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DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE

FOR ECO SENSITIVE AREAS IN WESTERN

(, , AND )

Published by ENVIS Centre Department of Environment

Assisted by

ABC Techno Labs Private Limited West, – 600 040.

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(njh¥ò v‹. o. bt§flhry«) R‰W¢NHš Jiw mik¢r®

HANS RAJ VERMA , I.A.S., Environment and Forest Dept., Principal Secretary to Govt., Secretariat, Chennai-9.

Date: 31 .03.2015 Foreword

Conserving biodiversity and the ecosystem is the only hope for a better world. These are matters of urgency that require sustained concerted high-level attention as they have broad impact not just on the land, but also on economic and social development, and needs to be considered in the context of sustainable development of the State. To this end, we must ensure that the demand on the environment from which we derive our sustenance, does not exceed its carrying capacity for the present as well as future generations.

Protecting an environment simply implies the sustainable use as well as management of natural resources which include , water, air, and earth deposits. There are renewable and non-renewable natural resources. Conservation of natural resources generally focuses on the needs & interests of human beings, for instance the biological, economic, cultural and recreational values. Conservationists have the view that development is necessary for a better future, but only when the changes occur in ways that are not wasteful.

The main focus of the Environmental Profiles of Eco-sensitive areas of Tamil Nadu is to provide the baseline data, which will aid in the formulation of an appropriate policy for wise management of the resources. The District Environmental Profiles of Eco-sensitive areas of Tamil Nadu is of great utility as it provides all the basic information required for carrying out environmental monitoring, assessment and enforcement by various Departments such as the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, TWAD Board, Water and Sewerage Board etc.

I congratulate DR. H. Malleshappa, I.F.S., Director of Environment and his staff, especially the ENVIS Centre, for bringing out this report. I hope that this report will be a benchmark and be used for conserving the environmental resources of Tamil Nadu by all stakeholders.

DR. H. MALLESHAPPA, I.F.S., Department of Environment, Director of Environment , Chennai-15

Date: 31 .03.2015

Preface

The District Environmental Profiles of Eco-sensitive areas of Tamil Nadu provides a general picture of the various bio- physical and socio-economic conditions prevailing in the three Eco-sensitive areas of Tamil Nadu and an understanding of how human activities affect the environmental conditions and its implications on human health and economic well being. It also provides an overview of the outcome of responses such as policy initiatives, legislative reform and changes in policy behavior. The Profiles document the present status of key sectors that are concerned with the environment; and the issues that impact in key sectors such as demography, agriculture and horticulture, forests and wildlife, biodiversity, water resources, coastal and marine environment, energy, industrialization, urbanization, archaeology, tourism, pollution, waste management and infrastructure. In the absence of a centralized repository for environment related data, this report would serve as the database for policy formulation and preparation of environmental management plans in Tamil Nadu.

I would also like to thank all the Government line Departments and Institutions for providing valuable data and information for the preparation of this report. I am extremely thankful to Thiru Hans Raj Verma, I.A.S., Principal Secretary, Environment and Forests Department and for his valuable guidance during the preparation of this Report. I express my thanks to Dr. Jayanthi M., I.F.S., Additional Director, Department of Environment and all the staff of the Department of Environment during the preparation of this Report. Further, I thank the staff of the ENVIS centre for collecting, collating and analyzing scientific information from various sources and compiling this report in the present form.

I am sure the District Environmental Profiles of Eco-sensitive areas of Tamil Nadu, brought out through the pioneering effort of the Department of Environment will be useful to all the departments of the Government, researchers and students for environment planning and management.

I welcome comments and suggestions for improving the report.

Director Department of Environment

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The District Environmental Profile for the of Coimbatore, Karur, Tiruppur and Erode is the outcome of serious efforts and combined team work of large number of Engineers & Scientists of ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited.

The real motive and dynamic force behind this report is the Department of Environment, Govt. of Tamil Nadu. In this regard we are extremely grateful to Dr. Malleshappa (Indian Forest Service), Director of Environment and his team for their suggestions, constant encouragement and meticulous care taken at all stages of preparation of the District Environmental profile for the Western Region –Tamil Nadu.

We are also thankful to the various Government Departments that helped us by providing data and their comments and suggestions on the different Chapters in this report.

The different personnel from the Government Departments include:

S.No Name of Person & Designation Name of Government Department Department of Archaeology, Ms. M.A.P. Saraswathy, Tamil Valarchi Valagam, 1. Archeology Officer, Halls Road, ,

Chennai. 600 008 Thiru. S. Ananth, Directorate of Industrial Safety & Health 2. Joint Director, No.5, , Chennai. 600 005 Dr. D. Gunasundar, Central Ground Water Board, Senior Scientist, E-Wing, Rajaji Bhavan, 3. Besant Nagar, Chennai. 600 090 Environment Cell Division, Thiru. R. Ramanathan, Public Works Department, 4. Executive Engineer, Chepauk,

Chennai. 600 006 Department of Economics and Statistics, Thiru. A. Arumugam, DMS Campus, 5. Assistant Director, No.359, ,

Chennai. 600 006 Dr. R. Asokan, Regional Meteorological Centre, No.50, New No.6, College Road , 6. Scientist "E" & Director of Hydrology Division Chennai. 600 006

Tamil Nadu Water and Drainage Board, Thiru. K. Vadivel, No.31, Kamarajar Salai, 7. Deputy Hydrologist, Chepauk,

Chennai. 600 005

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State Ground Water and Surface Water Thiru. K.S. Kadiravan, Resources Data Centre 8. Assistant Director (WRD), . Chennai. 600 113 Thiru. C. Chandrasekaran, Agriculture Department. 9. Deputy Director (Pulses & Oil Chepauk Seeds), Chennai. 600 005 Ms. V. Poonguzhali, Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu Ltd., Deputy Manager (QA), No.692, M.H.U.Complex II Floor, 10. CIT Nagar, , Chennai. 600 035 Medical and Rural Health Services, Dr. N. Karthikeyan, DMS Complex, 11. Joint Director (Health), No.359, Anna Salai,

Chennai. 600 006 Dr. Ahana Lakshmi, Institute of Ocean Management, 12. Scientist, , Chennai. 600 025 Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, 13. The Member Secretary 76, Mount Salai, , Chennai - 600 032 Thiru. K. Rammohan, Forest Department, 14. Assistant Conservator of Forests, 9th Floor, Panagal Building, Saidapet, Chennai. 600 015 Thiru. G. Srinivasan, Tamil Nadu Generation & Distribution Superintending Engineer (Civil), Corporation Ltd., (TANGEDCO) 15. Environment Management Cell, NPKRR Maaligai, No.800 Anna Salai, Chennai. 600 002 Thiru. S. Panneerselvam, Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority, Deputy Planner, Thalamuthu Natrajan Building, 16. No.1, Gandhi Irwin Road, Egmore, Chennai. 600 008 Corporation of Chennai, Dr. M. Jagadeesan, No.1131, EVR Salai, 17. Additional Health Officer, Park Town, ,

Chennai. 600 003 Thiru. S. Ambethkar, Department of Geology and Mining, 18. Deputy Director, Thiru.Vi.Ka. Industrial Estate, Guindy, Chennai. 600 032 Thiru. C.V. Vadivelu, Institute of Water Studies, 19. Executive Engineer (WRD), Tharamani, Chennai. 600 113 Thiru. K. Krishnasamy, Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Executive Engineer (STP), Sewerage Board, 20. No.1, Pumping Station Road, Chennai 600 002

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Thiru. Sugato Dutt, I.F.S., State Planning Commission, 21. Head of Division (Land Use), Ezhilagam, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005 Transport Department, Thiru. Pon. Senthilnathan, Ezhilagam, 22. Assistant Secretary, Chepauk,

Chennai 600 005 Thiru. J. Chandrakumar, I.A.S., Commissionerate of Land Reforms, Director of Land Reforms, Ezhilagam, 23. Chepauk, Chennai 600 005 Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation Thiru. Prasanth Kumar, Research, 24. Scientist, Anna University,

Chennai 600 025 Directorate of Town & Country Planning, Thiru. A. Sivaprakasam, Opp. to LIC, Chengalvarayan Building, 25. Assistant Director, 4th Floor, Anna Salai,

Chennai 600 002 Thiru. I. Joyee Olive Rachel, Departmentof Fisheries, Deputy Director (Fisheries ADMIN Buildings, 26. Extension), ,

Chennai 600 006

Directorate of Cencus Operations, Thiru. S. Chinnadurai, Ministry of Home Affairs, 27. Assistant Director, Rajaji Bhavan,

Chennai 600 090 Department of Horticulture & Ms. D. Suseela, Crops, 28. Assistant Director, Agriculture Complex, III Floor, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005

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The team at ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited Include:

S.no Name Designation

1. Dr.R. K. Jayaseelan Technical Director and Environmental Coordinator

2. Mrs. K. Vijayalakshmi Manager - Environment

3. Mr. Bipin P. Chari Project Engineer

4. Mrs. Supriya Bellad Project Engineer

5. Mr. M. Mohamed Assain Project Engineer

6. Dr. R. Hemapriya Project Engineer

7. Mr. Mukund Ramesh Junior Project Engineer

8. Mr. P. Bharath Junior Project Engineer

9. Mr. M. Jaganath Junior Project Engineer

10. Mr. A. Ashok Kumar Junior Project Engineer

11. Mr.G.Vineeth Pethu Junior Project Engineer

12. Ms. R. Akshaya Junior Project Engineer

13. Ms. P. Sherin Junior Project Engineer

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

As the 21stcenturybegins, several well established environmental trends are shaping the future of civilizations all over the globe. Rising temperature , falling water table , shrinking cropland per person , collapsing fisheries , shrinking forests , the loss of plant and animal species , all these have become universal concerns. Land degradation, Biodiversity, air pollution, fresh water resources and hazardous waste management have been identified as major issues that face the districts of Coimbatore,Karur, Tiruppur, and Erode in the western region. Thereport has been prepared in the view of the outcome of response of such as policy decisions.

Specifically rise of rapid urbanization and industrialization has increased the need for time bound and comprehensive management of hazardous wastes in the region. Urban landfills, with enormous quantities of waste pose a major problem for the health of towns and , causing air and ground water pollution in the western region. Solid waste management and disposal in cities and towns is providing to be a major challenge. Illegal dumping with great health hazards continuous in most of the urban centres of the western region.

In addition to the growth in human population over the years a large pool of potential users for both the monitoring and reporting functions of the system.The growth in human population over the years has had both the positive and negative impact on overall quality of environment in the western region. As the demand for energy has increased the potential for electrical energy production has also been tapped to a great extent.

The report is intended to provide a benchmark for future environmental reporting and also to serve as the database for policy making and preparation of environmental management plans. At present the required data lies scattered in the archives of various government departments and agencies. This report is intended to bring all the data available to one place from which the required data can be accessed and collected by different Government Departments.

This report is divided into eight chapters where in Demographic profile, Land resources, Biodiversity, Water resources, Tourism & Archaeology, Industrialization & Urbanization and Eco-sensitive aspects of the District have been amply discussed.

The Tamil Nadu Government have upheld several measures through various departments for a sustained development of Tamil Nadu for the present and future generations so that we will be able to conserve and use natural resources at an optimum level.

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CONTENTS

1. 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Human resource and Demographic transition 1 1.3 Land resources 3 1.4 Biodiversity 16 1.5 Water resources 24 1.6 Tourism and Archeology 32 1.7 Industrialization and Urbanization 34 1.8 Eco-sensitive aspects of Coimbatore District 45 2. 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Human resource and Demographic transition 51 2.3 Land resources 53 2.4 Biodiversity 56 2.5 Water resources 58 2.6 Tourism and Archeology 61 2.7 Industrialization and Urbanization 63 2.8 Eco-sensitive aspects of Coimbatore District 70 3. 3.1 Introduction 72 3.2 Human resource and Demographic transition 72 3.3 Land resources 74 3.4 Biodiversity 80 3.5 Water resources 83 3.6 Tourism and Archeology 87 3.7 Industrialization and Urbanization 90 3.8 Eco-sensitive aspects of Coimbatore District 97 4. 4.1 Introduction 98 4.2 Human resource and Demographic transition 99 4.3 Land resources 101 4.4 Biodiversity 110 4.5 Water resources 111 4.6 Tourism and Archeology 116 4.7 Industrialization and Urbanization 117 4.8 Eco-sensitive aspects of Coimbatore District 119 5. Institutional Mechanism for Environmental Management 121 6. References 130

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Coimbatore District

1.1 INTRODUCTION Coimbatore district has got a high concentration of small scale industries Coimbatore district is one of the and medium and large scale industries. districts located in the western part of It has a well-developed . the state of Tamil Nadu. It is located The successful growth of served between 10˚10’ and 11˚30’ degrees of as a foundation for the establishment of the northern latitude and 76˚40’ and its famous textile industry. 77˚30’ degrees of the eastern longitude. The district headquarters is Coimbatore The development of hydro city. It is considered as one of the most electricity from the Falls in the industrialized cities of Tamil Nadu. 1930 led to a cotton boom. Coimbatore Coimbatore district shares its isalso famous for the manufacture of boundaries with by Palghat district of motor pump sets and varied on the west, by of goods. Located in terrain Kerala in the south, Tiruppur district in feed area of the Western , the east and Nilgiris in the north. Coimbatore enjoys a very good climate all the year round with a fair amount of The present Coimbatore district rainfall. The main rivers that flow consists of two revenue divisions of through the district include Noyyal, Coimbatore and and has ten Bhavani, Amravathi, and Palar. taluks namely , Coimbatore (north), Coimbatore (south), , The black soil of the region has , , Mettupalayam, contributed to Coimbatore's flourishing Pollachi, and . The agriculture industry. Availability of huge taluks (Figure 1) are further divided into quantities of lime stone in & 295 revenue villages. Valaiyar area of Madukkarai Block has helped the growth of cement industries.

Coimbatore district has a high forest area cover. This is predominantly due to the range. Accounting for approximately 22 % of geographical area of the district, forests exist in , P.N.Palayam, , Madukkarai, Anamalai & Valparai Blocks. Timber, Fuel Wood, Gallnut, Mango & Elavam are major forest products available in this district.

1.2 HUMAN RESOURCE AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

Demographic Aspect

As per the Census of India 2011, population of Coimbatore district was Figure 1: Map of Coimbatore District found to be 3,458,045. Of this 50% (Source: http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/district.php) (1,729,297) are male and 49.9%

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(1,728,748) are females, as shown in Table 2: Decadal growth during2001- Table 1 and Figure 2. 2011

Table 1: Population of Population Coimbatoredistrict 2011 Year Growth Persons Percentage (%) Persons 3,458,045 1991-2001 (+) 16.69 %

Males 1,729,297 2001-2011 (+) 18.56 %

Females 1,728,748 Sex Ratio: 1000 Table 3: Density of population in (Source: Statistical handbook ofTamil Nadu- Coimbatore 2013) 2011 (No.s) 2001 (No.s) Coimbatore 731 631

Figure 2: Population of Coimbatore district vs. Tamil Nadu during 2001- Figure 3: Population density of 2011 Coimbatore district vs. Tamil Nadu during 2001-2011 Growth Rate Density of population in Coimbatore Coimbatore district has a is 731 persons per sq.km (Table 3) population of 2,216,620 according to the whereas the state average is 555 2001 census. The population had grown persons per sq. km. One of the main by 18.56% since 2001 whereas the reasons for increase in population is population growth of Tamil Nadu is only due to migration to urban areas for 15.6% (Table 2). It is the sixth most employment. This results in increase of populous district in the state. population in the urban areas Coimbatore is not only one of the most demanding more infrastructure facilities populous districts of Tamil Nadu but in respect of water supply, power also densely populated as seen in supply, sewage and solid waste Table 3&Figure 3. disposal etc.

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Rural - Urban Population Table 5: Status of Below Poverty Line

Coimbatore is also relatively more Rural 24.4% urbanized than the other districts in the Coimbatore state. According to the 2011 Census, District 75.73% (Table 4) percent of the Urban 27.8% population of Coimbatore lives in urban areas whereas the level of urbanization as compared to the state is 48.4 Literacy level percent. Coimbatore district has a high level Table 4: Percentage of Rural and of literacy. As per census 2011 it was Urban Population 83.98% of the total population (Table 6). This is higher than the state average Rural which is 80.33 %. Coimbatore 24.27% District Urban 75.73% Table 6: Percentage to literates to total population

The increase in level of Persons 83.98% urbanization in Coimbatore over the period 2001-2011 is mainly due to Males 89.06% employment opportunities. The Females 78.92% emergence of major textile, industrial, commercial, educational, information technology, healthcare and The high literacy rate can be owed manufacturing sectors has provided to the successful establishment of many jobs. Other important industries government and private colleges in the include software service. In the 2001 district. Coimbatore district is home to census, all statutory towns and places 54 engineering colleges, 2 medical that satisfy certain demographic and colleges, 18 polytechnics and more than economic criteria are treated as urban. 70 Arts and science colleges. All Town Panchayats have been included in the urban frame irrespective 1.3 LAND RESOURCES of whether they satisfy the demographic or economic criteria. Land use

Poverty The geographical area of Coimbatore district is 47,00,000 ha. The poverty in urban parts of the According to professional survey and District is found to be much higher than also village records, the land use the poverty level in rural parts of pattern during 2012-2013 is indicated in Coimbatore. The Percentage of the following Table 7 and Figure 4 & 5. population below poverty line in the rural population is at 22.4 %, while in the urban population it is at 27.8 % (Table 5).

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Figure 4: Land Use Change from 2000 to 2013

Table 7: Land utilization pattern in 2000-2013

2006- 2000- % % 2012- % Classification 2001 2007 2013

(ha) (ha) (ha) Forest 158528 21.2 158801 21.3 111871 23.7 Barren and 10265 1.4 7464 1.0 4793 1.0 Uncultivable uses Land put to Non- 92004 12.3 106025 14.2 75040 15.9 Agricultural uses Cultivable Waste 2004 0.3 13997 1.9 8606 1.8 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing 1139 0.2 85 0.0 77 0.0 Land Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops and Groves 4339 0.6 3383 0.5 3309 0.7 not included in Net Area Sown Current Fallows 146807 19.7 84525 11.3 28111 6.0 Other Fallow Land 13689 1.8 57842 7.7 64438 13.6 Net Area Sown 317375 42.5 314957 42.2 176077 37.3 Net Area Sown - - 18375 2.5 8995 1.9 more than once Gross area sown - - 333332 44.6 185072 39.2 Total Geographical 747079 100 747079 100.0 472322 100 Area (Source: Directorate of Town and Country Planning)

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Culturable waste

The total area under culturable waste (the arable land that is not taken up for cultivation) is 8606 hectares or 1.8% of the total geographical area of the district. This may be due to non- availability of water resources and man power.

Permanent pastures and other Figure 5: Land Use in Coimbatore grazing lands District All grazing lands are considered as Types of Land permanent pastures. An extent of 77 hectares of the geographical area of the Forest land district falls under this category.

In Coimbatore district, an extent of Land under miscellaneous tree crops 111871 hectares of land comes under forest land as on 2012-2013. This Lands under casuarina trees, represents 23.7% of the total thatching grasses, bushes and geographical area of the district. The other groves for fuel etc., which are not forest area for Coimbatore district in the included under orchards are classified year 2006-2007 was 158801 ha. This under this category. The extent is 3309 included Tiruppur district. hectares or 0.7% of the geographical area of the district. Barren and unculturable land Current fallow lands In Coimbatore district, an extent of 4793 hectares of land comes under The cultivable lands, which are kept barren and unculturable land category, fallow during the entire period under which represents 1% of the total review is known as current fallow. The geographical area of the state. area under current fallow during 2012- 2013 constituted 6% of the total Land put to non-agricultural uses geographical area of the district with an extent of 28111 hectares as against The lands occupied by buildings, 84525 hectares during the year 2006- roads, canals and land put to uses other 2007. than agricultural purposes are brought under this category. Area under this Other fallow lands classification is 75040 hectares accounting for 15.9% of the district’s All lands which are taken up for geographical area. The extent under cultivation but have temporarily put off this category has increased during the cultivation for a period of not less than year under report as compared to 2001 one year and not more than five years and 2006. are treated as other fallow lands. An extent of 64438 hectares, which is 13.6

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% of thetotal geographical area. There Table 8 and Figure 6. The Land use is an increase of 6% under this category break up of Coimbatore city for the year of land as compared to the previous 2002 is given in Table 9. year.

Net area and gross area sown

Net area sown represents the area sown with crops during the year only once. 176077 hectares of land constituting 37.3 % was cultivated once with various crops during the year 2012- 2013. The gross area sown represents the total area cultivated under all food and non-food crops including the area sown more than once. The gross area sown during 2012-2013 is 185072 Figure 6: Expansion of Coimbatore hectares. The area had sown more than city once during 2012-2013 is 8995 Table 8: of hectares. Coimbatore Metropolitan Area Area in Growth in Year The main metropolitan area of Sq.Km Percent Coimbatore i.e Coimbatore city has 1973 38.28 - been ever expanding till date. At present, due to urbanization the city has 1989 79.05 105.6 seen conversion of agriculture land for 2004 135.75 71.5 urban land use. The table showing 2010 274.34 102.3 increase in Metropolitan area is given in

Table 9: Break up details of land use in Coimbatore city (2002)

% % total Land Use Area in Ha. developed area area Residential use 6318.68 78.76 59.84 Commercial use 279.40 3.48 2.65 Industrial use 491.00 6.12 4.56 Educational use 661.50 8.25 6.26 Public & Semi public 271.89 3.39 2.57 use Agricultural use 2537.53 -- 24.03 Total 10560.00 100 100 (Source: DTCP, 2002)

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Figure 7: Coimbatore master plan land use 2002

Figure 8: Coimbatore master plan land use 2021

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The metropolitan area of the city Table 11: Soil Classification and has expanded from 38.28 sq.km in 1973 extent for the year: 2011 – 2012 to 247.34 sq.km in 2010. This is due to urbanization and growth of the city Area population. The land use plan for the Type of Soil (‘000 city (Figure 7 &Figure 8) shows an ha) increase in residential areas in the Deep black soil 87.6 south –western region. Most of the commercial area in this region has been Deep red soils 86.5 converted to residential area. Moderately deep 74.6 black Soils Industrial areas have also Moderately deep red increased in the master plan land use 35.9 2021. Most of the Land allotted for soils agriculture is located near the Noyyal Shallow red soils 59.4 River. Very deep black soils 22.9 Classification of Soils

Red soil and black soil are major A map showing the Soil soil types available in the Coimbatore Classification in the district is provided district. The soil classification of in Figure 9. Coimbatore district is furnished in Table 10 and the extent for each soil is given in Table 11.

Table 10: Soil classification in Coimbatore district

Type of Places in District Soil (Blocks) Anamalai, Red Pollachi North , Loam Pollachi South, Thondamuthur(parts) Lateritie Valparai Soil Sulthanpet, P.N.Palayam Black Soil S.S.Kulam(parts), Sulur, Parts of Madukkarai. (Source: Agriculture Contingency Plan for Coimbatore District-2013) Figure 9: Map Showing Soil classification of Coimbatore district

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The rich black soil of the region has Some of the rain dependent crops contributed to Coimbatore's flourishing include Bajra and Jowar (millets), Paddy agriculture industry. Black soils, also or , Maize, Groundnut, Cotton, called black-cotton soil, are found in Sugarcane and . most parts of the district. They contain iron-rich granular structures and are Rain fed Crops is prone to breaks resistant to wind and water erosion. in the during the crop growth They are also highly moisture-retentive, due to water stress. This water stress thus responding well to . The may be due to variability of rainfall, successful growth of cotton that served delay in sowing, diversity in crop as a foundation for the establishment of management practice and variability of its famous textile industry. the soil type. The prolonged breaks can result in complete failure of the crops Red Soil is also widely found in the district. It is due to the presence of iron Horticulture oxide deposits, that red soils get the Horticulture includes cultivation of unique red tint and are comparatively fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, infertile because of lime deficiency and sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, soluble salt content. Some of the major seaweeds and non-food crops such as crops grown in the red soil are grass and ornamental trees and plants. groundnut, millets, ragi, rice, potato, It also includes plant conservation, sugarcane, wheat, tobacco. These soils landscape restoration, landscape and are acidic in nature and this is one garden design. Coimbatore district similarity between laterite soils and red provides a pleasant climate profile for soils. Red soils are not able to preserve the cultivation of horticultural crops. moisture and hence, crops are cultivated mostly during the rainy Major Horticulture Crops season. In order to get higher yield in Major horticulture crops cultivated this type of soil, constant application of manures is very vital. in this district are fruits crops like mango and , vegetables like tomato, Agriculture & Horticulture brinjal, bhindi and onion, spices like turmeric and flowers like tube rose, and Major Agricultural Crops jasmine. Details of Horticultural crop Major Agricultural Crops cultivated statistics are given in Table 13. List of in this district are crops Sorghum, major fruits are given in Table 14. List Groundnut, Maize, Cowpea, Rice, of major vegetables are provided in Cotton. The most produced crop is Table 15. Sorghum and the highest productivity is Horticulture Farms found in Maize. Details of the total production and productivity are found in There are two Horticulture Farms in Table 12. the District, one at Anailkatty and the other at .

