Soils of the Bay of Exploits Area, Newfoundland
Report No. 16 Newfoundland Soil Survey
GOVERNMENT OF NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR Department of Forestry and Agriculture Soil and Land Management Division Soils of the Bay of Exploits Area, Newfoundland
Report No. 16 (Interim) Newfoundland Soil Survey
J.W. van de Hulst Soil and Land Management Division Department of Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development St. John's, Newfoundland
Agriculture Branch Department of Forestry and Agriculture 1993 Copies of this publication are available from :
Soil and Land Management Division Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods Provincial Agriculture Building P.O. Box 8700 Brookfield Road St. John's, Newfoundland AlB 4J6
CONTENTS
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... vii
SUMMARY ...... viii
INTRODUCTION ...... 1
PART ONE
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA ......
Location and extent ...... 3 History and development ...... 3 Climate ...... 5 Topography and drainage ...... 6 Geology and parent materials ofthe soils ...... 6 Vegetation and land use ......
SOIL DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING ...... 1
Soil formation ...... : . 15 Soil development and classification ...... 15 Mapping procedure ...... -17
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAP UNITS ...... ,
Alderburn map unit ...... 24 Alderburn-Burnt Arm map unit ...... 25 Alderburn-Northern Arm map unit ...... 27 Barry's Pond-Bulley's Cove map unit ...... 28 Brown's Arm Brook map unit ...... : 30 Burnt Arm map unit ...... '31 Burnt Arm-Mill Pond map unit ...... *33 Burnt Arm-Norris Arm map unit ...... 34 Coopers Pond map unit ...... 36 Coopers Pond-Michael's Harbour map unit ...... 37 Dead Wolf Pond map unit ...... 38 Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour map unit ...... 40
PAGECONTENTS (Cont'd1
Evan's Point-Lower Sandy Point map unit ...... 41 Gander-Wing Pond map unit ...... 43 High Point map unit ...... 44 'Jéssé Cove map unit ...... 45 Kite Cove map unit ...... 47 Michael's Harbour map unit ...... 48 Michael's Harbour-Muddy Hole Brook map unit ...... 49 Mill_ Pond map unit ...... 50 Mill Pond-Dogberry Brook map unit ...... 52 Milord Arm map unit ...... 54 Milord Arm Brook map unit ...... 55 Mint Pond map unit ...... 56 Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm map unit ...... 60 Norris Arm map unit ...... 61 Norris Arm-Alderburn map unit ...... 62 . Norris Arm-Dogberry Brook map unit ...... 64 Norris Arm-High Point map unit ...... 66 Northern Arm-Alderburn non-stony phase map unit ...... 67 Peters Arm map unit ...... 69 Peters Aran-Milord Arm map unit ...... 71 'Peters Pond map unit ...... 72 Phillips Head map unit ...... 73 Pitts Pond map ùnit ...... 75 Point Leamington-South West Arm map unit ...... 76 Porters Cove map unit ...... 78 Red Cliff Pond map unit ...... 79 SharronsPond map unit ...... 80 Turtle Creek-New Bay River map unit ...... 81 Whetstone Hill map unit ...... 83 Wiseman Head map unit ...... 84 Wiseman Head-Barry's Pond map unit ...... 85 . `Wiseman Head-Coopers Pond map unit ...... 87 Wiseman Head-Michael's Harbour map unit ...... 89 . Wiseman Head-Turtle Creek map unit ...... 90
PART TWO
. INTERPRETATION OF MAP UNITS FOR VARIOUS USES ...... 91
Suitability ratings system ofmineral soil map units for farmland, woodland, recreation and source ofmaterial ...... 91 Use of the soil suitability tables ...... 92 Limitations ofthe soil suitability interpretations ...... 93
-iu-
CONTENTS (Conta) PAGE
Soil suitability for farmland ...... 93 Soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields ...... 94 Soil suitability for manure and food processing waste application ...... 115 Soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfill ...... 119 Soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic . areas ...... 121 Soil suitability as a source for topsoil ...... 127 Soil suitability for woodland uses ...... Access road construction ...... 134 Equipment use ...... 134 Soil susceptibility to windthrow hazard ...... 139 Soil susceptibility to erosion and frost action ...... 141 Soil susceptibility to erosion ...... 141 Soil susceptibility to frost action ...... 148 Soil suitability rating system of organic soil map units for agriculture and mining ...... 155. Development difficulty oforganic soils ...... 155 Soil suitability oforganic soils for agriculture, horticultural peat and fuel peat ...... : . . :1.56
PART THREE
SOIL PROFILES - DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES ...... 163
Explanation of terms used in the description of ; . soil profiles ...... 163. Explanation of the chemical and physical soil analyses ...... =. 164. Soil profiles - Alderburn ...... : 170. Barry's Pond ...... 173 Brown's Arm Brook ...... 176 Bulley's Cove ...... 178 Burnt Arm ...... , 180 . Coopers Pond ...... 183 Dead Wolf Pond ...... 186' Dogberry Brook ...... 188 Gander ...... : . 191 Gills Point ...... 194 High Point ...... 197 Lower Sandy Point ...... 200 .. . Michael's Harbour ...... : 202". Mill Pond ...... 2U3 Milord Arm ...... 206
-iv-
CONTENTS (Conta) PAGE
Milord Arm Brook ...... 209 Mint Pond ...... 212 Muddy Hole Brook ...... 213 New Bay River ...... 215 Norris Arm ...... 218 Northern Arm ...... 221 Peters Arm ...... 224 Peters Pond ...... 227 Phillips Head ...... 229 Pitt's Pond ...... 231 Point Leamington ...... 234 Porters Cove ...... 237 Purbeck ...... 240 Red CliffPond ...... 243 SharronsPond ...... 244 . Wing Pond ...... 245 Wiseman Head ...... 248
APPENDIX
Additional soil profile descriptions and analyses for selected soils ...... 253
REFERENCES ...... 292
COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES OF TREES, SHRUBS AND PLANTS ...... 295-
LIST OF TABLES
1. - Average daily temperatures, total precipitation and snowfall for Botwood and Rattling Brook- Norris Arm ...... 7 Average dates of frost and number offrost-free days ...... 8 Degree-days above 50C for Botwood and Rattling Brook-Norris Arm ...... 8 _Classification ofthe soils ofthe Bay of Exploits Area ...... 18 Areas of the map units and percentages ofthe total land area ...... 21 Degrees of soil suitability for forage crops ...... 95 Suitability ofmap units for forage crops ...... 96 Degrees of soil suitability for potatoes ...... 98 . Suitability ofmap units for potatoes ...... 99 Degrees of soil suitability for cole crops ...... 101 . .. Suitability of map units for cole crops ...... 102 Degrees of soil suitability for carrots and parsnip ...... 104 Suitability ofmap units for carrots and parsnip ...... 105 LIST OF TABLES (Conta) PAGE
14. Degrees of soil suitability for turnips and rutabagas ...... 107 15 . Suitability of map units for turnips and rutabagas ...... 1-08 16. Summary table of soil suitability for farmland development ...... 110 17. Degrees of soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields ...... 112 18 . Suitability of map units for septic tank absorption fields ...... 113 19. Degrees of soil suitability for manure and food processing waste application ...... 116 20. Suitability ofmap units for manure and food processing waste application ...... 117 21. Degrees ofsoil suitability for area-type sanitary landfill ...... 119 22. Suitability ofmap units for area-type sanitary landfill ...... 120 23 . Degrees ofsoil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areas ...... 122 24A. Suitability ofmap units for tent and trailer parks ...... 123 . 24B. Suitability ofmap units for picnic areas ...... 125 25. Degrees of soil suitability as a source for topsoil ...... 128 26. Suitability of map units as a source for topsoil ...... 129 27. Summary table of soil suitability for waste disposal, recreation and source of topsoil ...... 131 28 . Degrees of soil suitability for construction of access roads ...... 134 29. Suitability of map units for construction ofaccess roads ...... 135 30. Degrees of soil suitability for forestry equipment use ...... 137 . 31. Suitability of map units for forestry equipment use ...... 137 32. Degrees of soil susceptibility to windthrow ...... 139 33. Soil susceptibility of map units to windthrow ...... 140 34. K-factors and slope gradients for selected soil profiles ...... 144 35. Soil susceptibility of map units to erosion ...... 147 36. Degrees of soil susceptibility to frost action ...... 149 37. Soil susceptibility of map units to frost action ...... 150 38. Summary table ofsoil suitability for woodland uses and soil susceptibility to windthrow, erosion and frost action ...... 152- 319. Degrees of development difficulty of organic soils ...... 158 . 40. Development difficulty of organic soil map units ...... 159 41. Degrees of soil suitability for agriculture for organic soils ...... 159 42. Suitability oforganic soil map units for agriculture ...... 160 43. Degrees of soil suitability for horticultural peat for organic soils ...... 160 44. Suitability oforganic soil map units for horticultural peat ...... 161 45. Degrees of soil suitability for fuel peat for organic soils ...... 161 . 46. Suitability oforganic soil map units for fuel peat ...... 162 47. Summary table of suitability of organic soil map units for agriculture and mining ...... 162 48. Engineering particle size classes for selected soil profiles ...... 250 LIST OF FIGURES
1., . Outline map of Newfoundland and map ofthe Botwood area showing the location ofthe Bay of Exploits survey area ...... 2 2 . Topography and drainage ofthe Bay of Exploits survey area ...... 9 3. Bedrock geology ofthe Bay of Exploits area ...... 11 4. Glacial striae and moraine topography in north-eastern Newfoundland (after Lundgvist,1965 and Jenness,1960) ...... 13 5. Vegetation and land use ofthe Bay of Exploits survey area ...... 16 6. Geographical locations of cross-sections, depicting soil-landscape relationships ofmap units ...... 23 7. Soil profile ofan Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, Alderburn soil ...... 57 8. Soil profile of a Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, Burnt Arm soil ...... 57 9. Soil profile of an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, Peters Arm soil ...... 57 10. Vegetation ofa sedge-slope fen, Mint Pond map unit ...... 58 11 . Soil profile of an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, Northern Arm soil ...... 58 12. .. Erosion potential of soils ...... 143 13. A diagram showing the ranges in percentages of sand, silt and clay in the soil textural classes ...... 164 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This survey was jointly funded by the Government of Canada, Department of Regional, economic Expansion and the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development.
The field work was carried out by the author, with the assistance ofJ. Whalen and R. St. Croix.
The author wishes to express his appreciation to the soil survey staff of the Soil and Land Management Division, Department ofRural, Agricultural andNorthenDevelopmentfor supportand useful discussions, and, in particular, to R. Ricketts for reviewing part of the manuscript.
Thanks go to the following persons ofthe Soil and Land Management Division, Department of Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development: Ms. D. Blackmore, who typed the manuscript; A. Webber and B . Fardy for drafting the manuscript, soil map and report figures; R. Pound who performed laboratory analyses on many of the organic soil samples.
The author is indebted to the following persons of the Land Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Canada: D. Kroetsch for reviewing and editing of the report; B. Edwards and his cartography staff for producing the final soil map; B. Sheldrick and his staff for performing laboratory analyses on the soil samples. SUMMARY
The Bay ofExploits soil survey area covers the land on either side ofthe lower part ofthe Bay ofExploits. The total land area ofthe survey area is approximately 19,000 ha.
The area was first occupied by the Beothuck Indians. By the late 1800's, the area was settled by white settlers who established several fishing communities, exploiting the salmon, herring and seal fisheries and the excellent timber stands found in the area. However, significant growth of the communities did not occur until logging and papermaking got underway with the establishment of the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company in 1905 .
The climate of the area is strongly influenced by the ocean. The cold Labrador current has a year round cooling effect, resulting in a short (3 to 4 months), cool growing season and a highly variable daily microclimate . Average monthly temperatures during the growing season range from 120 to 17.50C . The mean annual precipitation is about 1000 to 1100 mm, with a total precipitation of approximately 200 to 330 mm during the growing season.
The topography ofthe study area is fairly rugged. Elevations on the east side ofthe estuary are generally below 90 m, while elevations of the land on the west side of the estuary are generally below 120 m. Differences in resistance ofthe tightly folded, heterogeneous bedrock stratato erosion and glaciation resulted in protruding, steep sided hills, ridged and hummocky topography and a random drainage pattern.
