher levels. Our second difficulty was the lack of 2) Some of the new teachers were sent teachers. At the time of liberation in 1949 to famous institutions for training, where joined there were only 16,000 professors and other they either teachers' training classes instructors in the 205 schools of higher or research groups on teaching methods. learning in the whole country, among whom They also proflted from association with the teachers specializing in technological sub- Soviet and Chinese special.ists working in jects and public health, who were in great those places. After a couple of years, they demand, were only a minority. To rapidly returned to their own colleges or univer- increase the number of teachers, every year sities and began actual teaching. a large number of college graduates were 3) The schools of higher learning have made assistants to the professors, the help undertaken to give education to post-grad- of returned students was enlisted, and uate students. Since the founding of the scientifi.c research personnel and technicians People's Republic more than seven thousand in the factories and mines were asked to do such students have been trained by the teaching work as well. To get the best out colleges and universities under either the

August 76, 1957 19 two-year or three-year system. Most of was too small and did not answer these the needs students have become teachers. To of the nation very wel1. Most of further improve them were their competence, begin_ situated in the coastal regions. Schools ning from 1956 a four-year system has also which gave courses in political science and been established. law far exceeded those which offered techno- 4) A small number of teachers were logical courses. which were greatly needed sent for one or two years to the Soviet by the nation in its work of construction, Union or the People,s Democracies to study was comparatively small. To train con- subjects which had hitherto not been taughi struction personnel for the nation a general in China. reorganization was carried out. The situa- Through these measures we have suc_ tion, special line of work, and plan of de- cee^{ed_ not only in enlarging our teaching velopment suitable to the students have staffs but aiso in improving the academic been readjusted and teaching methods have standard and teaching efficiency of our been reformed. During the First Five-Year teachers. Plan 60 colleges were either closed or merged with other institutions. Eighty-seven Buildings and Equipment new institutions were established; some of them have already completed their buiiding num :1H:'*X'iT: programme and others are awaiting expan- and t of books and sion. Of these 26 are in north-west and scientific instruments. OId institutions had south-west China. This is a much more to be expanded and new ones established. rational distribution of the nation's colleges The original buildings of the colleges and and universities. universities were of course inadequate. The Schools higher learning have also total floor space, either completed or of in con_ inhabited struction, in the period 194g-1g52 been established in the regions was by the minority peoples. the past there 85,752,000 sq. ft., 160 per cent as much again In were schools higher in as that of all the buildings erected in the no of learning entire half-century before 1iberation (which Inner Mongolia, which had a population of ,sq. was 33,048,000 ft.). The number of 8,700,000. Now Huhehot, its capital, boasts students is increasing every year, and as of three such institutions: the Normal the schools open on September i most build- College, the College of Stock-breeding and ings have to be completed before this date. Veterinary Science, and the University of The government departments concerned Inner Mongolia. The Yenpien Korean Au- give priority to the planning and construc_ tonomous Chou in north-east China also tion of school buildings and the supply of has its own university now. building materials for them. The slualnts After this reorganization the number and the teachers of students studying technological subjects ly participate in rose to first place-36.3 per cent of all students. Normal colleges, which were greatly needed for the development of secondary education, also greatly increased in number. New Method of Training To rapidly train personnel for economic construction the colleges from 1952 onward .IVeed f or Reorgqnization began to train such personnel by a new Our fourth difficulty was that the orig_ method. Training was no longer entrusted to inal number of schools of higher learning the various departments but to the special-

20 People's China Workers' Deputy

On his rounds of the workshop Photo bA Yu Chao

Wan_g Wen-shan, deputy to the National People's Congress, is now a workshop foreman at No. I Machine TooI Plant in Shen5'ang. Starting as an apprentice at 14, he worked ten years as a lathe he lvas throrvn out of a job antl rvent to Shenyang was liberateal 1949 he returned to the factory. In lg5l to his present post for ice. Later he rvas elected a aleputy to th Congress. IIe is a real s elcler son is nol at a midrlle sehool at the primary school. The third child, a daughter, is still uncler school age

Wang at home photo bA yu Chao

.{t a constituent group discussion during the recent session of the NPC Wang bitterly criticizes the anti-Party, anti- socialist utterances of the bourgeois rightists Photo bu Lu Hou-min {.j-i1':t,9,

Scars of pre-liberatiol have now practicall: appeared. This Jal helmet, however, see have been put to a purpose Photo bu Li

Loshan in 1943. T\4,o children, Hsu Chang-yu and his younger brother, among the ruins Here, in the fore- Photo bA Liu Feng ground, is Hsu agaln, now mar- ried and father oI a family Phato bA Liu Feng

A lovely spot Photo bA Liu Chang-chung i:&

. -.ir:i,i1,. ':'i { ilj '"11'$S Mount Langya photo ba Liu Chang-chung

' . ..1:

wars dis- nese sto ful

A thriving co-op family - that of Wei Lo-ching Pholo bA Liu Feng

Loshan, in western Hopei, nestles under Mount Langya, part of the Taihang Mountains. During the War of Resist- ance (1937-45) the Japanese invaders literally reduced Loshan to a heap of ruins. After liberation life soon re- turned to normal and thereafter Loshan progressed by leaps and bounds. Farm- ing co-ops were set up; the peasants' income increased f rom year to year. Hundreds of new houses were built. The village went in for fruit growing on a big scale. Once desolate, war-torn Loshan is a prosperous place now

Oil-bearing crops planted under the per- The wheat threshing-floor simmon trees add to the co-op's income Photo bA Liu Chong-chung Photo bA Liu Chang-chunq Lung \Vang Miao (Dragon King,s Temple), in the grounds of the Summer Palace, Peking Photo ba Ao En-hung sTNrNrD n

Anglers' paradise Photo bU Chiang Chi-sheng ization groups which were sub-divisions of thesis in debate. Other aims of the reform the departments. For instance, the Depart- were to obviate all the defects of the former ment of Mechanical Engineering in Tsinghua system of higher education, which did not University, a famous technological institu- meet the needs of a socialist society and was tion, was before liberation divided into only notorious for its separation of theory from two groups: motor engineering and machine practice; to retain the better parts of the building. Now it is divided into nine groups. former system of education; and to apply Three hundred and thirteen such specializa- the experience of the Soviet Union and groups tion have been establisl-red in all other countries in the light of actual con- colleges during the period 19b2-19b6, 181 of ditions in China. them in technological subjects. Rapid Increase New specialization subjects which were greatly needed in the nation,s work of con- Owing to the support of the People's struction and in the study of world science Government* and the great effort made by ded the following the entire staff in a1l schools of higher learn- mechanicai physics, ing we have secured 302,000 college long-distance auto- graduates during the years 1949-1956, sorrre matic control and mechanical equipment, 90,000 of them specialists in technological electrical automatic equipment and equip- subjects. In the same period, 7,000 post- ment for quantitative calculations, the plan- graduate students finished their studies. It ning and manufacture of radio equipment, has been estimated that the number of the manufacture of electric locomotives and college graduates this year will be about physical and chemical research in metal- 58,500 in addition to over 1,600 post- lurgy; pure science subjects such as graduates who will have completed their computation mathematics, bio-chemistry courses. Figures compiled in the latter haif and geo-chemistry; and agricultural sub- of 1956 show that the total enrolment in the jects such as soil improvement, agricultural nation's 227 institutions of higher learning meteorology and forestry. Thus not only was 403,000, not counting 4,841 post- are the demands of construction well satis- graduate students. The following table fied but our backwardness in science and shows the average annual increase in the technology is being gradually remedied. number of students in Chinese and foreign colleges and universities: Reforms in Teaehing U.S.S-R. (1 929-1 933) 25.2 per cent Together with the reorganization of the China (after liberation, schools and departments the colleges and r 949-1956) 19.i1 per cent universities made a reform of their teaching u.s.A. (1910-1954) 6.3 per cent methods. The aims of these reforms were: Britain (1931-1953) 1.9 per cent to train in a planned way people who can answer the nation's needs in its work of S hortcomings construction; to have a clear and deflnite programme for all kinds of specialized In the past education was grossly neg- work; to have a unifi.ed plan and method lected in China. A11 the o1d colleges and for the teaching of different subjects; to universities were poorly equipped and establish research groups on teaching meth- staffed. We lached experience in socialist ods to direct the work of teaching and construction and educating college students carry out scientific research; to link up in accordance with the needs of construc- theory with practice and to emphasize the importance experimental of work in pro- *Government appropriations for higher duction; and to get the students to draw education during the First Five-Year plan v'ere up study plans and defend their graduirtion equivalent in value to 2i,612,000 ounces of gold.