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Table 12: Crop productivity in Coimbatore district

Productivity Production in tones Crop Area (ha) Kg / ha as As per 1421 Fasali per 1421 Fasali Paddy 2155 10486 4866 Cholam 22087 18714 847 Cumbu 60 210 3500 Ragi 24 50 2083 Maize 4600 33128 7202 Bengal Gram 1295 1004 775 Red Gram 211 269 1275 Black Gram 988 990 1002 Green Gram 1397 1165 834 Horse Gram 1617 781 483 Other Pulses 6058 2011 332 Arecanut 1791 3280 1832 Cardamom 835 63 75 Chillies 475 274 577 Pepper 127 27 213 Coriander 149 81 544 Turmeric 1367 27931 20432 Tamarind 494 3183 6443 Sugarcane 1404 192425 137055 Banana 8351 339894 40701 Mango 2421 14576 6021 Jack Fruit 19 72 3789 Guava 122 598 4902 Grapes 203 3423 16862 Orange 8 12 1500 Lemon 28 48 1714 Cashew Nut 92 28 304 Tapiaco 487 24556 50423 Sweet potato 5 0 0 Onion 907 10636 11727 Brinjal 320 3716 11612 Ladies Finger 316 4354 13778 Tomato 2215 29942 13518 Cotton 558 5552 9950 Ground Nut 5434 17890 3292 Gingelly 417 332 796 83341 12508 150 Sun Flower 4 88 22000 Castor 32 11 344 Cabbage 10 182 18200 Tobacco 47 232 4936 (Source: Agriculture Contingency Plan – Coimbatore-2013)

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Table 13: Horticultural crops statistics

Production Productivity Name of the Crop Area (ha) (tones) (Kg/ha)

Fruits 13421 420665 31.34

Vegetables 6565 111627 17.00

Plantation Crops 15191 138729 9.13

Spices & Condiments 5364 321314 59.90

Flowers 781 7152 9.16

Medicinal & Aromatic 146 947 6.49 Crops

Total 41468 1000433 24.13 (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu, 2013)

Major Fruits Irrigation

Table 14: List of Major Fruits in Irrigation is the artificial application Coimbatore District of water to the soil for normal growth of plants. Water is an important Name of Fruit Area ( ‘000 ha) determinant factor for production of crops in agriculture sector. Intensive Banana 9.8 and extensive cultivation of land Mango 2.5 depends mainly on the availability of Grapes 0.2 water. Medium and minor irrigation Sapota 0.2 schemes are implemented in the state for augmenting the water supply for Amla 0.4 agriculture. The various sources of irrigation are canals, tanks, tube wells Major Vegetables and ordinary wells. The Table 16 shows Table 15: List of Major vegetables in the area irrigated in the district. Coimbatore District Table 16: Area irrigated in the district Name of Area vegetable (‘000 ha) Irrigation Area (‘000 ha) Onion 0.14 Brinjal 0.02 Net irrigated area 175.4 Drumstick 0.01 Gross irrigated Bhendi 0.006 185.8 area Bittergourd 0.006 Rain fed area 137.5

11

The yield of dug wells range from its boundary. Because of its close 50 to 300 lpm for draw down varying proximity to the Western Ghats, the from 0.5 to 3.5 m for a pumping period district is rich in flora and fauna. It is home to the Wildlife of 2 to 4 hours. The yield of bore wells Sanctuary and National Park. It covers is < 1 to 5 lps for pumping period of 6- a total area of 95,859 ha. The Forest 10 hours. Some areas in the district varies from dry deciduous to semi- have become victim to over – evergreen, evergreen and montane wet exploitation of ground water resources. temperate containing , Rose wood Sources of irrigation in the district are and other tropical species. Animals, given in Table 17. including Indian , , , Panther, , , , Table 17: Sources of irrigation in , Lion-tailed Macaque, Coimbatore district Sambar, Four horned Antelope, and a host of birds, notably the Pied Area and several types of Eagles Source of Number (‘000 Irrigation may be seen. A map showing the ha) Forest Cover is presented in Figure 10 & 11. Tanks 1694 53.1

Open wells 7591 2.9

Bore wells 310 2.9

Total 9595 58.9

Pump sets 7901 -

Forest and Wildlife

The entire western and northern part of the district borders the Western Ghats with the Nilgiri biosphere as well as the Anamalai and ranges. A western pass to Kerala, popularly Figure 10: Map showing Forest cover referred to as the Palghat Gap provides of Coimbatore district

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Figure 11: Map showing Forest area of Coimbatore district

Important Wildlife Sanctuaries in Major like Parambikulam Coimbatore District , , Thirumurthi Reservoir, Upper Aliyar Reservoir, 1) Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Kadambarai, Sholayar and and National Park are fed by the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary perennial rivers which originate from the and National Park (IGWLS&NP) (Figure Sanctuary. 12) is a protected area located in the i) Flora Anamalai Hills of Pollachi, Valparai and Udumalpet taluks of Coimbatore District The park is home to a wide variety and Tiruppur District. Elevation ranges of flora and fauna typical of the South between 340–2,513 metres (1,115– Western Ghats. There are over 2000 8,245 ft) to 2,513 metres (8,245 ft) species plants of which about 400 above MSL. Mean annual rainfall is species are of prime medicinal value. between 500 millimetres (20 in) in the The forests includes wet evergreen south western fringes to 4,500 forest and semi-evergreen forest, millimetres (180 in) on the north east. montane -grassland, moist This Sanctuary is an important deciduous, dry deciduous, thorn forests watershed for the agricultural economy and marshes. Tropical wet evergreen and power supply in other parts of Tamil forest is found at an altitude of 600m to Nadu. 1,600m. Tropical montane forests occur

13 at higher elevations and are interspersed with montane grasslands, forming the shola-grassland complex. Tree cover is provided by Hopea Much of the original evergreen forest parviflora, Mesua Ferrea (Figure 13), now contains introduced teak Calophyllum tomentosum, Vateria . Bamboo stands and reeds indica, Cullenia excelsa and Mangifera occur in the natural forests. indica, Machilus macrantha, Alstonia scholaris (Figure 14), Evodia meliaefolia, Ailanthus and Bombax ceiba (Figure 15), and Eucalyptus grandis. The area is home to Podocarpus wallichianus (Figure 16) a rare South Indian species of conifer.

Figure 12: Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park

Figure 15: Bombax ceiba

ii) Fauna

The National Park & Wildlife Sanctuary is home to more than 20 different species of animals. Some of them are:, Dhole (Asiatic wild dog), and Lion-tailed macaque, the Figure 13: Mesua ferrea vulnerable Brown Mongoose, Gaur, Malabar Spiny Dormouse, Nilgiri langur, Rusty-spotted cat (Figure 17), , Sloth bear (Figure 18) and Smooth-coated Otter, , Indian and Indian . , , , Spotted deer, Barking Deer, Mouse Deer, Wild Boar, Common langur, Bonnet macaque, (Figure 19), the Endangered (Figure 20), (Figure 21), Small Indian Figure 14: Alstonia scholaris 14

Civet, Indian Gray Mongoose, Striped- necked Mongoose, , Grey Slender Loris, Indian Giant Squirrel, Indian Crested Porcupine, Indian Pangolin, Indian porcupine and Three-striped Palm Squirrel.

Over 250 species of birds have been identified in the park. Some of the most important groups include cormorants, ducks, teal, , partridge, quail, jungle fowl, spurfowl,

Indian peafowl, parakeets, , barbets, drongos, orioles, shrikes, Figure 17: Rusty-spotted cat warblers, Old World flycatchers, woodpeckers, chloropsis, trogons, kingfishers, , egrets, fish eagle, hawk eagles, harriers, falcons, kites, and nightjars. It is also home to the near threatened Great Indian Hornbill. Reptiles include Toads, Spotted Leaping Frog and Leith's Leaping Frog, Black Torrent Frogs, tree frogs, Pythons, Cobras, Kraits, Vipers, Grass Snakes, Forest Cane Turtles, Tortoises, Flapshell Turtless, Star Tortoises, Flying lizards, Chameleons and Forest Lizards. 315 species of butterflies belonging to five families have been identified in the Figure 18: Sloth Bear Anamalai Hills. 44 are endemic to the Western Ghats

Figure 16: Podocarpus wallichianus Figure 19: Asian Palm Cive

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2) 3) Other Reserve Forests found in the District The Steering Committee of granted approval in principle to The Coimbatore forest division is inclusion of Indira Gandhi WLS and NP broadly divided into: under Project Tiger in 2005. IGWS was declared a Project Tiger sanctuary in • The Nilgiris Slopes Reserved 2008.Continuance of Project Tiger’ in Forests Anamalai Tiger Reserve for FY • Plain Forests around Mettupalayam 2010/11, at the cost of Rs.235.47 • The Valley Lakhs, was approved by the National Tiger Conservation Authority on 31 • The Naickenpalayam Valley. August 2010. This tiger reserve, • The Thadagam Valley together with the several other • The Bolampatty Valley contiguous protected forest and grassland habitats, is the core of the • The Valley. Parambikulum-Indira Gandhi tiger The list of reserve forests are given in habitat landscape complex, with tiger the Table 18. occupancy area of about 3,253 km2 (1,256 sq mi) and an estimated 1.4 BIODIVERSITY metapopulation of 34 (32 to 36) . Fauna

Animals Found in Coimbatore District. In deciduous forests, wild are seen to wander in small herds, in Walayar and Bolampatty Valleys, Anakatty R.F., Gopinari R.F., Hulical, Jaccanare slopes and Nilgiris Eastern Slope R.Fs. The Sholakkarai, Singapathy and Iruttupallam blocks are

their favourite retreats during rainy Figure 20: Bengal Tiger season. are their favourite food and occasionally they raid the agriculture fields in the adjoining lands. List of animals found in Coimbatore District are given in Table 19. Elephant Paths in this division are Mannarkad (Kerala State) – Kodunagaraipallam – Anakatty – Pillur – Nellithorai – Hulical – Kallar – Odanthorai – , Mudumalai – Moyar – Bhavanisagar – Odanthorai –Kunjapanai and Walayar – Mangalapalayam – Sigarapathy – Thanikandy. Figure 21: Elephants

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Table 18: Reserved forest in Elephant Corridors of Coimbatore Forest Division

Jaccanari - Vedar Colony Corridor Name of the Area reserved forest (in Ha.) This corridor has contiguity up to Small Sholakkarai 32.78 the Pillur reserve forests and Attapadi Bolampatti Block I 58.3 Valley of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Bolampatti Block II 10651.22 The corridor is very narrow Bolampatti Block III 3202.88 between the Forest College and Vedar Thadagam RF 4878.20 Colony with severe anthropogenic activities causing rapid degradation. Anakatti North 752.34 The terrain is gently undulating except Anakatti south 1822.3 at Mudakku, Periya Kandi Anakatti south Mokkai and other hills in low lying 469.45 extension areas. Pillur slope RF 1517.22 The length of the corridor is about addition 12 km and width ranges from 0.2 to 1.5 Gopinari RF 9843.44 km. Dry deciduous forests in hill slopes slope RF 1521.00 and open thorn forest in lowland areas dominate in this corridor. Nellithurai Sundapatti 4329.59 Kallar Rf 289.11 Kallar - Jaccanari Corridor Kallar addl. I & II 104.85 A long strip of corridor beginning at Hulical Durg 1070.01 Kothagiri road goes up to Kallar reserve Aduthorai additional I 12.57 forests along the foot hills of Jaccanari Aduthorai additional Mountain bisecting the Mettupalayam- 23.54 II highway. The length of the Kallar Additional RF 159.43 corridor is 7 km and width ranges from 0.2 to 1.5 km. The elephants' strong Aduthorai RF 315.50 fidelity to this corridor during their Sanalwood RF I 5.75 seasonal migration shows importance RF II 15.64 for its conservation. Dry deciduous Constantia RF 14.16 forests in hill slopes and mixed Jaccanari Slo RF 2599.44 secondary growth woody forest in lowland areas dominate this corridor. Nellaimalai RF 531.00 The Kallar-Nellithurai corridor is the only Nilgris Eastern Slope 5707.00 transit route for elephants to move RF between Pillur RF and Attapady Valley Odanthorai RF 2351.68 from . Anogeissus Modur pethikuttai 2083.22 latifolia, Terminalia spp, Pterocarpus Kandiyur RF 2123.87 marsupium, Sapindus emarginatus and Tectona grandis are more confined to Thadagam Block IV 7057.20 hill slopes. The lowland forests are

17 dominated by thorny species such as Toddalia asiatica, Limonia alata, Atalantica monophylla and exotic weeds such as Prosopis juliflora are widely distributed. The length of the corridor is 10.8 km and width ranges from 0.25 to 3 km. Elephants strong preference to this corridor during their seasonal migration shows its importance. Figure 22: Maruthamalai

Anakatti - Veerapandi Corridor Kalkothi - Walyar Corridor

This corridor begins at Mukkali This corridor begins from Kalkothi (within the state of Tamil Nadu), (Bolampatti Range) and ends with Anakatti linking Periyanaickan Palayam Chinnampathy of Mannarkad Forest Range in the eastern portion and Division through Perumalkoilpathy, Bolampatti Range in the South. The Mangalapalayam, Walayar (Coimbatore length of the corridor is 21 km and Range). effective width ranges from 0.1 to 1.5 km. The terrain consists of undulating The length of the corridor is 21 plains and hillocks. Kodungarai pallam kms. The effective width ranges from is a perennial stream provide major 0.2 to 0.9 km. The terrain is sloppy in water source to elephants in this region. most of the areas. The tree cover is dominated by Albizzia (Source: Department of Forest, Coimbatore amara with signs of over browsing by Division -2013) elephants. Amphibian fauna Maruthamalai -Thanikandi Corridor Coimbatore is a land which enjoys This corridor begins at Thanikandi wide variety of landscape, forest types, and with Attapadi Valley of Kerala State. altitude and climate. The Amphibian The length of the corridor is 13 km and fauna of Coimbatore forest is rich and effective width ranges from 0.4 to 1.5 varied. This division has the Amphibian km. The terrain comprises of undulating fauna includes frogs, toads and plains and steep slopes/hillocks (Figure caecilian. These animals are having 22). Major perennial water sources are wide ranges of distribution and habitats. Vaidhegi Falls, , Attukal and They are seen on land, in water, on Paraikinaru. Anamadu is a seasonal trees, undertones and underground. water source located near Attukkal. There are several new species of Tropical thorn forest in the plains, Amphibia are reported from the Western bamboo patches and mixed dry Ghats. Most of the endemic species deciduous vegetations are commonly have their distribution in these found in this corridor tract in the sloppy mountains. The endangered areas. was discovered in 2003. Four new

18 species of frogs belonging to the genera reptiles found in this division. List of Rhacophorus, Polypedates, Philautus reptiles found in this region are given in and Bufo were also found (Figure 23 & Table 20. The often 24). The Coimbatore forestdivision associated with moist areas in the hilly provides a good shelter for the tracts of the forest. Amphibian fauna also. Amphibian are playing vital role in the ecosystem. In Coimbatore forest division, the They are also useful to eradicate the Bolampatti forest range has moist insect pests which are menace to the deciduous forest which is the home for paddy and other crops. the King Cobra. Statuses of wild animals in Coimbatore district are given in Table 21. Images of the Giant flying squirrel and the blackened napped hare are shown in Figure 25 &26.

Figure 23: Purple Frog

Figure 25: Giant Flying Squirrel

Figure 24: Polypedates

The snakes, lizards and other reptiles are having the dietary includes rats, mice, destructive insects or insect pest of agriculture. The Coimbatore forest division has diverse climatic and vegetation types which is ideal habitats Figure 26: Blacked Napped Hare for the reptiles. There are various

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Table 19: Animals Found in Coimbatore District and Region of Sighting

Name of Animal Scientific Name Location of Sighting

Panthers are sighted in Panther Panthera pardus Jaccanare slope R.F and Bolampatty reserves

Occasionally sighted in Gaur Bos gaurus Jaccanare slope R.F

Occasionally seen most of the Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus areas.

Sambar deer is found in the Sambar Deer Cervus unicolor higher slopes of Bolampatty Block I and II reserves.

Seen frequently in the lower Spotted Deer Axis axis slopes of Jaccanare, Odanthorai R.Fs and Sholakkarai areas.

Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak -

Mouse Deer Tragulus meminna -

Wild Boar Sus scrofa -

Occasionally seen in the grass Nilgiri Tahr or Ibex Hemitragus hylocrius lands around Kunjiramudy and Perumalmudy

Bonnet Mecaque Mecaca radiata -

Common Langur Presbytis entellus -

Indian Porcupine Hystrix indica -

Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis -

Malabar Giant Ratufa indica - Squirrel

Wild dog or Dhole Cuon alpines -

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Table 20: Reptiles of Coimbatore Forest Division (2013)

Local Name Scientific Name Indian Pond Turtle Melanochelys trijuga Indian soft shell turtle Lissemys punctata punctuate Common house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus Brook’s gecko Hemidactylus brooki Bark gecko Hemidactylus leschenalti Tamarind tree gecko Hemidactylus triedrus gecko Cyrtodactylus collegalensis Garden lizard Calotes versicolor Green calotes Calotes calotes Green calotes Calotes grandisquamis Rock lizard Psammophilus dorsalis Chameleon Chameleo zeylanicus Flying lizard Common skink Mabuya carinata Red skink Riopa punctate Monitor lizard Varanus bengalensis Indian python Common sand boa Gonglyphis conicus Red sand boa Eryx johni Rat snake Ptyas mucosa Trinket snake Celognathus Helena Green whip snake Ahaetulla nasutus Bronze back tree snake Dendrelaphis tristis Checkered keel back Xenochropis piscator Olive keel back Atreium shcistosum Green keel back Macropisthodon plumbicolor Buff striped keel back Amphisema stolata Flying snake Chrysopelea ornate Common cobra Naja naja Common krait Bungarus caeruleus King cobra Ophiophagus Hannah Russels viper Dabioa russelli Saw scaled viper Echis carinatus Hump nosed pit viper Hypnale hypnale Malabar pit viper malabaricus Green pit viper Trimeresurus gramineus

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Table 21: Status of wild animals in Coimbatore Forest Division (2013)

No. of animals Density/ Species name Population sighted sq.km

Elephant 152 0.524 364

Indian gaur 25 0.086 60

Sambar 30 0.103 72

Spotted deer 191 0.659 457

Barking deer 7 0.024 17

Nilgiri Tahr 27 0.093 -

Lion tailed 1 0.003 2 maccaque

Nilgiri langur 26 0.090 62

Common langur 39 0.134 93

Bonnet maccaque 145 0.500 347

Wild boar 67 0.231 160

Black napped hare 8 0.028 19

Giant squirrel 29 0.100 69

Flying squirrel 2 0.007 5

Leopard 1 0.003 -

Sloth bear 1 0.003 -

Wild dog 4 0.021 -

Jackal 2 0.007 -

Civet 1 0.003 -

Mangoose 7 0.024 -

Monitor lizard 1 0.003 -

Ant eater 2 0.007 -

Python 1 0.003 -

Cobra 1 0.003 -

22

Floral Species

The varied climatic conditions, of Coimbatore District attributed to the latitude, altitude, topography, the soil and the biotic factors determine the composition of the forests from Southern Thorn Forests to tropical evergreen species. List of important trees species in Coimbatore district are given in Table 22.

Endemic plants Figure 27: Bulbophyllum acutiflorum There are various endemic and Table 22: List Of Important Trees endangered plant species found in the Species In Coimbatore District Western Ghats. Biologically important Orchids are available plenty in Coimbatore Division. There are 68 Western Ghats Endemic species of orchids belongs to 18 genera 1. Artocarpus hirsutus Ayinipala found in this division. One among the orchids the Proteroceros holttumii is Threatened strictly endemic to Velliangiri hills of 2. Cycas circinalis Kodicham Coimbatore Division. This orchid is found nowhere else in the world. Figure 3. Santalum album Santhanam 27 shows Bulbophyllum acutiflorum. Rhododendran 4. Poo arbouratum Important Orchids Found In Coimbatore Division Important Species Pterocarpus 1. Anoectochilus elatus 5. Vengai marsupium 2. Bulbophyllum acutiflorum 6. Boswella serrata Kungilliam 3. Bulbophyllum neilgherrense Cinnamomum 7. Lavangam 4. Coelogyne nervosa zeylanicum 5. Eria polystachya 8. Dalbergia latifolia Itti 6. Habenaria elliptica 9. Tectona grandis Thekku 7. Habenaria perrottetiana 10. Garcinia cambogia Kodampuli 8. Habenaria polyodon 11. Schleichera oleosa Poovathi 9. Oberonia wightiana Chloroxylon 12. Porasu 10. Protoceros holttumii swietenia 11. Robiquetia josephiana 13. Canarium striatum Karukungilium 12. Trias stocksii 14. Cullenia rosayraona Vedipila

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1.5 WATER RESOURCES Ground Water Resources

Coimbatore is located in the rain Ground water is one of the main shadow region of the Western Ghats sources of water in the district. Details and hence receives rainfall from the of Annual Ground water quantity and different . the projected demand are given in Table 24. Rainfall Table 24: Ground water resources in Coimbatore has a very pleasant Coimbatore district climate all the year round, aided by fresh breeze that flows through the 25 Dynamic ground water sources km long gap. Details of (as on 31.03.2004) in mcm seasonal Rainfall in Coimbatore district are given in Table 23. Annual Replenishable Ground Water 792.87 Table 23: Rainfall of Coimbatore Resources (2011-2012) Total Annul Ground Actual Normal Water Draft for all 821.00 Seasons (mm) (mm) purposes Projected demand for South West Domestic and Industrial 42.20 Monsoon (Jun’11 to 252.9 189.8 Uses up to 2025 Sep’11) (Source: Statistical handbook ofTamil Nadu, North East 2013) Monsoon (Oct’11 to 410.7 328.9 Ground Water is found beneath the Dec’11) earth’s surface and is an important source of water in most of the districts in Winter Season 2.6 20.3 the state. Ground Water is withdrawn (Jan ’12 to Feb’12) for agriculture, municipal and industrial use. The depth at which the ground Hot Weather water is found is called ground water Season(Mar’12 to 116.0 150.3 table. May ‘12) The district is classified into Annual Total different blocks based on the ground 782.2 689.3 (Jun’11 to May’12) water abstraction rate (Table 25).

(Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu, Most of the blocks in Coimbatore 2013) district come under Over-Exploited zone. Pollachi South has been listed as Rainfall in the district is maximum a Notified area as per the Central during the North-east monsoon and Ground Water Authority due to high rate minimum during the winter season.

24 of water extraction with withdrawal have led to shrinkage in lake area. being more than its replenish able limits Details of Lake Hydraulic particulars are resulting in decline in ground water given in Table 27. levels and drying up of wells. Table 26: Lakes in Coimbatore Table 25: Ground water blocks of District Coimbatore District (12 Blocks) Name of Lake

Semi – Safe Ukkulam Lake Over-Exploited Critical (Less (Greater than Pudukulam ( Lake) (70- than 100%) 90%) 70%) Kolarampathy Lake Kinathu- Ana- Annur Narasampathy kadavu malai Pollachi Kara- Krishnampathy Madukarai North madai Selvampathy Pollachi South Sultanpet - Kumaraswamy P.N. Palayam Sulur - (also known as Muthannakulam) Sarkarsamakulam - - Selvachinthamani Thondamuthur - - (Source: State ground and surfacewater Sottaiyandi Kuttai Lake resources data centre) Ganganarayananasamudharam Surface Water Resources Puttuvikki Lake (aka Perur Lake or Sundakkamuttur Lake) Water Bodies in Coimbatore Senkulam (aka Lake) Coimbatore is gifted with a unique spread of a number of water bodies that Kuniyamuthur small Lake store rain water, recharge groundwater (also known as and provide shelter for a vast array of Big Lake) biodiversity. The main rivers of Valankulam Coimbatore District are the Noyyal, Bhavini , Amravathi , Aliyar and Palar . Lake Coimbatore is mainly developed in the Lake watershed expanse of the basin and consists of a network of lakes and canals. Currently, in the Noyyal Pallapalayam Lake river basin there are 24 lakes in (aka Odderpalayam Lake) Coimbatore. The different lakes in Kannampalayam Lake Coimbatore district are show in Table 26.The original area of all the lakes has Lake shrunk over the years because of Achankulam (aka Neelambur Lake) buildings or slums encroaching these. Sulur Big Lake Construction activities around the lake in the form of bunding, encroachments Sulur Small Lake around the lakes, receding water levels

25

River Basins The Parambikulam and Sholaiyar streams, which are tributaries to the The main rivers of Coimbatore Periyar River has a southwesterly District are the Noyyal, Bhavani, direction on the southwestern part of the Amravathi, Aliyar and Palar. The main district. Five surface reservoirs are River basins are the Cauvery River located on this river, which form part of Basin and Parambikulam Aliyar Basin. the Parambikulam Aliyar project. The Important Surface Water Basins important river basin of this region is the Parambikulam-Aliyar Basin (Figure 28). The district is part of the composite The catchment areas of small rivers east and west flowing river basins and Cauvery basins. Bhavani, Noyyal, located in the Anamalai hills receive the Amaravathi, Parambikulam- Aliyar and bulk of their supply during the southwest Valparai are the important sub basins. monsoon and meagre flows during the northeast monsoon. Most of the Drainage reservoirs are located in the hilly region of the Western Ghats. The catchment The which has its area has a mixed land use pattern. In origin in the silent valley ranges in some, the catchment area is essentially Kerala state and enters in to reserve forest with good tree cover. But Coimbatore district about 25 km west of in the rest there are tea and other Mettupalayam and flows in a northeast plantations. The Lower Nirar reservoir direction. The river drains an area of had a catchment area with cincoan 1056 Sq.km within this district. plantations which have been converted into tea plantations with extensive The Noyyal River has its origin in removal of tree cover. the Boluvampatty valley of the Vellingiri hills and comes to be called the Swami The Bhavani River which has its Mudiyar. Further south it is joined by the origin in the silent valley ranges in Periyar and Chinnar. The Amaravathi Kerala state and enters in to River rises in the Anjanad valley in the Coimbatore district about 25 km west of Kerala state between the Anamalai hills Mettupalayam and flows in a northeast and the plains and flows in the direction. The river drains an area of northeastern direction. Amaravathi dam 1056 Sq.km with in this district. The is located on this river. Noyyal River has its origin in the Boluvampatty valley of the Vellingiri hills The Palar, Aliyar and Upar which and comes to be called the Swami are the main steams of the river Mudiyar. Further south it is joined by the are originating from the Periyar and Chinnar. The Amaravathi Anamalai hills and flows in a north- River rises in the Anjanad valley in the northwest direction on the southern part Kerala state between the Anamalai hills of the district, the Aliyar and and the plains and flows in the Thirumoorthy are located on northeastern direction. Amaravathi dam Aliyar and Palar respectively. is located on this river.

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Table 27: Lake Hydraulic Particulars

Lake bed area Storage Capacity Based on Based on Lakes irrigation Present irrigation Present memoir (acres) memoir (Mcft) (acres) (Mcft) Narasampathy 123 48 5.98 4.45 Krishnampathy 178 54 7.67 8.48 Selvampathy 71 40 9.55 4 Kumarasamy/ 94 63 20 6 Muthanankulam Selvachinthamani 37 26 3.02 3 Coimbatore Big lake/ 320 337 70 97 Ukkadam Valankulam 160 96 27.88 16.7 Singanallur 288 165 52.27 30

Figure 28: Parambikulam –Aliyar Basin

(Source: Institute for Water Studies-Tamil Nadu)

27

Noyyal River Basin tanks (Figure 31), preventing unwanted flooding. The tanks were a major factor The Noyyal River (Figure 29, 30) in replenishing the ground water rises from the vellingiri hills in the through percolation of the subsoil water. Western Ghats in Tamil nadu, south eastern India and drains into the River. The river's basin is 180 km long and 25 km wide and covers a total area of 3,500 km2. Cultivated land in the basin amounts to 1,800 km2. The area is known for its scanty rainfall and the development of the noyyal river tanks system to hold any overflow from the rains plus the water of the northeast and southwest monsoon season was ecologically important. The 173 km (107 mi) long tributary of the Kaveri River Figure 29: Noyyal River Basin filled 32 tanks. These interconnecting tanks held the water flowing from the Noyyal.