Most of the survey area is under forest cover and only minor tracts ofland along the coast are used for agriculture and residential areas. The most common trees are balsam fir and black spruce, with occasional tamarack and white birch. Mountain alderis common, while speckled alder is found on wet sites and along brooks.
During the Pleistocene era the area was glaciated by an ice sheet. Melting ofthis ice sheet left a relatively sorted ground moraine, consisting of materials largely of local origin and occurring as a thin veneer over bedrock. Few small end moraines, drift ridges, eskers, kames and large patches ofglacial outwash occur throughout the area. On the basis ofthe lithology, three different tills have been identified in the ground moraine. Tills that have been derived predominantly from reddish sandstone with varying amounts ofgranites, shale, slate and pyroclastic rocks are moderately coarse textured and usually very stony. The major soils developed on these tills are: the deep, well drained Alderburn soils, the imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils, the shallow and imperfectly drained Coopers Pond soils, the Dogberry Brook soils consisting of up to 60 cm of peat over till, and Northern Arm soils which are under- lain by washed till or outwash sands and gravel. Soils which have developed in tills derived from shale, slate, siltstone, mudstone and, pyroclastic rocks are generally medium textured and slightly to moderately stony. The most common soils developed on these tills are the deep, moderately drained Gander, imperfectly drained Wing Pond soils and the very shallow, moderately well drained Barry's Pond soils. Tills, predominantly derived from medium grained granites, granodiorites, diorites and pyroclastic rocks, are generally moderately coarse textured and very stony. The dominant soil developed in this till is the Brown's Arm soil. The well drained Peters Arm and the imperfectly drained Milord Arm soils are generally moderately coarse to coarse textured stratified soils developed on glaciofluvial or outwash deposits. The major soils developed on organic deposits are the DeadwolfPond soils occurring on domed and horizontal bogs, and Mint Pond and Michael's Harbour soils occurring on fens.
The Alderburn, Northern Arm, Gander and Peters Ann soils are generally suitable for a range of field and horticultural crops, while the Burnt Arm, Coopers Pond, and Milord Ann soils are best suited for pasture and forage, together with a number ofminor occurring soils such as Brown's Ann Brook, Milord Arm Brook, Norris Arm, Peters Pond and Philips Head soils. Of the organic soils, the Dead Wolf Pond soils show some potential for peatland agriculture. The accompanying map shows the distribution of the soils rated as suitable for field crop and vegetable production and for forage production. A total ofapproximately 4000 ha is suitable for a range of field and horticultural crops and a total of approximately 900 ha is best suited for pasture and forage only. INTRODUCTION
The soil survey report ofthe Bay ofExploits Area is the second in a series ofsemi-detailed soil surveys which were undertaken to provide information on the type, extent and distribution ofthe soil resources in regions designated as potential agricultural development areas. This survey wasjointly funded by the Government of Canada, Department of Regional Economic Expansion and the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development.
The field work was started in the summer of1980 and completed during the summer of 1982. Soil correlation and spot checking were carried out during the field seasons of 1983 and 1984. The soils and the map units have been correlated with those of the Comfort Cove Peninsula soil survey report (Report No. 15).
This report is divided into three parts. The first part ofthe report gives a general description ofthe area, deals with soil development, classification and mapping methods, and describes the soil resources of the area. The second part of the report deals with the interpretation of soils and map units for various uses, suchas farmland, woodland, recreation and source ofmaterials. The third part ofthe report contains detailed soil descriptions and chemical and physical analytical data. Figure 1. Outline map of Newfoundland and map ofthe Botwood area showing the location of the Bay of Exploits survey area.
PART ONE
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA
Location and extent
The Bay ofExploits soil survey area encompasses about 19000 ha ofland onthe northeast coast of the island ofNewfoundland (Fig. 1). It covers the land on either side ofthe lower part of the Bay of Exploits, with the Northern Arm Brook and the Norris Arm as boundaries on the south, the New Bay River on the west, Point Leamington and Milord Arm on the north and east. It lies roughly between latitude 49005' and 49021'N and longitude 55010' and 55030'W. Communities within the survey area are Brown's Arm, Porterville, Laurenceton and Alderburn (Norris Arm North P.O.) on the east side of the Bay of Exploits and Northern Arm, Phillips Head and Point Leamington on the west side of the Bay of Exploits. The nearest towns are Botwood and Lewisporte.
History and development
The Bay ofExploits area has traditionally been considered to have been the summer domicile ofthe Beothuk Indians, who were attracted by the salmon fishing. One ofthe earliest references to European habitation in the Bay of Exploits dates from 1790, when a John Peyton had a salmon fishery just south ofBotwood. Little mention is made ofthe area until 1845 when a total population of 38 was reported living on the Exploits River, probably in the vicinity of Peyton's original wharf (Decks Awash, 1981) . By the late 1800's, several fishing communities had been established in the area, exploiting the salmon, herring and seal fisheries. The excellent timber stands attracted sawmillers and ship builders, and saw mills and boat building yards were established in Botwood, Northern Arm, Phillips Head and Point Leamington. However, significant growth of the communities did not occur until logging and paper making got underway with the establishment of the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company (A.N.D.) in 1905. Employment for local men became available in the woods camps, in the paper mill in Grand Falls and on the transportation system.
The two larger population centers associated with the study area are Lewisporte and Botwood. Both towns owe much of their development to the transportation system. Lewisporte grew out of a small settlement at Burnt Bay. Settlers from the islands of Twillingate, Fogo and New World in Notre Dame bay, attracted by the good forest stands, used this area as their winter domicile. About the year 1870, the first permanent, all year settlers established themselves in Burnt Bay at the site of what is now Lewisporte. Large scale woods operations in the nearby interior provided winter employment, good soil was available for agriculture, and an adequate harbour was available for the fishing fleet. However, significant growth did not occur until 1898, when a railway branch line was built from Notre Dame Bay junction to Lewisporte. From that date the community developed into a distribution, shipping and supply center supplying the outport communities inthe Notre Dame Bay and Labrador (Sim,1952). Botwood, or Ships Cove as it was called at that time was settled by four families by 1880. By 1890, the community, then renamed Botwoodville, became one of Newfoundland's principal sawmill centres. With the arrival of the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company, who built the paper mill in Grand Falls in 1909, Botwood became the principal export base and shipping center for the paper manufactured in the Grand Falls mill (Smallwood,1981).
A number of fishing-lumbering communities became established in the study area. Northern Arm, one ofthe oldest communities in the area, had a population of220 in 1891. It had the largest of a series ofboat building yards established in the Bay by John Purchase from England. However, this business suffered after 1905 when a forest fire consumed much of the good boat building material. By 1921, two saw mills were producing and approximately 60 ha were under cultivation (Decks Awash, 1981). Phillips Head became settled in the 1880's. By 1921 sawmilling and schooner- building, started by John Purchase of England, were the major occupation ofthe local men (Decks Awash, 1981). Point Leamington was settled in the 1880's, as were most other communities in the region. In 1890, the Nova Scotia lumber and sawmill pioneer, George Leamington Philips, came to the community ofSouth West Arm, as it was called at thattime, to establish a water turbine sawmill. The community continued to run a numberoflocally owned sawmills that shippedpine by schooner. In 1907 the Newfoundland Pine and Pulp Co. established a steam-generated mill that operated until the timber stands were destroyed by a forest fire in 1919. By 1921, three sawmills were in operation and approximately 20 ha of land were under cultivation. The principal employment in the town continues to remain in the lumber industry. A hog and poultry farm has been established since 1965, and small areas produce vegetables for local consumption. Brown's Arm, although it was known as an excellent salmon and lobster fishing location in the late 1800s, was not settled until the early 1900's. Initial settlement was based on the inshore fisheries and a lobster factory was operational between 1901 and 1911. Withthe proximity ofexcellent stands oftimber and the new lumbering-boom communities nearby, lumbering increasingly became the major employment. In 1930 Brown's Arm- Porterville was the site of one ofthe Governments farmland development schemes. New settlers came from Lamaline.on the Burin Peninsula following the great tidal wave of1929. These settlers were given five acres of land and an additional fifteen in reserve. The war and the lumber industry enticed settlers away from agriculture and today the original lot layout resembles a subdivision with just a few scattered gardens. However, agriculture has continued in the community of Porterville, just west ofBrown's Arm, withapproximately 50 hectares, mostly under vegetable production. More recently, land has been cleared for agriculture east of Brown's Arm along the road to Lewisporte. The communities of Laurenceton and Burnt Arm were first settled in the 1850's by fishermen from Seldom, Fogo, Change Island and Port de Grave; who were attracted by the salmon and herring fisheries. By the early 1900's, newlogging enterprises attracted more people and the logging industry became the dominant employment. The population started to decline after 1921 when full time employment in the large lumbering centres ofLewisporte, Botwood, and Grand Falls drew workers and families away from the small communities . However, in the early 1940's people were still involved in logging and four saw mills existed in Laurenceton. By 1960 the community of Burnt Arm was abandoned when the last two households moved under the Fisheries Household Resettlement Program.
Besides some inshore cod and lobster fisheries, some logging and piivate saw milling and limited agriculture, most ofthe present work force commutes to the towns ofBotwood, Lewisporte and Grand Falls for employment. Traditionally agriculture was limited to subsistence farming, scattered along the coast. Presently a number of agricultural enterprises are concentrated around Brown's Arm and around Point Leamington. Climate
The climate ofNewfoundland is classified as moderately cold Cryoboreal with perhumid and subaquic moisture regimes. This classification indicates a climate that has cool annual and summer temperatures with a growing season of less than 220 days (mean daily temperature of 5oC or more) and between 1110 and 1250 growing degree days with base temperature of 5oC. Soils are moist all year, and are saturated for short to moderately long periods. The Bay of Exploits Area lies within the Central Newfoundland Pedoclimatic Zone as defined by Heringa (unpublished, 1984) . This pedoclimatic zone has a growing season ofabout 150 days and more than 1200 degree-days above 5oC. There are 50 to 70 days with a maximum temperature of more than 200C. The mean annual precipitation is less than 1100 mm, and the mean annual potential evaporation is around 350 mm. No significant water deficits occur during the growing season. The ocean is the largest single factor that influences the climate of the Bay of Exploits area, by providing a moderating effect by reducing extremes in seasonal temperatures. The cold Labrador current, which carries sea ice towards the northeast and east coast, has a year round cooling effect on the climate, resulting in a short, cool growing season and a highly variable daily microclimate. Icebergs can often be seen lying off the coast during much ofthe summer. Table 1 shows the monthly mean temperatures, total precipitation and snowfall for the Botwood and the Rattling Brook-Norris Arm meteorological stations. The data for the Botwood station are adjusted normals based on data collected during the years 1934 to 1950 and 1972 to 1980; the normals for the Rattling Brook-Norris Arm station are based on data collected between 1956 and 1980. Very little difference exists in the mean daily temperatures and precipitation data for the two stations. The Rattling Brook, Norris Arm station generally shows slightly higher temperatures and slightly more precipitation. Frost data show an average frost-free period from late May or early June to sometime in September (Table 2) resulting in a 3 to 4 months growing season. This is somewhat less than what is indicated for the Central Newfoundland Pedoclimatic Zone. Average daily temperatures during the growing season range from 12.00C to 17 .70C with daily minimum temperatures ofaround 70C and daily maximum temperatures ofaround 230C. Duration ofthe growing season and temperatures during the growing season are adequate for most root and cole crops. A measure ofthe effectiveness oftemperature conditions during the growing season for plant growth are the growing degree-days, which measures the amount ofgrowth producing heat a plant receives. Growing degree-days are calculated by accumulating the values obtained when subtracting the base minimum temperature, below which a plant will not develop, from the mean daily temperature. Growing degree-days for the Botwood and the Rattling Brook- Norris Arm stations forthe growing season (June 1-September 30) have beencalculated to be approximately 1150 days and 1200 days respectively (Table 3), for a base temperature of 5oC, which is the temperature at which microbial activity and therefore plant growth begins.
Mean annual precipitation for the Botwood and Rattling Brook-Norris Arm stations is around 1000 to 1100 mm. Approximately 20 to 30% ofthe total precipitation falls during the growing season (200 to 330 mm). The number of days of measurable precipitation indicates that the monthly distribution of precipitation during the growing season is very uniform. Precipitation increases in autumn and early winter. Snowfall occurs from the latter part of October until early May and is heaviest from January to March.