August 16, 1957 ,q, tion. Meanwhile there has been a pressing struction personnel for the nation the need for construction personnel during the problem of unemployment among college past few years. For these reasons the rapid graduates is non-existent. The assignment development of higher education in China of jobs to college graduates is done by the had shown many shortcomings. There has government. Basing its judgement on the been. for instance, only a limited number of needs of the various organs and organiza- entrants into ihe colleges. In such conditions tions and on the number of graduates requirements for admittance cannot be toc supplied by the various departments of stringent. There has been a Iarge number the various colleges, the government draws of new teachers and the standard of teach- up a general plan of distribution. The plan ing has left much to be desired. In the is given to the National Economic Commis- course of the reorganization of the schools sion, which is the central co-ordinating body and departments mistakes have been made for the annual plans, and the Ministry of with regard to the manner of dealing with I{igher Education, and they forward it to certain colleges or universities and to the the various colleges and universities. In lack of appreciation of the teaching ex- the light of this plan and giving due con- perience of old teachers. In learning the sideration to the students' personal wish, the latest educational methods of the Soviet latter then decide on the job to be given to Union not enough attention has been paid each student. As this decision ties up with to the actual conditions of China. Little at- the needs of the nation and the subjects tention, for instance, has been paid to the which the students have specialized in, close study of Chinese medicine in the medical co-ordination between study and work may colleges, and the experience of the model be said to have been carried out. Most of peasants in reaping bumper harvests has not the college graduates, who are all very been well studied in the agricultural institu- enthusiastic about socialist construction, are tions. At present the Chinese Communist able to put the nation's interests before their Party and the People's Government are tak- own. Some even volunteer for work on the ing steps to correct these mistakes. frontier or wherever work is hardest. If- In spite of these shortcomings a great anybody is dissatisfled with the job gi.ven and difficult task has been accomplished in him he is free to bring it up for reconsidera- the past eight years. that is, the training of tion. construction a vast force for the nation To give jobs tens thousands of in the shortest possible to of time. College students is by no means an easy matter. graduates have become indispensable to the The school life of the college students is a staffing of almost every government organ. long one: it takes them four or five years to In the field of geology, for instance, there pre-liberation finish their studies. During this period of were, in days, only two study the government's construction plans hundred college-trained geologists in the may change, but their course of study cannot whole country. There are now some seven change all the time. The plans drawn up thousand such people, more than thirty by the various government organs with times as many as before. Without such a regard to the personnel they need and the team of geological geological workers our plans of the various colleges for recruiting prospecting work could hardly go ahead at new students may not be entirely correct. In its present speed: and a great deal without such conditions discrepancy between of work done geological prospecting a in the supply and demand may arise every year building industrial bases railways of and the graduation. the would be unthinkable. at time of Take current year as an example. The number of college graduates per Allocation of fobs can only meet 75 cent of the nation's needs. There is a As the aim of higher education in special lack of students in technological China is to train in a planned way con- subjects. The ratio between the actual

26 People's China number of college graduates specializing in manning them with personnel with a high engineering and hydrological geology and scientific level that the task of construction the number needed was 1 to 4.g. Meanwhile and production can be fulfllled. Research the number of coliege graduates specializing in science, both natural and social, also re- in other subjects such as higher botany, quires college graduates of a higher level. flnancial credit, pharmacology and history As to higher education itself, we may say exceeded the need; but even so the that a good foundation has been laid during government never fails to give them ap- the past eight years and that the only thing propriate jobs. to be done in the future is to improve it. Conditions are now favourable for doing Soise Levels this. One of these conditions is that with From now on the fundamental task of the development of education in general the the colleges and universities will be to im- number of those who have finished middle prove teaching standards and the scientiflc school is rapidly increasing. At present Level of the students. As the 1b6 key their number already surpasses the number projects designed for China by the Soviet of entrants required by the colleges and Union and the major construction projects universities, so it is now possible to raise the designed by China herself wilI soon qualifications of entrants to college. It will, be completed, and as all these factories, however, require further and greater effort mines and enterprises are equipped with the to continuously raise the scientiflc Ieve1 of latest kinds of machinery, it is only by the students.

MADE IN CHINA

l4o-ton Derrick

This 140-ton bridge derrick, with an extra 30 ton hook, the heaviest type now made in China, is a recent product of the Dairen Derrick Works. Made for the Anshan Iron and Steel Company, it is 22.5 ft. high and over 75.5 ft. Iong. It has two hooks, the larger of which can lift a locomo- tive and the smaller a dozen or more lathes at a time.

August 16, 1957 27 Evaluating Chinese Classical ldeolism

Su Ju Our Correspondent

DURING the past few years, the Marxist to various parties or to no party, of both f/ method has been used with success by the older and younger generations, had Chinese phiiosophers in studying various gathered for such a discussion. The pro- questions of Chinese philosophy-which ceedings, and the essays published in con- since the time of Confucius has gone nection with them, have now been put through over 2,500 years of development together in a volume published by the and has produced many outstanding Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese representatives of both materialist and Academy of Sciences. The discussion itself idealist thought. continues in academic circles and jcurnals. One of the notable results of this study Questions brought up at the conference has been the compilation of a new teaching included the scope and object of the study synopsis on the history of Chinese philoso- of the history of Chinese philosophy, an phy. This work was done by flfteen pro- evaluation of classical idealism, varying fessors, lecturers and instructors of this views as to the presence of materialist ele- subject in Peking University working under ments in the ethical theories and philoso- the guidance of Professor Feng yu-Ian.