The township of Coimbatore once was surrounded by the Noyyal river and its canals, tanks, and rivulets. Surplus water from the Noyyal river spilled into the canals and were channeled to the Figure 30: Noyyal River Basin

Figure 31: Noyyal River Basin

28

Rural Water Supply sources of inland fish production (Figure 32 and 33). Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board is the Ground Water Pollution In Government agency responsible for Coimbatore District providing drinking water supplies to the urban and rural populace in the district. The contaminated sources of The water requirements of the ground water are found to be 449 out of habitations are met with either through 2476 samples as per National Rural surface water sources or through Drinking Water Programme. Although various Mini Water Supply Schemes or contaminated sources are present in the Integrated water supply schemes district, the overall level of ground water utilizing the available ground water pollution in the district is less (Table resources. Details of number of rural 31). habitations covered under the water supply schemes are given in Table 28.

Table 28: No. of Rural Habitations

Total No. of Rural Habitations: 2151

936 (10-39 Partially Covered lpcd) 1215 (40 lpcd Fully Covered and above)

Figure 32: Inland Fisheries Urban Water Supply

Most of the town panchayats are covered in the urban water supply schemes (Table 29). The Corporation of Coimbatore receives around 214 lpcd, while some town panchayats receive as low as 63-70 lpcd.

Inland Fisheries Resources

The Total Inland Fresh Water spread Area is 2060 Hectare. Details of fish production are given in Table 30. Inland fish production is done in most of the inland water bodies. Pilloor Dam, Figure 33: Pilloor Dam Sholayar and Aliyar Nagar are the main

29

Table 29: Status of Urban Water Supply

Present water supply S.no. Name of towns Population level LPCD Corporations

1. Coimbatore 1050721 214

Municipalities 2. Mettupalayam 69213 96 3. Pollachi 90180 138 4. Valparai 70859 121 Town Panchayats 5. Gudalur 38859 141 Narasimhanaicken 6. 17858 92 palayam 7. Sarkarsamakulam 10289 148 8. Edikarai 8686 101 9. Veerapandi 16953 130 10. 35062 62 11. Karamadai 35166 82 12. Anamalai 17208 72 13. 11500 92

14. 25930 162

15. Annur 20079 147 16. Pallapalayam 11910 102 17. Erugur 25691 115 18. Vellalur 24872 113 19. Kannampalayam 15868 87 20. Madukarai 30357 75 21. 12207 73 22. Sulur 27909 82 23. Thirumalaiyanpalayam 12164 109 24. Ettimalai 9352 75 25. Sirumugai 18223 99 26. Jamin 14859 79 27. Udayarkulam 11999 65 28. Vettaikaranpudur 17392 205 29. Kottur 26627 132 30. Perur 8004 87 31. 10366 70

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Table 30: Inland Fish Production small-scale industrial units lacking in Coimbatore District adequate individual treatment facilities.

Value Quantity Pollution of Lakes Place (Rs. In (Ton) lakhs) A high population and expanding Pallor Dam, industries have led to the generation of Mettupalayam 1.252 0.33 Taluk (2011-2012) high amounts of domestic and industrial Sholayar ,Valparai wastes that ultimately finds its way into 5.965 1.29 Taluk(2011-2012) the lakes. Over the years, dumping of Aliyar Nagar, 57.585 - municipal waste and construction debris in the lakes has shot up. Discarded (Source: Fisheries Department, Govt of TN) plastic carry bags and other items Water bodies such as Noyyal River choke waterways floating unfettered on and the Kurichi tank are located on the the open surfaces of lakes. During upstream side of the SIDCO Industrial summer, these lakes get dried up Cluster. The Coimbatore City lies within paving for more and more garbage, the watershed expanse of the Noyyal municipal waste and industrial wastes to River Basin and consists of a network of be dumped. tanks and canals. About 18 tanks in the Degradation of wetland in the Noyyal city act as storage and percolation tanks river basin and are major sources of ground water. Canals that act as natural drainage Coimbatore district has been courses, serves as storm water drains ranked lowest in terms of number of for the city. Analysis of nine water wetlands in Tamil Nadu. Most of the wetlands in Coimbatore are under bodies indicates that most of the water severe anthropogenic pressure and bodies are contaminated. The discharge threat. The wetlands in the Noyyal river of industrial and domestic effluents, basin are at severe threat. The major encroachments of tank and canal beds, activities for the degradation of wet exploitation of ground water are some of lands include Urbanization, pollution the important factors causing damage to and aqua culture. these water bodies.

A key factor responsible for polluting the water bodies is the discharge of untreated effluents from Table 31: Ground water Contamination details in Coimbatore

No. of Source of Ground No. of Sources Percentage Sources Water Contamination Contaminated (%) Tested Contaminated Sources 2476 449 18.13 Fluoride Contamination 2476 3 0.12 Nitrate Contamination 2476 174 7.03 Iron Contamination 2476 1 0.04 Fecal Coliform 2476 0 0 (Source: TNPCB-2013)

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1.6 TOURISM AND ARCHEOLOGY Ancient Industrial Artifacts Museum Artefacts from the Old and New Stone Tourist Attractions Parks Age are displayed. The museum also TNAU Botanical Gardens - The houses antiquities excavated from botanical garden is spread over 300 Boluvampatti (copper bangles, stone beads), Vellalur and Perur (coins, hectares and has many varieties of jewellery & shell bangles). Another rare plants, flowers and trees. It is a popular tourist spot (Figure 34 & 35). artefact is the stone slab inscription from Udumalpet that lists the rules and Museums regulations to be followed as per the king's order. Gass Forest Museum - It houses rare species of butterflies; birds; Regional Science Center animals embalmed. Cultivation It is a Science Park spread over methods; model houses; armor of 6.71 acres. 5,000 sq.ft. textile gallery soldiers; hunting equipments etc. showcasing the textile industry's evolution, a 5,000 sqft Fun Science Gallery on 5,000 sqft, A 3D theatre for children, a giant globe and a portable mini planetarium.

List of Temples

• Marudamalai Murugan temple (Figure 36) • Perur Patteeswarar Temple (Figure 37) Figure 34: Botanical Garden • Konniamman temple • Thandu temple

• Vazhai ThottathuAyyan temple

• Echanaari Ganesh temple

• Puliakulammunthivinayakar temple

• Karamadai temple,

• Panchamuga Anjaneya Temple ( with 5 Faces)

Figure 35: Botanical Garden • Dhyanalinga Yogic Temple.

G.D. Naidu Museum The Adi Moolasthanam is in the shape of a where Lord Muruga is It has an excellent collection of seen with and Deivanai. various scientific devices and gadgets.

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Figure 36: Marudamalai Murugan temple of 12th century

Figure 37: Perur Patteeshwarar Temple

Churches Consciousness are the tourist attractions. CSI Immanuel Church - is one of the oldest churches in Coimbatore. It was established in the year 1830 and is over 180 years old. Christian missions Monkey Falls are natural waterfalls date back to 1647. located near the uphill road Valparai on the Pollachi-Valparai road in Other Tourist places the Anamalai Hills range, in Coimbatore district. Aliyar Dam Aliyar Dam is located in the Kovaikutralum Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats. KovaiKutralam is a scenic spot with Monkey Falls and The Temple of a waterfall originating on the Siruvani hill ranges. It is located on the western

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ghat mountain range that lies to the the onset on industries the urban west of this city at a distance of about population around those areas soon 35 kms from Coimbatore. increases. Coimbatore is one of the most industrially developed districts of Tamil Nadu. It has got a high concentration of small, medium and and the dam large scale industries. Coimbatore are located west of Coimbatore City in the Western Ghats. The Government of District is also called the “ of Tamil Nadu in collaboration with ITDC ”, due to its well-developed initiated tourism promotion through textile industry. infrastructure development including The successful growth of cotton resort hotels and amusement parks to served as a foundation for the attract tourists. establishment of its textile industrial Pilloor Dam base. There are more than 25,000 small, medium, large sale industries and The Dam is situated at an altitude textile mills. Coimbatore is also famous of about 1,000 metres on the for the manufacture of pump sets and Karamadai-Pilloor dam. Baralikkadu engineering goods. Eco-tourism was formed to utilize the skill of the tribal in driving the . Some of the major industries that The novel idea of forming Eco Tourism are predicted to grow in Coimbatore district are: in Karamadai Range was formed.

Archeologically important places 1. Textile and Garments 2. Software products A list of the archeologically 3. Electronic products important places identified by the 4. Wet Grinders Archeological Survey of India is given in 5. Jewellery Table 32. 6. Motor and Pumps 7. Wind Mill – Power Generation Table 32: List of Archeologically important places Urbanization

Name of Place Locality Urbanization takes place by the principal following factors:- Mandapakkadu Chettipalayam Pandava Graves Kanyampundi (1) Natural growth of population in urban cities and towns and the Muruganathasvami Tirumuruganpoondi resulting expansion of urban areas Temple along their peripheries. (Source: Coimbatore District Administration – Tourism) (2) Migration of population from villages to nearby towns or cities in 1.7 INDUSTRIALIZATION AND search of better fortunes or living or URBANIZATION employment due to changed social Industrialization and urbanization and economic conditions in the are both interlinked to each other, with villages.

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(3) Localization of industries in some region would grow up into an urban town in due course.

(4) Due to increase in population, even rural areas will be classified as “urban town” and the civic body will be elevated to the position of ‘’ from ordinary ‘Panchayat’. This increased status and population would help in the Figure 38: Corporation area of the village becoming ‘a developed Coimbatore District village’ first and then ‘semi-town’ and finally a full-fledged town. Later From the Table 33 & Figure 38 we on it becomes a ‘city’ with can see that there is a significant ‘corporation’ status. ‘Urban’ and increase in the urban areas of the ‘rural’ classification depends on classification made by the district. This is primarily due to the government on the basis of its growth of industries and expansion of number of people. The above the city. The City limits have also stated causes may act either singly expanded, covering a larger area. or concurrently leading to many urban agglomerations. Category of Industries in Coimbatore

Table 33: Urban Area of Coimbatore As per Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Classification the list of Area in Growth in Per Year Sq.Km cent Red, Orange and Green industries are 1973 38.28 - given in Table 34. Some of the main 1989 79.05 105.6 red category industries are given in 2004 135.75 71.5 Table 35. 2010 274.34 102.3

Table 34: Number of Red, Orange, Green Industries

Large Medium Location Total Red Orange Green Red Orange Green Coimbatore 66 92 11 29 43 4 1464 North Coimbatore 95 114 17 25 44 9 1875 South Small

Coimbatore 791 319 109 North

Coimbatore 728 537 306 South (Source: TNPCB-2013)

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Table 35: List of Industries in Red category

S.No Category of the Industry

1. Asbestos and asbestos based industry

2. Ceramics/refractory

3. Foundries

4. Industry or processing involving electroplating operations

Industry or process involving metal treatment or process such as 5. pickling, paint, stripping, heat treatment, phosphating or finishing

6. Lead re-processing and manufacturing including lead smelting

7. Paints and varnishes

8. Synthetic rubber excluding moulding (Source: TNPCB)

In Coimbatore district some of the Industrial Areas major industries that contribute to the engineering industry are Textile The main industrial clusters in Machinery, Electronic Equipment and Coimbatore are shown in Table 36. The Automotive Ancillaries (Figure 39). major industrial areas in Coimbatore district are SIDCO Industrial Estate, Kurchi and SIDCO Industrial Estate, .

Pollution Hotspots

Coimbatore’s Kurchi Industrial Cluster is listed as one of CPCB Critically Polluted Areas. As per the CPCB pollution index score it rates 72.39 CEPI, which is considered as a high pollution index. Subsequently the Figure 39: Share of Major Segments Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has in Engineering Industry prepared an Action Plan for this Industrial Cluster. With the increase in demand for textile products there has been an Air Pollution increase in textile industries. Air pollution in Coimbatore District This has led to the demand for Air Pollution is continuously engineering machinery and has resulted monitored by National Ambient Air in the establishment of many foundry Quality Programme (Table 37, 38 & 39) units. (Figure 40, 41 & 42)

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Table 36: Location of Industrial Clusters

No. of Name of Total No. No. of Units in Total Land Plots Industrial Area of Plots Production allotted

SIDCO Industrial 35.81 238 237 237 Estate, Kurchi

SIDCO Industrial Estate, 14.63 128 128 115 Malumichampatti

Total 50.44 366 365 352

Table 37: Air Quality Monitoring in Coimbatore, location GD,Matric School

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results of Coimbatore between 2003 to 2012

a. Location: Collectorate Office Building/GD Matric School, Coimbatore, Category -Mixed Area

Annual Average Concentration of Air pollutants, µg/m3 Year

TSPM RSPM NOx SO2

2003-2004 108 43 51 10

2004-2005 134 53 39 7

2005-2006 90 39 43 8

2006-2007 88 44 32 10

2008-2009 107 59 30 5

2009-2010 121 60 23 5

2010-2011 157 60 24 6

2011-2012 NA 68 30 5

Prescribed Standard

Industrial 360 120 80 80

Residential, Rural & Other Areas 140 60 60 60 (Mixed)

NAAQS-2009 NA 60 40 50

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Figure 40: Concentration of air pollutants in Coimbatore – Location G.D matric School Note: (Source : TNPCB – 2013) TSPM -Total Suspended Particulate Matter RSPM - Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (<10µSize) NO - Oxides of Nitrogen x SO -Sulphurdioxide 2

Table 38: Air Quality Monitoring in Coimbatore, location: Ponniyarajapuram, Coimbatore

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results of Coimbatore between 2003 to 2012 b. Location: Ponniyarajapuram, Coimbatore Category -Residential Area Annual Average Concentation of Air pollutants, µg/m3 Year TSPM RSPM NOx SO2 2003-2004 111 46 46 10 2004-2005 113 51 41 7 2005-2006 86 44 38 7 2006-2007 87 44 32 9 2008-2009 90 50 31 5 2009-2010 98 51 23 5 2010-2011 111 56 21 5 2011-2012 NA 68 29 5 Prescribed Standard Industrial 360 120 80 80 Residential, Rural & 140 60 60 60 Other Areas (Mixed) NAAQS-2009 NA 60 40 50

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Figure 41: Concentration of air pollutants in Coimbatore – Location Residential Area

Note: TSPM -Total Suspended Particulate Matter RSPM - Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (<10µSize)

NOx- Oxides of Nitrogen

SO2-Sulphurdioxide (Source: TNPCB – 2013)

Table 39 Air Quality Monitoring in Coimbatore, location: Ponniyarajapuram, c. Location: SIDCO, COIMBATORE Category -Industrial Area Annual Average Concentation of Air pollutants, µg/m3 Year TSPM RSPM NOx SO2 2003-2004 151 62 56 13 2004-2005 192 84 48 9 2005-2006 161 73 47 10 2006-2007 230 102 40 11 2008-2009 221 116 37 6 2009-2010 231 100 27 7 2010-2011 273 102 34 6 2011-2012 NA 205 35 5 Prescribed Standard Industrial 360 120 80 80

Residential, Rural & 140 60 60 60 Other Areas (Mixed)

NAAQS-2009 NA 60 40 50

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Figure 42 : Concentration of air pollutants in Coimbatore – Location Industrial Area

Source TNPCB- 2013

Note: TSPM -Total Suspended Particulate Matter RSPM - Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (<10µSize)

NOx- Oxides of Nitrogen SO2-Sulphurdioxide

From the above we can see that increase in population, the projected the values of SPM are found to be high value of sewage to be collected in the in the district. The values for SO2 and year 2025 is 165.63 MLD. STPs, NOx are found to be within the limits. located at Ukkadam (70 MLD) and The main source of these pollutants is Nanjundapuram (40 MLD) have been Vehicular Emissions and particulate erected and commissioned. STP at pollutants from industries. The (60 MLD) is Under Progress. presences of a number of foundry units are also responsible for the pollutants. The unit at Ukkadam has been set The increase in the number of vehicles up on a land of area 15 Acres, catering over the decade (Table 40) has lead to to Zones I, II, V and VI. The total high levels of air pollutants in the urban sewage generated and collected in this areas of Coimbatore City. zone is about 70 MLD. The system designed and established in this unit is Sewage Treatment a Cyclic Activated Sludge Process.

Coimbatore City The unit at Nanjundapuram caters The total sewage collected in to Zones III & VII, wherefrom the quantity of sewage generated is about Coimbatore City per day on average as 40 MLD. The capacity of the unit is 40 on date is 132.84 MLD. Based on the MLD and similar to the first unit, this unit

40 has the Cyclic Activated Sludge sewage is estimated in the year 2040 is Process. around 205 MLD.

The combined capacity of the Solid Waste Management sewage treatment plants designed for the city is 170 MLD. The projected The total municipal solid waste sewage is estimated in the year 2025 is generation in the district is around 1101 165.63 MLD (Table 41). The projected TPD (Table 42). Table 40: Status of Number of Vehicles in Coimbatore District

Stage Carriages Mini Auto Motor Omni Name of the Maxi cabs Bus Rick- Taxi Cabs Buses District Public Private Saw Sp Aip Sp Aip Sp Aip

Coimbatore 1255 580 215 8407 41 2872 314 1672 84 15 8 2003

Coimbatore 1203 448 161 10782 69 11629 155 3746 9 43 41 2013 (Source: Department of Traffic – Govt. Of Tamil Nadu-2013)

Table 41: Projected Sewage Generations in Coimbatore District

Ukkadam Nanjundapuram Projected sewage Projected sewage generation (MLD) Zone generation (MLD) Zone 2010 2025 2040 2010 2025 2040

i 22.29 23.81 25.33 iii 22.29 33.68 38.08

ii 15.07 20.03 22.66 vii 4.58 6.1 7.12 v 14.86 19.11 25.47

vi 5.87 6.67 8.01

Total 58.09 69.62 81.47 Total 33.87 39.78 45.2

Ondipudur

Projected sewage generation (MLD) Zone 2010 2025 2040 iv 36.7 50.47 71.11 viii 4.18 5.77 7.21 Total 40.88 56.24 78.32 (Source: TWAD – 2013)

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Table 42: Municipal Solid Waste Generation (MT/day) in the State of Tamil Nadu

Compliance status of MSW (M&H) Rules – District wise MSW Generated (Tonnes per Day) Sl. Town District Corporation Municipality Total No. Panchayat (C) (M) (TPD) (TP) 1. Coimbatore 850 91 160 1101 (Source: TNPCB, 2013)

The Coimbatore City Municipal Details of Solid waste collection, Corporation (CCMC) is divided into 4 segregation, processing and disposal Zones and each Zone comprises of 18 methods in the Coimbatore corporation Sanitary Wards. The disposal and are given in Table 43. treatment methods done for Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation include Landfill, recycling and incineration. Table 43: Status of Solid Waste Disposal

Name of Details on Details on Details on corporation / Disposal of collection of segregation of processing of Municipalities / municipal municipal municipal municipal Town Panchyats / solid waste solid waste solid waste solid waste Village Panchayats

Coimbatore By lorries No segregation Corporation is Composting corporation using dust at source is generating 850 and land bins carried out T/d of MSW. It filling is carrying out the following. Windrow Composting - 757 TPD. Vermi composting- 50 TPD.

Pollachi Municipality By lorries No segregation Segregation Composting using dust at source is using dram and storage bins carried out mill-windrow composting- pelletization is being carried out.

Valparai municipality By lorries No segregation Bio composting Composting using dust at source is alone is carried and storage bins done out. (Source: TNPCB, 2013)

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Bio-Medical Waste Management Hazardous Waste Management

Main sources of bio-medical wastes The hazardous wastes are mostly are from hospitals. The treatment generated from industries. The total methods are incineration, autoclave, quantity of wastes generated is 9202 shredding and deep burial. Details of MT (Table 44) and the total quantity is the same are given in Table 45. incinerated.

Table 44: Hazardous waste generation and disposal methods

Hazardous No of District Waste Hazardous waste Treatment industries Generation

Total Qty MTA Landfill Recyclable Incinerable

Coimbatore 110 9202.00 - - 9202.00

(Source: TNPCB, 2013)

Table 45: Biomedical Waste Management in the Coimbatore District

Treatment Facilities installed at Districts Name Combined Biomedical Waste Covered Management Facility M/s. Techno Ther Coimbatore Dt, Incinerator – 250 Kg/hr – 1 No-500Kg/Day Industries, Tiruppur Dt, Autoclave-800 Lt/cycle –16,000 Hr/Day Orattukuppai, Erode Dt. Part Shredder-100Kg/Hr & 2000 Kg /Day Coimbatore ETP Capacity – 25m3/ day District Deep Burial – 20 feet * 10 Feet *6 Feet depth Incinerator – 200 Kg/hr Autoclave-300kg/batch M/s Kovai Coimbatore BioWaste Shredder-100Kg/Hr Deep Burial – 10 feet * 20 Feet *6 Feet depth (Source: TNPCB, 2013)

Energy Sources 47). Major power consumption in the district is industrial and domestic. The Hydro power generation is industries account for 40.4 % of the total predominant in the district. Wind energy consumption (Table 48). Details of is also being utilized with an installed Rural electrification are provided in capacity of 257.26 MW (Table 46). Table 49. Details of total power purchased from other sources are given in (Table

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Table 46: Conventional and Non- Conventional Sources

Installed Generation Name of the Power Stations Capacity (M.U.) (M.W.) Hydro

1.Sarkarpathy Power House 30 109.549 2.Aliyar Power House 60 174.381 3.Sholayar P.H-I 70 217.419 4.Sholayar P.H-II 25 61.184 5.Kadamparai P.H 400 510.537 6.Punachi Mini P.H. 2 1.476 7. Aliyar Mini P.H. 2.5 8.696 Thermal - - Gas Turbine - - Wind Mills 257.26 379.32 (Source: TANGEDCO -2013)

Table 47: Quantum of power purchased (Year: 2011-2012)

Power purchased sectors Power purchased in Circle name M.U.

CEDC/North / CBE Wind Mill Developers 1122.22 CEDC/ South / CBE Wind Mill Developers 1248.42

Total 2370.64

(Source: TANGEDCO- 2013)

Table 48: Power consumption sectorwise (year: 2011-2012)

Consumption % of the Sectors (M.U) Consumption Industries 1213.46 40.42 Agriculture & Huts 291.20 9.70 Domestic 852.33 28.39 Commercial 282.26 9.40 Public lighting & Public 99.73 3.32 Works Sales to licenses 0.00 0.00 Sales to other states 0.00 0.00 Miscellaneous 263.46 8.77 Total 3002.44 100.00 (Source: TANGEDCO- 2013)

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Table 49: Rural electrification Year: reserve. The Western Ghats was 2011-2012 declared as an ecological hotspot in 1988. A large number of plants, Electrified up to the year amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals Agricultural are endemic to this region. This area Town Village Hamlet Pump set has a number of protected areas including 2 biosphere reserves, 14 50 295 1408 50800 national parks and several wild life (Source: TANGEDCO- 2013) sanctuaries. Besides, many are declared as reserve forests. The 1.8 ECO-SENSITIVE ASPECTS OF Western Ghats of the district are the COIMBATORE DISTRICT home of rivers such as Bhavani, Noyyal, Environmental Issues Aliyar, Siruvani which provide the drinking water and irrigation water for There has been extensive urban the people and farmers of Coimbatore. and industrial development in Coimbatore district. Many polluting The loss and degradation of forest industries and urban structures have results in soil erosion, loss of biological, been set up around important damage to wild life habitats and ecologically sensitive areas. As a result degradation of watershed areas of which ecological degradation and Land Environment problems such as human – animal conflict, water, air pollution have been Land resources of the district witnessed in the district. There is also a high population density in the district. In Coimbatore, urbanization has led This has had an effect on the resources to the conversion of all forms of nature, and waste disposal in the district. The including forests, agricultural, barren following paragraphs highlight certain lands and wetlands for urban land use. concerns of the eco-sensitive aspects of Analysis of the spatio-temporal growth the district. of Coimbatore shows rapid expansion between 1973 and 2010. The rapid Western Ghats growth of Coimbatore can be attributed to the influx of population into the city The presence of the reserve from the surrounding areas owing to the forests, national parks and ranges like increase in economic opportunities the Western Ghats make Coimbatore resulting from industrialization. For District an area of rich ecological instance, population of the city diversity. Parts of the Western Ghats increased from 0.3 million in 1971 to 0.8 have been included in the UNESCO million in 1991 and further too over two World Natural Heritage list because it is million in 2011. Low-density urban a centre of origin of many species and spaces in the 1970s had transformed also home to many endemic species. into medium and high-density areas by The main forest sanctuaries include the the mid-1980s. This was corroborated Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and by the Census Report for Coimbatore National Park and the Anamalai Tiger

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(2001) which suggested that the overall the open surfaces of lakes. During population density in the city has summer, these lakes get dried up increased. paving for more and more garbage, municipal waste and industrial wastes to Water Environment be dumped.

Many lakes and ponds were dug Ground Water Scarcity around the Coimbatore city in ancient times to reserve the water from Noyyal Over- exploitation of Ground water river (Originates from western ghats). resources in the district has caused a The city of Coimbatore has 28 Lakes stress on the existing ground water (Wetlands) in the River Noyyal Basin table in the district. Overexploitation by fed by the river. They are also known as industries and domestic sources has led System Tanks in Public Works to this strain on ground water resources. Department (PWD). Singanallur Lake, Details of the latest ground water block Kuruchi Lake, Valankulam Lake, classification given in Table 50. In the Krishnampatti Lake, Muthannan Lake past, every time there is reference to and Seevagasintamani Lake are a few ground water level it proudly recalled to of them. mind the lakes in the city. About 24 lakes in and around the city act as Waste Dumping storage and percolation lakes and are A high population and expanding major sources of ground water used for industries have led to the generation of domestic and industrial activities for high amounts of domestic and industrial Coimbatore and hinterland. During the wastes that ultimately finds its way into past three decades rapid progress has the lakes. Over the years, dumping of been made in the development of municipal waste and construction debris groundwater resources in the district to in the lakes has shot up. Discarded meet the increasing demands of plastic carry bags and other items domestic, irrigation and industrial choke waterways floating unfettered on needs.

Table 50: Ground water block classification

Critical Safe Over-Exploited Semi – Critical (Between 90 (Less than (Greater than 100%) (70-90%) and 100 %) 70%) Annur - Kinathukadavu Anamalai Madukarai - Pollachi North Karamadai Pollachi South - Sultanpet - P.N. Palayam - Sulur - Sarkarsamakulam - - - Thondamuthur - - - (Source: State ground and surface water resources data centre, Tamil Nadu)

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Study of long term water levels reveals or at highways and rail lines that cut a declining trend, and the appreciable across these corridors (Figure 43), fall in water levels are seen in the taluks exposing them to accidents. This has of , and in the northern part of also led to an increase in human- Pollachi. Over exploitation of elephant conflicts in the region. groundwater causes serious damage to the aquifer. This has largely damaged the lake shrinkage in area and its declining potential to recharge groundwater.