Mean annual evapotranspiration is estimated to be between 350 to 400 mm (Agriculture Canada, 1976). Withan annual precipitationofapproximately 1000 to 1100 mm, this results in awater surplus ofabout 600 to 750 mm, which is available for soil water storage and surface runoff. The wind is an important factor affecting precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration. Overland winds generally provide relatively dry, warm conditions, while moisture-laden onshore winds result in cooler temperatures and more precipitation. Average monthly windspeeds are estimated to range from 20 km/h in May to about 30 km/h in November. Prevailing wind direction is from the southwest.
Topography and drainage
Reliefand drainage are shown in Figure 2. The study area lies in the Notre Dame Bay Basin physiographic region (Twenhofel and MacClintock,1940) and borders the upper part ofthe Exploits River estuary.
The topography is fairly rugged. The elevations on the east side of the estuary are generally below 90 m, while elevations ofthe land on the west side ofthe estuary are generally below 120 m, and although occasionally as high as 250 m above mean sea level many of the hills are small with steep sides, resulting in a hummocky topography. Along the coast of the estuary the landform becomes ridged. Bogs and fens are widespread throughout the area. The ruggedness ofthe area is a result of glaciation which occurred during late pleistocene time and differential erosion oftightly folded heterogeneous strata.
Drainage ofthe area is unsystematic and in a youthful stage ofdevelopment. It consists of a system ofstreams and lakes or ponds whose general trend reflects the northeasterly structural trends ofthe underlying bedrock. The two largest streams in the area are the northeast flowing New Bay River and the easterly trending Northern Arm Brook. These also form the westerly and southerly boundary respectively, for the survey area east ofthe Exploits River estuary. Smaller streams such as the Dogbeny Brook, Charles Brook, Two Mile Brook and Brown's Arm Brook often consist of a string of interconnected small lakes and ponds. Numerous, peat-infilled drainage channels occur, which contain intermittent streams. These serve as the tertirary drainage system.
Geology and parent materials of the soils
The study area is part ofan areathat can be considered to be essentially an Ordovician-Ilurian volcanic island complex built upon Cambro- Ordovician oceanic crust and intruded by a variety of igneous rocks ranging in age from Ordovician to Jurassic (Dean, 1977). Faulting is widespread, with the major faults striking northeast. One major fault (Fig. 3) constitutes the Northern Arm Brook valley and continues through Brown's Arm and Lewisporte. Ordovician rocks belonging to the Exploits group, New Bay formation, Shoal Arm formation and Penny's Brook formation lie to the north and west of this fault, while Silurian rocks belonging to the Wig Warn formation and Lawrenceton formation lie to the-south and-east ofthis fault. Table 1 . Average daily temperatures, total precipitation and snowfall for Botwood and Rattling Brook-Norris Arm Temperature, °C Total Precipitation, mm Snowfall, cm Rattling Brook Rattling Brook Rattling Brook Months Botwood Norris Arm Botwood Norris Arm Botwood Norris Arm January -6.2 -6.7 95.7 108.5 67.7 73.5 February -6.9 -7.4 91 .3 89.0 70.0 70.2 March -3 .2 -3.1 94.1 116.8 55.7 69.6 April 1 .5 1 .8 77.8 79.8 32.3 36.5 May 6.8 7.2 61 .9 75.3 3.0 5.6 June 12.3 13 .0 71 .9 82.8 0.1 0.2 July 17.1 17.7 61 .9 74.0 0.0 0.0 August 16.2 16.6 88.3 98.8 0.0 0.0 September 11 .9 12 .0 68.8 75.9 0.0 0.0 October 6.5 6.8 98.5 106.6 3.9 5.5 November 2.4 2.5 86.7 107.5 18.9 21 .8 December -3.6 -3 .5 88.4 109.0 53.8 61 .5 Year 4.6 4.7 984.7 1124.0 305.2 344.4
Source: Canadian Temperature and Precipitation Normals,1951-1980; Atmospheric Environment Service, Dept. of the Environment. Table 2. Average dates of frost and number of frost-free days Frost-free Period Station Average Dates Average No. of Days Longest No. of Days Shortest No. of Days Botwood (9 years) May 31 - September 27 118 138 62 Rattling Brook - Norris June 3 - September 6 94 117 47 Arm 12 ears
Table 3. Degree-days, above 5°C For Botwood and Rattling Brook-Norris Arm Number of Growing Degree-Days Months Botwood Rattling Brook - Norris Arm January 0.1 0.3 February 0.1 0.4 March 1 .3 2.7 April 8.7 10.2 May 81 .1 90.0 June 221 .5 242.2 July 375.6 394.5 August 346.3 359.0 September 205.8 209.4 October 70.8 79.1 November 22.9 24.8 December 2.9 4.4 Year 1,337.3 1,417.0
WnwWWANW50met
.,ONV77RSIQN SCAU~ =CR FLIEVATIONS
3 0 2r, 1 01 0 50 1100 metres ~Y+1 4 1100 50 0 1D0 200 300 Y~eei
Figure 2 . Topography and drainage of the Bay of Exploits survey area. - 1 0-
North of the Northern Arm fault, rocks belonging to the New Bay formation are the most dominant. They occur roughly east ofan are leading from Point Leamington through Mill Pond to Phillips Head and they consist ofbuff weathering-graded sandstones and conglomeratic turbidites, dark grey silty shale, thinly bedded and laminated red and green agrillite and tuff, tufaceous sandstone, greywacke and conglomerate. These also occur north of a line through Brown's Arm to Lewisporte. East of the are through Point Leamington, Mill Pond and Phillips Head, Point Leamington greywacke of the Exploits group, consisting of medium grey to black, thinly bedded greywacke and silty argillite; rocks ofthe Shoal Arm Formation consisting ofred to green and black diert, black carbonaceous argillite and argillaceous siltstone, with minor siliceous tuff; and rocks of the Penny's Brook Formation, consisting ofred and green thin bedded tuff, green thick bedded lapilli tuff, tufaceous sandstone, greywacke, argillite and chert are found in succession.
Rocks belonging to the Botwood group are most common south and east ofthe Northern Arm Brook fault. The Wigwam formation, consisting of red, brown and green, and green micaceous sandstone, siltstone and quartzite, occurs south east of Burnt Arm and on the Burnt Arm peninsula. They also occur along the Northern Arm fault between Brown's Arm and Lewisporte. The Lawrenceton formation, consisting of coarse acidic to intermediate agglomerate, crystal and lithic tuff, and purple, red, green and black amygdaloidal lava is mainly found north and east of Burnt Arm. Rocks ofthe Devonian age and consisting oflight grey to light greenish grey, medium grained diorite, quartzdiorite, granodiorite and gabbro can be found at lesser or greater depth immediately north of the Northern Arm Brook and west ofPhillips Head.
During the Pleistocene era the area was glaciated from the south by an ice sheet which presumably had its centre in the interior ofthe island. Melting of this late Pleistocene ice sheet left a semi-circle of glacial deposits around the coast ofeastern Newfoundland, marking the maximum position ofthe ice front with a series ofdiscontinuous end moraines (Figure 4), thus creating an inner drift zone and an outer drift zone (Jennes,1960) . This line is fairly distinct east of the Northwest Gander River but becomes diffuse and nearly impossible to trace west of Gander Lake. This is probably due to the influence of a second minor centre ofoutflow located near the upper reaches of the Northwest Gander River. The soil survey area lies entirely in the outer drift zone. Most of the glacial deposits in the outer drift zone are the products of advancing ice. They consist mostly of relatively sorted ground moraine, largely of local origin, but include a few small end moraines, drift ridges, esters, kames, kame terraces, and large patches ofglacial outwash trending seaward from the margin ofthe inner drift zone. Most ofthe outwash deposits terminate as elevated deltas at the coast. The eskers, kames, kame terraces and outwash deposits are younger than the ground and end moraines.
The ground moraine is the principal glacial material in the survey area. It is generally a thin veneer over bedrock and oflocal origin. On the basis ofthe lithology, three different tills have been identified in the ground moraine. Tills that have been derived predominantly from sandstone with varying amounts of granites, shale, slate and pyroclastic rocks are grouped under the Alderburn soil association and originate from the Wigwam, Pennys Brook and New Bay bedrock formation. Soils which belong to the Gander Soil association have developed on till material derived from shale, slate, siltstone, mudstone and pyroclastic rocks which have their origin in the Point Leamington
point Leamington Greywacke-Medium greylo b1aCk,thinly bedded greVwacke and silty ai-gillite . slumped .
00000 Pennys Brook Formation - Red and 00000 green thinly BeJJeJ tuHlapillitufl, OOU00 tufiace0us >anestOnz, grzywaoke, argillrtc and chart .
light greyto light greenish grey, medium grahee diorite, quartz diorite granodi0dte and gabbro .
U4 O O >h0al 7Lm Fun-u- Red LO greenminor G ` V6 gillde and aogillaceous 5 kst0ne io0^JO Oc O\ - 1 is ao u r tuff. ~ O 000 ( 000000 O 00000 0000 S , ,0C 00000 0000 \, New Bay Folma[lan Builweatnedng graded 000000000 ands ones and conglomeratcturbnditzs dark grey silty shale ; f~000000000000001 000!0 000 00 thinly budded and laminaad red and green chart,argill6e ~ aOaOOGO and [utt;tuffaCeous sandstone, greywacke and conglomerate . 000oo0ca , >1, c >0%O 0O C00 o00000 0 00000000. 00000f0 0 , 00000000000000- Wigwam Formation Red brawn and 0`00000 preen .000000000.0 .0 OG000000 inicaceous sandstone siks[one 0000000o00o0a0o and quartzHe COOOOOOOOOGGC' O V',. . . 00000000000 O:~ 000 00 000000 00v OOO OO0 00000a 00~d\ taur cetOn ForamatiomCoane acidic to 10000,0000,^GOGC "'".000( QLLL^O m,emate a ea mmefatE, crystal and 0000000c ~0 >OOG'a0001 Inhlc tuft; purple . red, green and black 0000000000 '00000000 0000000000 0"" 000OOOO amygealoieal lava . 000OGOGGGC 0',00000000 000000 OG 000" GGG 00000000 0000 00< 00000o00cJ000 00 .: O Faun O000O00VO00000100'00 0001 e1; 00000-00.."00 0000, ,G000Cbo0 oo0ooSC'~ ooooGGOO J\ 00 O^ or `C 00000000 \ o "0 00^00 Ks 0000 o0 0 00 1110 \\ o000 000 Ponds 00G~0000 \ 000000'0e 000q!J0. O ) 00 C W5 o<
Figure 3. Bedrock geology of the Bay of Fxploits area. - 1 2- greywackes, the Shoal Arm Formation and the Lawrenceton Formation. Soils belonging to the New Bay soil associationhave developed from till derived predominantly from medium grained granites, granodiorites, diorites and pyroclastic rocks such as those found in the Devonian rock formations occurring immediately north of the Northern Arm Fault. Most of the till has not been transported far, although granitic boulders are often found up to 2 kilometers away from granitic rock outcrops. Zones of rock knobs, crag-and-tail hills and patches of thin till are prevalent in most of the survey area, while areas with thicker streamlined till, plastered on both up-and-down ice flanks ofbedrock outcrops, exist. On valley sides the till and interspersed bedrock knobs are often deeply dissected and channelled by former streams of glacial melt water. Wider valleys are occupied by fields of hummocky or ridged disintegration moraine. These valleys often have more exposed bedrock and thinner till cover, while the bedrock outcrops are flanked by deeper till cover (Hornbrook et. al., 1975).
A large outwash deposit is situated in the Northern Arm Brook valley. This outwash deposit is one of many that radiate from the margin ofthe inner drift zone outward across parts of the outer drift zone. These coastward trending river valleys terminate as ice-contact deltas at the coast. The Northern Arm Brook deltaic deposit differs from other contemporaneous deltaic deposits in that it is believed to have been deposited in salt water, rather than in a large, freshwater, ice-blocked lake, as indicated by the presence of marine fossils which were found approximately 5 km east ofNorris Arm (MacClintock and Twenhofel 1940). Marine shells have been reported in clay deposits at depth along the Exploits River at Bishop's Falls, (Coleman, 1926) which Jenness (1960) surmised to be delta bottom-set clays. Clays have been reported to be at greater depth underlying the sand and gravel deposits at Brown's Ann (personal communications) while the author found evidence ofclay deposits along the Northern Arm Brook and in the upper reaches ofNorris Arm.