It must be said, however, that some *Among them were: Feng yu-lan. professor such studies in recent years have been of Philosophy, Peking University; professor tnarred, to an extent, by doctrinaire Cheng Hsin, Head of the Department of philoso- influences. Since the Chinese Communist phy and a lecturer on Kant, peking University; Party, in May 1956, advanced its policy of Professor Chin Yueh-lin, Vice-Direcior, Institute "Iet a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, schools of thought contend,,'there has been lecturer on the philosophy of Bertrand Russell in a flourishing activity among the students of Peking University; Professor Ho Lin, Research the history of Chinese philosophy. Fellorv in the Institute of Philosophy and lecturer on Hegel in Peking University and the China Conference in Pekingf People's University; Pan Tsu-nien, Director of the Institute of Philosophy; Hu Sheng, committee In January 1957, a special conference member of the Department of philosophy and on the history of Chinese philosophy was Social Sciences, Chinese Acaderny of Sciences; Ai held at Peking Universit;r. It was attended Szu-chi and Sun Ting-kuo, head and vice-head. by more than a hundred specialists.* respectively, of the Teaching and Research Group in Philosophy at Advanced party This the School of was the first time since libera- the Central Committee, Chinese Communist tion that so many philosophers belonging Party.

28 Peoysle's China phies of history prior to the appearance chief reason why materialists and iciealists of Marxism, the characteristics of Chinese of the past could become friends was the nhilosophy anci the question of how to ac- iderrtily of their political views. If Chang cept the heritage of China's philosophy. The Tsai had stood for the overthrow of the exchange of views on these questions led feudal rule he could not have become a to consideration on some aspects of the friend of the two Chengs. However, he fundamental problem of philosophy, i.e., said that the fact that materialists and the relationship between materialism and idealists of the past had been friends, or idealism. for that matter foes. in politics, explained nothing. Materialism and idealisnr were Materialism and Idealism two absolutely opposed ways of looking at the Professor Ho Lin, Research Fe1low in wor1d. The conflict between them was acute and irreconcilable; the Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese if this f act were ignored, it woulci Academy of Sciences and an authority on lead to confusion. Hegel, said that the materialist and ideaiist I(uan Feng also differed with the thought of the past could not be put in two examples offered by Professor Ho Lin. water-tight compartments. Protagonists of "Hege1," he said, "did not have two the two schools frequently carried on pockets, one for dialectics, the other for their controversies through informal talks idealism." Hegel's philosophy was one arnong friends, or between teachers and coherent rnzhole. "\Iarx rescued dialectics students. The materialist Chang Tsai and by destroying Hegel's whole idealistic idealists Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi of the system of philosoph;r, revampino Hegel,s eleventh century, for instance, were rela- dialectics thoroughly before they could be tives and friends. There were no insur- applied to materialism." "Materialism,,, mountable barriers between representatives Kuan Feng said, "has nothing in common of the two tendencies. "f can say with cer- with idealism, if we are talking about tainty," Professor Ho declared, "that in the materialism and not half-baked material- history of philosophy one cannot flnd any ists. " such thing as 100 per materialism cent or Has Idealism Its Sound Elements? 100 per cent idealism. Materialism and Are there, idealism, therefore, while contending then, any sound elements in with idealism? each other, also draw on each other, take advantage of each other and depend on Professor Feng Yu-lan said yes. He each other." took the philosophies of Chuang Tzu (fourth century B.C.) and Kungsung Lung (prob- "As a matter of fact," Professor Ho ably third century B.C.) as examples. The said further, "a system of materialism has former was a form of relativism but frequently absorbed the materialist elements recognized that aIl things are in constant a previously in existing idealist system, and change. The latter was a kind of sophism, used them as weapons to hurl against the but took cognizance of the distinction and idealist elements of that same system. the contradiction between "the general" Feuerbach, for instance, took some of the and "the particular." In his opinion, humanist elements of Hegel and used them idealism had a "rational kernel" which to oppose Hegel's idealist system of thought. could be said to be materialist, since it l![arx fought Hegel using the latter's coincided with objective reality. dialectical method and some rudimentary Hu Sheng. a member historical materialism." of the committee of the Department of Phiiosophy and Social Professor Ho Lin's views were opposed Sciences in the Chinese Academy of Sci- by many of the conferees. Acccrding to ences, refuted Feng's views. He pointed out: the young philosopher Kuan Feng who "Some idealist systems of philosophy may specialized in dialectical materialism, the have materialist views contradictory to

*lu.gust 16, 1957 29 their own system with regard to certain ism was erroneous in general, but this problems. But we cannot consider every did not mean it was wrong absolutelE. idea that shows a partial correspondence Under certain conditions, it could also with reality as materialism because in be- contain elements or aspects of truth . . . ma- coming a part of idealism it has been given terialism and idealism were two opposites an idealist interpretation, and has moved oi a synthesis of contradictions; each could to the ground of idealism." He did not be transformed into the other. Truth and mean, he explained, that philosophy idealist error too could pass one into the other. TI-re should not be studied. In his opinion, be- German philosopher Fichte was an example" sides its fundamental each philoso- doctrine Fichte denied that the objective world could phy contained other elements, i.e. "means exist independently of the mind. It uras of thought" such as categories and concepts. therefore impossible to flnd any materialist These "means of thought" could be absorbed elernent in his thought. But Fichte also by both the materialist and idealist systems of philosophy. In the history of philosophy, emphasized the subjective activity; this was something rational. He over-emphasized this he said, there often are cases such as the point, following: A materialist refutes the funda- but it was a rational factor all the mental viewpoint of an idealist. He brings same. So there was undeniably a right, ra- out a different viewpoint but at the same tional factor in Fichte's idealist philosophy time he takes certain "means of thought" and the description "rational kernel" of a advanced by his opponent and remoulds materialist nature did not quite cover it. them for his own use. Chang Tsai, a Chang materialist, for instance, considered the chi Shih-ying, another lecturer at Peking (elements) as the origin of all things. The University, differed sharply. He said two Chengs and Chu Hsi, all idealists, con- that dialectical materialism did indeed rec- ognize subjective sidered that the creation of things by chi. activity; and Fichte's and was governed by li (taw). Now the Hegel's emphasis on this point were rational concept of Ii was already used by Chang in a way. But Fichte and Hegel had gone Tsai in his system of philosophy. The two so far as to say that Spirit, or Mind. was Chengs and Chu took it and gave it a new. the creator of both man and nature. Was idealistic twist. Later on, in the seventeenth this right and rational? "It would be century, Wang Fu-tzu, an outstanding ma- materialism, not idealism, if the role of terialist philosopher, made further studies subjective activity were not exaggerated in the relation between Zi and chi. He pro- but recognized in its true light. It is pounded the theory of li, tsai, chi chung wrong to describe idealism as a faithful (Iaw lies in the things). reflection of a certain aspect of the objec- Despite their differences, both these tive reaiity and objective truth; and to scholars agreed that there were elements jump to the conclusion under such circum- in idealist philosophy which were useful. stances that there is also some truth in idealism." Is Idealism Absolutely Eroneous? Idealism, Materialism and Social Another point discussed was whether idealism, as a philosophy, was absolutely Progress erroneous. Owing to the different evaluations of "The philosophical viewpoint of materi- idealism, there were also differing views of alism is sound," Hu Sheng said, "and that its role in the history of thought. Here of idealism is not. This is an absolute dif- two questions arose: what part has ideal- ference." ism played in the development of materi- But Chen Hsiu-chai, lecturer in Peking alism, and rvhat has been its role in social University, disagreed. He said that ideal- progress.