Forest and Wildlife

Fragmenting Forests and biodiversity Habitat fragmentation caused by human induced modification of landscapes threatens the survival of wildlife. In fact, as forests are modified, the survival of wildlife depends upon their ability to use landscapes modified by humans. The mosaic of vegetation in Figure 43: Elephant corridors in the the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Coimbatore forest division Anamalai, and Munnar forest ranges, located in the vicinity of Coimbatore, Human Elephant Conflicts provide refuge for large mammals, including elephants. The forest area on Human wildlife conflict is on the rise the outskirts of the city, serve as worldwide due to many factors such as migratory corridors for the elephants. human population growth and increased Some of the important elephant consumption of natural resources for corridors in the region include the the purpose of development. Human Jaccanari–Vedar, Kallar–Jaccanari, elephant conflict is also on the rise Kallar–Nellithurai, Anakatti–Veerapandi, mainly due to intensified agriculture Maruthamalai–Thanikandi,and Kalkothi– production and narrow range of Walyar corridors. profitable agriculture crops due to increased cost of labour and production, Large scale clearance of forests changing land use pattern, increased (legally and illegally) for agriculture, urbanization, shift of land ownership plantations, residential, highways, primarily small scale farmer to large railways, and other infrastructure scale farmers, preference of education projectsConsequently, this has led to institutions, spiritual institutions, housing fragmentation or destruction of in the forest fringe areas, increase in contiguous forest into three separate wildlife population, habitat loss and landscapes as Anamalai, Periyar, and fragmentation, wildlife behavioral Agasthyamalai. As a result, elephants change leading to higher human are often found stranded and scattered tolerance, change of forest friendly life in enclaves looking for food and water style of forest dwelling communities,

47 corridor disturbances, etc.In Coimbatore recommended prohibition or regulation forest division due to the high stake of identified projects and activities in the holder tolerance and acceptability level Ecologically Sensitive Area which have by the wildlife and elephant friendly maximum interventionist and destructive farmers the elephants while using the impacts on ecosystems (Figure 45). List forests as migratory route tend to raid of Ecologically Sensitive Areas are the attractive crops raised such as given in Table 51. Maize, Fodder Cholam, Sugar cane, Banana, etc raised along the fringes. The Western Ghats located in The elephants (Figure 44) are known to Coimbatore district not only harbor rich raid more than ten types of crops raised biodiversity, but also supports a in more than 50 hamlets along the population of people with high human forest fringe areas and the crop raiding population density and therefore, there is the highest during the fruiting of the is a need to conserve and protect the cereals crops i.e December and unique biodiversity while allowing for January. Generally the peak raiding sustainable and inclusive development season starts from post North East of the region. Monsoon and lasts till March which (Source: MoEF.S.O.733 (E) [10.03.2014]: incidentally coincides with the migratory Draft Notification declaring Ecologically season. It is also seen that two to three Sensitive Area in Western Ghats) elephants team up and carry excursions deeper into the human settlements even up to 10 km away from the forest fringe areas. The Coimbatore Forest Division has under taken many conflict mitigation measures such as

1. Development of physical barriers such as trenches and Solar Power Fences 2. Setting up of anti depredation Figure 44: Elephants crossing the teams in vulnerable points with highway at outskirts of Coimbatore search lights, etc. 3. Setting up of information network with the help of farmers so as to obtain information on the movement of wild elephants outside the forest areas 4. A crop compensation mechanism to compensate farmers (farmers get up to Rs 15,000 as compensation).

Eco – sensitive zones MoEF & CC has constituted a High Figure 45: Eco-sensitive zones in Level Working Group which has Coimbatore district

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Table 51: Eco – sensitive Zones in Coimbatore District

State District Taluk Village name Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Valparai Valparai (Tp) Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Valparai Valparai (Tp) Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Valparai Area under forest Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Valparai Valparai (Tp) Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Valparai Area under forest Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Valparai Valparai (Tp) Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Valparai Valparai (Tp) Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Coimbatore North Thadagam R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Coimbatore North Anaikatti (North) Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Coimbatore North Anaikatti (South) Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Coimbatore North Veerapandi Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Coimbatore North Boluvampatti (Block 1) Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Coimbatore North Boluvampatti (Block 2) Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Mettupalayam Odanthurai R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Mettupalayam Jaganarai Slopes R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Mettupalayam Kallar R.F Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Mettupalayam Hulical Drug R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Mettupalayam Pillur Slope R.F Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Mettupalayam Nellithurai and Sundapatti R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Mettupalayam Kandiyur R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Mettupalayam Nilgiri Eastern Slope R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Mettupalayam Melur Slope R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Mettupalayam Anaikatti North R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Anamalai R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Udumalaipettai Anamalai R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Udumalaipettai Amaravathi R.F./Anamalai R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Udumalaipettai Amaravathi R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Udumalaipettai Kudiraiar & R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Udumalaipettai Kudiraiar & kukkal R.F. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Udumalaipettai Manjampatti R.F.

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Tiruppur District

2.1 INTRODUCTION Table 52: Taluks in Tiruppur District

Tiruppur District is located in the Division Taluks western part of the state of Tamil Nadu at 11°18‟N and 77°25‟E. The Tiruppur headquarters of the district is in Tiruppur Avinashi Tiruppur city. It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River. Tiruppur is a major textile and Dharapuram Kangayam Knitwear hub. The textile industry provides employment to over six lakh Udumalpet Udumalpet people and has an annual turnover of 220 billion Rupees. Of this, nearly 120 billion rupees come from exports. 2.2 HUMAN RESOURCE AND The present Tiruppur district DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION consists of 3 revenue divisions and contains 7 Taluks as shown in Figure Demographic Aspect 46. The Taluks are further divided into 350 Revenue Villages. An official Census of India 2011 giving population details of Tiruppur, a district located in the western region of Tamil Nadu has been released by Directorate of Census Operations in Tamil Nadu. As per census 2011, Tiruppur had population of 24,79,052 of which male and female were 12,32,893 and 12,46,159 respectively (Table 53). In 2001 census, Tiruppur had a population of 19,20,154 of which males were 9,78,349 and remaining 9,41,805 were females.

Table 53: Population Growth (2011)

Persons 24,79,052 Males 12,32,893 Figure 46: Showing Map of the Females 12,46,159 Tiruppur District (Source: Census of India 2011) (Source:http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/district.php) Growth Rate The Division and Taluks of the The population growth rate has Tiruppur District are furnished in the increased during 2001-2011 as Table 52. compared to 1991-2001. In Tiruppur district the growth rate between 2001

51 and 2011 was 29.11% percent whereas Rural - Urban Population growth rate between 1991 and 2001 was only 25.34% percent (Table 54). Tiruppur is also relatively more The decadal growth rate of Tiruppur urbanized than the other districts in the was higher than the State level. At the state. According to the 2011 Census, state level it is 15.61%. 61.36 percent of the population of Tiruppur lives in urban areas (Table 56) Table 54: Decadal Growth 2001-2011 whereas the level of urbanization as compared to the state is 48.4 percent. Population Year Growth (%) Table 56: Percentage of Rural and Persons Urban Population (2011) 1991-2001 (+)25.34%

2001-2011 (+)29.11% Rural 38.64% Tiruppur District The Population Density of Tiruppur Urban 61.36% District was 478 during the year 2011 & (Source: Census of India 2011) 367 in 2001 are shown in Table 55. The population density of Tiruppur district vs The increase in level of Tamilnadu is given in Figure 47. urbanization in Tiruppur over the period 2001-2011 is related to the emergence Table 55: Density of Population in of major industrial, textile, commercial, Tiruppur educational, information technology, healthcare and manufacturing sectors. 2011 2001 In the 2001 census, all statutory towns Tiruppur and places that satisfy certain 478 367 demographic and economic criteria are (Source: Census of India 2011) treated as urban. All Town Panchayats have been included in the urban frame irrespective of whether they satisfy the demographic and economic criteria.

Literacy Level

Average literacy rate of Tiruppur in 2011 were 78.68 compared to 71.08 of 2001. If things are looked out at gender wise, male and female literacy were 85.49 and 71.82 respectively. For 2001 census, same figures stood at 80.44 Figure 47: Showing the Population and 61.37 in Tiruppur District. Total density (nos) of Tiruppur district Vs literate in Tiruppur District were Tamil Nadu during 2001-2011 1,760,566 of which male and female were 959,623 and 800,943 respectively. In 2001, Tiruppur District had 1,222,628 in its district. (Table 57 and 58)

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Table 57: Percentage of Literates to Total population 2.3 LAND RESOURCES Persons 78.68 Land Use Males 85.49 The geographical area of Tiruppur Females 71.82 is 519559 ha. According to professional (Source: Census of India 2011) survey and also village records, the land Table 58: Number of Literates use pattern during 2011 is indicated in the following Table 59. Persons 1,760,566 Males 959,623 Females 800,943

Table 59: Land Utilization Pattern (2011)

Area in Hectare Classification Classification ofTiruppur districts Total Geographical Area 519559 Forest 48168 Barren and Uncultivable uses 2541 Land put to Non-Agricultural uses 68677 Cultivable Waste 3926 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land 126 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops and 1883 Groves not included in Net Area Sown Current Fallows 91152 Other Fallow Land 107985 Gross 199918 Net Area Sown 195101 Gross Area Sown 199918

Metropolitan Area

The City covers an area of 27.19 km2.

Classification of Soil

Black soil and red soil are major soil types available in the Tiruppur district. The soil classification of Tiruppur district is furnished in Table 60 and Figure 48.

Figure 48: Map showing Soil

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Classification of Tiruppur district pulses. The non food or commercial crops in the district are cotton, oil seeds Table 60: Area for Different Types of and coconut. Productions of Crops in Soil Tiruppur are shown in Table 61.

Major Soils Area (‘000 ha) Table 61: Production of crops in Tiruppur Black soil 254.9 Red Soil 236.7 Name of Production Productivity The Crop ('000 t) (kg/ha) Others 19.0 Maize 168.7 7302 Sorghum 88.6 1867 Agriculture & Horticulture Paddy 83 6547 Major agricultural crops (Source: Agriculture Contingency Plan – Tiruppur-2013) Tiruppur district though an Major Horticulture Crops industrial district plays important role in Agriculture also. The food production Major horticulture crops cultivated required to be enhanced to provide food in this district are fruits crops like and nutritional security to the growing mango, banana, aonla, sapota and district population. In Tiruppur more papaya, vegetables like bhendi, tomato, than 80% of the farmers belong to small brinjal, onion, tapioca, moringa, spices and marginal category and they play a and condiments like chillies and key role in overall development in turmeric, plantation crops like cocoa Agriculture. The total area of cultivation ,flower crops like jasmine, tube rose, is around 2,28,556 hectares, mainly marigold, cock’s comb and medicinal food and commercial crops. The chief plants like gloriosa and coleus (Table food crops are paddy, millets and 62). Table 62: Horticultural crops statistics

Production Productivity Name Of The Crop Area(ha) (000’t) (kg/ha)

Fruits 6440 172183 26.74 Vegetables 8984 162285 18.06 Plantation Crops 5035 2924 0.58 Spices & Condiments 4730 31175 6.59 Flowers 42 377 8.98 Medicinal & Aromatic Crops 1081 2185 2.02

Total 26312 371129 14.10

(Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu-2013)

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Irrigation The largest wild breeding population of Crocodiles in South India Irrigation is the artificial application lives in the Amaravathy reservoir and in of water to the soil for normal growth of the Chinnar, Thennar and Pambar plants. Water is an important rivers. determinant factor for production of crops in agriculture sector. Intensive These broad-snouted Mugger and extensive cultivation of land Crocodiles, also known as Marsh depends mainly on the availability of Crocodiles and Persian Crocodiles, are water. the most common and widespread of the three species of Crocodiles found in Medium and minor irrigation India. They eat fish, other reptiles, small schemes are implemented in the state and large mammals and are sometimes for augmenting the water supply for dangerous to humans also. agriculture. The various sources of irrigation are canals, tanks, tube wells, Crocodiles (The ), ordinary wells, springs and channels. once abundant in Amaravathy, Periyar The following Table 63 shows the area and Chinnar and most of other irrigated in the District. perennial river, have been threatened to near extinction. Hence the project of Table 63: Irrigation area of the captive breeding of this crocodiles came Tiruppur District (2013) into existing at Amaravathy. The object of captive breeding of Irrigation Area (‘000 ha) crocodile at Amaravathy as in other Net irrigated area 119.3 Crocodile Centre in Tamil Nadu is to Gross irrigated 123.1 collect Crocodile eggs from the wild area clutch and rear it in captivity and release the young crocodile in the wild to Rain fed area 72.9 restore its status. (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu-2013) The Amaravathy Sagar Crocodile Farm, established in 1976, the largest Forest and Wildlife Crocodile nursery (captivity) in India is Important Wildlife Sanctuaries should be 90 km from Tiruppur via Palladam and Udumalpet and one km. (a) Amaravathy crocodile farm before the Amaravathy dam site.

The Crocodile farm at Amaravathy Many Crocodiles of all sizes can be dam is one of the four major crocodile seen basking in the sun and suddenly farms in the country and is a popular making a stride or piled up on one destination. another. Eggs are collected from wild nests along the perimeter of the The crocodile farm is also the home reservoir to be hatched and reared at of grizzled squirrels with many nests the Farm. Many adult crocodiles have located on trees within the farm. been reintroduced from here into the wild. There are now 98 crocodiles (25

55 male + 73 female) maintained in various kinds of fauna like elephant, captivity here. gaur, tiger, panther, sloth bear, deer, wild bear, wild dog, porcupine, flying b) Indira Gandhi Wild Life Sanctuary squirrel, jackal, pangolin, civet cat and Indira Gandhi Wild Life birds like rocket-tailed drongo, re- whiskered bulbul, black headed oriole, Sanctuary is spread over at the altitude tree pie, spotted dove, green pigeon, of 1400 meters in the Western Ghats area of Pollachi, Valparai and etc. The Amaravathy reservoir in the Udumalaipettai. Anamalai has a large number of crocodiles. There are also many places The area of the sanctuary is 958 sq of scenic beauty such as, Grass hills, km of which only 387 sq km spreadover waterfalls (Panchalingam), river streams in Tiruppur district. Amaravthy Reserve (Thirumoorthy and Amaravathy). Forest and part of Anaimalai Reserve (chinnar, tenar), teak forests, dams and Forest of Anaimalai wildlife Sanctuary reservoirs. Other reserved forests found falls within the Tiruppur district. It has in Tiruppur district is given in Table 64.

Table 64: Other Reserve forests found in the District

Other Reserve forests found in the District Name of the reserved S.No Area in Ha forest 1 Annamalai 22331.54 2 Amaravathi 13840.92 3 Manjampatti 3058.15 4 Kudhirayannur 337.5 5 Kookal 3058.75 6 Manimalai 387.31 7 Oothiur 376.21 8 Attamalai 21.73 9 Salavaipatinam 131.05 (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu, 2013)

2.4 BIODIVERSITY Amaravathy Crocodile Farm

Fauna Species The largest wild breeding population of Crocodiles in South India Animals Found in Tiruppur District lives in the Amaravathy reservoir and in the Chinnar, Thennar and Pambar rivers that drain into it. These broad- snouted Mugger Crocodiles (Figure 49), also known as Marsh Crocodiles and Persian Crocodiles, are the most common and widespread of the three species of Crocodiles found in India. They eat fish, other reptiles, small and large mammals and are sometimes Figure 49: Mugger Crocodiles dangerous to humans also.

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Crocodiles (The mugger crocodile) of mammals in once abundant in Amaravathy, Periyar the sanctuary include and Chinnar and most of other Perennial River have been threatened The endangered Bengal tiger, to near extinction. Hence the project of Indian elephant, Dhole (Asiatic wild captive breeding of this crocodiles came dog), Nilgiritahr and Lion-tailed into existing at Amaravathy. macaque, the vulnerable Brown Mongoose, Gaur, Malabar Spiny The object of captive breeding of Dormouse, Nilgirilangur, Rusty-spotted crocodile at Amaravathy as in other cat, Sambar Deer, Sloth bear and Crocodile Centre in Tamilnadu is to Smooth-coated Otter. collect Crocodile eggs from the wild clutch and rear it in captivity and release Animals of least concern here the young crocodile in the wild to include: Golden jackal, Leopard cat, restore its status. Jungle cat, Spotted deer, Barking Deer, Mouse Deer, Wild Boar, Common The Amaravathy Sagar Crocodile langur, Bonnet macaque, Asian Palm Farm, established in 1976, the largest Civet, , Indian Gray Crocodilenursery (captivity) in India is Mongoose, Striped-necked Mongoose, should be 90 km from Tiruppur via Ruddy Mongoose, Grey Slender Loris, Palladam and Udumalpet and one km. Indian Giant Squirrel, Indian Crested before the Amaravathy dam site. Porcupine, Indian Pangolin, Indian porcupine and Three-striped Palm Many Crocodiles of all sizes can be Squirrel. seen basking in the sun and suddenly making a stride or piled up on one Over 250 species of birds have another. Eggs are collected from wild been identified in the park. Some of the nests along the perimeter of the most important groups are cormorants, reservoir to be hatched and reared at ducks, teal, darter, partridge, quail, the Farm. Many adult crocodiles have jungle fowl, spur fowl, , been reintroduced from here into the parakeets, hornbills, barbets, drongos, wild. There are now 98 crocodiles (25 orioles, shrikes, warblers, Old World fly male + 73 female) maintained in catchers, woodpeckers, chloropsis, captivity here. Three Forest Department trogons, kingfishers, storks, egrets, fish personnel manage and maintain the eagle, hawk eagles, harriers, falcons, Centre. kites, owls and nightjars. It is also home to the near-threatened Great Indian Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and Hornbill. National Park (IGWLS&NP) It is home to 15 of 16 species of It is a protected area located in the birds endemic to the Western Ghats. of Pollachi, Valparai and Udumalpet taluks of Coimbatore District Reptiles include Toads, Spotted and Tirupur District. Leaping Frog & Leith's Leaping Frog, tree frogs, Black Torrent Frogs, Cobras, Grass Snakes, Forest Cane Turtles, Travancore Tortoises, Kraits, Pythons,

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Flapshell Turtless, Star Tortoises and 2.5 WATER RESOURCES Vipers. Water resources comprising of Floral Species surface water (river and lakes), ground water and marine and coastal waters, The diverse topography and rainfall support all living things including human gradient allow a wide variety of beings. vegetation comprising a mix of natural and man-made habitats. Rainfall

The former includes wet evergreen In Tiruppur due to the presence of forest and semi-evergreen forest, the mountain pass, major parts of the montane shola-grassland, moist district benefit from the south-west deciduous, dry deciduous, thorn forests monsoon in the months from June to and marshes. Tropical wet evergreen August. After a warm, humid forest is found at an altitude of 600m to September, the regular monsoon starts 1,600m. from October lasting till early November. These monsoons are brought about by Tropical montane forests occur at the retreating North-eastern monsoon. higher elevations and are interspersed The average annual rainfall is around with montane grasslands, forming the 619 mm with the North East and the shola-grassland complex. South West monsoons contributing to 47% and 28% respectively to the total Much of the original evergreen rainfall (Table 65). forest now contains introduced teak plantations. Bamboo stands and reeds Ground Water Resources occur in the natural forests. Tree cover is provided by Hopea parviflora, Mesua Ground Water is found beneath the ferrea, Calophyllum tomentosum, earth’s surface and is an important , Cullenia excelsa and source of water in most of the Districts Mangifera indica, Machilus macrantha, in the State. Ground Water is withdrawn Alstonia scholaris, Evodia meliaefolia, for Agriculture, municipal and industrial Ailanthus & Bombax ceiba and use. The depth at which the ground Eucalyptus grandis. The area is home water is found is called Ground water to Podocarpus wallichianus, a rare Table.The district is classified into species of conifer. different blocks based on the ground water abstraction rate (Table 66). Biodiversity Hotspots Surface Water Resources A biodiversity hotspot is a bio- geographic region with a significant The major rivers flowing through reservoir of biodiversity that is under the district are Noyyal and Amaravathi threat from humans. The Indira Gandhi (Figure 50). The is the Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park is main source of irrigation in the district. considered as a Biodiversity Hotspot. Amaravathi Dam, which created Amaravathi Reservoir, is located at .

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Thirumurthy dam which is created operation as per the available statistical by the PAP project is situated in this data. The liquid and solid waste district. Both Amaravathi dam and discharged into the nearby land and has Thirumurthy dam are the prime source contaminated the ground water water of irrigation in the district, whereas courses. Uppaar dam is another dam which receives water from seasonal rain.

Rural Water Supply

Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board is the Government agency Responsible for providing drinking water supplies to the urban and rural populace in the district. The water requirements of the habitations are met with either through surface water sources or through various Mini Water Supply Schemes or Integrated water supply schemes utilizing the available ground water resources.

Surface Water Pollution in Tiruppur District

Tiruppur is affected by industrial pollution. There are about 669 dyeing Figure 50: Map showing Rivers of the and bleaching industries under Tiruppur District

Table 65: Rainfall of Tiruppur

Normal Onset Normal Cessation Average Rainfall (specify week and (specify week and (mm) month) month)

SW monsoon (June’11 – Sep’11) 131.4 2nd week of June 1st week of September

NE Monsoon (Oct’11 –Dec’11) 324.7 2nd week of October 3rd week of December

Winter (Jan’12-March’12) 18.9 -- --

Summer (Apr’12-May’12) 144.3 -- --

Annual Total (June’11 –May’12) 619.3 -- --

(Source: statistical Handbook of Tamil Nadu, 2013)

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Table 66: Ground water blocks of Tiruppur District (13 Blocks)

Over-Exploited Critical Semi – Critical Safe (Greater than (Between 90 and (70-90%) (Less than 70%) 100%) 100 %) Avinashi Gudimangalam Pongalur Dharapuram -- Palladam -- Kangayam -- Udumalpet -- Kundadam ------Madathukulam ------Moolanur ------Tiruppur ------Uthukuli ------Vellakovil (Source: The Chief Engineer, State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre)

Table 67: Urban Water Supply

Present water S.no. Name of towns Population supply level LPCD Corporations 1. Tiruppur 444352 80 Municipalities 1. Dharapuram 56007 75 2. 40359 90 3. Udumalaipettai 61133 123 4. 32147 85 5. Palladam 7263 85 Town Panchayats 1. Avanashi 28868 70 2. Chinnakkampalayam 11546 70 3. Dhali 5874 70 4. Kaniyur 6180 70 5. Kannivadi 10369 70 6. 17819 70 7. 13642 72 8. Kunnathur 8774 76 9. Madathukulam 20620 105 10. 15223 70 11. 13212 70 Rudravathi 12. 6807 70 (Kondadam) 13. 20691 70 14. Sankaramanallur 10283 70 15. 31528 70 16. Uthukuli 10130 70 (Source: Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board -2014)

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Table 68: Ground Water Pollution in Tiruppur

No. of Source of Ground Water No. of Sources Sources Percentage (%) Contamination Contaminated Tested Contaminated Sources 2607 1056 40.51 Fluoride Contamination 2607 14 0.54 Nitrate Contamination 2607 781 29.96 Iron Contamination 2607 2 0.08 Fecal Colliform 2607 120 4.96 (Source: NRDWP Testing 2010)

2.6 TOURISM AND ARCHEOLOGY May) there is a Car Festival function also. Tourist Attractions Arulmigu Subramaniya Swamy Temples Temple, Sivanmalai

There many temples with historical The Sivanmalai Temple is about 25 and artistic values are in Tiruppur kms from Tiruppur and the main deity is district. Some of the temples are in the Lord Subramanian. hills such as, Sivanmalai, Kaithamalai, Alagumalai and Thirumoorthymalai and Arulmigu Sukriesswara Temple, Sark some other temples are preserved by ar Periyapalayam at Uthukuli the ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) such as Thirumurugan Poondi and It is believed that the temple Sukrieswara temple of Sarkar complex completed during Periyapalayam. 12th Century. The temple complex consists of two separate towers, Murugan Temple, Uthukuli, Tiruppur (Vimanam) one for Lord Siva and another one for Amman. There are More than 200 people visit the other structures such as construction of Uthukuli Murugan Temple daily. The “Vimana” on the Sanctum which Important things is that only in indicate the Choladyanasty. The temple Kaithamalai that is Uthukuli the temple Complex located on the bank of Nallar car is in the hill and devotees pull the River Stream which tributary of Noyyal in the slopes. River.

Kadu Anumantharayaswamy temple, Dams and Waterfalls Dharapuram Amaravathi dam It is situated at Dharapuram town, 45 km from Tiruppur and 32 km from Amaravathi Dam at Amaravathi- . The pillars in the mandapa are nagar, 25 km south on NH-17 from made up of wood with fine carving. Udumalpet, is located in Indira Gandhi During the ten Days festival (Vaikasi or Wildlife Sanctuary in Tiruppur district,

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Tamil Nadu, India. It is notable for the Panchalinga Waterfalls significant population of Mugger Crocodiles living in its reservoir and Panchalinga waterfalls located just catchment's basin. This place is being 3 km from Thirumoorthy Temple and 18 developed as a District Excursion km from Udumalaipettai.The Centre for tourism (Figure 51). Thirumoorthitemple or the Sri Amanalingeswarar temple is at the foot of the hill adjacent to Thirumoorthi dam. The falls with a perennial is a famous picnic spot here. One can also enjoy a nice trekking experience of nearly 2 km on the way to waterfalls. The place surrounded by Thirumoorthi hills offers a cool atmosphere and provides backdrop for many Indian films (Figure 53). Figure 51: Showing the Amaravathi River Dam in Tiruppur District

Thirumoorthy Dam

Thirumoorthy Temple is situated at the foot of theThirumoorthy hillsorThirumoorthi hillsadjoining the Thirumoorthy dam. The scenic beauty ofthe Anamalai hill range of Western Ghats includes the cascading water to the Thirumoorthy reservoir from the Panchalingam Falls. A perennial stream flows by the side of theSri Amanalingeswarar temple. The presiding deity is called Figure 53: Showing Panchalinga Amanalingeswara (Figure 52). Waterfalls Archaeology

Stone sculptures

Stone sculpture is traditional family business of Nayakkars and Viswakarmas in Tirumurugan Poondi and nearby villages for more than 300 years. Veerakumara Swamy Temple in Vellakovil also one among the famous temple. The place surrounded by Thirumoorthi hills offers a cool Figure 52: Showing Thirumoorthi atmosphere (Figure 54). Dam in Tiruppur District

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Tirupur, in a sprawling 100 acres site to relieve congestion within the city and facilitate expansion of production capacities.