Other prominent glaciofluvial deposits occur at Laurenceton and Brown's Arm. These could be regarded as remnants of a high deltaic deposit, and are thought to be part of a system of glaciofluvial terraces trending in a northeasterly direction from Botwood through Laurenceton, Brown's Arm, Lewisporte and as far as Port Albert. Eskers, usually too small to be recognized, occur in the survey area. One has been mapped just south of Rowsell's Lake. Southeast of Mill Pond a relatively large outwash deposit occurs, which could be regarded as the remnants of a probable kame terrace, since heavily eroded and dissected. Along the coast, marine sediments, usually overlain by glaciofluvial deposits, are dominant. Here, marine sediments cling to the rock slopes and in lower reaches of coastal valleys such as the South West Arm near Point Leamington, tongues ofemerged estuarion and glaciomarine sediment, consisting ofsands and gravels over stony fine textured sediments, are found. Inland, these marine sediments intertongue and are overlapped by small glacial fans and post glacial alluvial deposits (Hornbrook et. al., 1975).
Striae triat,with unknown Iirec ion 0 Drumlinoid landscape Ridged ablation moraine
".. Sul)?SseO line of
Figure 4. Glacial striae and moraine topography in northeastern Newfoundland (after Lundquist,1965 and Jennes,1960.) - 14-
Vegetation and land use
Most ofthe Bay ofExploits soil survey area is under forest cover, and only minor tracts of land along the coast are used for agriculture and residential areas. The forests of the area are included in the Grand Falls section ofthe Boreal Forest Region according to Rowe (1972), while the coastal zone within the study area is more likely to conform with the Northern Peninsula section (B29) of the Boreal Forest Region. . The vegetation types that occur in the study area have been described in some detail by Damman (unpublished, 1975) as typical for the north central district of the Central Newfoundland Ecoregion. In general Damman describes the vegetation as consisting dominantly of black spruce (Picea mariana) and balsam fir (ANes balsamea). The Hylocomium- balsam fir forest type is the predominant forest type in undisturbed areas. Due to higher summer maximum temperatures, lower rainfall and prolonged dry spells as compared to other eco-districts, forest fire frequency is high. Fire- succession black spruce-moss forests consisting ofblack spruce (Picea mariana) and white birch (Betulapapyrifera) cover large areas. The coastal areas have been described by Damman as being part of his North Shore Ecoregion, which is basically similar to the previously described Central Newfoundland Ecoregion, but which differs in some respects: trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) is not found in this ecoregion and mountain alder (Alnus crispa) is the common or dominant species in the alder swamps. Speckled alder (Alnus rugosa) are found on wet sites along brooks, but are generally poorly developed. The Hylocomium and Pleurozium-balsam fir forests are dominant south and west of Phillips Head and south of Brown's Arm (Fig. 5) while the black spruce-moss forests are dominant north and west ofPhillips Head and north east ofBrown's Arm. Most of the forest stands can be considered as productive, consisting of mature stands with more than 25% crown density and tree heights of more than 6.5 m. Unproductive stands occur mostly in black spruce stands north ofRowsell's Lake and west ofBurnt_.. Arm on the Burnt Arm peninsula.
The Hylocomium-, and Pleurozium-balsam fir forests consist ofdense balsam fir forests with scattered black spruce and white birch. The Pleurozium-balsam fr forest is characterized by the dominance of Pleurozium schreberi in the moss layer. This forest type generally occurs on well drained soils without seepage. Most of the balsam fir forests in the survey area belong to the Hylocomium-balsam fir forest type. This type has a moss layer dominated by Hylocomium splendens. This forest type occurs mainly on seepage slopes in areas with a rugged topography. The black spruce-moss forests usually originate after fire. They consist of a black spruce stand with scattered balsam fir and white birch and occupy sites which, under undisturbed conditions, are occupied by the balsam fir- white birch forests. Pleurozium schreberi is the most abundant moss in this forest type. This forest type occurs on a wide variety of soil conditions. The black spruce forests on shallow soils over bedrock are usually not a fire type. These stands generally consist of poorly developed black spruce with very little balsam fir. The black spruce originates mainly from layers. Small stands dominated by white birch occur throughout the soil survey area. These are thought to be a fire succession ofthe Hylocomium-balsam fir forest type.
Many areas throughout the survey study have little forest cover due to logging, fire or insect damage. - 1 5-
SOIL DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING
Soil Formation
Soil formation is a function of climate, vegetation, topography and drainage acting on the parent material over a period oftime. These factors have been discussed previously but their effect on soil formation will be briefly outlined in the following paragraphs.
Climate and microorganisms act on rock and the parent material derived from rock to produce soils . Moisture and temperature are the two main factors that influence chemical, and to a minor extent physical, reactions involved in soil formation. The chemical reactions are more rapid at higher temperatures, and they depend on the availability ofmoisture to bring elements into solution. Frost churning and frost heaving are brought about when moisture forms ice lenses at low temperatures. The amount ofprecipitation determines the rate at which the products ofweathering, including plant nutrients and organic materials, are leached out of the upper part of the soil.
The cool and humid climate ofNewfoundland favours rapid leaching, but slow replacement by weathering. It is also responsible for the accumulation of soil organic matter, which is slow to decompose at the low temperatures prevailing for much of the year. The latter is enhanced by the dominance of coniferous forest, which produces organic litter that is not readily digested by microorganisms and consequently slow to decompose. The result is a relatively thick layer of unincorporated, slightly to moderately decomposed, organic material. Rainwater filtering through this layer is rendered acidic, which is even more efficient in leaching out nutrients. Topography affects drainage, which in turn affects the oxygen status of the soil. Water tends to run down the slopes and is collected in depressional areas or on concave slopes. Depending on the permeability of the soil, depth of ground water and depth of bedrock or other impermeable layers, excess water may lead to either intense leaching or reducing conditions in the soil. The latter results in solubilization and consequently translocation ofiron and manganese compounds as evident in rusty colored mottles. Excess water also induces the growth ofhydrophytic vegetation. Accumulation of dead hydrophytic vegetation under wet conditions results in the build up oforganic soils.
Texture ofthe soil and mineralogy are determined to a large extent by the parent material and the kind of rock from which it is derived. The parent material, therefore, partly determines internal drainage conditions, stone and cobble content, color and soil fertility.
Rate ofweathering depends largely on the resistance ofminerals which are dominant in the parent rock. Given time, even the most resistant minerals are broken down and the soils become finer textured and reach greater depths.
Soil development and classification
A visual indication ofsoil forming processes is the development ofparallel layers or horizons, which can be observed in a vertical section of the soil which is commonly called a soil profile. The horizons are the result of leaching, accumulations or translocations brought about by soil forming processes as they act upon the parent materials. Horizons and layers commonly found in a soil
-16-
0100raoa~~a, 00._ .i~ .'° " . .3000 00~ J~~V~?0000 O'000079tr . 30000 000 00 ;000 o0.:?-,000"D0, 00 000'000 0000000'00" 00 . '00 00000 OOOOOOOCJ i` \
0001-
0 Agricultural Land ® Fon".stCover-Black Sp .- ® F.-tCover-Balsam Fir Organic Little forest cover die to logging, fire and insect damage Ponds
Figure 5. Vegetation and land use ofthe Say ofExploits survey area. - 1 7- soil forming processes as they act upon the parent materials. Horizons and layers commonly found in a soil profile are organic layers designated as O or L, F and H, and master mineral horizons designated A, B, C and R. Each of these horizons may have subhorizons with different characteristics. These are denoted by an appropriate subscript added on to the master horizon designation. L, F and H horizons are organic layers formed from forest litter. The organic matter is not incorporated in the underlying mineral soil. The organic matter is rawin L, partly decomposed in F and decomposed in H. These horizons generally occur under forest vegetation. The A horizon is the mineral surface horizon. It is dark colored due to accumulation or incorporation of organic matter such as occurs when the soil is cultivated (Ah), or it is light colored when clay, iron and humus have been leached out (Ae). The lower part of the soil in which substances removed from the Ae horizon have accumulated is called the B horizon. It may be enriched by iron (Bf), by iron and organic matter (Bhf), or it is altered to give a change in color or structure (Bm). Ifthe Bfor Bhf is cemented by iron and organic matter (Bfc or Bhfc) the horizon is called "ortstein" horizon. The underlying, unweathered parent material is designated as C horizon. This horizon is relatively unaffected by soil forming processes, except for gleying (Cg) or cementation (Cc). A substratum of unconsolidated bedrock is commonly designated as R.
It is the sequence and the presence or absence of these horizons that reflects certain soil conditions and which are used to separate soils into soil map units. Sets ofprofiles with a common characteristic horizon or set of horizons are grouped into great groups and subgroups according to the Canadian System of Soil Classification (1978), as out- lined in Table 4.
Mapping Procedure
Differences in parent material, texture, depth to bedrock and drainage were used to separate the soils. Map units containing a dominant soil or a set ofassociated soils were determined through aerial photo interpretation and the examination of soil profiles, which were spaced at irregular intervals depending on the topography and accessibility ofthe area. A total of 1163 profiles were examined, within walking distance from roads, in pits dug in forested areas and fields and in roadside exposures and gravel pits. An additional 203 profiles were examined in locations visited by helicopter. Due to poor accessibility, density of examined profiles is low in the eastern part of the survey area. Map units were plotted on aerial photographs at a scale of 1 :12500. Differences in slope, stoniness and amount of rock outcrops were recorded in order to delineate soil phases within the map units. Note was taken ofthe vegetation, agricultural practices, and the suitability of the soils for various uses. Atotal of67 soil profiles were described in detail and samples were taken for physical and chemical analyses.
Table 4. Classification of the Soils ofthe Bay ofExploits Area
ORDER GREAT GROUP SUBGROUP SOIL
Podzolic Soils. Ferro-Humic Podzol . Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol . Bang's Pond, Pitts Pond The well to imperfectly drained Soils that have a brownish B Profile type: LFH, Ae, Bhf, soils ofthis order have Podzolic B horizon, at least 10 cm thick, that Bf, BC, C horizons in which the dominant contains 5% or more organic C accumulation product is amorphous and 0.6%or more pyrophosphate Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol . Brown's .Arm Brook material composed mainly of extractable Fe + Al (0.4% for Profile type: LFH, Aegj, hurnified organic matter, combined sands) . Bhfsi, BCg, Cg in varying degrees with AI and Fe. Humo-Ferric Podzol . Orthic Huma-Ferric Podzol . Alderburn, Coopers Pond, These soils mainly occur under Soils thathave a brownish B Profile type : LFH, Ac, .If, Crow Cliff, Evans Point, coniferous and mixed forest horizon with less organic matter BC, C Gander, High Point, Kite vegetation but they may occur than the B horizon of Ferro- Cove, Milord Amt Brook, under heath and shrub vegetation. Humic Podzols. They lack Bh or New Bay River, Northern Bhfhorizons at least 10 cm thick. Amt, Peters Arm, Peters The Bfhorizon contains 0.5 - 5% Pond, Turtle Creek. organic C and 0.6% or more pyrophosphate extractable Fe + AI Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol. Burnt Amt, Gills Point, Mill (0.4% for sands). Profile type : LFH, Aegj, Bfei , Pond, Milord Arm, Norris BCg, Cg Arm, Phillips Head, Point Leamington, Porters Cove, Wing Pond.
Gleysolic soils. Gleysol. Orthic Gleysol . Home Pond, Melvins Point, Soils that have features indicative of Soils that do not have well Profile type : LFH or O,Bg, South West Amt periodic or prolonged saturation developed mineral - organic Cg with water and reducing conditions. surface horizons . They have within 50 cm ofthe Rego Gleysol. . Bulleys Cove, Dogberry mineral surface eithermatrix colors Profile type : LFH or O,S Brook, Muddy Hole Brook, oflow chroma or distinct to Two Mile Brook prominent mottles ofhigh chromes
Brunisolic Soils. Dystric Brunisol . Gleyed Eluviated . Phillips Head, Purbeck Soils that have sufficient These are acid Brunisolic soils Dystric Brunisol . development to exclude them from that lack a well developed mineral Profile Type: LFH, Ae or Aej, the Regosolic order, but lack the -organic surface horizon. They Bmgj or Bfiei, Cgj or Cg degree or kind ofhorizon occur widely usually on parent development specified for soils of materials oflow base status and otherorders. The order includes typically under forest vegetation. soils with Ae horizons and weekly expressed B horizons of accumulation, such as a Bfj horizon, a Bfhorizon less than 10 cm thick, or a Bm horizon which is different from the overlying Ae horizon and the underlying parent material. The B horizon is at least 5 cm thick.