30 People's China All the conferees agreed that, owing to mystics thought that man could com- the strife between the two, idealism has municate with God without the intervention promoted the development of materialism. of the Church. "This theory," Chang said, But there was a difference of opinion as to "was really a protest against the arch- how. reactionary Church of those days. Though Those who held that idealism was idealistic, this theory helped social progress absolutely erroneous considered that its role to a certain extent." in the process was a purely negative one; Chen Hsiu-chai pointed out: its existence provided "From the a spur to the develop- standpoint social ment of materialism. of development, the pro- Those whc held that gressive, democratic groups of idealism had slave owners, its features of truth thought and also the bourgeoisie thaf idealism in its early anti- not only puts forward some feudalist stage, erroneous arguments based themselves on out- which serve as a looks which were, on the whole, idealistic. stimulus to the development of materialism However, in helping the overthrow of clan- but also criticizes certain errors of the previous nish aristocratic and feudal rule, these ideas materialist systems, and provides played generally progressive some correct a historical factors that have enriched r01e." materialism. The function of idealism was therefore not only negative. It was, in Hu Sheng said: "We should carefully certain respects, positive. and realistically analyse the role of each ?he role of idealism in social progress variety of materialism and idealism, and proved to be a very knotty question. It was how it was played, with reference to only slightly gone into at the conference. concrete historical conditions in each case. The attempt automatically to equate In the past some people completely re- philosophical progres- jected materialism with idealism, saying that in the past all sivism in politics, and philosophic idealism idealist philosophical thought without ex- with conservatism, is over-simple. Such ception had played a reactionary part. AI1 over-simplification must be refuted. But fhe participants agreed that, historically if in refuting it, we root away the difference speaking, in general, idealist philosophy has between materialism and idealism, if we always been closely linked with the in- say simply that both are able to serve the terests of reactionary social classes. But in interests of either a progressive or a reac- certain times and places, and under certain tionary political trend, this will certainly conditions. it had also served the ends of Lead to confusion as to theoretical principles social progress. and the demarcation line between materi- Chang Shih-ying cited the Christian alism and idealism, and blur the Party religious mysticism of the Middle Ages. The character of phiiosophy."

August 16, 1957 ,7t Machinery for Our Friends

Kao Chieh

T AST year Chinese textile machinery aggressors, has a special place in the regard I I was exported for the first time to two of the Chinese people. friendly countries. Burma received cotton spinning and weaving machinery, 20,000 Special Needs and 196 looms with all accessories. spindles The Egypt received 10 weft spinning machines Burmese order called for a lot of new thinking. Burmese and 200looms. All were made by the Shang- cotton is a short- type and Machinery Works and staple the Chinese machines then hai No. 2 Textile being produced the China Textile N{achinery Works. might or might not be suitable for it. Tests were therefore It was a red-letter day when these arranged at the Peking No. 2 Cotton MilI orders were received. Since 1890, when which is entirely equipped with Chinese Shanghai's first cotton miIl was set uP, machines. Experts from the Ministry of right up to liberation, China's textile in- Textiles and the mill's own technicians dustry depended entirely on imported and engineers were on hand. Our Burmese machinery. The textile engineering in- friends sent the cotton needed for the dustry got its statt only after liberation, tests. The whole process from cleaning, but it has forged ahead like an infant carding and roving to spinning was studied prodigy. In the last few years the Shang- and the results reported to the Shanghai hai No. 2 Works has made spinning frames textile machinery manufacturers. Adjust- with a total of 1,390,000 spindles for mills ments were made to their standard in close on forty Chinese textile centres machines and these were dispatched to both old and new. The China Textile Peking. Further tests and adjustments Machinery Works has made over 62,000 finally resulted in machines which could automatic looms and can now produce satisfactorily handle the Burmese short- more than 20,000 a year. Both works are staple cotton and produce a fine, uniform producing completely up-to-date units. yarn of the specifled quality. These Last year they began to receive orders machines were then used as prototypes of from abroad. This was a new departure the spinning frames ordered by Burma. because speciflcations for export orders The question of protection from the differ from order to order, and these first damp Burmese climate was specially con- orders were something special. Burma is sidered. Many parts not usually plated China's close and friendly neighbour, and were plated and the frames got extra coats Egypt, with her sturdy defiance of the of paint. The equipment ordered by Egypt in- The author is a correspondent of the Hsinhua cluded a weft machine able to handle News Agency. double roving. This type had never before

32 People's China been made by the Shanghai No. 2 Textile was in a completely isolated area. But Machinery Works. Its engineers had to again the local peasants came to the rescue. study the technical literature on the subject They felled the trees with axes, cut them and existing types in mi11s where foreign into logs with har-rd-saws and manhandled machines of this kind were in use. A the 1og_s to a roadhead for transport to suitable design was flnally worked out and Shanghai. put into production. The first batch of machines was being assembled just as the nervs came of the Help from Peasants Anglo-French-Israeli attack on Egypt. Certain parts of a Loom must be made Shanghai is a place which knows better of hard, close-grained wood of the best than most what imperiaiist agg::ession quality. But owing to shortages of such means and many of the rvorkers in the timber in recent years China has been u,orks there have bitter memories of just using bamboo as a substitute or, when such attacks as were being made on Eg;,'pt" wood is indispensable, splicing several Everyone engaged on the Egyptian order pleciged pieces together instead of using a single himself to extra efforts as a mark pi.ece. Such makeshifts have proved to of international solidarity. be quite as serviceable as the real thing, Workers at the China Textile Machinery only less pleasing to the eye. This might Works broke all records by assembling be all right for the home market but it flve, six, and sometimes nine or ten looms would not do for the export trade. So six a day. The carpenter who mad-e the experienced buyers were sent out to shuttle boxes for the looms used to make procure rare chingkang teak for the Shang- only flve a day, bu[' by coming to rvcrk hai engineering works. half an hour earlier and rationalizing the Their first stop, Kiangsi Province, dis- rest of his activities he stepped up pro- duction nine order' appointed them. Timber firms had none to a day. The whole was fulfliled record tirne. in stock and didn't know of any sizable in stands in the mountains. Fukien Province, Packing was another new problem to which still has dense virgin forests, was be tackled both for Egypt and for Burma more he1pful. Again there was none in with its monsoon rains. A sample crate stock but the forestry bureau said there was built, machinery packed in it and were stands of it in the forests and agreed dropped and tumbled more than would to supply it if the buyers succeeded in ordinarily be the case on a normal journey. locating the stands themselves. The teak Then it was drenched with water. It stood trees did not all grow in one place but the rigorous tests made on it and was were scattered through the forests. accepted for general use. The peasants on farms near the forests The two Shanghai engineering works were busy with the autumn harvest but have fulfllIed their fust t"vo important when they heard whom the teak was for export orders with credit. They have a dozen of them immediately volunteered learned several useful lessons on the job. to act as guides. The search through the They are now producing still more ad- trackless forests took three weeks and when vanced machines, recently designed, for at last a good stand of teak was found it the home market.