This is the first Industrial Complex promoted by private enterprise, consisting 189 industrial sheds with full- fledged infrastructure facilities such as power Water, roads, rain water Figure 54: Stone sculptures in drainage, sewerage, security post and Tiruppur District telecommunication. The investment in this complex has crossed Rs.200 crores 2.7 INDUSTRIALIZATION AND and value of production is estimated at URBANIZATION Rs.800 Crores per annum. The Industrial units are shown in Table 69. Urbanization Table 69: Number of Industrial Units Industrialization and urbanization in Tiruppur District are both interlinked to each other, with the onset on industries the urban Number of Operations population around that area soon Units increases. Tiruppur is one of the most industrially developed districts of Tamil Knitting Units 1500 Nadu. It has got a high concentration of Dyeing and 700 small, medium and large scale Bleaching industries. It is famous for the textile Fabric Printing 500 industries. Tiruppur is the "knitwear capital" of India. It has spurred up the Garment Making 2500 textile industry in India for the past three Embroidery 250 decades. It contributes to a huge Other Ancillary Units 500 amount of foreign exchange in India. Compacting and The city being enriched as a knitwear 300 capital of India, exports Rs.120 billion Calendaring worth of goods - Tiruppur Export Total 6250 Knitwear Industrial Complex (TEKIC). (Source: SIDCO, Tiruppur, 2013)

An exclusive industrial complex for Industrial Areas manufacture of Knitwear for export, namely, Tirupur export Knitwear The main industrial clusters in Industrial Complex, about 8 kms from Tiruppur given in Table 70.

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Table 70: Existing Status of Industrial Area in the District

No. ofUnits Name of the Landacquired No.of No. in Industrial Area (In hectare) Plots ofallottedPlots Production Ganapathipalayam 6.92 53 53 77 Gudimangalam 2.72 1 1 31 Tiruppur 4.10 5 5 45 SIDCO Estate, Rasathi 21.19 51 51 - Valasu,KangamTaluk Total 34.93 110 110 153

No. Of Industries in Tiruppur District Industries in Tiruppur District. The (Red, Orange, Green) Industries are categorized by the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, based on The following table shows the the varying Pollution levels (Table 71). number of Red, Orange and Green

Table 71: Number of Red, Orange, Green Industries in Tiruppur District

Large Medium Small Location Total Red Orange Green Red Orange Green Red Orange Green

Tiruppur 28 33 5 24 19 12 979 176 1085 2361 North

Tiruppur 14 36 2 5 19 3 368 145 138 730 South (Source: Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board-2013)

Wind mills Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency. The wind flows through palaghat gap serve as source of alternate wind One can enjoy the huge wind mill energy in the area of kethanur, tower with fan shield revolving for Kundadam, Gudimangalam and generating electricity either travelling Udumalaipettai as these areas were from Palladam to Udumalaipaettai via being identified as high wind prone Kethanur and Gudimangalam or from zone. Plenty of wind mills were erected Pollachi to Dharapuram via in this region with the help of Ministry of Gudimangalam. New and Non Conventional Energy and

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Pollution Hotspots litres of water per day (MLD) from industries and 93 MLD from There are more than 754 bleaching households”. A water treatment plant and dyeing units in Tiruppur. Out of 754 was constructed and distribution units, 502 units are the members of 20 systems were put in place to ensure an common effluent treatment plants efficient distribution of water. The (CETPs) and the remaining 252 units project also included the provision of have provided individual effluent tertiary treatment facility to treat treatment plants (IETPs). domestic sewage so it can be reused or In due compliance, the Tamil Nadu recycled. The construction of the water treatment plant began in October 2002, Pollution Control Board in its and the majority of mechanical work proceedings issued directions for closure & disconnection of power supply was completed by December 2004. to many of the bleaching and Dyeing However, it was finally made operational in February 2006 because units covered under the CETPs/IETPs of delay due to flooding. of Tiruppur.

Sewage Pollution With respect to an improved sewage system, it comprised of a The total project outlay is Rs. 1023 collection system, pumping stations, two crores and it is to supply 185 million sewage treatment plants and basic litres per day (MLD) of raw water - 100 sanitation facilities such as septic tanks MLD water to industries, 36.3 MLD to and water closets. The sewerage way side villages and 48.7 MLD for system aimed to serve 639,500 domestic and non-domestic users within inhabitants of the town by 2030. Tiruppur Municipality (TM) 1. The project also has the mandate for Noise pollution increasing the non-domestic water supply by additional 65 MLD in case the Besides with the growing level of demand for water from the industries air and water pollution, road traffic noise exceeds the allocated 100 mld. The pollution has been recognized rising as project draws water from the Bhavani a new threat to the inhabitants of cities. River from an intake station located The urban environmental quality of around 55 kms from Tiruppur. It is also developing countries “cities” has been to provide sewage collection and deteriorated by an unlimited increase of treatment services for 30 MLD sewage, vehicles, infrastructure, and population. connecting about 9000 new households to the sewerage network by 2014. Consequently, the continuous There is provision for low cost sanitation increased intensity of traffic noise level (public toilets) numbering about 255 due to the population has degraded units in all the 88 slums of the Tiruppur urban quality of life. Road traffic noise is town. The project claims that this will the big challenge for urban planners benefit about 60% of Tiruppur town. and environmental engineers to With respect to water supply, the overcome road traffic noise in cities. scheme was designed to supply and Continuous high level of noise can meet “an ultimate demand of 126 million cause serious stress on the auditory

65 and non-auditory, and nervous system exposed to noise levels greater than 65 of the city dwellers. It is also leading dB(A) every day (Table 72).There are cause of great annoyance for exposed about 30,00,000 different types of population due to the poor conditions of vehicles in the city of Tiruppur which engine, exhaust etc., It is noticeable that one third of them are more than 20 year the major part of the populations old. Table 72: Sound level information of main areas in Tiruppur (Morning & Evening peak hours)

Morning Evening

Noise Location Time Total Noise level Total level Vehicles (dB) Vehicles (dB)

New bus stand 6.30-6.45 82 118 94.31 921

Kumaran hospital 6.45-7.00 74 34 95.94 260

60 feet road 7.00-7.15 90 100 101.12 523

Pushpa theater 7.15-7.30 92.5 185 94.58 697

Railway station 7.30-7.45 78 36 73.98 31 (outside) Railway station 8.00-8.15 82 - 78.78 - Inside Town hall 8.15-8.30 95 560 95.52 880

Old bus stand 8.30-8.45 89 516 95.37 1059 (outside) Old bus stand 8.45-9.00 90.65 - 91.01 - (inside) Nanjappa school 9.15-9.30 95.76 409 93.23 392 Zone

Planning along with lack of strong Water PollutionImpact on ground police monitoring are the major reasons water of noise pollution in the city. Although heavy vehicles are not permitted to Water levels in the bore wells are enter the city in the daytime 06:00 – lowering due to the large scale 22.00 but still the main fraction of exploitation of groundwater from various transport activities area relied to sources. Also, the quality of water is personal gasoline cards and diesel poor from the deeper aquifers especially buses which generate the high level of the TDS & TSS parameters. noise pollution due to poor maintenance Generally, the water is not suitable and old technology. for the textile industry and for drinking.

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The depth of bore well in Tiruppur area environmental Health and Typical varies from 1000 to 1200 feet. Characteristics of wastewater from textile industry in Tiruppur are shown in The Different chemicals used in the Table 73 and 74. textile industry and their effect on

Table 73: Different chemicals used in textile industry and their effect on environmental Health

Type Character Hazard Detergent Non-ionic detergent based on • Non-biodegradable nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE) Highly toxic to fish and (NPE Biodegradable Nony phenol aquatic fauna (Non – Biodegradable and more toxic • Affects liver and immune than NPE) system • Indirectly aid in breast cancer and testicle cancer

Stain Carry solvent like CCl4 • Ozone depletion ten times remover more than CFC Oxalic acid Used for rust stain removal • Toxic for aquatic organism • Boosts COD Sequestering Polyphosphates like Trisodium • Banned in Europe but still agents polyphosphate & Sodium hexameta use in India phosphate Printing Preservatives pentachlorophenol is • Dermatitis Gums used in Europe & India • Liver and kindney damage • Carcinogenic Fixing Agent Formaldehyde and Benzindie • Harmful, internationally banned Bleaching Chlorine bleaching • Itching and Harmful Dyeing Amino acid liberating group • Carcinogenioc • Internationally banned

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Table 74: Typical Characteristics of wastewater from textile industry in Tiruppur

Parameters Bleaching Dyeing Composite pH 10 9.8 8.8 Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/L) 300 380 330 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) 650 700 660 Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) 300 350 300 TDS (mg/L) 6560 90 00– 10,000 8620 Colour Whitish Intense Colour Intense Colour Physio-chemical parameters of Tiruppur district is given in Table 75. surface and groundwater sample of CPCB standards for the same are given in Table 76. Table 75: Different physio- chemical parameters of surface and groundwater sample of Tiruppur

TDS TS COD Chloride Sulphides Sulphate S. TSSin Location pH in in in as Cl as H2S as SO4 No ppm ppm ppm ppm in ppm in ppm in ppm

Surface Water (As per ISI-IS: 2296-1982)

Class - A 6.5-8.5 500 - - - 250 - 400

Class - B 6.5-8.5 ------

Class - C 6.5-8.5 1500 - - - 600 - 400

Class - D 6.5-8.5 ------

Class - E 6.5-8.5 2100 - - - 600 - 1000

Samalapuram 1 Pond 7.2 1200 1380 180 57.6 473.68 0.98 122.5 Pond

2 Managalam River 8.3 11800 19880 8080 241.6 6947.49 0.64 424

3 River 9.1 1660 2920 1260 201.5 552.08 14.66 151.5

Tiruppur Main 4 River 9.7 2460 2820 360 134.4 1207.43 24 200.5 Town

5 Mamarathupallam River 8.4 2240 2620 380 25.6 835.91 4.08 172

7 Sulur Lake Lake 9.1 1050 1260 210 12.8 334.36 N.D. 76

8 Ungampalayam River 10.5 2060 2480 420 25.6 826.62 N.D. 225

Ukkadam Big 9 Pond 10.4 1180 1320 140 14.4 482.97 1.71 41.5 Tank

Drinking Water (As per IS- 6.5-8.5 500 - - - 250 0.05 200 10500-2004)

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Table 76: CPCB Standards for Effluents from Textile Industry

Concentration not to exceed, Parameter milligram per Litre (mg/l),except pH pH 5.5 – 9.0 Total suspended solids 100 Bio – chemical oxygen demand (BOD) 30 Chemical Oxygen demand(COD) 250 Total residual chlorine 1 Oil and Grease 10 Total chromium as Cr 2 Sulphide as S 2

Phenolic compounds as C6H5OH 1

Bio-Medical Waste Management Hazardous Waste Management

Bio-medical waste is treated and Hazardous waste management is disposed through the combined Bio- done by incineration of the wastes medical waste management facility (Table 78). located Orattukuppal, Coimbatore District (Table 77).

Table 77: Bio-Medical Waste management in Tiruppur District

Treatment Facilities installed at Districts S.No Name Combined Biomedical Waste Covered Management Facility Incinerator – 250 Kg/hr – 1 No-500 Kg/Day Autoclave-800 Lt/cycle -16,000 M/s. Techno Ther Hr/Day Coimbatore Dt, Industries, Shredder-100Kg/Hr & 2000 Kg /Day 1. TiruppurDt, Orattukuppai, Hydroclave-Not Available Erode Dt. Part Coimbatore District Microwave- Not available ETP Capacity – 25m3/ day Deep Burial – 20 feet * 10 Feet *6 Feet depth (Source: Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, 2013)

Table 78: Hazardous waste management

Hazardous waste Hazardous waste Treatment No of generation Total District industries Schedule Schedule Qty Land Recyclable Incinerable 1 2 fill Tiruppur 267 42947.53 875.5 35980.32 - - 35980.32 (Source: Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, 2013)

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2.8 ECO-SENSITIVE ASPECTS OF Water Environment TIRUPPUR DISTRICT Tiruppur Textile CETPs Environmental Issues  Based on the directions of the Tiruppur town is located on the and TNPCB in bank of Noyyal River, Tamil Nadu, 2006 the bleaching and dyeing India. Noyyal is a tributary of river units in Tiruppur implemented Cauvery. There 729 bleaching and CETPs and IETPs to meet the Zero dying units are in operation in Tiruppur Liquid Discharge (ZLD) norms area. These units generate 96.1 million litres per day (MLD) of wastewater.  The broad technology adopted by Initially, they discharged untreated the effluent treatment plants effluent into the river. consists of a pretreatment system followed by water recovery system In year 1997, after the Tamil Nadu (using reverse osmosis) and the Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) reject management system (based directions they installed 8Common on evaporator) Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP) and individual effluent treatment plants  450 units collectively have set up (IETP) consisting of physical, chemical 20 CETPs while balance 150 units and biological treatment process. Even have set up their own individual then, the treated effluent from the effluent treatment plants (IETPs). CETPs and IETPs did not meet the Tamil Nadu Water Investment Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and Company (TWIC) was engaged by chloride standards. The discharge of 9 CETPs high TDS and chloride effluent into  The total investment in this Noyyal river had significantly affected treatment system is estimated to be the river water quality, groundwater Rs.800 crores (for 20 CETPs). This quality as well as the Orathupalayam investment has been largely funded dam which is constructed across Noyyal by the bleaching and dyeing units river at 32 km downstream of Tiruppur. (20 to 30%) and the balance has In year 2006, the honorable High been arranged through commercial Court of Madras and TNPCB directed banks as loans (70 to 80%) the bleaching and dyeing units to install TWIC made a presentation to Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) GoTN in June 2011 for CETPs for plantconsisting of RO plant and reject demonstration of ZLD based on “brine management system. At present there reuse technology”. It was proposed to are 17 CETPs with ZLD plant are in demonstrate this in one CETP for a 3 operation. The treated effluent is reused month period and thereafter on by the member units. The RO reject is successful demo, implement the same concentrated in Multiple Effect in other CETPs. Required funding for Evaporator (MEE)/Mechanical Vacuum modifications was also indicated. This Re-compressor (MVR) and then solar was accepted by GoTN and necessary evaporated. Thus the discharge into the orders for demonstration at Arulpuram river is now stopped.

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CETP and also funding for 20 CETPs was announced.

Tiruppur Textile Effluent

Management Project

Project: TWIC has developed and established 9 Textile dyeing CETPs with a capacities ranging from 3 MLD to 11 MLD (Combined Capacity 53 MLD) in Tiruppur based on Zero Liquid Discharge. The major components are BIOT, RO, Evaporator and Pipeline (Figure 55).

Figure 55: Flow diagram of CETP Treatment Scheme

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Karur District

3.1 INTRODUCTION Karur has become synonymous with the hand loom industry. The Karur District is the centrally weaving industry came to Karur from located district in Tamil Nadu between Kerala and has earned a reputation for 10º 95’ Northern Latitude 78º 08’ its high quality hand-loom products Eastern Longitude. The main city in today. Hand loom exports from Karur Karur District is Karur, which is also the began on a modest scale with just 15 district headquarters. It is located on the exporters in 1975 and today Karur has bank of Amaravathi River. thousands of exporters and the Karur is famous for its home products are supplied to international textiles. Bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet companies. linens, table linens and wall hangings Paper production by TNPL is are some of the products made here. promoted by the Government of Tamil Karur generates around Rs.6000 crores Nadu with loan assistance from the through direct and indirect exports. World Bank. Today TNPL is one of the Other industries like ginning and largest producers of bagasse based spinning mills, dyeing factories, weaving paper in the world. Other Industries employ around 450,000 people in and include Bus-bodybuilding, cement, around Karur. sugar and Gem Stones.

Karur district has 2 Revenue Karur gets most of its seasonal Division, 5 Taluks (Figure 56), 11 Town rainfall from the north-east monsoon Panchayats and 158 Village winds, during the months of September Panchayats and 203 Revenue Villages. to mid-November

Karur District is a part of Cauvery 3.2 HUMAN RESOURCE AND delta region is rich in black soil DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION accounting for 35.51% followed by laterite soil for 23.85%. The main crops Demographic Aspects are paddy, banana, sugarcane, beetle leaf, grams & pulses and tapioca. An official Census of India 2011 giving population details of Karur, a district located in the western region of Tamil Nadu has been released by Directorate of Census Operations in Tamil Nadu. Enumeration of key persons was done by census officials in Karur District of Tamil Nadu. In 2011, Karur had population of 10, 64,493of which male and female were 5, 28,184 and 5, 36,309 respectively. In 2001 census, Karur had a population of 9, 35,686 of which males were 4, 65,538 Figure 56: Map Showing Karur and remaining 4, 70,148 were females District (Table 79). (Source: http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/district.php)

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Table 76: Population of Karur district

Population (nos.) Persons 2001 2011

Males 4,65,538 5,28,184

Females 4,70,148 5,36,309 (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu – 2013)

Figure 58: Population density of Karur district Vs. Tamil Nadu during 2001 and 2011

Karur has a population of 935,686 according to the 2001 census, which rose to 1,064,493 in 2011 making it the 29th most populous district in the state (Figure 57). Karur has a density of Figure 57: Population of Karur population of 323 persons per sq. km. district Vs. Tamil Nadu during 2001- whereas the state average is 555 2011 persons per sq. km (Figure 58).

Growth Rate Rural - Urban Population

The population growth rate has According to the 2011 Census, increased during 2001-2011 as 40.82 % percent of the population of compared to 1991-2001. In Karur Karur lives in urban areas whereas the district the growth rate between 2001 level of urbanization as compared to the and 2011 was 13.77% percent whereas state is 48.4 % (Table 81). growth rate between 1991 and 2001 was only 9.54% (Table 80). Table 81: Percentage of Rural and Urban Population Table 80: Decadal Growth 2001-2011 Karur Rural 59.18% Population Year Growth (%) District Urban 40.82% Persons 1991-2001 (+)9.54% (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu 2001-2011 (+)13.77% – 2013)

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The level of urbanization has irrespective of whether they satisfy the increased over the period 2001-2011 demographic and economic criteria. and is related to the emergence of major industrial, textile, commercial, Poverty educational, information technology, The poverty in urban parts of the healthcare and manufacturing sectors. District is found to be much higher than In the 2001 census, all statutory towns the poverty level in rural parts of Karur. and places that satisfy certain The Percentage of population below demographic and economic criteria are poverty line in the urban population is at treated as urban. All Town Panchayats 52% percent, while in the rural have been included in the urban frame population it is at 10.2% (Table 82). Table 82: People Living Below Poverty Line (Rural and Urban)

Rural

Proportional No of Sample RSE of % Lorenz MPCE (Rs) Population Households MPCE Poor Ratio(S)

1.8 80 607 10.68 10.2 0.29

Karur Urban

Proportional No of Sample RSE of % Lorenz MPCE (Rs) Population Households MPCE Poor Ratio(S)

0.9 40 748 9.16 26.2 0.223

MPCE - Monthly Per Capita Expenditure RSE - Relative Standard Error

Literacy Level Table 84: Percentage of Literates to Total population Karur district has a high level of literacy. As per census 2011, it was Persons 75.60% 75.60% of the total population (Table 83 Males 84.54% &84) Females 66.86% (Source: Statistical handbook of Table 83: Number of Literates Tamil Nadu – 2013) 3.3 Land Resources Land Utilization Persons 7,27,044 The geographical area of Karur is Males 4,01,726 2,89,901 ha. According to professional Females 3,25,318 survey and also village records, the land use pattern during 2011 is indicated in (Source: Statistical handbook of the following Table 85 &Figure 59. Tamil Nadu – 2013)

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Table 85: Land Utilization Pattern 2011

Area in Classification Hectares Forest 6187 Barren and Uncultivable uses 2897 Land put to Non-Agricultural uses 35457 Cultivable Waste 67431 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing 10779 Land Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops and 1079 Groves not included in Net Area Sown Current Fallows 10322 Other Fallow Land 57241 Net Area Sown 98508 Total Geographical Area 289901 (Source: Directorate of Town and Country Planning)

Figure 59: Land Use of Karur District Classification of Soil

Soil types of the area are more soil map of Karur district based on the important, since they are the main survey by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural criteria for agricultural production and Department indicates four different also for the recharge of groundwater. types of soils viz., Red Soil, Thin Red Different types of soil are derived from a Soil, Red Loam and River Alluvium Soil. wide range of geological formations. A The red soils are predominantly seen in

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Kadavur, , Krishnarayapuram, Table 86: Soil Classification of Karur Thanthoni and Thogamalai blocks. The District thin red soils are seen in Major Soil Percentage and K.Paramathy blocks. Major portion 10% of Karur block is covered by red loom. Red Loam Thin Red Soil 40% Details are given in Table 86. Karur Red Soil 30% district soil map is given Figure 60. River Alluvium 20% (Source: Tamil Nadu Agricultural Contingency Plan of Erode district – 2013)

Figure 60: Map Showing the Soil Classification in Karur District

Agriculture & Horticulture Groundnut, Maize, Cowpea, Rice, Cotton. The most produced crop is Major Agricultural Crops Sorghum and the highest productivity is Major Agricultural Crops cultivated found in Maize. Details of the Total Production and Productivity are found in in this district are crops Sorghum, Table 87. Table 87: Production of crops in Karur

Total Production and Productivity of major crops Production Productivity (tonnes) (kg/ha) Paddy 45.592 3068 Sorghum 11.555 463 Sunflower 6.498 1257 Gingelly 1.922 265 Ground nut 13.846 2215 Sugarcane 655.744 96 (Source: Tamil Nadu Agricultural Contingency Plan of Karur district – 2013)

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Horticulture chillies, onion and tapioca, spices like turmeric, plantation crops like betel vine Horticulture includes cultivation of and medicinal plants like gloriosa. fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, Horticulture Farms seaweeds and non-food crops such as grass and ornamental trees and plants. There are two Horticulture Farms in It also includes plant conservation, the District, at Jeenur and landscape restoration, landscape and Thimmapuram. The Horticultural crop garden design. statistics are shown in Table 88a , 88b.

Major Horticulture Crops

Major horticulture crops cultivated in this district are fruit crops like mango, banana, Sapota, Aonla, and guava, vegetables like tomato, brinjal, bhendi,

Table 88: Horticultural crops statistics

Table 88a: Horticulture Crop Production found in Karur District

S.No. Name of the Crop Area Production(MT) Productivity A Fruits 1 Banana 3457 159022 46 2 Mango 827 4135 5 3 Jack 14 490 35 4 Guava 104 1248 12 5 Sapota 237 6162 26 6 Amla 259 4144 16 7 Lemon 47 470 10 8 Papaya 20 3460 173 9 Other Fruits 9 99 11 Total 4974 179230 --

B Vegetables 1 Tapioca 756 34020 45 2 Onion 215 2580 12 3 Brinjal 224 5600 25 4 Tomato 224 6720 30 5 Gourds 44 660 15 6 Bhendi 218 3270 15 7 Leaf Vegetables 13 234 18 8 Moringa 2070 103500 50 Total 3764 156584 --

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C Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 1 Gloriosa superba 775 279 0.36 2 Coleus 20 20 1 Total 795 299 --

D Flowers 1 Jasmine 283 2830 10 2 Crossandra 2 6 3 3 Crysanthimum 12 120 10 4 Rose & Jathi 20 160 8 5 Ixora(Utchipoo) 33 330 10 6 Tuberose 27 270 10 7 Others 2 12 6 Total 379 3728 --

Table 88b: Horticulture Crop Production found in Karur District

S.No. Name of the Crop Area Production(MT) Productivity E Spices and Condiments 1 Chillies 411 411 1 2 Turmeric 223 1784 8 3 Tamarind 96 192 2 4 Curry leaf 1 2 2 Total 731 2389 --

F Plantation Crops 1 Cashew 18 10.8 0.6 2 Betelvine 158 3476 22 3 Cocoa 13 7.8 0.6 4 Bamboo 29 17.4 0.6 Total 214 3428 --

Grand Total 1085 345658 -

Irrigation irrigation are canals, tanks, tube wells, ordinary wells, springs and channels. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil for normal growth of The Following Table 89 shows the plants. Water is an important area irrigated in Karur District. determinant factor for production of crops in agriculture sector. Intensive Table 89: Area irrigated in the district and extensive cultivation of land Irrigation Area (‘000 ha) depends mainly on the availability of Net irrigated area 48.1 water. Medium and minor irrigation Gross irrigated schemes are implemented in the state 49.7 for augmenting the water supply for area agriculture. The various sources of Rain fed area 46.3

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Dug wells are the major source of It is observed that the well irrigation water for irrigation in Karur district, is the highest in Thogamalai block accounting for about 59.97 percent of followed by . Canal the total area irrigated in this district. irrigation is highest in Kulithalai block Tube wells accounting for about 9.48 followed by Krishnarayapuram, Karur percent of the total area irrigated in this and K.Paramathy blocks. district. Of the net area irrigated, the canal irrigated area is only 29.45 Forest and Wildlife percent. The area irrigated under tank is Forest in Karur District account for 1.10 percent. 61.87 Km2 (Table 90 & Figure 61).

Table 90: Forest Cover in Karur District– 2011

Change in Area as Open Area Moderate per previous Shrub District Forest (Km2) Dense (Km2) Assessment 2009 (Km2) (Km2) (Km2)

Karur 61.87 25 31 0.87 5

(Source: Forest Survey of India – 2011)

Karur District

Figure 61: Forest Cover in Karur District

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Area of Degraded Forests

As per the Statistics of Conservator of Forests – for the Year 2000, the details of Forest cover decrease is given in Table 91.

Table 91: Area of Degraded forests

District Area (Km2)

Karur 45.90

Figure 62: Cattle Egret Eurasian

3.4 BIODIVERSITY

Fauna Species

Karur District is home to many species of Birds. A study of avian species shows that they are in abundance in Amaravathi river banks (wet land) and Uthukarapatty village areas. More than 76 species were recorded belonging to 13 different orders. Species richness and the total Figure 63: Golden Oriole number of birds were significantly greater where the Amaravathi river Flora Species banks zones contained extensive cover of rain forest plants and Details of horticulture crop flowering plants. Fauna species are production in the district are given in shown in Table 92, Figure 62 & 63. Table 93. Some of the flora species are shown in Figure64 & 65.