Regosolic Soils. Regosol . Orthic Regosol. Lower Sandy Point Soils that have a horizon Soils that do not have a mineral - Profile Type: C development too weak to meet the organic surface horizon at least 10 requirements ofany other order. cm thick. They may have buried Lithic Phases ofsubgroups : mineral - organic layers, but no B these soils have the general horizon at least 5 cm thick. characteristics ofthe above subgroups but also have a lithic contact within 1 m of the mineral surface.
- 1 9-
Table 4. Classification of the Soils of the Bay ofExploits Area (Continued)
ORDER GREAT GROUP SUB GROUP SOIL
Organic Soils. Fibrosol . Typic Fibrisol . Deadwolf Pond Soils composed largely oforganic Soils composed largely of Profile type : Ofor Om, Of materials containing 17% or more relatively undercomposed (fabric) organic C (30% organic matter) by organic material. The middle tier Terric Mesic Fibrisol . Mint Pond weight and meet the following depth (40-120 cm) is dominantly fabric. Profile type: Of, (or Om), Of, specifications : Ifa ferric or lithic contact occur; ()in . Ç between 40-120 cm both middle and surface tier are dominantly Terric Humic Fibrisol . Sharrons Pond fabric. Profile type : Of(or Ont),Of, Oh C
1. at least 60 cm ifthe surface Mesisol . Typic Mesisol . Red CliffPond layer is undercomposed (fabric) Soils composed dominantly of Profile type : Of or Om, Oar material . organic material in an intermediate stage of 2. at least 40 cm if the surface decomposition (mesic) . The Terric Mesisol. Turtle Creek Pond layer is moderately decomposed middle tier (40-120 cm) is mesic. Profile type : Om (or Of), (mesic) or well decomposed Ifa terric or lithic contact occurs Orn, (humic) material. between 40-120 cm both middle and surface tier are dominantly 3. at least 10 cm ifa lithic contact mesic. Fabric Mesisol . Michael's Harbour occurs within 40 cm ofthe Profile type : OZ Om (or Oh), Red CliffPond surface 0---m Of Om
Humisol. Typic Humisol. Jesse Cove Soils composed dominantly of Profile type : Om or Oh,Oh organic material in the most advanced stage ofdecomposition Terric Humisol . Jessse Cove (humic). These soils have a Profile type: Om (or Oh), Michael's Harbour dominantly humic middle tier or Oh C middle and surface tier if a ferric or lithic contact occurs between Mesic Humisol . Michael's Harbour 40-120 cam. Profile type : Ont (or Oh), Oh 0___n Oh
Folisol . Typic Hemic Folisol . Wiseman Head Soils composed ofa LFH horizon Profile type : (L), F, H, (M, greater than 40 cm deep ; or R) greater than 10 cm deep if directly overlying a lithic contact or fragmental material ; or more than twice the thickness ofthe underlying mineral layer ifthe mineral layer is less than 20 cm thick. - 20-
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAP UNITS
This section presents a general description ofeach map unit. Each description indicates where the map unit occurs in the area, its position in the landscape, and a description of the parent material, topography, drainage and vegetation. Range of characteristics of soil profiles is discussed, and associated soils occurring in the map units are mentioned. Representative profiles for most of the map units have been described and sampled. Profile descriptions and their analytical data are presented in Part III of the report together with an explanation of terms used in the profile descriptions and an explanation ofchemical and physical data. Additional profile descriptions used in the report are presented in the appendix. The map units are named after the most dominant soil which occurs in the map unit. Iftwo contrasting soils occur in a map unit and both soils dominate over any other soil, the map unit carries both names. Table 5 gives the areal extent ofeach map unit in hectares.
Most of the map units have been illustrated by a series of cross-sections, depicting soil- landscape relationships. These cross-sections can be found on the maps. Figure 6 shows the geographical location ofthe cross-sections on the map. -21-
Table 5. Areas of map units and percentages of the total land area PERCENTAGE OF MAP UNIT HECTARES SURVEY Alderburn 1,216 6.4 Alderburn - Burnt Arm 282 1 .5 Alderburn - Northern Arm 292 1 .5 Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove 310 1 .6 Brown's Arm Brook 103 0.5 Burnt Arm 893 4.7 Burnt Arm - Mill Pond 56 0.3 Burnt Arm - Norris Arm 412 2.2 Coopers Pond 939 4.9 Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour 100 0.5 Dead Wolf Pond 785 4.1 Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour 1,140 6.0 Gander - Wing Pond 114 0.7 High Point 323 1 .7 Jesse Cove 41 0.2 Kite Cove 40 0.2 Lower Sandy Point - Evans Point 28 0.1 Michael's Harbour 1,051 5 .5
Michael's Harbour - Muddy Hole Brook 78 0.4 Mill Pond 198 1 .0 Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook 556 2.9 Milord Arm 93 0.5 Milord Arm Brook 43 0.3 Mint Pond 760 4.0 Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm 349 1 .8 Norris Arm 592 3 .2 -22-
Table 5. Areas of map units and percentages of the total land area PERCENTAGE OF MAP UNIT HECTARES SURVEY Norris Arm - Alderburn 737 3 .9 Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook 730 3 .8 Norris Arm - High Point 99 0.5 Northern Arm - Alderburn 357 1 .9 Peters Arm 865 4.6 Peters Arm - Milord Arm 125 0.8 Peters Pond 380 2.0 Phillips Head 342 1 .8 Pitts Pond 256 1.3 Point Leamington - South West Arm 113 0.6 II~ Porters Cove 56 0.3 Red Cliff Pond 150 0.8 Sharrons Pond 89 0.5 Turtle Creek - New Bay River 160 0.8
IIII Whetstone Hill 83 0.4 'I Wiseman Hill 769 4.0 , Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond 719 3.8 l' Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond 822 4.3 Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour 567 3.0 Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek 132 0.7 Water Bodies 616 3.3 Pits and Quarries . 35 0.2 Total Area 18,996 Figure 6. Geographical locations of cross-sections, depicting soil-landscape relationships of map units. - 24-
ALDERBURN MAP UNIT (1216 ha)
Location
Alderburn soils have been recognized in practically every part ofthe survey area. Large tracts of these soils are situated west and northwest ofPhillips Head, between Brown's Arm and Milord Arm, and north ofNorris Arm North.
Parent Material
The soils are developed from deep, coarse textured glacial till derived predominantly from reddish sandstone, intermixed with various amounts ofmaterial derived from granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks. Occurrence and amounts of stones and cobbles in these soils varies considerably, even over short distances.
Topography
Alderburn soils occur on gently undulating to undulating terrain. With slopes ranging from 0.5 to 5%. Occasionally, small rock outcrops occur.
Drainage
Surface and internal drainage ofthese soils is generally good, as the soils are deep and friable. Moderately well to imperfectly drained soils occur in localized depressions, on lower slopes, and in areas with compacted till within 50 cm ofthe surface.
Vegetation/Land Use
The original forest type on Alderburn soils is Pleurozium-balsam fir. Large areas ofthis forest type still exist in the survey area. Most of the Alderburn soils support Pleurozium-black spruce forest which is a succession of the Pleurozium-balsam fir type after logging. This forest type consists of a mixture of black spruce, balsam fir and occasional white birch with a 12leurozium ground cover. Hvlocomium ground cover dominates onthe wetter sites. Approximately 300 ha have been logged in recent years. These areas have usually been invaded by dwarfshrubs such as choke cherry, dogberry, blueberry, kalmia species and speckled alder.
Soil classification
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
Thickness of the organic surface horizon ranges from 5 to 20 cm, with an average thickness of10 cm (Fig. 7). Beneath this is a thin (2 to 10 cm) grayish Ae horizon, often with a distinct reddish tinge. Solum depth generally is around 35 cm but may range from 20 cm to more than 60 cm. The deeper soils often have better structure and fewer stones and cobbles in the profile. Solum texture - 25- varies from gravelly coarse sandy loam to gravelly silt loam, with gravelly sandy loam being the most common texture. Textures ofthe Ae and Bfl horizons are usually finer, ranging from gravelly fine sandy loam to gravelly silt loam, than the texture of the underlying Bfl horizon. Occasionally a darker colored Bhf horizon overlies the Bf horizon. This Bhf horizon is usually less than 10 cm thick. Alderburn soils vary greatly in stoniness over short distances. In some areas, the soil profiles are nearly stone-free with most of the stones present on the surface only. Areas with a high occurrence of these nearly stone-free soils have been mapped as Alderburn - non-stony phase. However, patches with exceedingly stonyprofiles also occurinthese areas, especially onlower slope positions and in wetter areas.
Associated soils
Imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils and poorly drained Norris Arm soils are associated with the Alderburn soils, being members of the same catena. Burnt Arm soils are usually found on middle and lower slope positions with lateral water movement occurring within 50 cm ofthe surface. These soils usually have faint to distinct mottles within 30 to 50 cm ofthe surface. Norris Arm soils are gray throughout the profile. These soils can be found in depressional areas and on lower slope positions where water collects from surrounding areas. Small patches of organic soils are usually present. Properties for these soils have been described in more detail in their respective map unit descriptions.
ALDERBURN-BURNT ARM MAP UNIT (282 HA)
Location
This complex map unit contains both well drained and imperfectly drained members of the Alderburn soil catena. It occurs west ofNorthern Arm and also southwest of Milord Arm.
Parent Material
These soils have developed in deep (more than 100 cm) coarse textured till which is derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts of granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks. The proportion ofstones and cobbles in the profile, as well as on the surface, is usually high. Flagstones often occur immediately under the surface, especially in the Burnt Arm soils.
Topography
The Alderburn-Burnt Arm complex map unit occurs onundulating and hummocky terrain with gentle slopes (6-9%).
Drainage
The Alderburn soils are well drained. They generally occur on the upper slope positions and tops ofhummocks. The Burnt Arm soils are imperfectly drained. These soils occupy the middle and lower slope positions where seepage water accumulates and the watertable is perched on a slightly cemented and compacted subsoil.
Vegetation
Balsam fir forests dominate in this complex map unit. These forests usually have white birch and black spruce as constant subdominant species. Pleurozium moss is the characteristic ground cover on the well drained Alderburn soils, while hylocomium moss is the dominant species on the moist Blunt Arm soils.
Soil classification
The Alderburn soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol and the Burnt Arm soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
The map unit generally contains 50% to 60% Alderburn soils. These soils have an organic surface thickness which ranges from 5 to 20 cm, with an average thickness of 10 cm. Underneath, is a thin (2 to 8 cm) grayish Ae horizon, often with a distinct reddish tinge. Solum thickness ranges from 20 cm to sometimes more than 60 cm. Occasionally a darker colored, thin (less than 10 cm) humus-rid Bhfhorizon overlies the Bfhorizon. Burnt Arm occupy generally 40% to 50% ofthe map unit. These soils differ from the Alderburn soils in that they have faint to distinctly mottled B horizons. The mottling usually becomes more prominent just above the compact and slightly cemented subsoil which occurs at a depth ranging from 30 to 60 cm below the surface. Textures of the solum for both the Alderburn and the Burnt Arm soils vary from gravelly coarse sandy loam to gravelly silt loam, with finer textures occurring in the Ae and upper B horizon. Stoniness varies greatly, even over short distances. The wetter Burnt Arm soils usually have more stones in the profile and on the surface. Granitic boulders occur occasionally throughout the map unit.
Associated soils
Norris Arm soils occur on the lower slopes and in depressions and on middle slope positions of long slopes. These soils are the poorly drained member of the Alderburn catena. They are characterized by mottled Ae horizons, underneath a relatively thick (15-20 cm) organic surface layer consisting ofsphagnum and feather mosses. Properties oftheNorris Arm soil are described in more detail in the Norris Arm map unit description. The underlying B horizons are dull colored with distinct to prominent mottles. In very poorly drained areas, such as swales and eroded gullies, soils with a thick (10-60 cm) slightly decomposed moss layer are found. However, these soils only occur to a minor extent. - 27-
ALDERBURN-NORTHERN ARM MAP UNIT (292 ha)
Location
This complex map unit occurs north of Northern Arm Brook.