August 76, 7957 33 A Visit to the Department of Biology at Futan University

Kao Shih-shan Our Correspondent

J HaO not seen Futan University for seven we are short of money-in 1956 we were ^ years. On re-entering the grounds, on allowed to spend an amount equal to 60,000 the northern outskirts of Shanghai, I found taels of gold-but the whole country is so everything fresh and new to me. Beside busily engaged in building work of all sorts the o1d two-storeved houses had risen lofty that we cannot get aII the buildings we need red and light-grey buildings, and many erected at once, however much money we others were going up, for scaffolds were to have. As for the academic atmosphere, it be seen in many places. The whole place has become far livelier since the policy of seemed more vigorous and active than I had 'Ietting a hundred schools of thought con- ever seen it. On the lawns and by the tend' was announced last year. But I think flower-beds, students were sitting by twos you'Il flnd it a hard job to cover all that is and threes, going over their notes; the going on here, so I think you had better bulletin board was covered with all sorts of visit one of our departments and live there notices, announcing lectures, choir practices, a day or two and have a real look round." dances or forthcoming sports events; and, Which department, I wondered, should since the summer vacation was drawing I go to? I had once studied agriculture, so near, there was also an open letter signed I plumped for biology. by the future graduates, affirming their readiness to go wherever their country Professor Tan needed them most, no matter what hard- ships they might have to encounter. Professor Tan Chia-chen, the head of the Department of Biology, was for many I started off by dropping in to see years a research member at the Laboratories Professor Chen Wang-tao, the president of of Biological Sciences of the California In- the university, a philologist who has been stitute of Technology, of which Thomas teaching for thirty years. Hunt Morgan was director. It was Pro- fessor Tan who flrst discovered the pericen- Big Changes tric inversion of chromosome variation in "Great changes have come about in our the fruit-fly and the mosaic dominance in university in the past few years,,, said the inheritance of colour patterns in Asiatic Professor Chen. "Now we have eleven lady-birds, and he was once a member of departments anci over 4,000 students, more the Council of the International Congress than twice as many as before liberation. of Genetics. Until I met him I thought this We have twice as much space, too, but it is world-famous scholar of the Morgan school still not sufficient. We are so desperately must be a man getting on in years. When crowded that we have had to run up some we shook hands I found him to be a chubby- temporary classrooms. That,s not because faced man under fifty.

34 People's Chinn It was in the laboratory that I flrst constantly carry articles popularizing Mich- met him. He and several teachers were urin's theories, and they have taken deep examining some fruit-flies of a peculiar root in people's minds. Many who were shape and I was lucky enough to have formerly adherents of Morgan have now a look at the microscope. Then our topic turned to Michurin. At present several turned io the Department of Biology. teachers in his department have become During the last few years, he said, the quite competent instructors in the Michurin department had bought large amounts of theories, and have even done some original scientific apparatus and new books which r,vork of their own. For example, one of could practically fiII a big three-storeyed the lecturers, Li Chun-ying, in joint efforts building. After the reorganization of 1952 with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is seven old professors had been added to studying the flIterable forms of bacteria the original faculty. The number of stu- along Michurinist lines. She has written dents, too, had gradually grown from a few an essay on the subject which attracted score to the present 600, and would probably much attention from scientists both at home reach 1,000 later on. Before liberation he and abroad, and Academician Krasilnikov, had taught in Chekiang University for a writing in the Soviet journal, Prirodo (Na- dozen years, but never had more than 300 ture), paid tribute to the value of her paper. students in the rzv,hole of that time. Now, as head of the department, professor Tan The Students Like It always had much on hand. He had to make teaching plans. to consider the future ex- How do the students respond to this panslon of his department, to arrange simultaneous teaching of two different some and meetings and so forth. But he was. he schools? I talked with of them said, both busy and happy. Oniy one tiring found they were al1 for it. They said that to understand the schools, you he couldn't help regretting, and that was two different that for a time Morgan genetics was not not only had to master the fundamental taught in his department. principles and propositions of each, but were stimulated to greater effort to think Michurin and Morgan and judge for yourself. Yu Chia-huang, a post-graduate, told me that he took up In May 1956 the Party announced the Morgan because provided a policy of "letting hundred it him with a schools of wealth of experiment. He criticized thought contend" in scientiflc studies. In Morgan's principles, however, as somewhat August the Chinese Academy o,f Sciences Iacking in systematic treatment, fault and the Ministry Higher a of Education which he said should be corrected by ab- sponsored a meeting Tsingtao at to discuss sorbing the dialectical approach which char- the study of heredity, and many specialists, acterizes the Michurin school. Jung- adherents of both Michurin Chiu and Morgan, ching, a third-year student from a peas- were present. There was vehement debate ant family, was a fi.rm adherent of Michurin. between scholars of these two schools, and He told me that he believed in Michurin's people soon found that such arguments were principles because it had a sound philoso- a great stimulus to scientific The study. phical base, a perfect theoretical system and Ministry of Higher Education therefore a close relationship with production. He also decided that Morgan's ideas heredity on told me of an interesting experiment under- should be taught in the colleges of agri- taken by two research members at the Chi- culture and the departments of biology. nese Academ5, of Sciences, Fang Hsin-fang "Of course," said Professor Tan, ,,this and Tang Pei-sung. Working on Michurin's doesn't mean that we are going to neglect principle that a change in the environment or discard Michurin's principles.', His de- of an animal or plant leads to a certain partment has taught Michurin,s theories all induced change in its hereditary characters, these years. Chinese periodicals and papers they had succeeded in cultivating the

August 16, 1957 35 the skull of a Tang dynasty (618-907) general unearthed not long ago. In the Dormitories During my stay at Futan University I lived near the students' quarters. I joined in their games, played bail games, chess or: cards with them or listened to music, and very soon we became good friends. I often went to their dormitories and visited their rooms. Each time I went they showed me their photograph albums, their specimens or any curious things they had collected. One day Yuan Chi-hou, a fourth-year Professor Tan Chia-chen, Head of the Department student, showed me some photos, all a bit of Biology, supervising his assistant Chang Chung- dark and blurry, as if taken on a rainy day. shu's experiments on the heredity of the fruit-fly They showed the demonstration against Photo ba Tsao chung British and French aggression in Egypt. Yuan very quickly identifled himseif among Taiwan zyrrrogen (saccharomEces formo- the crowds. Then he pointed to a short- sensis), which would originally not grow sighted-looking fellow with glasses. "Look," at a high teinperature like 40 degrees he said, "we used to caII him 'bookworm.' C., into a new kind of zymogen which could He used to care for nothing else. But when at this temperature live prosperously, he heard that Britain and France had at- multiply quickly and have a greater capaci- tacked Egypt, he got extremely excited. He ty of fermentation. This success brings a took part in the parade. shouting slogans at greater sugar yield from sugar-canes grow- the top of his voice till he became hoarse." ing in sub-tropical Kwangtung. As for Other students in the room also told me all Chiu's own plan. he was going to devote the exciting scenes on that parade. A1- himself to the study of this school of though it was more than six months ago, heredity which could promote production they were still as excited about it as if it and the welfare of mankind. had taken place only yesterday. Nowadays the genetics of Michurin and The specimens they shorved me were Morgan are one of the constantly discussed all things they had collected themselves topics in the department. But not, of course, in the course of fie1d work. Besides to the exclusion of everything else. For visits and practices arranged by the depart- ment in term-time, students the instance, Professor Wang Ming-chi, a have chance every summer vacation of going on specialist in eumycetes (fungi), used most a practice excursion or doing some par- his spare time relations of to study the ticular work. the teachers accompanying between microbes and the storage of grain, them and giving any help they need. This and had achieved some results. Professor summer, for example, the third-year stu- Chiao Chi-yuan's great interest was in the dents specializing in botan5z joined one or fragrant herbs, and he frequently went out other of three teams: one for a geological to collect specimens. Professor Wu Chi- survey in Shansi, one investigating medic- Iiang was very keen on studying the human inal herbs. sponsored by the Nanking skull, from which he hoped to reach con- Botanical Gardens (which comes under the clusions about historical development and Chinese Academy of Sciences), and the changes in human physique and determine third, organized by the Institute of Botany the kinship between the different nation- of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, study- alities. He has recently been working on ing the flora on Mount Lushan. A11 expenses