Table 92: Fauna found in Karur District

Common Scientific S.No. Status Family Name Name Alexandrine 1 Psittacula eupatria R Psittacidae Parakeet 2 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus R Dicruridae 3 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea R Cuculidae Asian Palm 4 Cypsiurus balasiensis R Apodidae Swift

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5 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica RW Hirundinidae 6 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus R Ploceidae 7 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocerus R Dicruridae 8 Cuckoo-Shrike Melanoptera R Campephagidae 9 Blue Faced Malkoha Rhopodytes viridirostris r Cuculidae Blue Rock 10 Columba livia R Columbidae Pigeon Blue–Tailed 11 Merops philippinus R Meropidae Bee- Eater Brahminy 12 Sturnus pagodarum R Sturnidae Starling Bronzed 13 Dicrurus aeneus r Dicruridae Drongo 14 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R Ardeidae Common 15 Turdoides caudatus R Timaliidae Babbler Common 16 Upupa epops RW Upupidae Common 17 Falco tinnunculus RW Falconidae Kestrel Common 18 Acridotheres tristis R Sturnidae Mynah Commom 19 Milvus migrans RW Accipitridae Pariah Kite Common Actitis 20 sW Scolopacidae Sandpiper Hypoleucos

Table 93: Flora found in Karur District

Botanical Name Local Name Acacia nilotica Karuvelam Acacia conciana Siakakay Acacia sundra Adina cordifolia Manja kadambai Aegeratum conyzoides Kattu samanthai Aegle marmelos Vilvam Agave americana Kathalai Anacardium occidentale Munthri Annona squamosa Seethaphalam Atalantia monophyla Kattulemachai Atylosia trinervia Kaattuthovaria Azadirachta indica Vembu Barringtonia acutangula Kadappay Bauhinia malabarica Mantahrai Bauhinia recemosa Athi Bauhinia vauhilli Kattumantharai

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Borassus flabellifer Panaimaram Buchanania lanzan Saraiparupu Bridelaia squamosa Mulvengai Butea parviflora Eottavaraikodi Caesalpinia bonduc Kalichikai Calotropis gigantia Erruku Cassia auriculata Avaram Casuarina equisitefolia Chavuku Chakrusia tabularis Vadivembu Chlosophylum roxburghii Kattuluppai Cipadessa baccifera Savattuchedi Cissus quadrangularis Perandai Clitoria ternatea Sankupushpam Curcuma longa Manjal Cyperus torundus Korai Delonix regia Mayarkonnai Diospyros melanoxylon Thumbai Erythrina variegate Murukku Eucalyptus tereticornis Nilagirimaram Euphorbia antiquorum Kalli Ficus benghalensis Alamaram Ficus recemosa Athi Garuga pinnata Aranelli Hemidiscus indicus Nannari Kydia calcina Vennadi Olea diocea Opuntia elator Sapthakali Piper longum Thippi Samanea saman Thungamunjimarama Solanum pubescens Sundai Solanumm trilobatum Sunnakkai Strobilanthes sp Kurunji Strycnos nuxvomica Etti Sygygium cumini Navalmaram Tamarindus indica Puliyamaram Tectona grandis Thekku Terminalia chebula Kadukkai Thespesia lampas Poovarusu Zizyphus mauritaiana Elandai Bambusa bambos Perumungil

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Biodiversity Hotspots

There are no particular Biodiversity Hotspots in Karur District, however the disposal of Industrial effluents along the rivers Amravati and Cauvery will definitely pose a threat to the Flora and Fauna species.

3.5 WATER RESOURCES Figure 64: Gloriosa superba Rainfall

Karur gets an average annual rainfall is about 633 mm. The district gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon winds, from late September to mid-November (Table 94).

Figure 65: Coleus

Table 94: Rainfall of Karur 2011- 2012

Normal Normal Onset Average Cessation Rainfall (capacity week (mm) (capacity week and month) and month)

South West Monsoon 1st week of 1st week of 192 (June 11’-Sep 11’) June September

North East Monsoon 2nd week of 4th week of 300 (Oct 11’- Dec 11’) October December Winter Season 26 -- -- (Jan 12’- March 12’) Hot Weather Season 115 -- -- (Apr 12’-May 12’) Annual Total 633 -- -- (June 11’ to May 12’)

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Table 95: Ground water resources in Surface Water Resources Karur district Surface Water consists of all the Dynamic ground water resources water/bodies found on the surface, (as on 31.03.2004) in MCM which include streams, rivers, lakes, Annual Replenish able 321.45 wetland and the ocean. Ground Water Resources Total Annual Ground Important Surface Water Basins Water Draft for all 220.15 purposes Karur district is falling in Cauvery Projected demand for Domestic and Industrial 68.5 river basin as per the Irrigation Atlas of Uses up to 2025 India. The district is divided in to three (Source: District Groundwater brochure Karur Minor basins, namely Kulithalai, District, CGWB) Amravati and Thiruchi minor basin (Figure 66). Ground Water is found beneath the earth’s surface and is an important source of water in most of the Districts in the State. Ground Water is withdrawn for Agriculture, municipal and industrial use. The depth at which the ground water is found is called Ground water Table. The ground water resources in Karur district is given in Table 95.

The district is classified into different blocks based on the ground water abstraction rate (Table 96). Figure 66: Rivers of Karur District Kadavur,Thanthoni Aravakurichi and K.Paramathy blocks has been listed as Drainage a Over – exploited as the high rate of Major part of Karur district is water extraction and withdrawal being drained by Cauvery River. Amravati, more than its replenish able limits Kodavanar and Pungar are the resulting in decline in ground water important rivers draining the western levels and drying up of wells. part of the district and the river Table 96: Ground water blocks of Pungardrains in eastern part of the Karur District (8 Blocks) district. The drainage pattern, in general, is dendritic. All the rivers are Over- Semi – Safe seasonal and carry substantial flows Exploited Critical (Less than during monsoon period. The river (Greater than (70-90%) 70%) 100%) Cauvery is flowing on the northern and Kadavur Aravakurichi K.Paramathi eastern boundaries. The river Amravati Thanthoni Karur - is flowing through Kparamathi, Krishnaraya - - puram Aravakurichi, Thanthoni and Karur - Kulithalai - blocks and joins with Cauvery at Nerur. - Thogamalai - Odavanar, which is one of the important (Source: District Groundwater brochure Karur tributary of Amaravathi River, drains the District, CGWB)

84 western part of the district. Originating Rural Water Supply in Rangamalai hills located in the border of Karur and district. It flows Tamil Nadu Water Supply and from south to north and joins with the Drainage (TWAD) Board is the river Amaravathi at Karuvadampatti. Government agency Responsible for providing drinking water supplies to the The Nanganji River, flowing in the urban and rural populace in the district. western part of the district, has its origin from the Kottaivali hills in Dindigul The water requirements of the district. It flows towards north through habitations are met with either through Aravakurichi and K.Paramathi blocks surface water sources or through and joins with the river Amaravathi at various Mini Water Supply Schemes or Ariyur. The Pungar River, flowing Integrated water supply schemes across the eastern part of the district, utilizing the available ground water has its origin in the Kadavur hills located resources. The number of Rural in the southern part of Karur district. It habitations are given in Table 97. flows towards north through Kadavur Inland Fisheries Resources and Krishnarayapuram blocks and joins with the river Cauvery at The details of inland fishery Timmachalapuram. resources of Karur district is given in Table 98.

Table 97: Rural Water Supply

Present water supply S.No. Name of towns Population level LPCD Municipalities 1. Karur 70980 88 2. Kulithalai 27910 95 Town Panchayats 1. TNPL 5556 91 2. Krishnarayapuram 10792 70 3. Punjaipugalur 23408 84 4. Pallapatti 30624 56 5. Punjai Thottakurichi 10969 120 6. Uppidamangalam 11292 136 7. P.J. 7484 75 8. Puliyur 12720 80 9. Nangavaram 17629 70 10. Marudur 10925 70 11. Aravakkurichi 12412 70

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Table 98: Inland fisheries details of Karur district

S. Inland Fish FFDA District Reservoirs* Seasonal tanks Total No. culture tanks tanks

1. Karur 138 - 261 1237 1520 3156

(Source: Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Tamil Nadu-2013)

Ground Water Pollution in Karur of ground water are found to be 1115 District out of 3125 samples as per National Rural Drinking Water Programme. The The details of groundwater above data shows that there is less contamination in Karur district is shown ground water pollution in the district in below table the contaminated sources (Table 99). Table 99: Ground water Contamination details in Karur

Source of Ground No. of Sources No. of Sources Percentage S.No. Water Tested Contaminated (%) Contamination Contaminated 1. 3125 1115 35.68 Sources Fluoride 2. 3125 54 1.73 Contamination Nitrate 3. 3125 0 0 Contamination

4. Iron Contamination 3125 30 0.96

5. Fecal Coliform 3125 192 6.14

Surface Water Pollution Amaravathi at 60, 40 and 20 km upstream of Karur town respectively. River Amravati originates from The Amaravathi river joins with river Kerala/Tamilnadu State border and Cauvery near Kattali village which is 10 passes through Coimbatore, Erode, and Km downstream of Karur town. Karur districts and joins with river Cauvery near Kattali in Karur District. Amravati River is the main source The direction of river flow is from of water for domestic, irrigation and for southwest to northeast and the total industrial uses in . Amravati length of river is 175 km. river basin of Karur district, where there Shanmuganadhi, Nankanchi and is severe impact on river as well as on Kodaganar Rivers are the tributaries of groundwater quality. The total area of Amaravathi. These tributaries join with Amravati minor basin of Karur district as

86 per State PWD is 1, 46,041 hectares. types of bronze items, metal-ware The river water quality analysis shows objects, ancient classical musical that there is a severe pollution to the instruments, ancient coins(Figure 67), river. TDS in the upstream of Karur rocks and minerals, fossils from the town is 312 mg/L and at the earth, botanical specimens, molluscan downstream of Karur town is 1456 mg/L shells, and other marine specimens. and chloride in the upstream is 56 mg/L and at the downstream is 600 mg/L. This variation happens in a distance of about 7km. The reason for such variation is due to discharge of partly treated effluents from bleaching and dyeing units and sewage from Karur town. A sewage treatment plant of 15 MLD capacities for Karur Municipality has been established and commissioned in December 2006.

3.6 TOURISM AND ARCHEOLOGY

Tourist Attractions Picnic spots Figure 67: Kollipurai - The Chera inscribed Coin  - Kaveri bed regulator, Dam and River side park Pilgrimic Centres

 Chettipalayam - Amaravathi bed List of Temples regulator, park Karur district has many big and old  Tirumukkudalur - Kaveri, temples. Amaravathi and Noyyal rivers coincide here  Shree Kalyana Pasupatheeswarar Temple (Thiru Aanilai), Karur  Nerur - Sacred muut, Meditation, River side park  Shree Abayapradhana Ranganathar  Kadavur - Ponnaniyar dam, park Temple, Karur

 Manthirikonpatty  Shree Karuvur Mariyamman Temple, Karur Museums  Thanthondrimalai Shree Kalyana Karur Government Museum Venkataramanaswamy Temple situated near the Bus stand was established in the year 2000 and is  Vennaimalai Shree maintained as a place of memory to the Balathandayuthapani Temple ancestors who ruled and lived here. The exhibits in the museum includes various

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 Pugazhimalai Shree Cauvery, is located on Karur-Trichy ArupadaiMurugan Temple main road (Figure 68).

Sholiyamman Temple

 Vangal Shree Pudhu Vangalamman Temple

 Nerur Shree Sadhasiva Bhrameendhraal Temple

 Madhukkarai Sellandiyamman Temple

 Mahadhanapuram Mahalaksmiamman Temple

 Manmangalam Puthu Kaliyamman Temple

 KrishnarayapuramTirukkanmallesw Figure 68: Mayanur arar Temple Pasupatheeswar temple

 Kadavur Vasantha perumal Temple Pasupatheeswarer temple is one of  Kulithalai Kadambar Temple the chief attractions of Karur. Pasupatheeswarer temple, which dates  Kulithalai Neelameegha perumal back to the time of Cholas, is dedicated Temple to Lord . This temple is considered among the seven Sivalayams or the  Iyermalai Siva Temple Sivasthalams or the holy abodes of Lord Shiva in western Tamil Nadu, the  Shivayam Siva Temple others being Thirunanaa (Bhavani)  Lalapet Iyyapan Temple (1st Iyyapa Sangameshwarar temple, Temple in Tamilnadu) Arthanareeswarar temple, Tirumuruga poondi irumuruganathaswamy temple,  Lalapet Sri Jaya Anjaneya (300 Tiruppandikodumudi () and Years Old) Kodumudinathar temple.

 Togamalai Murugan Temple The temple is noted for its five feet high Pasupatheeswarer Linga which is  Rangamalai Malleeshwarar Temple represented by a group of five  Vyakarapuriswarar temple, Puliyur - sculptures. This linga, situated in the 13 century temple sanctum sanctorum, is also shown as being bathed by the milk oozing from Mayanur the rudder of a cow (Figure 69).

Mayanur is a famous pilgrimage destination offered by Karur. Mayanur, which lies on the course of River

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Figure 69: Pasupatheeswarar temple Figure 70: Noyyal River

Sri Mariamman temple Tirumukkudal Sri Mariamman temple is one of the Tirumukkudal is a popular most important temples in Karur. This pilgrimage destination offered by Karur, temple, situated towards the center of which is situated about 4 km away from Karur, is the 2nd largest Amman temple Walajabad. The name ‘Tirumukkudal’ in TamilNadu.The most auspicious stands for mukkudal or the union of occasion at Sri Mariamman temple is three sacred rivers - Palar, and the annual festival which is held during Vegavati. the month of May. In this festival, 'Kumbam' is brought out of the Amman Noyyal temple, is carried to River Arkavathi, Noyyal village is one of the accompanied by a huge procession. attractions at Karur. Noyyal village is This Kumbam is then lowered to the situated on the banks of River Noyyal river bed with due respect. This festival and River Cauveri (Ponni). Noyyal is celebrated with great pomp and village is considered as a sacred area gaiety regardless of religion and caste as it lies besides the converging point of at Karur. sacred rivers, Noyyal and Cauveri. Archeological Sites in Karur District Noyyal village is also famous for its List of Archeologically important ancient Sellandiyamman temple (Figure places in the district are given in Table 70). 99.

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Table 99: List of Archeologically 3.7 INDUSTRIALIZATION AND Important Places URBANIZATION

Name of Place Locality Industrialization and urbanization are both interlinked to each other, with Head Sluice Periavoikal Musiri the onset on industries the urban Nattuvoikal population around that area soon Korangunatha Temple Srinivasanallur increases. Karur is industrially Rock(Kulithalai) Vaigainallur developed with a high concentration of (Source: Archeological Survey of India) small, medium scale industries. The town exports textiles worth about Korangunatha Temple Rs.6,000 crore a year.

Koranganatha Temple is a Hindu Some of the major industries that temple situated in the town are predicted to grow in Karur district of Srinivasanallur. The temple was are: constructed by the Medieval Cholas and is dedicated to the god .  Home Textile Manufacturing The temple is protected by  HDPE Monofilament based Industry the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) (Figure 71).  Bus Body Building

 Gem Cutting Units

 Paper and Paper products

Industrialization

No. of Industries in Karur District (Red, Orange, Green)

The following table shows the number of Red, Orange and Green Industries in Karur District. The Industries are categorized by the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, based on the varying Pollution levels (Table 100). Figure 71: Koranganatha Temple

Table 100: Number of Red, Orange, Green Industries

Large Medium Small S.No. Location Total Red Orange Green Red Orange Green Red Orange Green

1. Karur 14 7 2 6 7 3 776 126 249 1190 (Source: SIDCO, Karur)

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Industrial Areas the main industries in the district are given in Table 102. The main industrial clusters in Karur are shown in Table 101. Some of

Table 101: Location of Industrial Clusters

Name of Land Land Prevailing Rate Per Sq.m. S.No. Industrial Acquired Developed (In Rs.) Area (In hectare) (In hectare) 1. Athur 14.68.73 13.10.17 97.58

2. S.Vellalapatti 10.77.71 9.84.14 155.70

Name of No. of No. of Vacant No. of Units S.No. Industrial No. of Plots allotted Plots Plots in Production Area 1. Athur 101 101 - 57 26 Plots 26 Plots 2. S.Vellalapatti - 39 6 Sheds 16 Sheds

Table 102: Industries in Karur district

Head Unit Particulars

Registered Industrial Unit No 9168

Total Industrial Unit No 9618

Medium And Large Unit No 10

Estimated Avg. No Of Daily Worker 5 Employed In small Scale Industries

Employment In Large And Medium No 25 Industries

No. Of Industrial Area No 2

Turnover Of Small Scale Ind. In Lakhs Rs.5250 Crores

Turnover Of Medium & Large Scale Ind. In Lakhs Rs.1650 Crores

(Source: Industrial Scenario of Karur district)

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Pollution Hotspots Air pollution in Karur District

There are no Pollution Hotspots in The Air Pollution of Karur District is the District. However there has been within the Pollution control Board Limits. pollution from many bleaching, dyeing Air Pollution has been reported from units by the let off of effluents into the Cement Industries. rivers, tributaries.

Status of Number of Vehicles in Karur District

Details of number of vehicles found in the district are given in Table 103.

Table 103: Status of Vehicles in Karur District

Motor Maxi Omni Stage Mini Auto Ordi- cabs Name of Cabs Buses Carriages Buses Rick- nary the Saws Taxi Sp Aip Sp Aip Sp Aip District Pub- Pri- Karur 2003 111 263 130 807 0 272 25 163 6 8 2 Karur 2013 116 167 117 1216 0 537 12 442 6 4 0 (Source: Traffic Department, Tamil Nadu)

From the above data we can see The total Municipal solid waste that there is a steady rise in the number generation in the district is around 153 of vehicles in the district, this will in turn TPD (Table 104). The Solid Waste increase the levels of air pollution due to Management function involves vehicular emissions. monitoring and management of the activities of Door-to-Door Collection of Sewage Treatment Karur City Municipal Solid waste, Street sweeping, The Sewage Treatment plant set cleaning of open drains, Transporting of up at Karur-Imam. Karur is 15MLD Waste, Scientific Treatment & Disposal of MSW, toilets/complexes, etc. using the Extended Aeration Technology. Sewage when let out untreated into the rivers, lakes is bound to cause pollution.

Table 104: Municipal Solid Waste Generation (MT/day) in the state of Tamil Nadu Compliance status of MSW (M&H) Rules – District wise MSW Generated (Tonnes per Day) District Town Corporation (C) Municipality (M) Total (TPD) Panchayat (TP) Karur - 139 14 153

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Maintenance of Waste Collection  Secondary Collection of waste vehicles and other utilities such as Public. The process also involves  Secondary Transportation of waste keeping track of the amount of waste  Treatment/processing of waste treated / disposed at the Processing / Disposal site as the case may be. The  Disposal of waste functions of the Solid Waste Management are sub categorized into  Vehicle Movement. the following Components: Bio-Medical Waste Management  Segregation of waste at source. Main sources of bio-medical wastes  Collection of waste at the Door-to- are from hospitals. The treatment Door level including Street methods are incineration, autoclave, Cleansing, Collection of C&D Waste shredding and deep burial (Table 105). and Cleaning of Open Drains (Nalla Hazardous Waste Management de-silting). Details of Hazardous waste  Secondary storage of waste generation and disposal in the district are given in Table 106.

Table 105: Biomedical Waste Management in the Karur District

Biomedical Waste S.No. Name Districts Covered Management Facility

M/s. Ramky Energy and Incenirator – 150 Kg/hr – Environment Ltd, Thangayur, Salem, , 1 No-500 Kg/Day . K.M. Nizat Karur, Erode, 1. Autoclave-650 Lt/cycle , Ahamed Phone Dhannapuri Shredder-100Kg/Hr & 50 No. 0427 - 4041139 Kg /Hr Mobile No. 96771 - 22708 (Source: TNPCB, 2013)

Table 106: Hazardous waste generation and disposal methods

Hazardous waste Hazardous waste Treatment(MT) No. of generation(MT) Total District industries Schedule Schedule Qty Landfill Recyclable Incinerable 1 2

Karur 61 6396.677 219.02 11246.34 - - 11246.34

(Source: TNPCB, 2013)

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CETPs in Karur District environmental degradation in these areas. There are 379 dyeing & 108 bleaching units located in & around Hence the Board has insisted all Karur town. Of these, 59 bleaching & the units in Karur to install Reverse 332 dyeing units are covered under 8 Osmosis with Reject management existing Common Effluent Treatment System. Plants (CETPs), which are treating the trade effluent quantity of 14450 kilo Further the Sludge from the CETP litres through the CETPs. The remaining has to be disposed via a TSDF facility. 49bleaching & 47 dyeing units have Improper disposal of this sludge will provided Individual Effluent Treatment lead to Hazardous waste Pollution Plants (IETPs) for treating the trade which is toxic to the Environment. effluent quantity of 1951 kilo litres The details of CETPs are given in through IETPs. However, the treated Table 107. effluent discharged on land and indirectly reaches the River Amaravathi Energy Sources by these CETPs & IETPs. Solar power plants are present in The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in Karur District. Details of quantum of excess of the 2100 mg/lit prescribed by power purchased are given in Table the board. The discharge of high TDS 108. effluent is the cause for the Table 107: Details of CETPs

Capacity Year of S.No CETP Tamil Nadu MLD Establishment 1 Andakovil CETP, Karur - - 2 KS CETP, Karur - - 3 KKEL CETP, Karur 1.3 1999 4 Sellandi Palayam CETP, Karur - - 5 Thiruvai CETP, Karur 2.1 1999 6 Valandi Dyeing CETP, Karur - - 7 Taluk Dye & Bleaching CETP, Karur - - 8 Amaravathi Poll Tech CETP, Karur 2.4 1999

Table 108: Quantum of power Details on rural electrification are purchased (Year: 2011-2012) given in Table 109. Power consumption in Karur district sector-wise is given in Power Power purchased Table 110. Capacities of transformers purchased in sectors name M.U. are given in Table 111. M/s TNPL 26.86

M/s EID Parry 76.65 M/s. Chettinad Cement 10 (Source: TANGEDCO, Chief Engineer Distribution, Karur)

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Table 110: Power Consumption Sector wise

Consumption Sectors % of the Consumption (M.U)

Industries 40.61 11.70

Agriculture 27.35 7.88

Domestic 207.80 59.87

Commercial 54.01 15.56

Public lighting & Water 17.28 4.97 Works

Sales to licenses 0.00 0.00

Sales to other states 0.00 0.00

Miscellaneous 0.00 0.00

Total 347.05 100.00

(Source: District Electricity Board)

Table 111: Rural Electrification

Electrified during the year

Towns Village Hamlet Agricultural Pumpset (1) (2) (3) (4)

Karur Kulithalai 87 1131 283 Aravakurichi

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Table 111: List of Transformer capacity

Name of Stations / Sub stations Capacity (mVA)

Karur 110/11 KV 32

Manmangalam 110/11 KV 20

Manmanglam 110/33KV 16

Pugalur 110/11 KV.SS 20

Andichettipalayam 110/11 KV 16

Andichettipalayam 110/11 KV 16

Malaikovilur 110 /11KV 10

Pallapatti 110/11 KV 26

Puliyur 110/11 KV 20

Vellianai 110/11KV 20

Thanthonimalai 110/11KV 20

Ayyarmalai 110/33-11 KV 57

Chinathamanipatti 33/11 KV 16

Mayanur 33/11KV 10

Thogamalai 33 /11KV 8

Palaviduthi 33/KV 8

Kavalkaranpatti 110/11KV 10

Vallam 33/11 KV 8

Nachalur 33/ 11 KV 8

Panchapatti 110/11KV SS 8

Othakakadai 33/11 KV SS 8

Veappampalayam 110/11 KV 20

Pugalur 230 /110KV 200

Rajapuram (Un Manned) 8

Thalapatty 110/11 KV 20 (Source: District Rural Electricity Office)

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3.8 Eco-sensitive aspects of Karur The proposed scheme is given District below in Figure 72 &73.

Environmental Issues

Common Effluent Treatment plants of Textile dyeing units in Karur

Cotton yarn bleaching and dyeing is one of the major industrial activities in Karur Town, Tamil Nadu, India. Out of 487 units, 391 units are member in common effluent treatment plant (CETP). 8 CETPs are in operation. Figure 72: CETP Flow Diagram The remaining 96 units have provided individual effluent treatment plant (IETP). After treatment the effluent is let into Amaravathi River a tributary of river Cauvery. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) has directed all the dyeing units to provide Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant with Reject Management System (RMS) and recycle the entire treated effluent so as to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). Figure 73: Location Map of Karur, Tamil Nadu

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Erode District

4.1 INTRODUCTION various textile, oil and turmeric manufacturing industries. Erode District is located in the western part of the state of Tamil Nadu. The present Erode district consists It is located between 10° 36’ and 11° 58’ of 5 taluks namely Bhavani, degrees of the northern latitude and 76° , , 49’ and 77° 58’ degrees of the eastern and Erode. The taluks are longitude. The district is bounded further divided into 368 revenue by district of villages. to the north and by Kaveri River to the east. Across the river lie Erode town is also known as Salem, Namakkal and Karur districts. “Turmeric City” as it is one of the largest Tirupur District lies immediately to the producers of Turmeric in the World. south, and Coimbatore and the Nilgiris Paddy, Plantain, Groundnut, cotton, district lie to the west. The headquarters turmeric, coconut and sugarcane are of the district is Erode town. Formerly some of the agricultural products. Erode known as (Periyar district) -Erode district is also one of the leading District was a part of Coimbatore producer of plantain, and District before its bifurcation on white in Tamil Nadu. It has a well- September 7, 1979 and it was renamed loped textile industry. Gobichetti as Erode District in 1996. The taluk map palayamis well known for its white silk of Erode district is shown in Figure 74. production. The country's first automated silk reeling unit is in Gobichettipalayam. Products such ascottonsarees, bed spreads, carpets, lungies, printed fabrics, towels, dhotis are marketed there.

The district forms the meeting point of Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats separated by Bhavani River. The district comprises a plain, sloping gently towards the Kaveri River in the south- east. Three major tributaries of the river Kaveri are Bhavani, Noyyal and Amaravathi which run across the Figure 74: Map Showing Erode District long stretch of mountains in the north. constitutes the boundary (Source: http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/district.php) between Erode district and Karnataka in the north. The and Hand loom and textile products and Kodiveri Dam provide storage facilities readymade garments industries and irrigation to the district. contribute to the economy of Erode. The people in the district are employed in Erode District is the home of Sathyamangalam tiger reserve and the

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Vellode Birds Sanctuary. These are two Sex Ratio: 993 important forest reserves with high species diversity. The comparison of population of Erode district and Tamil Nadu is shown The growth of the district has lead in Figure 75. Erode has a density of to some concerning Environmental population of 391 persons per sq.km. Problems. The next few chapters will Erode has a density of population highlight the Environmental Profile of of 391 persons per sq.km whereas the the District. state average is 555 persons per sq.km.

4.2 HUMAN RESOURCE AND Growth Rate DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION The population growth rate has An official Census of India 2011 increased during 2001-2011 as giving population detail of Erode, a compared to 1991-2001. In Erode district located in the western region of district the growth rate between 2001 Tamil Nadu has been released by and 2011 was 11.66% percent whereas Directorate of Census Operations in growth rate between 1991 and 2001 Tamil Nadu. Enumeration of key was 11.85% percent. The decal growth persons was done by census officials in of population is shown in Table 113 and Erode District of Tamil Nadu. In 2011, the density of population is given in Erode had population of 2,251,744 of Table 114 and Figure 76. which male and female were 1,129,868 Table 113: Decadal Growth 2001-2011 and 1,121,876 respectively. In 2001 census, Erode had a population of Population Year 2,016,582 of which males were Persons Growth (%) 1,024,732 and remaining 9, 91,850 2001-2011 (+)11.66% were females. Table 114: Density of Population Demographic Aspect in Erode

Erode district has a population of 2011(no.s) 2001(no.s) 2,016,582 according to the 2001 Erode census, which rose to 2,251,744 in 391 350 2011 is shown in Table 112. Erode has (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil a density of population of 391 persons Nadu Source-2013) per sq. km. whereas the state average is 555 persons per sq. km.