Parent Material
These soils have developed in coarse textured till which is derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts ofgranites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks. The Northern Arm soils are underlain by coarse textured, poorly sorted and often compacted outwash material of_mixed origin at depths ranging from 20 to 50 cm.
Topography
It occupies an extensive kame terrace, with a till overburden ofvarying thickness. The surface ofthe kame terrace is dissected by numerous smaller and larger erosion gullies, which contain small brooks flowing downhill in a southeasterly direction. These gullies give the terrace a ridged appearance.
Drainage
The soils are well drained due to the pervious nature of the material. Moderately well to imperfectly drained soils occur in depressional areas and areas where the underlying sands and gravels restrict internal drainage due to a large increase in porosity.
Vegetation
Originally balsam fir and balsam fir-black spruce was the dominant forest cover. However, logging and a forest fire in the summer of 1979 have destroyed most ofthe forest cover of the area, and most ofthe map unit supports a shrub vegetation consisting ofspeckled alder, choke cherry and ericaceous shrubs.
Soil classification
Both soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
Range in characteristics
The Alderburn soils occupy 50% to 60% ofthis complex map unit. These soils have developed in a more than 100 cm thick till overburden over gravelly and sandy outwash material. Thickness ofthe organic surface horizon ranges from 5 to 20 cm when under vegetation. This surface layer has almost disappeared on the burnt over areas. Underneath the surface horizon is a thin grayish Ae horizon with a reddish tinge, overlying a reddish Bfhorizon. Solum depth is usually about 35 cm. Solum texture varies from gravelly coarse sandy loam to silt loam; textures ofthe Ae and upper Bf horizon are usually finer than the textures ofthe lower horizons. - 28-
Northern Arm occupy 40% to 50% ofthe map unit. These soils have developed in a 20 to 50 cm thick till overburden over sandy and gravelly, often somewhat compacted outwash material. Soil development and textures of the upper 20 to 50 cm is similar to that of the Alderburn soils. The textures ofthe underlying outwash material ranges from sands and gravels to gravelly loamy coarse sands. Differentiation between the two soils often is difficult where differences between tills and poorly sorted outwash material are unclear. Stone and cobble content for both soils are generally moderate to high. Patches with extremely high concentrations of stones, cobbles and sometimes boulders occur throughout the map unit.
Associated soils
Imperfectly drained Burnt Arm and Mill Pond soils occur on lower slope positions with seepage, while the poorly drained Norris Arm and Melvins Point soils occur in depressional areas where water collects from the surrounding higher terrain. Melvins Point soils usually have relatively thick (10 to 20 cm) organic surface horizons consisting ofmosses and sedges, overlying a thick (15 to 20 cm), tight grayish, mottled Ae horizon. The underlying B horizons are usually dull colored with distinct mottles. The subsoil is gravelly loamy coarse sand or sand, dark gray in color and has prominent reddish brown mottles. They often have high amounts of cobbles and sandstone flagstones. Properties of the Burnt Arm, Mill Pond and Norris Arm soils are described in the sections for their map unit descriptions.
BARRY'S POND-BULLEYS COVE MAP UNIT (310 ha)
Location
The Barry's Pond-Bulley's Cove map unit occurs northeast ofPoint Leamington and in an area between Brown's Arm and Laurenceton.
Parent Material
These soils have developed in very shallow, medium to moderately coarse textured till veneers over bedrock. The till has been derived predominantly from shale, slate, sandstone and siltstone. They usually contain a large amount ofslaty fragments. The underlying bedrock is oftenfragmented. Stones and cobbles on the surface and in the profile are numerous.
Topography
This complex map unit occupies hummocky and ridged terrain. The topography of the land is entirely controlled by the topography ofthe underlying bedrock, which may be rather smooth and "planed off' in the case of shales and slates, or rugged when more resistant rock is present. Slopes range from 2% to as much as 30%. Bare rock is exposed in many places, and bedrock covered with mosses and other organic material occurs frequently. These rock outcrops are usually of a more resistent nature, although shaly and slaty bedrock may be exposed along tops of ridges where the folded bedrock exposes more resistant strata. - 29-
Drainage
The drainage of this map unit varies widely. The Barry's Pond soils are moderately well drained. They occupy the tops of hummocks, ridge crests and upper slopes. Internal drainage of these soils is hampered by the closeness ofthe bedrock to the surface. However external drainage is good due to their position in the landscape. Bulley's Cove soils are very poorly drained. These soils occupy depressions and swales in between the hummocks and ridges as well as lower slopes. Water from the surrounding, higher areas collects in these positions, becomes stagnant and induces the formation ofpeat. Imperfectly drainedconditions occur onmiddle slope positions ofsteep slopes and on upper slope positions oflong gentle slopes. Lower slope positions ofhummocky terrain and middle slope positions of long, uniform slopes are often poorly drained with seepage over the bedrock.
Vegetation
Pleurozium-balsam fir forest is the dominant vegetation type in this map unit. It occurs in areas where hummocky topography prevents seepage water from playing an important role resulting in relatively nutrient poor soil conditions and also where rooting is restricted due to the shallow nature of the soil. The Pleurozium-balsam fir forest is generally unproductive . Black spruce and white birch are common occurrences. Black spruce shrub, larch and black spruce-alder swamps are common on the poorly and very poorly drained sites. Sphagnum mosses and sedges occur on the shallow and moderately deep slope fens.
Soil classification
The Barry's Pond soils are classified as Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol, shallow lithic phase and the Bulley's Cove soils are classified as Rego Gleysol, shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
Solum thickness, which is equal to the depth to bedrock, varies from 20 to 50 cm for both the Barry's Pond and Bulley's Cove soils. Barry's Pond soils occupy 50% to 60% of the map unit. Thickness of the organic surface layer is usually about 15 cm but may range from 3 cm to 20 cm. Thickness of the underlying leached Ae horizon varies widely, and is often absent. Average thickness of the Ae horizon, if present, is about 5 cm, with a range of 0 cm to 10 crn, Solum thickness or depth to bedrock is usually about 40 cm. Its textures ranges from gravelly fine sandy loam to very gravelly clay. The average particle size is fine loamy. Occasionally a darker colored Bhf-horizon occurs within the solum. These soils often have faint mottling immediately above the bedrock. Bulley's Cove occupy 40% to 50% of the map unit. They usually have thick (more than 15 cm) organic horizons, consisting ofmoderately, decomposed Hvlocomium and sphagnum mosses. Underneath is a gray solum, with or without reddish brown mottles. Mottling is usually absent, due to the permanent waterlogged condition ofthe soil. Textures are similar to those ofthe Barry's Pond soils. These soils are usually very stony, with angular rock fragments. Bleached flagstones often occur immediately below the organic surface layer, forming a continuous stone pavement. - 30-
Associated soils
The Crow Cliffsoils, which is the imperfectly drained catena member, occupies middle slope positions ofsteep slopes and upper slope positions of long gentle slopes. They are characterized by a relatively thick (10-20 cm) organic surface horizon overlying a thin, often discontinuous, grayish leached Ae-horizon. Below the Ae-horizon, often a humus rich, dark brown Bhf horizon occurs. Mottling or evidence ofreduced conditions, such as dark gray to gray colors usually starts between 10 to 20 cm below the surface. Textures in solum vary from loam to clay loam, with high proportions ofshaly and slate rock fragments. Michael's Harbour and Mint Pond soils occur in slope fens and, depressions with peat deposits which are more than 40 cm thick. Their properties are described in the sections for the Michael's Harbour map unit and the Mint Pond map unit.
BROWN'S ARM BROOK MAP UNIT (103 ha)
Location
The Brown's Arm Brook map unit occurs in Brown's Arm, occupying the flood plain of the Brown's Arm Brook, and it occurs on a small glaciomarine terrace on the north side of Wiseman's Head, located along the coast southwest of Brown's Arm.
Parent Material
They have developed in a 20 to 50 cm thick moderately coarse to coarsetextured, glaciofluvial overburden over medium textured glaciomarine material of mixed origin. The material of the glaciofluvial overburden is derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks.
Topography
The map unit occupies a low lying marine delta, where the Brown's Arm Brook terminates into Brown's Arm. This landform is level with moderate to strong mounding (mounds 30 to 100 cm high and 1 to 9 m apart). Southwest ofBrown's Arm this map unit occurs on a glaciomarine terrace which inclines towards the coast. The slope ranges from 2% to 5%.
Drainage
The soils ofthe Brown's Arm Brook map unit are poorly drained. The low lying marine delta serves as a drainage channel for water from uplands. This area has high water table. The glaciomarine terrace southwest ofBrown's Armhas seepage water from upland flowing over the less permeable loamy subsoil.
Vegetation
Black spruce shrub, speckled alder and scattered larch and stunted balsam fir form the vegetation ofthe deltaic deposits ofBrown's Arm. The better drained areas support a good stand of black spruce and small plots have been cleared for grazing in these areas. The glaciomarine terrace, where seepage occurs good stands of balsam fir and white birch with trembling aspen up to 20 m high occur. Mountain maple is common throughout this area.
Soil classification
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol.
Range in characteristics
Although these soils occur on two entirely different land forms, their soil properties have been considered similar enough to include them in one map unit. The organic surface horizon generally consists of a 10 to 20 cm thick layer ofmoderately to strongly decomposed mosses or woody peat material. The underlying solum is usually dark in color and has either mottles or has reduced gray colors. The solum is usually well stratified with a wide range of textures, sands and gravels to silt loams. The subsoil is usually loamy in texture and reduced due to permanent water logged conditions. These soils are very stony.
Associated soils
The imperfectly drained Purbeck soils occur throughout the area on mounds and ridges, which are the areas that have been cleared for grazing. These soils are different from the Brown's Arm Brook soils in that they have a 10 to 15 cm thick mineral-organic layer with relatively high proportions oforganic matter. Mottling is often absent in the upper part ofthe solum, but dull colors indicate wet conditions. Under forest cover, these soils have a relatively thick (10-15 cm) organic surface horizon overlying a relatively thin (5-10 cm) brownish gray, leached Ae horizon. The underlying B, BC and C horizons are mottled. Textures ofthese soils range from sands and gravels to gravelly silt loams.
BURNT ARM MAP UNIT (893 ha)
Location
Burnt Arm soils can be found throughout the survey area. Large concentrations ofthese soils occur along the upper part ofthe New Bay River and west ofNorthern Arm.
Parent Material
The soils are developed on similar parent material as that ofthe Alderburn soils. Deep, coarse textured glacial till, derived predominantly fromreddish sandstone, intermixed with various amounts of material derived from granites, shale, slate and various amounts of volcanic rocks. Topography
Burnt Arm soils occur on the subdued slopes and hilltops ofundulating and hummocky terrain. Slopes range from 2% to 5%.
Drainage
These soils are imperfectly drained, with a moderate amount of lateral water movement. The water table is perched on a slightly cemented and compacted subsoil.
Vegetation
The Hylocomium-balsam fir forest type is common on the Burnt Arm soils. It occurs where seepage water has enriched the nutrient supply. These forest are often less productive in upper slope positions, while highly productive stands occuron lower slopes. Black spruce predominate afterfire. White birch, maple and other deciduous trees usually dominate logged areas.
Soil classification
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
The Burnt Arm soils are characterized by a relatively thin (5-10\cm) grayish leached layer with a distinct reddish tinge, which underlies the organic surface layer (Fig. 8). Underneath this Ae horizon faint to distinctly mottled B horizons occur. Mottling usually becomes more prominentjust above the compact and slightly cemented C horizon. Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 cm. Textures range from gravelly fine sandy loam to loam in the Ae and upper B horizons to gravelly sandy loam to coarse sandy loam in the lower B and BC horizons. Structure of these soils is generally good above the C horizon. These soils generally are very stony both in the profile and on the surface, with sandstone flagstones often occurring immediately under the surface. Occasionally large granitic bounders occur in this map unit.
Associated soils
Small areas ofNorris Arm and Alderburn soils may occur within the Burnt Arm map unit. The poorly drained Norris Arm soils are found in depressional areas at the foot of the slopes or in concave slope positions. Alderburn soils can be found in better drained upper slope positions and on hilltops. Properties ofthe Norris Arm and Alderburn soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions. - 3 3-
BURNT ARM-MILL POND MAP UNIT (56 ha)
Location
The Burnt Arm-Mill Pond map unit occurs in the gullies and small valleys that dissect the kame deposit north ofthe Northern Arm Brook.