36 People's China were paid from public funds. These trips make them grow more quickly. "Why, they are the crown of the year for them, not don't budge!" f said, looking at the dead- only because the trips themselves were so and-alive ones. "Aha!', he retorted. ,,See pleasant, but because, as they said, "We those two over there-they,re lively enough, had a chance to see for ourselves what aren't they?" contribution ure could make to the national construction." New Graduates When I was about to leave, the depart- They kept only part of the specimens ment had just flnished its end-of-term they collected and prepared, passing on the rest examinations. The new graduates were to the investigation teams or to the getting ready department. Some to Leave for their new posts. of the students had Two or three months special albums earlier they had each for specimens; oihers simply filled in a form stating put them bet'"veen what they preferred the pages of a book. to do and where preferred Some specimens, they to work, of the perhaps through for the consideration over-much handiing, were of the government. I in rather poor had talked with most of them c_ondition, but they treasured them and discovered highly. that their personal interests and ambitions One thrrd-year student with great care varied enormously. Some were keen on opened up a sheet of cellophane, took out a stock-breeding, anxious to help the peasants plant and invited me to smel1 it. I did, but secure good strains of cattle, horses and my smile told him that I didn,t notice anSz poultry. Others wished to take up teach- particular scent. He looked somewhat dis- appointed, ing. Some hoped to work with botanical and told me that it was or geological 'ualerian{t offtcinalis, growing pingyin. teams, while others preferred in to work in the rural areas where they could Shantung, where Professor Chiao Chi-yuan teach the peasants the cultivation of special got it. Pingyin was noted for its abundant crops. Still others said they would like to roses. The farmers cultivated the roses spend their whole lifetime working in the and sold them to the state ex- which Iaboratories. Chou Teh-ching, wearing ported them and so helped build up our foreign thick short-sighted glasses, told me that exchange reserves. But what the no matter where peasants there did not know he worked, in school, was that it factory, hospital or research organization, was also highly profitable to grow ualeri,ana he was going to stick to his studies of the officinalis, which produces an extremely induced change of bacteria changed fragrant oil much welcomed on in the inter- environments, so as to change harmful national market. You could ptant it between bacteria into useful ones. He meant the the roses, and for very little extra labour study of the peasants formation of the L types of the could both add to their own bacteria. earnings and help promote our country,s The day pe- foreign I was ready to return to trade. As he talked his face grew king I heard that the more and more vivacious. ,,After third-year students I,ve rvere setting out for Hangchow to study the graduated," he said, going offer "f'm to local flora. They were to start eariy in the myself as Professor Chiao's assistant and go morning, so I had time him Pingyin to see them off. with to to heip the peasants Each of them wore a large, broad-brimmed cultivate ualeriana, officinalis. I shail also straw hat and carried a rucksack and water- conduct an investigation in into where bottle. Their teachers went with them. China it grows and where can be grown.,, it As the group started, singing and waving Another student called me to have a to those who were seeing them off, a thrill look at a dozen or so silkworms which he went through me and I felt once again the was rearing as an experiment. A11 the silk- vigour and brightness in store for our young worms, except two or three, lay inert, as if generation and our country. I wished I on the brink of death. He told me he had could spend the summer with them; but I performed some "operation" on them to had to return to Peking.

August 16, 1957 37 reminiscences of the Korean war. In her poem, Mg Secret, Pirrg Ilsin tells of the longing of a primary school pupil to do a real job of work, and Yen Chen's group of poems, MY TriP to the e* Souiet (JnionL, sets down his re- flections and impressions of that country. Ko Ling's A CitU Without Nigltt is a cinema scenario' It shows the ups and downs of a textile mill in Shanghai ovel a period of twenty years, how the i ti Chinese national capitalists made .,:,,:,:::,.,,, .'.,,,,.,, ,1',,,',:,,,,:,, .,:l:r.:,,:::.:.,::, ,;i,:,',',., ,, ',:,, i,:.,.l '; their fortune by exploitation, and how China's national industrY was squeezed by imperialist and ..Sfroz Euee _A New included ir-r his complete works, bureaucrat - comprador caPital it was quite a scoop. under Kuomintang rule. After Litetarg Dfagazinc the liberation, production is The issue also published first stabilized and grows, but the Following in the wake of the Lao Sheh's new three-act play, bourgeoisie, true to form, still many literary magazines that Tea-house. The background of makes mischief : the mill-owner have started up over the Past play is tea-house the an old breaks larvs and government year comes Shou Htt (Harvest), started sixty years a9o, and regulations and lesorts to sPec- a literary bi-monthlY Published mirrors half the history of a ulation and sharp practices, till Shanghai in JulY. century through the comings and in ultimately, guided by the correct goings of its habitu6s-a wealth It prints full-length novels, policy laid down by the PeoPle's of widely contrasted characters. short stories, Poenrs' fuII-length Government, educated by stub- The action starts in 1898, the plays and film scenarios. The born facts and helped by his wife declining years of the Ching are Pa Chin and and daughter, he sees his mis- editors-in-chief dynasty, and ends in 1945, the authors, and take and u'illingly steps out on Chin Yi, both noted victorious conclusion of the 'War the road of socialist transforma- others on the editorial board are of Resistance Japanese Ag- to tion. Ping Hsin, the famous woman gresston.' writer, Liu Pai-yu, the novelist, Another interesting thing is a Tsao Yu and Chen Pai-chen, Among other fiction is Ai Wu's short article by Pa Chin, About the well-known plaYwrights' Ai Tempered Steel, a story of steel "Family" Family being the Ching, the poet, and Cheng Chen- workers' Iife, rvork and love, and novel with- w-hich Pa Chin first to, an authoritY on the historY of Kang Cho's Constant Dripping made a name for himself. Com- literature. Wears Through Stone, which pleted in 1931, it tells the dra- tells of a village in an old liber- matic story of the decline of a three The first issue had some ated area and how the people big family of landlords after the hundred pages and over 600,000 there changed their views on the May the Fourth Movement in words, and the biggest attraction remarriage of widows. There is 1919. Pa Chin says that certain was a hitherto unpublished also a children's tale, Tang characters were based on real article, actually the text of a Hsiao-hsi at the Harbour, by people and that many of the in- lecture, "Ilistorical Changes in Yen Wen-chir-rg. A short story cidents were either things he had the Chinese Novel," by the late by Sha Aing, nleetings, mirrols personally experienced or heard Chinese writer, Lu Hsun. Ee rural life after the great switch about from relatives and friends. gave this speech to the students to farming eo-operation, with In a chatty way he tells his at a summer school in Sian in some sharp criticism of bureau- readers something of the mood 1924 at the request of the North- cratic officials. Another short and outlook which led him to west University. As it had never story, Our Morning, by Liu Pai- write this novel twenty-six years been printed separately or ytr, is based on his personal ago.