Table 112: Population of Erode district 2011

Persons 2,251,744 Males 1,129,868 Females 1,121,876 Figure 75: Population of Erode (Source: Statistical handbook district Vs. Tamil Nadu during 2001- of Tamil Nadu 2013) 2011

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Poverty

The poverty in urban parts of the district is found to be much higher than the poverty level in rural parts of Erode. The percentage of population below poverty line in the rural population is at 17.9%, while in the urban population it is at 21.8% and it is shown in Table 116.

Table 116: Status showing Figure 76: Population density of Percentage population living Below Erode district Vs. Tamil Nadu during Poverty Line 2001-2011 Rural 17.9% Urban Population Erode District Urban 21.8% Erode is also relatively more (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu urbanized than the other districts in the –2013) state. According to the 2011 Census, 51.43 % of the population of Erode lives Literacy Level in urban areaswhereas the level of As per the 2011 census the literacy urbanization as compared to the state is level was 72.58% of the total 48.4 percent (Table 115). population. This is lower than the state The level of urbanization has average which is 80.33% (Table 117). increased over the period 2001-2011 Table 117: Number of Literates and is related to the emergence of major industrial, textile, commercial, Persons 1,492,662 educational, information technology, Males 828,300 healthcare and manufacturing sectors. In the 2001 census, all statutory towns Females 664,362 and places that satisfy certain (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil demographic and economic criteria are Nadu-2013) treated as urban. All Town Panchayats 72.58% of literacy rate was have been included in the urban frame achieved by the successful irrespective of whether they satisfy the establishment of government and demographic and economic criteria. private educational institutions in the Table 115: Percentage of Rural and district (Table 118). Urban Population Table 118: Percentage of Literates to Total population Erode Rural 48.57 % District Urban 43% Persons 72.58 % (Source: Statistical handbook of Males 80.42 % Tamil Nadu – 2013) Females 64.71 %

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There are 1698 schools, 17 Arts Table 119: Land utilization pattern and science colleges, 13 Engineering 2001-2011 colleges, 4 institutions for Pharmacy, 14 Polytechnic colleges, 12 I.T.I and 6 Area in Classification institutions for nursing and teachers Hectares found in Erode district. Total Geographical 572264 Area 4.3 LAND RESOURCES Forest 227511 Land Use Barren and 6270 Uncultivable Uses The geographical area of Erode is Land put to Non- 53176 5,72,264 hectares. According to the Agricultural Uses professional survey and village records, Cultivable Waste 1731 the land use pattern during 2001-2011 Permanent pastures 101 is indicated in Table 119. and other grazing land Land under Forest Land Miscellaneous tree crops and groves not 1029 In Erode district, an extent of included in net area 2,27,511 hectares of land comes under shown forest land as on 2011-2012. This Current Fallows 80931 represents 39% of the total Other Fallow Land 18215 geographical area of the district. Gross Area sown 198874 Barren and Uncultivable Land Net Area sown 183300 Area sown more than 198874 In Erode district, an extent of 6,270 once hectares of land comes under barren (Source: Directorate of Town and Country and Uncultivable land category, which Planning) represents 1.09% of the total Cultivable Waste geographical area of the state. The total area under cultivable Land put to Non-Agricultural Uses waste is 1731 hectares or 0.35% of the total geographical area of the district. The lands occupied by buildings, This may be due to non-availability of roads, canals and land put to uses other water resources and man power. than agricultural purposes are brought under this category. Area under this Permanent Pastures and Other classification is 53176 hectares Grazing Lands accounting for 10.76% of the district’s All grazing lands are considered as geographical area. permanent pastures. An extent of 101 hectares of the geographical area of the district falls under this category.

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Land under Miscellaneous Tree once. 1,83,300 hectares of land Crops constituting 32% was cultivated once with various crops during the year 2011- Lands under casuarina trees, 2012. thatching grasses, bamboo bushes and other groves for fuel etc., which are not The gross area sown represents included under orchards are classified the total area cultivated under all food under this category. The extent is 1029 and non-food crops including the area hectares or 0.17% of the geographical sown more than once. The gross area area of the district. sown during 2011-2012 is 1,98,874 hectares. Current Fallow Lands The area sown more than once The cultivable lands, which are kept during 2011-2012 is 1,98,874 hectares. fallow during the entire period under review is known as current fallow. The Metropolitan Area area under current fallow during 2011- The metropolitan area of Erode 2012 constituted 14.5% of the total geographical area of the district with an district has been expanding. The urban extent of 80931 hectares. growth of Erode has lead to the conversion of agricultural land for urban Other Fallow Lands land use. The town covers an area of All lands which are taken up for 5692 sq.km. The town area has cultivation but have temporarily put off expanded over the years, presently it cultivation for a period of not less than covers a part of Bhavani, , one year and not more than five years Perundurai and are treated as other fallow lands. An constituencies. The land use break up extent of 18,215 hectares, which is 3.18 of Erode for the year 1996 is given in % of the total geographical area. Table 120. The map which highlights the present land use details of Erode Net Area and Gross Area Sown district are given in Figure 77 and Net area sown represents the area Figure 78. sown with crops during the year only Table 120: Land Use Break Up of Erode Town (1996)

Area in % of Total % of Total Land Use Hectares Developed Area Area Residential 483 65.90 57.23 Commercial 133 18.14 15.76 Industrial 60 8.19 7.11 Educational 13 1.77 1.54 Public & Semi public 44 6.00 5.21 Agriculture Wet 17 - 2.01 Agriculture Dry 78 - 9.24 Water Bodies 16 - 1.90 Total 111 - 13.15 Grand Total 844 - 100.00 (Source: Directorate of Town and Country Planning)

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Figure 77: Erode Master Plan Land Use 1996

Figure 78: Erode Master Plan Land Use 2011

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Classification of Soil

Red Loam soil and Lateritic soil are major soil types available in the Erode district. Black loam soil is found in parts of . In this area soil is found to be rather sandy, stony and of the gravelly type. Lime stone is found in abundance in the form of modules, streaks and massive beds of the grey and white color inter branded with igneous rocks. The soil of Erode district is chiefly gravelly, stony and sandy of the red variety. Red loam soil is prevalent in some parts of the town lying adjacent to Kalingarayan channel. It also occurs mostly in the hilly tracts of . Soils of Gobichettypalayam and Satyamangalam taluk are mostly of the red sandy variety. The soil classification Figure 79: Soil Classification of of Erode district is furnished in Table Erode District 121. The soil classification of Erode Agriculture & Horticulture district is given in Figure 79. The major income of the district is Table 121: Soil Classification of agriculture; most of the people in the Erode District for the year 2013 district depend on agriculture.

Major Soils Area (‘000 ha) Major agricultural crops Major agricultural crops cultivated Red clayey soils 142.0 in the region are Sugarcane, paddy, groundnut, maize and sesame. Lateritic soils 114.2 The most produced crop is Alluvial soils 145.2 sugarcane and the highest productivity is found in sugarcane. Details of the Other soil types 414.8 Total Production and Productivity are found in Table 122. Betel vine and (Source: Tamil Nadu Agricultural cocoa and flowers like tube rose, Contingency Plan of Erode district – jasmine and marigold. 2013) The major horticulture crops are listed in Table 123. The horticulture statistics of Erode district for the year 2013 is given in Table 124.

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Table 122: Production of crops in Erode Year 2012-2013

Production and Productivity Total Area Production Productivity ofmajor crops (‘000 ha) (Tones) (kg/ha) Sugarcane 41.9 5662523 132000 Paddy 38.3 164230 4139 Groundnut 31.4 47948 1966 Maize 20.4 93571 5548 Sesame 12.1 8676 797

Table 123: Major Horticulture Crops

Area Production Productivity Name of the crop (‘000 ha) (tones) (kg/ha) Banana 10.4 61452 576623 Mango 0.9 5424 5498 Onion 3.4 23282 8393 Chillies 1.1 1036 1048 Kanvazhi Kizhangu (Glory Lily) 0.9 - - Katrazhai (Aloe) - - - Turmeric 7.8 61845 7213 Coconut 19.4 2579 13407 (Source: Tamil Nadu Agricultural Contingency Plan of Erode district – 2013)

Table 124: Horticultural Crop statistics

Area Production Productivity Name of the crop (hectares) (tones) (Kg/ha)

Fruits 12660 401621 31.72

Vegetables 12246 371964 30.37

Plantation Crops 268 5893 21.99

Spices & 1375 3700 2.69 Condiments

Flowers 325 2750 8.46

Medicinal & 596 2359 3.96 Aromatic Crops

Total 13578 430192 31.68 (Source: Tamil Nadu Agricultural Contingency Plan of Erode district – 2013)

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Major Horticulture Crops 125). The sources of irrigation and the amount of area irrigated are given in Horticulture contributes much for Table 126. the growth of Agriculture, the primary sector of the state. The growth of Table 125: Total Irrigated Area horticulture has expanded rural employment opportunities, increased Area Percent Irrigation income and enabled better livelihood to (‘000 ha) (%) farmers. Net irrigated 166.1 60 Major horticulture crops cultivated area in this district are fruits cropslike mango, sapota, aonla, papaya and banana, Gross irrigated vegetables like tomato, brinjal, bhendi, 181.8 62 area tapioca, yam, chillies and onion, spices like turmeric, plantation crops like. Rainfed area 128.6 40 Irrigation

Irrigation is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, Table 126.Sources of Irrigation maintenance of landscapes and re- vegetation of disturbed soils in dry Sources of Area % Number areas and during periods of inadequate Irrigation (‘000 ha) Area rainfall. The sources of irrigation are canals and wells. Water is an important Canals 13 88 50.7 determinant factor for production of Tanks 21 0.3 0.2 crops in agriculture sector. Medium and Open wells 121358 66.3 5.2 minor irrigation schemes are implemented in the state for augmenting Bore wells 9905 16.5 9.5 the water supply for agriculture. The Lift - 1.4 - various sources of irrigation are canals, irrigation tanks, tube wells, ordinary wells, springs Other - 2.2 1.3 and channels. sources Total - 173.3 66.5 The farmers of the district have to depend heavily on irrigation facilities. Pump sets - - - Canals under various irrigation projects Micro - - - help to irrigate about 98,805 hectares of irrigation land while the wells irrigated 68,570 hectares. The net area irrigated under Forest and Wildlife various sources together constitutes The Erode district inhabits 58.9% area irrigated to total area sown Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary in the district. (SWS), which is a protected area and The net irrigated area in the district covers forest area of 1,411.6 km2 SWS is 166.1 ha, the gross irrigated area is is notable as the largest wildlife 181.8 ha, Rainfed area is 128.6 (Table sanctuary in Tamil Nadu and fourth

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Project Tiger, Tiger Reserve in the including the Billigiriranga Swamy state. Vellode Birds Sanctuary of Erode Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Sigur District has an area of 77.185 ha. The Plateau, and main vegetation of the sanctuary . Previously consists of Acacia nilotica plantation. Sathyamangalam was a Wildlife The Vellode Birds Sanctuary is visited Sanctuary (SWS). It was a protected by large number of resident and area in India, declared in 2008, and migratory bird species. The migratory enlarged in 2011, which covers forest birds start arriving to the Sanctuary at area of 1,411.6 km2). This sanctuary the onset of the Northeast monsoon. A covers Sathyamangalam Sub-District detailed note on list of species is given and parts of Gobichettipalayam Sub- in chapter 4 Biodiversity. District of Erode District in the north western Tamil Nadu. Conservation of Forest map of Erode district is the Sathyamangalam Forest Division is shown in Figure 80. administered by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department Conservator of Forests and Field Director, Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (STR) at Erode and the District Forest Officer and Deputy Director, Sathyamangalam Division of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (India)

Flora

The Sathyamangalam forest is mostly tropical dry forest, part of the South dry deciduous Figure 80: Forest Map of Erode forests Eco region. There are five District Important Wildlife distinct forest types: tropical evergreen Sanctuaries (Shola), semi-evergreen, mixed- Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve deciduous, dry deciduous and thorn forests. Evergreen forests are restricted Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve to small patches in a few high altitude (STR) (Figure 81) is a tiger reserve in hill tops of Sathyamamgalam between the crucial Sathyamangalam Forests of 750 metres (2,460 ft) and 1,649 metres Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu India. The (5,410 ft). These patches are undivided Sathyamangalam Forest threatened on account of land use District (which now stands bifurcated as changing to hill agriculture and one Sathyamangalam Division of plantation crops, including fruit. Semi- Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve and evergreen forests are found at high Hasanur Division of Sathyamangalam altitude. Mixed and dry deciduous Tiger Reserve) is very significant as a forests are located on middle altitude wildlife corridor in the Nilgiri Biosphere slopes and the thorn forests are usually Reserve between the Western Ghats found in the foot hills and some times, and the rest of the Eastern Ghats and a due degradation of dry deciduous genetic link between the four other forests, at the middle elevations. protected areas which it adjoins,

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Significant areas of mixed Shrub land A list of flora species found in the and grasslands support a large district is given in Table 127a. population of herbivore. Table 127: Protected areas of the Erode District

Wildlife Name of the District in Major (Protection) Wildlife Area in ha which animals Act in which Sanctuary located found declared Spoon bill, Vellode Birds 77.18 Erode teals, pintail Final Sanctuary ducks, darter notification issued u/s Sathyamangalam 140840.54 Erode Tiger 26A(1) tiger reserve

The Sanctuary becomes an ideal habitat for the birds, because of the availability of abundant feed in the tank and in the neighboring agricultural fields and plenty of trees for perching and nesting. There are abundant fishes and Figure 81: Sathyamangalam Forest other aquatic organism present in the tank, which form part of food for many Fauna resident birds.

In December 2011, the Table 127a: List of flora species Conservator of Forests, Erode Circle found in Erode district stated that the SWS is home to at least Scientific Name Family 28 Tigers which has been confirmed by Big Trees a camera trapping study conducted by Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). In Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Willd. 2011, it was reported that the Ailanthus malabarica DC. Simaroubaceae Sathyamangalam forest is home to over Albizia lebbeck Benth Fabaceae 850 Indian Elephants, making it the Abutilon indicum G. Don. Malvaceae Acacia torta Craib. Mimosaceae largest elephant habitat in the country. Acalypha fruticosa Euphorbiaceae forsskal. Vellode Birds Sanctuary Acalypha paniculata Miq. Euphorbiaceae Adhatoda Zeylanica Acanthaceae Medicus. Vellode Birds Sanctuary is an 80 ha Alangium salvifolium L. Alangiaceae (200-acre) sanctuary located in the Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Erode District in the state of Tamil Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Bauhinia retusa ham Fabaceae Nadu, India. The sanctuary is about 13 Bidens pilosa L Asteraeceae km from Erode Central Bus Terminus on Blepharis maderaspatensis Acanthaceae (L.) Roth. the way to , near Vellode Cocos nucifera Arecaceae and 10 km from Erode Junction Railway Cassia alata L. Caesalpiniaceae Station, in the south. Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae Cassia hirsuta L. Caesalpiniaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Apiaceae

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Cipadessa baccifera Miq Meliaceae Other Reserve forests Found in the Cryptoelepis buchananii Asclepiadaceae District Roem & Schul Delonix regia Fabaceae Delbergia paniculata Fabaceae Degradation of Forest Dalbergia latifolia Papilionaceae Eucalyptus Globus Myrtraceae As per the forest survey of India the Eclipta prostrate L. Asteraceae Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Zingiberaceae total degradation of forests in Erode Maton. district is around 1km2 Euphorbia antiquorum L. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla L Euphorbiaceae Table 128: Reserved Forest Details in Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Fucalvntus tereticornis Myrtaceae Erode Division Excoecaria crenulata L. Euphorbiaceae Ficus religiosa Moraceae Name of the Leucas asDera Spr Lamiaceae Area in Ha Polyalthia longifolia Fabaceae reserved forest Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae Tabebuia aurea Bignoniaceae North bargur 47593.25 Tridax procumbens L Asteraceae Tectona grandis Verbanaceae South bargur 25145.39 Zizyphus jujuba Mill Rhamnaceae Small Trees karai 3066.55 Holigrama armottiana Caesalpiniaceae Terminalia paniculata Caombretaceae Palamalai 9434.45 Bombusa arundinaceae Poaceae Clerodendrum viscosum Verbenceae Ennamangalam 2270.66 Cycas circinalis Cycadaceae Herbaceous Climbers Nagalur 226.48 Bauhinia phonicia Caesalpiniaceae 865.9 Acacia pinnata Mimosaceae Mucuna pruiens Papilionaceae Gonur 848.72 Zyzyphus rugosa Rhamnaceae Shrubs Pachapalamalai 2113.11 Mussaenda laxa Rubiaceae Strobilanthes spp- Acanthaceae 769 Calamus spp. Palmaceae Ochlandra scriptoria Poaceae Chennimalai 679.95 Thottea siliquosa Aristolochiacea Abutilon persicum Malvaceae Suryamalai 1676.92 Caesakoubua nunisiudes Caesakoubuaceae Lantana camera Verbenaceae Voitidi 177.84 Herbs Casia tora Caesalpiniaceae Vallikaradu 112.68 Curcuma aromatic Zingiberaceaceae Elephantopus scaber Asteraceae Kongampalayam 98.32 438.37

The sanctuary features thousands Uthiyur 376.21 of birds coming from various countries, Dalavaipattinam 131.04 some of which can be easily identified. Paeriyamanimalai 387.3 Some easily found bird species include cormorants, teals, pintail ducks, Attamalai 261.73 Pelicans, and (Figure 82).

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Figure 82: Darter Bird

Table 129: Forest Cover in Erode – 2011

Change in Area Moderate Open Area as per previous District Dense Forest Scrub(Km2) (Km2) Assessment 2 (Km2) ( Km ) 2009-(Km2)

Erode 8209 1371 366 1 40

(Source: Forest Department – 2013)

4.4 BIODIVERSITY animals included 2,348 spotted deer, 1,068 , 304 Sambar deer, 77 Sathyamangalam Wild Life Sanctuary Barking deer and Four-horned antelope, Fauna Species 843 wild boar, 43 Sloth bear and 15 striped hyenas. According to the In 2011, the Forest Department bird survey in Sathyamangalam Forest increased the Sanctuary area 169% by Division in 2011 a total of 230 species adding 887.26 km2 in seven reserve of birds were recorded. 20 vultures forests of Sathyamangalam Forest nests have also been recorded. Division to the existing wildlife sanctuary 2 Floral Species spread over 524.34 km . The largest of 2 additional area was 487.92 km from There are five distinct forest 2 Guthiyalathur and 319.87 km from types: tropical evergreen (Shola), semi- Talamalai reserve forests, thus evergreen, mixed-deciduous, dry increasing the total sanctuary area to deciduous and thorn forests. Evergreen 2 1,411.6 km . forests are restricted to small patches in a few high altitude hill tops. Semi- A survey in 2009 by WWF enumerated 10Bengal Tigers, evergreen forests are found at high 866 Indian Elephants, 672 , and altitude. Mixed and dry deciduous 27 . Four additional species of forests are located on middle altitude slopes and the thorn forests are usually horned antelope were observed. Other found in the foot hills. Significant areas

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of mixed Shrub land and grasslands Biodiversity hotspots support a large population of herbivore , the prey of tigers. Erode district is considered as a biodiversity hotspot. One of the main Vellode Birds Sanctuary reasons for this includes the increase in urban growth around forest areas. Fauna Species 4.5 WATER RESOURCE A List of Fauna species in is given in Table 129a. Erode district comes under the agro-climatic zones of southern Floral Species plateaus and hills.

The tree species present in the Rainfall sanctuary includes Azadirachta indica, Palmyra and eucalyptus plantation all The normal rainfall of Erode district along the bund and profuse growth of is 717mm. The rainfall and temperature Prosopis juliflora. data of Erode district is shown in Table 130.

Table 129a List of Bird species in Vellode

Common Name Scientific name Spot-billed pelican Pelecanus philippensis Purple swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio Cormorants Phalacrocoracidae Teals Anas crecca Pintail ducks Anas acuta Pelicans Pelecanus Darters Anhinga (Source: Tamil Nadu Forest Department)

Table 130: Rainfall and temperature data for Erode District

Temperature C Relative Month Rainfall (mm) Maximum Minimum April 2010 31.00 37.60 15.71⁰ 64.30 May 2010 64.10 39.17 16.24 65.60 June 2010 39.00 34.61 24.22 66.61 July 2010 69.75 32.44 23.18 68.64 August2010 78.56 32.36 23.15 68.27 September2010 123.50 32.33 22.90 73.40 October 2010 234.98 32.18 22.72 78.48 November 2010 327.10 29.27 21.40 88.50 December 2010 48.80 29.05 19.13 83.05 January 2011 00.80 31.00 17.04 62.05 February 2011 20.00 32.36 18.60 49.27 March 2011 2.50 35.04 20.44 49.00 Total 1040.09 33.12 20.39 68.10 (Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu, 2013)

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Figure 83: Mean Annual Rainfall of Erode district

It receives maximum rainfall of source of water in most of the Districts 327.10mm in the month of November. It in the State (Table 131). receives maximum rainfall from North East monsoon and South West Ground Water is withdrawn for monsoon. The mean annual rainfall of Agriculture, municipal and industrial Erode district is shown in Figure 83. use. The depth at which the ground water is found is called Ground water Ground Water Resources Table. The district is classified into different blocks based on the ground Ground Water is found beneath the water abstraction rate (Table 132). earth’s surface and is an important

Table 131: Ground Water sources

Dynamic ground water resources (as on 31.03.2004) in MCM

Annual Replenish able Ground Water Resources 769.62

Total Annul Ground Water Draft for all purposes 1268.26

Projected demand for Domestic and Industrial 40.07 Uses up to 2025

(Source: Statistical handbook of Tamil Nadu, 2013)

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Table 132: Ground water Block Classification Erode District (12 Blocks)

Over-Exploited Critical (Between Semi – Critical (70- (Greater than Safe (Less than 70%) 90 and 100 %) 90%) 100%) - Perudurai Bhavani - - Ammapat Chennaimalai - - Andhiyur Gobichettipalayam - - Bhavanisagar Kodumudi - - Erode Sathyamangalam - - Modakurichi T.N.Palayam - - - Thalaivadi

From the above data most of the River, which has its origin in the Silent blocks are in the Safe zone. Thus there Valley range of Kerala State, enters the is less abstraction of ground water district about 30 km west of resources in the District. Bhavanisagar and flows more or less inan easterly direction and Surface Water Resources with the river Cauvery at Bhavani town. is a major tributary of the Surface Water consists of all the water/bodies found on the surface, river Bhavani. The river Bhavani is which include Streams, rivers, lakes, tamed by a reservoir namely the wetland and the ocean. Bhavanisagar. The Palar river originating in the south Bargur forest Rivers flows in north-easterly and easterly directions. Maniyar Halla, Tatta Halla, The main rivers that flow through Kathala Halla, Yemahatti Halla and the district are Noyyal, Bhavani, Dinnepattipaliam are the important Amaravathi, Aliyar and Palar. The river minor tributaries of the Palar river. The Cauvery flows along the eastern border Noyyal River draining the southern part of the district (Figure 84). of the district has its origin in the Boluvampatty valley of the Vellingiri hills of Western Ghats enter the district flowing from Coimbatore district. The Amaravathi River and its tributaries drain the southern part of the district. It has its origin in Kerala state and passing through the adjoining districts, enters the district at about 5 km south of Salempalayam. The major tributaries to Amaravathi River are the Uppar Odai, Shanmukha Nadi, Nallathangal Odai Figure 84: Map of Rivers in the and Vattamalakkarai. The important District streamlets flowing in the northern side Most of the rivers and streams are the Bale Halla and Anaikodu Halla, drained the district form the tributaries which form tributaries to Suvaranavati to the Cauvery River. The Bhavani River flowing into Karnataka.

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The rural parts of Erode district Table 133: Rural Water Supply Erode receive (fully covered) 40 lpcd, while District partially covered parts receive 10-39 lpcd (Table 133). Total No. of Rural Partially Covered 448 (10-39) lpcd habitations in the district are 4471. 3983 (40 lpcd Fully Covered Details of urban water supply status and above) are given in Table 134,135. Urban water supply Table 134: Urban water Supply in Erode District

Present water supply S.No. Name of towns Population level LPCD Corporations 1. Erode 157101 109 Municipalities 1. Gobichettipalayam 59523 139 2. Sathyamangalam 37816 135 3. Bhavani 39225 110 4. Punchai Puliyampatti 18967 85 Town Panchayats 1. Kugalar 11753 85 2. Bhavanisagar 7710 169 3. Athani 8430 95 4. Periyakodiveri 12330 81 5. Ammapettai 9677 103 6. Lakkampatti 11716 73 7. 10610 104 8. Kodumudi 13225 70 9. Nemugipettai 6791 118 10. 21086 90 11. Chennasamudram 8111 70 12. Nambiyur 16379 90 13. Sivagiri 17979 70 14. Chitthodu 8550 105 15. Kollankovil 11294 106 16. 10970 137

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Table 135: Urban water Supply in Erode District

Present water Name of towns Population supply level LPCD Karumandichellipalayam 23868 117 Perundurai 16943 70 Chennimalai 15500 161 Salangapalayam 14702 70 Olagadam 9370 60 Ariyappampalayam 12462 70 Vengampuadur 7632 108 Avalpundurai 11789 70 Jambai 16522 70 Kolappalur 9607 73 Modakurichi 10052 70 P. Mettupalayam 9115 70 Pazur 3870 70 Vellottamparappu 8131 70 Archalur 12034 70 Bathur 7678 70 Kembanaickenpalayam 10308 70 Vadugapatti 10921 70

Ground Water Pollution in Erode The Biological Oxygen Demand - District BOD & TDS values do not conform to the standards and have to be monitored According to CPCB poor Ground periodically. Water Quality has been recorded in parts of the District (Table 136).

Surface Water Pollution

The main sources of surface water pollution arise from textile processing and tannery units that are dumping untreated, toxic effluents in the Bhavani River. According to CPCB, the Status has to be reviewed for effluents periodically. Leather Tanning Effluent and Textile Dyeing Effluent are some of the main sources of water pollution. Figure 85: Depth of Water Table in the District

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Table 136: Ground water pollution in Erode district

No. of No. of Source of Ground Water Percentage S.No Sources Sources Contamination (%) Tested Contaminated

1. Contaminated Sources 5256 1522 28.96

2. Fluoride Contamination 5256 22 0.42

3. Nitrate Contamination 5256 1071 20.38

4. Iron Contamination 5256 3 0.06

5. Fecal Colliform 5256 93 1.77

Inland Fisheries Resources

Details of inland fisheries in the district are given in Table 137.