Parent Material
Both soils are developed in coarse textured till, derivedpredominantly from reddish sandstone, intermixed with various amounts ofmaterial derived from granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks. The Mill Pond soils have a substrate at 20 to 50 cm deep ofsands and gravels which are thought to be of glaciofluvial or washed till origin, with the same lithology as the till overburden.
Topography
These soils occur on the very strong to steep slopes ofnarrow gullies or small erosion valleys, that usually have a brook or stream at the bottom. The slopes ofvalley sides range from 30 to 45% and are sometimes steeper.
Drainage
The soils are generally imperfectly drained. Water from the surrounding areas will move laterally through the soil or over the soil surface as runofftowards the brooks. Due to the steepness of the slopes water will not collect on the slopes, consequently these soils are influenced by moving water, rather than stagnant water.
Vegetation
Forest vegetation ofthis map unit consists generally ofbalsam fir or black spruce. The balsam fir forests are usually mature stands, due to seepage of nutrient-rich water through the soils. Scattered white birch and black spruce occur in this forest type. Hylocomium moss forms the dominant ground cover. More or less pure black spruce forests on these soils are most likely a fire succession of the balsam fir forest. Logging and a forest fire in the summer of 1979 has destroyed the vegetation ofa part ofthis map unit. Shrub vegetation such as speckled alder, choke cherry and ericaceous shrubs has moved in. Blueberry is abundant on the recently burned over areas.
Soil classification
Both soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol and Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
The Burnt Arm soils occupy 60 to 70% ofthe map unit. They are characterized by a relatively thick (5 to 10 cm) grayish leached layer with a distinct reddish tinge, which underlies the organic surface layer. Underneath the leached layer mottled B horizons occur. Textures range from gravelly sandy loam to gravelly loamy sand. The Mill Pond soils occupy 30 to 40% ofthe map unit. The thickness of the till overburden of the Mill Pond soils ranges from 20 to 50 cm. Major soil development occurs in this layer, and is similar to the soil development of the Burnt Arm soils. Texture ofthe till overburden ranges from gravelly sandy loam to gravelly loamy sand. The texture of the subsoil varies considerably even over short distances, ranging from gravelly sandy loam to sands and gravels. Differentiating the two soils often becomes difficult when the texture of the underlying glaciofluvial material or washed till becomes finer. Cobbles and red sandstone flagstones, are abundant in these soils.
Associated soils
Norris Arm and Melvins Point soils occur at the toe of the valley sides and in the valley bottom, where water collects from surrounding areas and upper slope position. The Melvins Point soils usually have thick (10-20 cm) organic surface horizons consisting of mosses and sedges, overlying a thick (15-20 cm), dull colored, mottled B horizon. Underneath is a reduced dark gray C horizon consisting ofsands and gravels, often with prominent reddish brown mottles. Well drained Alderburn and Northern Arm soils occur on the upper parts of the valley sides. Properties of the Norris Arm, Alderburn and Northern Arm soils are described in their respective map units descriptions.
BURNT ARM-NORRIS ARM MAP UNIT (412 ha)
Location
The Burnt Arm-Norris Arm complex map unit occurs largely southeast of Point Leamington. Small areas with these soils can be found west ofNorris Arm North and east of Brown's Arm.
Parent Material
These soils have developed from deep, coarse textured glacial till derived predominantly from reddish sandstone, intermixed with various amounts of material derived from granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks. These soils usually have a high proportion of cobbles and stones.
Topography
This map unit occupies slightly hummocky and undulating terrain with long subdued slopes ranging from 2 to 5%. The imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils occupy the upper and middle slope positions, while the poorly drained Norris Arm soils are found on lower slope positions and in depressions between hummocks.
Drainage
The Burnt Arm soils are imperfectly drained. Ground water moves slowly down the slope over a slightly cemented and compacted subsoil. Norris Arm soils, which are predominantly found on - 3 5- lower slope positions and in depressions, are poorly drained. These soils are in a receiving position for ground water and surface runoff coming down the slopes.
Vegetation
The Hvlocomium-balsam fir forest type is the original forest type on the Burnt Arm soils. However, this forest type occurs on this map unit only in a small area west of Norris Arm North. More often, this forest type has been replaced by a black spruce forest after logging or fire. White birch and balsam fir areconstant but subdominant species in this forest type. The Sphagnum-kalmia- black spruce forest is the dominant forest type on the Norris Arm soils. This forest type typically occurs on soils with stagnation ofnutrient-poor water and on wet sites with considerable seasonal changes in water level. About one third ofthe map unit has been logged in recent years. These areas have been invaded by white birch, maples and other deciduous trees.
Soil classification
Both soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
The imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils occupy about 50% to 60% ofthe map unit, with the remaining being mapped as Norris Arm soils. The Burnt Arm soils have a 5 to 10 cm thick, organic surface horizons consisting mainly of mosses and forest litter. Underneath this organic surface horizon is a relatively thick (10-15 cm) leached Ae horizon. Mottling usually start in the underlying B horizons, becoming more prominentjust above the compacted and slightly cemented subsoil. The Norris Arm soils usually have organic surface horizons which are thicker than those of the Burnt Arm soils. A 5 to 10 cm thick, often distinctly mottled leached Ae-horizon overlies one or more mottled, dull reddish brown to almost dark grey B horizons. The B horizons merge into a mottled BC- horizon overlying a compact and slightly cemented C horizon with fine, prominent, bright red mottles. Wetter sites may lack mottling in the BC and C horizons due to permanent water logged conditions. Solum texture for both soils range from gravelly coarse sandy loam to sandy loam in the lower B and BC horizons. Textures of the Ae and upper B horizon are usually finer, ranging from fine sandy loam to silt loam. These soils are usually very to exceedingly stony with many sandstone and granitic stones and cobbles concentrated in the upper 50 cm of the profile. Bleached flaggy sandstones often lie horizontally beneath the organic surface layer of the Norris Arm soils.
Associated soils
Well drained Alderburn soils occur within this map unit on upper slope positions and on hill tops. Properties ofthe Alderburn soil are described in the section of the Alderburn map unit. Two Mile Brook soils are found on very wet sites in the landscape. These have a thick (20-60\cm), slightly decomposed sphagnum moss layer overlying a grayish colored, gleyed subsoil. These soils are usually exceedingly stony. They support avegetation consisting ofblack spruce shrub and alder. Properties of the Two Mile Brook soils are described in more detail as an associated soil in the section for the Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour map unit. - 36-
COOPERS POND MAP UNIT (939 ha)
Location
Coopers Pond soils occur predominantly in an area trending northeast-southwest between Phillips Head and Rowsell Lake. They also occur north and east ofMill Pond.
Parent Material
These soils have developed in 50 to 100 cm deep, moderately stony, gravelly and channery, coarse textured till, derived from reddish sandstone, shale, slate, volcanic rocks and some granites, overlying bedrock.
Topography
The topography of the Coopers Pond soils is largely controlled by the underlying bedrock. These soils occupy hummocky and inclined terrain with slopes ranging from 2 to 9%. Rockoutcrops are common within the map unit.
Drainage
These soils are generally moderately well to imperfectly drained, with bedrock impeding low solum drainage.
Vegetation
Forest type ofthe Coopers Pond soil is generally the black spruce-moss forest. Balsam fir and white birch are common. The trees are usually mature and logging has occurred throughout these areas.
Soil classification
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
The upper part of the solum resembles that ofthe Alderburn soil. Thickness of the organic surface horizon varies widely; beneath this is a relatively thin grayish leached Ae horizon with a distinct reddish tinge. Solum depth ranges from 50 to 70 cm depending on the depth of the underlying bedrock. Solum texture is avery stony, gravelly and channery. sandy loam, except for the Ae and upper B horizons, which often have finer textures. The lower B horizon grades into an often compacted BC horizon which overlies the bedrock. These soils usually contain much mica throughout the profile. Surface stoniness is generally high for these soils.
- 3 7-
Associated soils
Whetstone Hill soils occur in wetter positions in the landscape, such as depressions and lower slopes where seepage water, running over the bedrock or compact BC horizons, collects. The very shallow lithic Peters Pond soils are often found on upper slope positions and on tops ofhummocks. Rock outcrops are usually in the vicinity ofthese Peters Pond soils. Properties ofthe Whetstone Hill _ and Peters Pond soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions .
COOPERS POND - MICHAEL'S HARBOUR MAP UNIT (100 ha)
Location
This map unit occurs south of Brown' Arm. It occupies the west side of the valley of the Brown's Arm Brook.
Parent Material
Coopers Pond soils have developed in 50 to 100 cm thick glacial till veneer over hummocky bedrock. These tills are coarse textured with moderate amounts of stones, gravel and channery material and are derived predominantly from reddish sandstone, shale, slate, pyroclastic and granitic rocks. The Michael's Harbour soils have developed from the growth and decomposition of sedges, grasses, mosses, woody material and other hydrophytic vegetation.
Topography
The topography of this map unit is controlled by the topography of the underlying bedrock. The Coopers Pond soils occupy hummocky, ridged and inclined terrain, while the Michael's Harbour soils occur on slope fens that have developed in depressions and gentle slopes in between the hummocks and ridges. Volcanic bedrock outcrops are common throughout the area.
Drainage
The Coopers Pond soils are moderately well to imperfectly drained, with seepage occurring over the bedrock. The organic Michael's Harbour soils are very poorly drained. Water table is at or near the surface for most of the year.
Vegetation
The black spruce-moss forest is the dominant vegetation type of he Coopers Pond soils. Balsam fir and white birch are common occurrences in this forest type. Dogberry can be found in more open stands. Vegetation of the Michael's Harbour soils consist dominantly of sedges, reedgrasses and mosses. Zones ofshrub vegetation consisting ofspeckled alder, black spruce shrub and ericaceous species such as bog laurel and sheep laurel occur where mineral soil is close to the surface. - 38-
Soil classification
The Coopers Pond soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase. The Michael's Harbour soils are classified as Terric Fibric Humisol.
Range in characteristics
Coopers Pond soils occupy approximately 60 to 70% of the map unit. Solum depth of the Coopers Pond soils range from 50 to 100 cm, depending on the depth of the underlying bedrock. Texture ofthe lower solum is usually gravelly fine sandy loam, with high amounts ofstones, cobbles and channery rock fragments. Textures ofthe upper solum and Ae horizon are often finer. They may range from loam to silt loam. The Ae horizon is generally thin (less than 5 cm). Thickness of the overlying organic surface horizon varies considerably even over short distances. The lower Bf horizon grades into a compacted BC horizon which overlies the bedrock. These soils generally contain much mica throughout the profile. Surface stoniness is relatively high (3 to 15% surface coverage). Michael's Harbour soils occupy approximately 30 to 40% ofthe map unit. They consist of a 40 to 100 cm thick layer of peat material. A thin surface layer of slightly decomposed, fibrous sphagnum and sedge peat overlies the strongly to very strongly decomposed sedge and woody peat material. A thin (10-30 cm) mineral layer over bedrock often forms a substratum ofthe peat deposit.
Associated soils
The poorly drained Whetstone Hill soils occur on lower slopes with stagnating ground water or slowly moving seepage water over the bedrock or compacted BC-horizon. Very poorly drained Dogberry Brook soils occur in depressions and in bog and fen borders. These soils have a thin (less than 40 cm) peat layer consisting of moderately to strongly decomposed sedge, grass, moss and woody peat over the shallow, often extremely cobbly and gravelly till. Vegetation on these soils usually consists of dense speckled alder or black spruce shrub and ericaceous shrub such as bog laurel, sheep laurel and leatherleaf. Very shallow lithic Peters Pond soils occur on the upper slopes of hummocks and on the tops of hummocks. Rock outcrops usually occur in the vicinity of the Peters Pond soils. Properties of the Whetstone Hill, Dogberry Brook and Peters Pond soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions.
DEAD WOLF POND MAP UNIT (785 ha)
Location
The Dead Wolf Pond map unit has been identified on approximately 30 bogs, scattered throughout the entire map area. The largest deposits occur north ofNorris Aun, along the New Bay River, near Mill Pond and along the Northern Arm Brook.
Parent Material
The Dead Wolf Pond soils have developed from the decomposition of sphagnum mosses, which grow on poorly and very poorly drained sites which are isolated from mineral-influenced - 39- ground water. Small amounts ofmaterial from ericaceous shrubs and from spruce and larch may be present.