38 People's China Atreieot Dlusiaul bar of the wooden rack. The Warring States. The strings of Instrutnents open end of the bell is elliptical these selr have long since gone, in form, and the body is deco- but the small wooden bridges are Recently a set of ancient chim- rated. (See illustration.) still cleariy visible, which was not ing bells was excavated in a tomb Members of the Research In- the case rvith our past flnds. of the Warring States (403-221 stitute of National Music at the They too will be invaluable in the B.C.), in Sinyang, Honan Prov- Central Academy of Music have study of ancient Chinese music. ince. The finds also included a been busy studying the bells. As wooden rack for hanging the the wooden rack and hammers Pieturcr on Dggptes bells on and two long-handled had rotted they have reproduced lVar ol llosista..ce wooden hammers, evidently used them in a similar kind of wood to play the bells. These dis- to the original, The pitch and An exhibition of pictures and coveries are invaluable in the notation of the sounds have been cartoons on Egypt's trYar of study of ancient Chincse music. accurateiy worked out with Resistance in the National Pe- In the past chiming bells were scientific instruments and I'e- king Library is now attracting discovered in Shansi, Honan and corded on tape, As might be big crowds. Anhwei, but they rarely formed expected, the pitch var.ies ac- Two pictures of Port Said are complete sets, so while it was cording to the size of the bells, particularly stliking-the first possible to determine their pitch the largest giving the deepest showing how beautiful it was it was hard to say where they note. The actual lesults are before it rn'as assailed by the fitted into the scale of which what written records had led us imperialists in 1956, and the they formed part. Moreover, to expect-striking testimony to other the ruins after the in- most of the bells were badly the reliability of ancient Chincse vasion among rvhich the Egyp- rusted and the original quality records on music. tian people stand proud and of their tone was of course not In the course of determining the unconquerable. so true as it had been. pitch of the bells the members of The cartoons and posters are The set now discovered, thir- the institute verified their find- eloquent testimony to the Egyp- teen in all, are excellently pre- ings practically by playing a tian people's defence of their served, despite the fact that they folk song on them, and found national independence, iheir love have been underground for up- them most melodious and pleas- of peace and their hatred of the & wards of two thousand years; in ing to the ear. imperialist warmonger"s, Uncle fact they still look quite new, Three woodet seh (a kind of Sam's Hobby shows Uncle Sam Records inscribed on bamboo lute) were also discovered in the playing a special kind of billiards, slips found in the same tomb same tomb. In the past a wooden rolling a bomb to destroy the actually say that "the bells are scD was discovered in Changsha, globe. In the poster', ESapt thirteen in number," so we know Hunan, but it was a very small Wants Peace, a strong man the set is complete. In shape the one. The new finds are nearly sl.rnbolizing the Egyptian people, bells are, roughly, truncated of the size of the selz used in later with a rifle in one hand and an cones. A metal loop at the top periods. Written records say that olive branch in the other, con- is transfixed by a bronze nail the instrument existed in China fronts a skeleton-like u,ar-god. through a hole in the horizontal long before the period of the One picture shows President Nasser leading the Egyptian people on the march along the road of peace and national in- dependence, One interesting picture is a stilllife of chrysar-rthemums, in the traditional Chinese style, painted by lladarne Ragab, wife of the Egyptian Ambassador in Peking. The Chinese people consider the chrysanthemum a florver signifying courage and The set of bells discovered forbearance, so this picture may in Sinyang, Honan Province be taken as a symbol of the N,?,73:^Z? iX'X'i! L"n.? ! Egyptian people's character.

August 16, 1957 39 (HINA i#'J:'i;il.iH AND THE signatory to the agreernent'?HY^ff"; it nevertheless guaranteed not to who Is (Jnderminins the Geneva ;lilil'ff"i:i "ffii"rTilh#,i1,1 to turn South Viet-Nam into a Agfeement ? rnilitary base from which to JuIy 21 is ilie third anniversary the two regions of north and calry out its aggressive designs of ihe signing of the Geneva south Viet-Nam, and for talks in Asia, has consistently and Agreement on the restolation of on the question of a general openly supported the Ngo Dinh peace in Indo-China. Tltere have election. Pham Van Dong, Diem clique and its activities to been many articles in the Chinese Foreign Minister of the Demo- splii Viet-Nam. It has done so v Viet-Nam, has ,t pre,:s discussing horv this aglee- cratic Republic of by giving it a tremendous amount i ment ri'as put into practice. In several times u,ritten to the two of U.S. "aid" and sending mili- b the past three year-s, they say, co-chairmen of the Geneva Con- tary personnel to train, arm and the provisions of the part con- ference suggesting the taking of expald the South Viet-Namese cerning Can-rbodia have, in the effective measures for the strict armed forces. The Geneva raain, been enforced, and so, enforcement of the Geneva Agreement provided that the gradr-'.aliy, are those concerning Agreement in Viet-Nam' independence and sovereignty of Laos. Nevertheless. tl-re imple- But the Ngo Dinh Diem regime the th,ree countries in Indo- mentation of the Geneva Agtee- in South Vie.-Nam rejected China were to be respected and ls and appeals. that they were not to join any ve of the Geneva military blocs. But the United e for general States forcibly included South go Dinh Diem Viet-Nam, Cambodia and Laos declaring itself in the "Protection Area" of e Geneva Agree- SEATO' It tries by every pos- nilateral elec- sible means to interfere in the Viet-Nam. The internal affairs of Cambodia and ber it again Laos, hoping to divert these -called constitu- countries from their policy of make the split peace and neutrality' These are maneni. It also all well-known facts. ed that part of Events in the past three reement which years show that it is Washing- deadiine set by the Geneva Agree- ment, proposed to the South Viet-Namese authorities the call- ing of a political consultative conference to discuss the holding and prohibits of a nation-wide general elec- discrimination tion and the peaceful unifica- formerly engag tion of the country. It has since bi, importing I many times repeated its appeal rvar m'ate,ials to the South Viet-Namese and repeatedly ar-rthorities. armed forces. Agreement set as the latest Why is the Ngo Dinh Diem support to the aspirations of daie for nation-wide general clique so reckless and bold? the people of Viet-Nam for the eleetions, president Ho Chi Mlntr Chinese press opinion is that it peaceful unification of their issue4 a statement to the people is the result of instigation, sup- country; and we believe that of trriet-Nam, urging them to port and encouragement from with the support of the people make the Geneva Agreement s \\'ashington. of all lands rvho treasure peace, reality, calling for the restora- It is public knowledge that their aspirations will assuredly tion of normal relations between the U.S.A. was a de facto come true."