Table 137: Erode District details of inland fisheries

Brackish Inland Fish FFDA Seasonal S.No. District Reservoirs* water Total culture tanks# tanks tanks area 1. Erode 8030 - 136 95 509 - 8770 (Source: Fisheries Department, Govt of TN • at FRI # tanks under intensive fish culture)

4.6 TOURISM AND ARCHEOLOGY 6. Vijayapuriamman Temple, Vijayamangalam Tourist Attractions – Erode 7. amman Temple, Bhavani is a popular Picnic Spot in Gobichettipalayam. erode district. Name of the Important Tourist List of Pilgrimic Centres Erode Centres District Name of the Important Pilgrim Centres (Table 138). 1. Bhavanisagar Dam, Bhavanisagar 2. Kodivery Annai, 1. Bhavani Sangameswarar Temple, Thukkanaiakkanpalayam Bhavani 3. Bhavani , Bhavani 2. Bannariamman Temple, 4. Periyar Memorial House, Erode 3. Erode Mariamman Temple, Erode 5. Erode Musium, Erode 4. Chennimalai Murugan Temple, Chennimalai 6. Birds sanctuary, Vellode 5. Magudeswarar Temple, Kodumudi, 7. Cavuey padakuthurai, Kodumudi

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Table 138: List of Pilgrimic Centre population around those areas soon increases. Name of the Place Pilgrim Centre Erode is one of the most industrially developed districts of Tamil Nadu. Ashram / Erode has got a high concentration of Community Kasthuribagram small, medium and large scale Project Centre, industries. Major Exports include Sugar, Siva Temple paper, Iron and Steel and Reclaimed Pilgrim Centre, Rubber. Some of the major industries Kodumudi Lord that in Erode district are: Temple. 1. Textile and Garments Pilgrim Centre 2. Weaving Bannarai Mariamman Temple 3. Food Products 4. Tanneries

5. Paper Jain temple 6. Chemical & Rubber The temple monument is now 7. Motor Vehicles – Repair protected by the Archaeological Survey Level of Urbanization in Erode of India (Table 139). Once a flourishing place of worship for the Jains in A detail of the urban population in Kongunadu and said to date back to the Erode is given in Table 140. 6th Century, the temple is now a neglected stone monument that has Table 140: Urban Area of Erode suffered the ravages of time. In ancient times, it was thronged by devotees Percent of belonging to the Digambar Jain sect. District Name Population in Urban Areas Table 139: Archeological Sites in Erode District Erode 51.43%

Name of Place Locality No. of Industries in Erode District Jain Temple Mettupudur (RedOrange Green)

Sugrisvara Sircar The following table shows the Temple And Tank Periyapalayam number of Red, Orange and Green (Source: Archeological Survey of India) Industries in Erode District. The Industries are categorized by the Tamil 4.7. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND Nadu Pollution Control Board, based on URBANIZATION the varying pollution levels. Industrialization and urbanization

are both interlinked to each other, with the onset on industries the urban

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Table 141: No. of Red, Orange and many reports of Industrial Discharge green industries in Erode District into rivers and canals.

Large Location The Bhavani River and Red Orange Green Kalingarayan Canal are some places 9 10 1 where pollution is very high. Medium Red Orange Green Erode District is well known for its Erode 8 4 0 textile market having textile dyeing, Small bleaching, other processing industries. Red Orange Green In Erode Taluk, 266 textile dyeing 858 161 123 Total 1174 industries and 44 tanneries are in existence. Writ petitions were filled in Industrial Areas the Hon’ble High Court of Madras by the The numbers of industrial in Erode public and agriculturists against the district are (Table 141) textile industries discharging trade effluent into the river Cauvery and Hazardous Waste Management Kalingarayan Channel. Details of Hazardous waste management in the district are given in Energy Sources in the District Table 142. Power consumption in erode district Pollution Hotspots sector-wise is given in Table 143. Although there is no pollution Hotspots in the District, there have been

Table 142: Hazardous waste management in Erode District

Hazardous waste Hazardous waste Treatment No of generation Total District industries Schedule Schedule Qty Land fill Recyclable Incinerable 1 2 Erode 364 17781.27 2749.56 3806.83 - - 3806.83 (Source: Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board-2013)

Table 143: Power Consumption Erode District

Consumption % of the Sectors (M.U) Consumption Industries 703.33 33.68 Agriculture & Huts 740.66 35.47 Domestic 400.42 19.17 Commercial 158.31 7.57 Public lighting & Public Works 76.91 3.68 Sales to licenses 0.00 0.00 Sales to other states 0.00 0.00 Miscellaneous 9.0 0.43 Total 2088.63 100.00

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4.8 ECO-SENSITIVE ASPECTS OF About 150 dyeing units and 20 ERODE DISTRICT tanneries are in operation in catchment area are expected to discharge the Environmental Issues trade effluent (both treated and Environmental issues are harmful untreated) either directly or indirectly through drain. effects of human activity on the biophysical environment. This has resulted in poor quality Industrialization and population growth and low yield of crops which were in Erode district lead to many irrigated ground water. The increase in environmental problems which the concentration of the dissolved solids threatens human life. The major types in the ground water indicates the mixing of pollution are Air pollution, Water of untreated effluent. pollution and Land pollution. Among these pollution types water pollution is a major environmental issue in Erode district. Some of the water pollution problems in Erode district are drinking water contamination, water conservation.

Water Environment

Agriculture is the most important income source of the district. The total cultivated are is 37.89% of the total area. The main irrigation of the district is Figure 86: Sodium absorption ratio of Bhavani River, which is the second ground water in Erode district largest river in Tamil Nadu. It begins in the upper region of Nilgiris of the The above Figure 86 shows the Western Ghats. In the way of Bhavani sodium absorption ratio of ground water River, there are many large scale in different places of Erode. The various industries such as chemical water quality parameters like pH, EC, K, manufacturers, sugar mills, textile units, Ca, Mg, NaCl, HCO3, CO3 and SO4. It tanneries etc., are located in the shows that the content of all the riverbank and they are using the water elements lies above the permissible from the river and discharging the limit prescribed by World Health treated and untreated effluents into the Organization (WHO) and high river. The villagers living in the contamination takes place in Engur. downstream are using the waste for Most of the dyeing/leather industries are their irrigation, drinking and other located in Engur and the contamination domestic activities. It crosses the in Erode district will definitely affect the districts of Coimbatore, Nilgiri and agriculture soil in anyway. Erode and finally merging with the river Cauvery. Kalingarayan canal of 750 years old travels a distance of about 90 kms from Kalingarayan anicut to

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Avudayaparai. It is 534 foot above sea Ground Water Pollution level where it originates and its sea level is 412.40 foot where it merges with The major chemical water quality the Noyyal River. It irrigates an area of parameters are pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Cl, 15743 acres. It has been in practice to SO4, Na, CO3 and HCO3. open its water gates for irrigation for a As many as 3 out of 20 blocks in period of320 days from June to April the district have been categorized as every year. Flow of water in the channel either ‘Overexploited’. The trend is controlled and regulated by the Public analysis of historical ground water level Works Department under the direction data also indicates a long-term fall in a of Tamilnadu State Government. In part of the district. Based on the factors recent times, industrialization and mentioned, it is inferred that a part of urbanization of this region, especially in the district could be considered and around Erode, led to pollute water vulnerable to various environmental in channel. So the channel has impacts of water level depletion such as undergone considerable changes declining ground water levels, drying up through its course from 0 km to 90 kms. of shallow wells, and decrease in yield Surface water quality index calculated of bore wells and increased expenditure on the basis of NSF and alternate and power consumption for drawing method agree well and shows that the water from progressively greater canal water being polluted by many depths. textile processing units and tanneries situated on the right bank of the canal.

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Institutional Mechanism For Environmental Management

5. INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR students, through National Green ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Corps (NGC) and Eco-Clubs. Department of Environment (DoE) • To enforce the provisions of the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) The DoE was created in Notification. G.O.Ms.No.335, Environment and Forests Department dated 13.10.1995 • To provide web-based as the nodal Department for dealing environmental information through with Environmental Management of the Environmental Information System State. It has a mandate to promote (ENVIS) on State of Environment environmental in the state. It is and related issues of Tamil Nadu. undertaken Policy formulation, • Preparation of State of Environmental Improvement and Environment (SoE) Report, SoE Monitoring schemes environmental Atlas SoE Video and Photo ancilicration and generation of Catalogue of Tamil Nadu. environmental awareness through education and training. The Department Objectives of DoE is entrusted with the implementation of • To ensure that economic growth of major projects like pollution abatement the State occurs with sustainable in Cauvery System, Pollution abatement use of natural resources and in Chennai City waterways, National enhances the quality of Lake Conservation Programme and all environment aspects of Environment other than those dealt with by Tamil Nadu Pollution • To co-ordinate with the Control Board. Besides implementing implementing sectors for bringing major pollution abatement programmed about of environmental considera in Tamil Nadu, the Department is also tion in the programmes for undertaking Eco-restoration programme economic development, for the urban lakes viz., and • To provide for improvement in and co-ordinates with other environment services in the urban Government department’s coastal zone and rural areas to ensure better management of the state. The environmental standards for the Directorate started functioning at human population, Chennai from 22.03.1996. • To develop streamlined programme Aims & Objectives for environmental awareness through education and training • Implementation of National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) for the Activities of DoE abatement of pollution in Cauvery, For performing tasks seven Vaigai, Tamiraparani rivers and divisions have been created in Chennai City waterways. Directorate of Environment they are • Implementation of National Lake 1. Land Use, 2. Solid Waste Conservation Plan (NLCP) for the Management, 3. Water Resources abatement of pollution in the Management, 4. Coastal zone selectedlakes. Environmental Management, 5. Impact • To carry out various Environmental Assessment, 6. Environmental Audit, awareness programmes school for

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7.Environmental Education and River Conservation Programme Awareness. A. Pollution Abatement in River To achieve these goals the various Cauvery functions that department is performing GoI has approved a programme for apart from Co-ordination of NRCP and pollution abatement in river Cauvery in NLCP are as under: Tamil Nadu along the most polluted 1. Director of Environment is the stretches of Erode, Bahvani, Member Secretary of State Coastal Komarapalayam, and Zone Management Authority and Trichy at a cost of Rs. 3820 lakhs under department is fully responsible for NRCP in 1996. This is a 10-year project implementing Coastal Regulation Zone and will be completed by 2005. The Notification 1991, Which is extremely programme has been divided into two important to project the fragile eco- major schemes viz (a) Core Schemes system of Coastal areas especially in (b) Non core schemes. The core case of Tamil Nadu which has a long schemes works include interception, Coast line. diversion of sewage and establishment of Sewage Treatment Plants. The non- 2. Preparation of Environmental Status core schemes works include low cost Report taking all those aspects into sanitation, River Front Development, consideration which have an impact on Dhobi Ghats and Wood based environment. This will help in crematoria etc., The DoE is the Nodal formulating better environmental Agency for implementation of this management plans for the state. project and facilitate co-ordination 3. Preparation of District Environment among various user agencies and Profile to establish a bench mark Government. The department is also environmental information system and co-ordinating the river cleaning serves as an integrated data bank and programme and provision of to serve as a resource base for underground sewerage for abatement of identification of critical areas at district pollution in Trichy, , , level that need priority attention. Karur, , and at an estimated cost of 4. Spreading environmental awareness Rs.575.00 crores. Besides pollution through the school students in whole abatement in coastal towns of society and with this objective 1200 Tiruchendur and is being Eco-Clubs have been formed in all the taken up at a cost of Rs.18.00 crores. districts of states. These works are being executed 5. Apart from that Directorate of through various agencies such as Environment has also been identified as CMWSSB, TWAD Board, PWD and the the Nodal Agency for National Green local bodies. Corps a Water Quality Monitoring Programme and the project is under implementation atfull swing. Directorate As the success of the of Environment is the Nodal Agency for pollutionabatement programmes is taken up “Combating Desertification”. measurable only in terms of improvement of water quality in the post project period, a water quality

122 monitoring programme for monitoring The District collector, Udaga surface water, sediment and Drain has has proposed to adopt been approved at a cost of Rs. 34.83 Submersible micro diffuser aeration lakhs and entrusted to the system as adopted in Nainital lake and Environmental Sciences Department, other lakes in this country at a cost of Bishop Heber College, Trichy for Rs.9.00 Crore with the savings available Research at Post Graduate level. The in Hill Area Development Programme. Ministry of Environment and Forests, For maintaining the lake to its standard Government of India, New has after the completion of the above said sanctioned Projects for revival of Ooty work, the co-operation of public is also and Kodaikanal Lakes under National expected. The works under revival of Lake Conservation Plan with 100% Kodaikannal Lake are being financial assistance. Environmental implemented by Tamil Nadu water upgradation by bioremediation of Ooty Supply and Drainage Board, Public Lake has been taken up and completed Work Department and Kodaikanal by Tamil Nadu water Supply and Municipality. Drainage Board and PWD during 2005. Public Interface Though the remediation was Environmental Awards successful, in view of the continued letting of sewage water in the • Environmental Awards for the intervening period, the quality of water exemplary works done in Environmental has once again deteriorated and is not Management, Environmental Education up to the standard now. On seeing and Environmental protection are given reports about the deterioration of the to selected NGOs and Researchers on quality of water in this lake as well as in World Environment Day every year. some other waterbodies, the Hon’ble This is to motivate such organizations/ Chief Minister directed that all the individuals to excel in the area of polluted water bodies especially the environmental conservation. must be cleaned up immediately on a war footing and • One public Grievance Cell has been maintained without further pollution. As formed at the Directorate of per the instruction of the Hon’ble Chief Environment, headed by Deputy Minister detailed discussion were held Director (EIA) which will take care of with concerned departments and it was public concerns and petitions regarding proposed to implement a detailed action environmental issues. plan with multi sectoral approach to • Department of Environment is clean up and revive the lake on a launching a new interactive website on permanent basis. Under EPRED fund a environmental issues, which will take sum of Rs.4.27 Crores has been the department closer to the people by sanctioned for carrying out the following putting environmental statistics, CRZ works to revive Ooty Lake (Table 144). Notification, maps etc that can be Also a sum of Rs.50.00 lakhs has accessed from any part of the state and been given as one time contribution to will be of immenseuse to environmental the Lake management Committee researchers. constituted under the Chairmanship of District Collector, Nilgiris.

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Table 144: Department wise work with cost

Cost Rupees Department Type of work in Crore Adopting Bio-ozolite technology Public Works for treatment, pilot study, De- 3.75 Department silting, Diffuser-4 Nos. and Nano Bio –Remediation Tamil Nadu Water Installation of 20 HP Non Supply and 0.07 clogging submersible Pump Drainage Board. Installation of 100 HP Pump set Municipality for sewage pumping and 0.45 Generator(100kva) Total 4.27

• News Letter and Environmental  Identification and closure of Publications: The DoE has been clandestine /unauthorised industrial publishing quarterly News Letter with all operations the latest information and happenings in the field of environment. It has also (b) Domestic pollution published 37 environment related The salient features of actions publications. Apart from that DoE has taken to control domestic pollution: brought out a compendium, which gives district wise details of 262 NGO’s that  Notification for banning of open are working in the field of environment burning of garbage. in Tamil Nadu.  Promotion of use of LPG as Central Pollution Control Board domestic fuel instead of burning coal and wood Action Plan for controlling air (c) Vehicular pollution pollution. The salient features of actions (a) Industrial pollution taken to control vehicular pollution: The salient features of actions  Vehicular emission inventory has taken to control industrial pollution already been completed.  Organised inventories of all the  Notification and implementation of polluting industries. vehicular emission norms as per road map notified by the  Control of industrial emissions and Government of India. ensuring compliance to standards  Improvement in the fuel quality to match with the prescribed emission norms.

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 Introduction of low benzene (five Air (Prevention and Control of per cent) gasoline. Pollution) Act 1981

 Introduction of low sulphur (0.25%) Government of India enacted the diesel. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)  Introduction of pre-mixed 2-T oil Act 1981 to arrest the deterioration in and expanded the pre-mixed outlets. the air quality. The act prescribes various functions for the Central  Stricter drives to check adulteration Pollution ControlBoard (CPCB) at the of fuel. apex level and state pollution control boards at state level. National Ambient  Restriction of movement of goods carriers in urban areas # Imposed Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). restrictions on movement of local The ambient air quality standards goods carriers during peak hours (Table 145) are pre-requisite for National Air quality Monitoring developing management programme for Programme (NAPM) effective management of ambient air quality and to reduce the damaging The Central Pollution Control Board effects of air pollution. The objectives of is executing NAPM with a network of air quality standards include: 332 operating stations covering 121 cities/towns in the country.  To indicate the levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin The objectives of the NAPM: of safety to protect the public health, vegetation and property.  To determine status and trends of ambient air quality.  To assist in establishing priorities for abatement and control of pollutant  To ascertain whether the prescribed level ambient air quality standards are violated.  To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air quality at national level  To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for  To indicate the need and extent of developing preventive and monitoring programme. corrective measures. Lake Restoration by Coimbatore  To understand the natural cleansing Municipal Council process undergoing in the Several lakes in the City have been environment through pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based restored. movement, dry deposition, Environmental Awareness precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants Environmental awareness is one of generated. the primary objectives of the DoE. The awareness programmes are directed towards specific target groups like school students. In this direction, the

125 formation of Eco clubs started with 3 has been identified as the Nodal riverine districts of Erode, Trichy and Agency for National Green Corps, a Namakkal in 1998. Subsequently Government of India sponsored Eco-clubs were formed in all the district programme to propagate environmental of state of Tamil Nadu by the end of awareness by this year. About 2900 2001-2002. At present, 1260 Eco clubs school eco-clubs have been formed at are functioning all over the state 100 per district. The project is under carrying the message ofenvironmental implementation and receiving over awareness along the length and breadth whelming response from all corners of of the state. Directorate of Environment State. Table 145: Ambient Air Quality Standards

Standards Pollutants Industrial, Residential, Ecologically Rural and Other Area Sensitive Area Sulphur dioxide (µg/m3) 80 80 Nitrogen dioxide (µg/m3) 80 80 3 Particulate Matter/ PM10 (µg/m ) 100 100 3 Particulate Matter/ PM2.5 (µg/m ) 60 60 Ozone (µg/m3) 180 180 Lead (µg/m3) 1 1 Carbon Monoxide (µg/m3) 4 4 Ammonia (µg/m3) 400 400 Benzene* (µg/m3) 5 5 Benzo(a) Pyrene* (ng/m3) 1 1 Arsenic* (ng/m3) 6 6 Nickel* (ng/m3) 20 20 * Annual measurement

Committee on Impact Assessment An Advisory Committee on Bio- and Bio Medical Waste medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1998 is functioning with In tune with Government of India the Secretary to Government, to notification on Environmental Impact oversee the implementation of the Assessment, an Expert Committee provisions of the Rules. hasbeen constituted with the main thrust on Environmental Impact Envis Emcpta Project Assessment, carrying capacity etc., The Environmental information Certain Major Power projects etc., system is a World Bank assisted project are subject to scrutiny by this committee of the Ministry of Environment and before recommending the same to the Forests of Government of India (GOI) to State Government for according facilitate generation and dissemination Environmental Clearance. of information on various facets of Environment. The ENVIS-NODE Objections if any raised by the located at the DoE is function form 29th public will be given due regarded by June 2002. The node at Chennai will conducting public hearing on New collect and disseminate environmental Projects. information of Tamil Nadu.

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Objective of the ENVIS Node consolidating and submitting the same to GoI.  Creation of web based database on the state of Environment of Tamil  Receiving the proposals from user Nadu with local language interface. agencies for NRCP scrutinizing them both form user technical and  Acting as a clearing house to financial point of view and answer environmental queries submitting them to Government of  To establish linkages with India. environmentalists, researchers,  Co-ordination with Tamil Nadu NGO’s students and public at large. Water Supply and Drainage Board, ENVIS Node of the Department of Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply Environment will also work on preparing and Sewerage Board, Tamil Nadu Environmental Status Report of T.N and Slum Clearance Board, Public creating a database on River Cleaning Works Department, Chennai projects and Biodiversity of Tamil Nadu. Metropolitan Development Authority, In the Tenth Five Year Plan Rs.113.05 Municipalities, Corporation of and crores have been approved by the NGO’s in smooth implementing of Planning Commission as State ongoing schemes. Government component apart from  Implementation of new Lake Rs.1053 crores proposal for Central Conservation Programme under Government component to carry out National Lake Conservation Project. different environmental activities through the DoE.  Co-ordination among various user agencies, Government of India and Environmental Management Agency State Government for smooth of Tamil Nadu (EMAT) functioning and effective monitoring EMAT will assist the DoE for of NLCP in Tamil Nadu. effective implementation and closer  Coastal Zone Conservation monitoring of River Cleaning Programme under National River  Implementation of Environmental Conservation Project (NRCP) and Awareness Programmes with the National Lake Conservation projects. help of NGO’s for NRCP, CCRCP The functioning of EMAT is as follows: and NLCP projects. Functions of EMAT  Being an autonomous agency it will facilitate more effective net working  Implementation of River cleaning with Government and NGO’s and programmes under NRCP. also attract more funds from  Liaison with National River Government of India for better Conservation Directorate, MoEF and implementation of project. get funds from Government of India

for the projects distribute the same among various user agencies. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board  Getting the progress reports from Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board different user agencies for NRCP, (TNPCB), established in 1982, enforces environmental legislated in the state it

127 functions with Head Office at Chennai, Table 146: Classification of and other District Offices. To assist in Industries as per Pollution Load and the Analytical and Scientific side, the frequency of monitoring Board has established three Advanced Environmental Laboratories, six District Periodicity Environmental Laboratories and three Classification Category of Monitoring Mobile Environmental Laboratories. Once in a TNPCB is implementing the Pollution Large month Control Legislations and Rules and Red(Highly Once in 2 Medium Notifications framed there in. In Polluting) months discharging the duties entrusted to it, Once in 3- Small the Board investigates collects and 4 months disseminates data relating to water, air Once in 2 Large and land pollution, lays down standards months Orange for sewage/trade effluent and Once in 3 (Medium Medium emissions. Tamil Nadu Pollution Board months Polluting) has classified the industries as per their Once in 4 - Small pollution load for effective monitoring as 6 months follows (Table 146). Once in 2 Large months Activities of TNPCB Green(Less Once in 6 Medium TNPCB issues consent to new Polluting) months Once in industries in two stages, i.e., consent to Small Year establish depending upon suitability of Legislation of Government of India the site before the industry takes up the on Environmental Protection construction and consent to operate, after installation of pollution control Government of India enacted the measures to satisfy the standards. following legislations towards protection TNPCB is taking effective steps for safe of environment. disposal of hazardous wastes and has completed the inventory of hazardous 1. The Water (Prevention and Control waste generating units and also of Pollution) Act 1974, as amended identified sites for disposal of hazardous in 1978 and 1988. wastes. TNPCB is creating 2. The Water (Prevention and Control environmental awareness in the state of Pollution) Cess Act 1977, as (Table 147 & 148). amended in 1991. 3. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, as amended in 1987. 4. The Environment (Protection) Act 1986. a. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989. b. Manufacture, Storage and import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989. c. Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991.

128 d. The Environmental Impact Table 148: Activities of Tamil Nadu Assessment Notification 1994, as Pollution Control Board amended in 1997. e. The Bio Medical Waste Activities (Managementand Handling) Rules, 1998. Issue of Consent to establish f. The Recycled Plastics, a) Under Water Act b) Under Air Act Manufacture and Usage Rules, Issue of Consent to operate 1998. g. Use of Fly ash from Thermal Power a) Under Water Act b) Under Air Act Plants, Notification, 1999. Legal Actions h. The Noise Pollution (Regulation a) Show cause Notices and control) Rules, 2000. b) Closure orders i. Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, c) Cases filed under Water Act 2000. d) Cases filed under Air Act Table 147: Various functions of the Board Common Effluent Treatment Plants A. CETPS formed for Various Branches a. Tanneries Activities Of TNPCB Of The b. Textile Dyeing Board c. Hotels Overall Control of all Board d. Hospitals Offices & Laboratories Vehicle Emission Monitoring Technical/Consent a) No. of Stations Wing b) No. of Tests done Complaint Cell Legal Wing Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Hazardous Waste a. Chennai Management Cell b. Coimbatore Emergency Response c. Tuticorin Head Centre Office at d. Madurai Chennai CETP section Planning and Develop. e. Salem Section River Monitoring Monitoring of highly a) Chennai city water ways Polluting Industries Environment b) Cauvery Awareness Cell c) Tamiraparani Environmental d) Palar Training Institute e) Vaigai Ozone Monitoring Cell NGO Cell

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References

LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Census of India, 2011 2. National Human Development Report 2001 & Tamil Nadu Human Development Report 3. Deputy Director of Statistics, Coimbatore 4. Directorate of Town and Country Planning - Coimbatore City Master Plan 2002 5. Senior Agricultural Officer, Soil Survey and Land Use Organization, Coimbatore.2012-2013 6. Agriculture Contingency Plan – Coimbatore-2013 7. District Groundwater brochure Coimbatore District, CGWB 8. Forest Department – Coimbatore 2013 9. The Chief Engineer, State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre &TWAD-2008 10. Institute of Water Sciences, Taramani 11. http://www.twadboard.gov.in/twad/coim_dist.aspx 12. Fisheries Department, Government of Tamil Nadu 13. National Rural Drinking Water Programme Testing 2010 14. Archeological Survey of India 15. http://www.tnpcb.gov.in/pdf/tnpcb_you2013.pdf 16. Small Industries Development Corporation (SIDCO) , Coimbatore 17. Central Pollution Control Board, Zonal Office – 18. Traffic Department, Tamil Nadu- 2013 TANGEDCO, Chief Engineer Distribution, Coimbatore region, Superintending Engineer, 19. Kadamparai Generation Circle. Minparai Year 2011-2012 20. http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/33-tiruppur.html 21. Deputy Director of Statistics, Tiruppur 22. http://agricoop.nic.in/Agriculture%20contingency%20Plan/TN/TN15Tiruppur%203.2.2011.pdf 23. Forest Department – Tiruppur 2013 24. http://www.twadboard.gov.in/twad/tiruppur_dist.aspx 25. Small Industrial Development Corporation, Tiruppur, 2013 26. http://www.tnpcb.gov.in/pdf/tnpcb_you2013.pdf 27. Public Private Partnership: Tiruppur Water Project, case study, October 2013 Case Study on ZLD – The Tiruppur Textile cluster experience, January,2014, 28. Tamil Nadu Water Investment Company Limited, 29. http://www.tn.gov.in/population/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/35-karur.html 30. http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Karur.pdf Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Chennai – 15 (Compendium of Environment 31. Statistics Tamil Nadu – 2000 by Statistics Department Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, Studies on the Abundance and Distribution 32. of Birds in Different Habitats of Karur District-2011 33. District Groundwater brochure Karur District, CGWB 34. http://www.twadboard.gov.in/twad/karur_dist.aspx 35. http://www.tnpcb.gov.in/pdf/tnpcb_you2013.pdf 36. Annual report of Erode district (2010-2011)

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