40 People's Chi.na Another Steel Centre for China A-fter four years of prepara- tions, the actual building of the iuE integzated iron and steel works at Paotow started on July 25. It will be the third great steel base in China, the other two being Anshan and Wuhan. The Paotow works will be a huge place, technically among the best of its kind in the world. It will have its own mines, Half Year's Industrial fertilizer and medical supply besides a series of large factories factories, Achievements all on a largs scale and workshops for iron-smelting, and equipped Preliminary returns from the with the latest steel-making, coking, the manu- techniques. State Statistical Bureau show This latest increase facture of fire-resistant materials, in China's that by the end of June the fixed assets is esti- etc. total value of industrial output mated to be worth 1,610 million present, reached 49.6 per cent of the year's yuan. At work has started on eleven factories the plan, 10.8 per cent higher than including iron and steel casting works for the same period of last year. Rich Early Rice Harvests and and forging In the first half of the year there the repair Now that the wheat crops are shops, year, when they was a rapid growth in the pro- Next in, good news about rich early are complete, they will be able duction of capital goods. Steel rice harvests are coming from turn out tens thousands of production and steel products to of all parts of the country. different machine parts a year, show an increase of 24 arrd, 4l founded, forged or pressed in all per cent respectively compared Kwangtung, Szechuan, Hupeh, types of steel. They will also with the same period last year. Hunan and Chekiang have all re- be able to do the overhaul and The fgures for coal, crude oil, ported good harvests of early repair work of all the future pig-iron, cement and electricity rice. In Kwangtung, which has production shops. are also well up on the first six the greatest aereage of this crop, months of last year. the yield is a record figure of Work on the units for making As for food, textiles and other 3,500,000 tons, 100,000 tons more fire-resistant materials, coking, products of light industry, out- than last year. In Szechuan, iron-smelting and steel-making put has fallen slightly because where the rice crops have always ra'ill begin before the year is out. agriculture was affected by been good during ths past seven years natural calamities last year and since liberation, the har- More Savings in Banks and vest began in early July and the there were not enough raw ma- Credit Co-ops terials. Even so, seven of the yield per acre is far greater than As a result of improved living eleven chief products have last year. Hupeh planted 560,000 standards and stable prices, reached more than half the acres of early rice this year and people throughout China saved year's planned targets, the average yield is 24 cwt. per act:e, It is estirnated that the more money during the first half During these six months 3,690 total yield there will be 10 per of this year. In the cities, yuan invested million has been cent higher than last year. The savings amounted to over 2,500 in industrial capital construetion, 3,300,000 acres of early rice in million yuan, 13 per cent up on planned and a third of the total Hunan and Chekiang have been the first six months of 1956 investment for the year. Twenty- harvested, and increased yields more than double the savings nine under enterprises the various are reported from many places. in 1953. In the rural areas, by ministries were either newly the end of last year the total completed or partially completed The early rice in Anhwei, deposits passed the 1,000 million and put into operation, including Kiangsi, Fukien and other prov- yuan mark, 70 per cent up on some coal mines, heat and power inces is being harvested and the 1955 and ten times as much as stations, special steel plants and crops are all good. in 1954.

August 76, 1957 41 The bulk of the banks' also equip it for the manufacture British authorities in Hongkong depositors are working folk. of slmthetic fibres. to forcibly evict Chinese residents Statistics show that in the in Kowloon from their homes and majority of factories and mines Tibet's Ancient Cultural level their houses, farms and over 80 per cent of the workers Retcs orchards. and staff now have a bank ac- history 16-member Burmese patlia- g6unt, A specialist in Tibetan A and in the towns one out has reported the existence of mentary delegation headed by of evely four residents is de- a many ancient sculptures, murals Thakin Thein Maung, Vice- positor, People 'w-ho once made and all sorts of things connected Speaker of the Chamber of Na- regular trips pawnshop to the with religion and daily life, ail tionalities, arrives in Peking. now go just as regularly the to dating from round about the six- July 25 Prernier Chou En-lai bank. teenth century, preserved in the receives -Japanese reporters and the ancient Sakya llonastery near Almost every iownship in talks on Sino-Japanese relations, has credit Shigatse, Tibet. There are vest- rural areas now its reiterating the rvish of the The a.,'erage amount of ments, footwear and other things co-op. Chinese people to be friendly with share capital and savings in each which belonged to Pagspa, found- the Japanese, but denouncing bhe 13,200 yuan. become Sect of Tibetan is It has er of the Sakya Japanese Prime Minister Kishi's a habit u'ith the peasants to put Lamaism, and over 100,000 manu- hostile attitude towards China and all the money they can spare in script volumes of Tibet's oldest condemning his intention to sow the banks or credit co-ops. scriptures, written on goatskin discord between China and other between the eighth and sixteenth Asian countries. Fertilizer Factory in Kirin centurie,s. Many of these volumes feet Building of the Paotow Inte- The Kirin F,ertilizer Factory, are three feet wide and six There are also grated Iron and Steel Works, largest of its kind in China, has six inches long. one of the three big iron and been completed ahead of time Buddhist scriptures written or in steel centres in China, begins. and its first installations are printed from movable type already working. Chinese. These belong to the July 26 State Council decides Sung, Yuan and Ming dynasties. - Work on the plant, which was that all persons working' in state An ancient Indian scripture, built w-ith the help cf the Soviet bodies sha1l take an active part written in Sanskrit with lacquer Union, began in the first half of in the rectification campaign and on a kind of leaf, is preserved 1955, and the original plan vras the struggle against the bour- there and is in very good condi- to finish it and start operations geoig rightists. tion. in 1958, Bub later came the July 28 China and Afghanistan high tide of agricultural co- Sakya, the birthplace of the sign agreement- on the exchange operation, and to rneet the press- Sakya Sect of Tibetan Lamaism of goods and payment in Kabutr ing need to improve farming which originatrd in the eleventh first trad.e agreement be- techniques, building work was century, was once the political, -thetween the two countries. speeded up and completed earlier religious and cultural centre of JuIy 29 Chinese delegation than planned. Tibet. It is on one of the ancient headed by- Tsai Ting-kai leaves The factory's main lines are routes from Tibet to India and Peking for Tokyo by air to synthetic ammonia and methyl Nepal. attend the Third World Con- alcohol, produced on such a ference Against Atomic and large scale yearly out- that its Hydrogen Bombs and for Dis- put fertilizers almost of u'ill be armament, half of China's total yield of chemical fertilizers in t952, Jtuly 24 Chinese Foreign Minis- July 31 National Agricultural Continuous expansion of the try sends- note to the office of Exhibition- closes in Peking. plant will begin next year, to the British Charg6 d'Affaires in Two and a half million people raise its productivity to four or Peking protesting againsl un- visited the exhibition since it five times what it is now, and reasonable measrlres taken by the opened on February 20.

Editorial Board, "PEOPLE'S CHINA," Pai Wan Chuang, Peking (sr;, 65;* Publkhd by ,he FoREtcN LANGUAGEi PRess, Peking, Gin Distributed bv GUozr SHUoTAN, 38 Suchou Hutung, Pekinq, Chine E rtered as Fimt-Class P;nted lvlarcr ar rhe Geneml Post Office of Chrm Printed in th.. Prcple's Republic o[ Chino M

Lool, all darlc and hatcful!

Yeh Chun-yang in "Cartoon Magazine"

Newton up-todate

Ku Pu in "Cartoon Magazine"

tu Pottery lion from Shihwan Township, Kwangtung

L,/\ ( + El + i tu-i,n- + + x: +* 4

I