Topography
The map unit occurs mainly on domed bogs. These bogs have surfaces of which at least a part has grown higher than the surrounding area. They often have characteristic pond development, which are grouped in concentric circles around the highest part ofthe bog. The longest axis ofthese ponds is normally perpendicular to the slope. Slopes usually range from 2% to 5%.
Drainage
The soils ofthis map unit are generally poorly to imperfectly drained. Depth ofthe water table varies from 10 to 30 cm below the surface, but may be deeper in late summer.
Vegetation
The dominantvegetation ofthis map unit consists ofsphagnum mosses. Ericaceous shrub such as bog laurel, sheep laurel and Labrador tea can be found on the drier sites. Single larch and black spruce shrub occur. A domed bog, located along the Northern Arm Brook and just west of the community of Northern Arm has been developed for agriculture.
Soil classification
Typic Fibrisol.
Range in characteristics
Depth ofthe peatmaterial generally varies from 250to 450 cm, and is occasionally deeperthan 600 cm. A 10 to 20 cm thick surface layer consists of undecomposed sphagnum mosses. The underlying material is generally very weakly to weakly decomposed, fibrous, sphagnum peat which ranges in color from light yellowish brown to dark reddish brown and is loose and spongy in consistence, with the entire sphagnum plant readily identifiable. The bottom layer, which ranges in thickness from 20 cm to more than 100 cm, consists ofmoderately to strongly decomposed sphagnum or sedge peat. A layer of water (hydric layer) often occurs above the sedge peat. Texture of the substrate varies from gravelly loamy sand to gravelly silt loam.
Associated soils
Mint Pond soils andMichael's Harbour soils often occur along the periphery ofthe bogs. Their properties are described in the sections for the Mint Pond and Michael's Harbour map units. - 40-
DOGBERRY BROOK-MICHAEL'S HARBOUR MAP UNIT (1140 ha)
Location
This map unit is found throughout the entire survey area, with the largest concentration ofthis combination ofsoils occurring on the north halfofthe western map sheet.
Parent Material
These soils have developed from the growth and decomposition of mosses, sedges, grasses,. shrubs and other hydrophytic vegetation. The subsoil is a coarse textured, sometimes rewashed till, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone, with varying amounts of granites, shale, slate and pyroclastic rocks.
Topography
The Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour mapunit occurs dominantly indepressional areas such as glacial meltwater spillways, intermittent drainage courses and stream channels. These landforms are generally level to very gently sloping. Slope fens and stream fens are scattered throughout this map unit.
Drainage
Access with this map unit generally serve as collection basins for runofffrom the surrounding upland areas. Hence soils are very poorly drained with much stagnating water. Water tables fluctuate seasonally but are at or near the surface for most ofthe year. Seepage may occur on gentle slopes. Small intermittent streams or brooks occur frequently in this map unit. Pools are common on the fens and bogs.
Vegetation
The dominantvegetation is the sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forest. This forest type consists ofopen black spruce stands with scattered larch and stunted balsam fir trees. Sphagnum mosses are dominant inthe groundcover, while ericaceous shrubs suchas bog laurel, sheep laurel and leatherleaf are dominant in the understory. The open slope fens and stream fens support a vegetation consisting of sedges and sphagnum mosses with scattered larch, juniper or black spruce shrub.
Soil classification
The Dogberry Brook soils are classified as Rego Gleysol-peaty phase. The Michael's Harbour soils are classified as Terric Fibric Mesisol.
Range in characteristics
Depth ofpeat material generally ranges from approximately 10 to 100 cm, while deeper peat deposits occur in some bogs and slope fens. The peat material is usually moderately to strongly - 41- decomposed sedge moss, grass and woody fen peat. The substratum consists ofoften very stony and cobbly, gravelly sandy loam. Bedrock may occurwithin 100 cm ofthe upper boundary ofthe mineral soil. Approximately 50% ofthe map unit has been mapped as Dogberry Brook soils. The thickness ofthe peat material for these soils ranges from 10 to 40 cm. Often the upper part ofthe peat material consists of undecomposed to weakly decomposed sphagnum mosses and sedges, while the underlying material is moderately to strongly decomposed. At the interface ofthe organic material and mineral substratum, athin very greasy, organic layer may occur. The gravelly and cobbly loamy sand subsoil has a brownish gray to gray color. Mottles are usually absent as these soils are water logged for most ofthe year. Michael's Harbour soils have peat deposits that range in thickness from 40 to 100 cm. A thin surface layer ofslightly decomposed fibrous sphagnum and sedge peat overlies the strongly to very strongly decomposed sedge grass, moss and woody peat. Moderately decomposed sedge and sphagnum peat occurs in open slope fens and stream fens.
Associated soils
Two Mile Brook soils occur extensively in this map unit. These soils have an organic layer of weakly decomposed sedge and sphagnum peat that ranges in thickness from 10 to 60 cm. They often occupy slightly better drained positions in the map unit as well as the more oligotrophic sites. The upper part of the profile usually consists of undecomposed sphagnum and sedge peat, light brown to dark brown in color. Underneath is a reddish brown weakly to moderately decomposed layer of sphagnum mosses, sedges and often woody material. Immediately above the mineral soil, a layer ofblack, greasy, highly decomposed woody peat occurs. This layer may be very thin (less than 2 cm) or thick (more than 20 cm). The underlying mineral material is usually dark grayish brown to gray in color due to its reduced condition. Texture ofthe material may range from loamy sand to silt loam. Mint Pond and Red CliffPond organic soils occur where the organic deposits are deeper (more than 40 cm and more than 160 cm respectively). Their properties are described in the sections for the Mint Pond and Red CliffPond map units.
EVANS POINT-LOWER SANDY POINT MAP UNIT (28 ha)
Location
The Lower Sandy Point-Evans Point map unit occurs in a small area along the coast of the Northern Arm.
Parent Material
These soils have developed on sandy, gravelly and cobbly fluviomarine and marine deposits ofmixed origin, which are often underlain by loam to clay loam deposits.
Topography
The map unit occupies a small coastal plain or closed-offestuary, bars and a spit beach. Slopes range from level to gently sloping. The map unit includes swampy areas, beach ridges and anarrow strip or dike of sandy clay to silty clay which follows the coast line. - 42-
Drainage
The drainage ofthis map unit varies from rapidly drained to very poorly drained. The coarse textured spit beach and bars along the shore are well to rapidly drained with good internal drainage, while the area behind these bars and beaches is usually poorly to very poorly drained with peat development and sometimes more than 50 cm of water above the surface.
Vegetation
The dominant vegetation type on this map unit is the wet alder swamp, consisting of dense, vigorous alder shrub layer with stunted black spruce. Alder-black spruce swamps occur where seepage water is present. These consist ofblack spruce with an open layer ofpoorly growing alder. The good to rapidly drained beach deposits support grassland.
Soil classification
The Evans Point soils are classified as Orthic Gleysol-peaty phase. The Lower Sandy Point soils are classified as Orthic Regosol and Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
The very poorly drained Evans Point soils occupy 60% to 70% of the map unit. This soil is characterized by a less than 40 cm thick layer of slightly to moderately decomposed sedge and woody peat overlying generally medium to coarse sands and gravels. Soils with a very to exceedingly stony and gravelly loamy sand to sandy loam texture in the subsoil occur. The latter occur as low ridges in an otherwise level area. In between the ridges, swampy areas occur with 50 to 100 cm ofstanding water over very to exceedingly stony loamy sand to sandy loam material. The well to rapidly drained Lower Sandy Point soils general consist of a thin (5-10 cm) dark brown mineral organic surface horizon which grades into a very thin and often discontinuous gray to dark gray leached Ae horizon. This horizon merges into sandy or gravelly C horizons. A very dark grayish-brown to black, organic rich, B horizon sometimes occurs immediately under the grayish leached Ae horizon. The C horizons are often slightly cemented. The Lower Sandy Point soils are very stony, containing rounded, beach stones and cobbles.
Associated soils
Soils developed in sandy clay to silty clay material occur. These have a thin (10-15 cm) organic mineral surface layer over a massive bluish-gray colored subsoil. Mint Pond soils occur where peat development is deeper than 40 cm. Their properties are described in the section for the Mint Pond map unit. - 43-
GANDER-WING POND MAP UNIT (114 ha)
Location
This complex map unit consists ofthe well drained and the imperfectly drained members of the Gander catena. It occupies an area approximately 5 km southwest of Brown's Arm and an area immediately east of Point Leamington.
Parent Material
These soils have developed in deep medium textured till, derived predominantly from shale, slate, siltstone, mudstone and volcanic rocks. Shaly and slaty rock fragments are often abundant throughout the profile. In the wetter soils the flaggy stones tend to accumulate immediately below the organic surface horizon and sometimes form a continuous stone pavement in the upper part of the profile. Boulders are common.
Topography
The landform of the Gander-Wing Pond map unit, located southwest of Brown's Arm is hummocky to ridged, with slopes ranging from 2% to 9%. The well drained Gander soils occupy the knolls, ridge crests and steep slopes while the imperfectly drained Wing Pond soils occur in middle slope positions and some lower slope positions. East ofPointLeamington, these soils occupy a morainal incline between steep rockland and the shore. The imperfectly drained Wing Pond soils associated with poorly drained Home Pond soils, occur on the upper slopes where topography is hummocky and ridged. The lower uniform gentle slopes closer to the shore are occupied by moderately well to well drained Gander soils.
Drainage
The drainage of this map unit ranges widely. It is moderately well to well drained for the Gander soils, imperfectly drained for the Wing Pond soils and poorly drained for the Home Pond soils. Drainage largely depends on the topography, although the finer textures and occurrence of compacted and slightly cemented subsoils are important factors. Seepage is usually limited.
Vegetation
The black spruce-balsam fir forest is the dominant vegetation ofthis map unit. Balsam fir and choke cherry are a common occurrence. Pleurozium moss ground cover is prevalent on the drier Gander soils, while hvlocomium moss and ericaceous species occur on the wetter Wing Pond soils. Speckled alder and black spruce shrub, in the form ofwet alder and alder-black spruce swamps are common occurrences on the Home Pond soils.
Soil classification
The Gander soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol and the Wing Pond soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol. Range in characteristics
About 50% ofthis map unit consists ofthe moderately well and well drained Gander soils. The remainder ofthe map unit consists mostly ofthe imperfectly drained Wing Pond soils. The Gander soils are characterized by a relatively thin (5 cm and less) organic surface horizon over a 2 to 10 cm thick leached Ae horizon, which immediately overlies a strong brown to yellowish red Bfhorizon. The BC and the C horizons are usually friable. However, the upper part ofthe C horizon may be compacted and slightly cemented. Textures for the Gander soils range from silt loam to loam. The Ae horizon usually has a silt loam texture, while BC and C horizons sometimes are fine sandy loam in texture. The imperfectly drained Wing Pond soils have a relatively thick organic surface layer which varies from 20 to 30 cm. Underneath is a very thin Ae horizon which is often absent. A yellowish brown to reddish brown Bfhorizon grades into grayish brown Bfand BC horizons with faintto distinct mottles. The underlying C horizon is often compact and slightly cemented. Textures range from gravelly sandy loam to very gravelly silt loam, with the finer textures occurring in the thin leached Ae horizon and often in the top part of the C horizon.
Associated soils
The Home Pond soil, which represent the poorly drained catena member, occurs frequently within the map unit. It generally occupies lower slope positions and depressions in between hummocks and ridges. They possess a relatively thick (5-10 cm) organic surface layer, overlying mottled light gray B and BC horizons. Stones are very often found in the surface only. The lower horizons are usually nearly stone-free. Textures are loams and silt loarns, with fine textures increasing towards the surface. These soils are classified as Orthic Gleysols.
HIGH POINT MAP UNIT (323 ha)
Location
High Point soils occur in patches along the coast from Milord Arm to Gills Point near Norris Arm North, and along the coast from Phillips Head to Northern Arm.
Parent Material
The soils have developed from deep glaciofluvial sands and gravels, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts ofgranites and volcanic rocks. Layers offiner textured material may occur in the profile.
Topography
These soils occur dominantly on undulating coastal terraces. These terraces often have lower strata of marine origin though the predominant mode of deposition is thought to be from glacial outwash. The surface form of these deposits is gently undulating to level. They are sometimes dissected by streams flowing from upland positions. Similar soils have been recognized on two - 45- glacial outwash deposits south ofPhillips Head and south ofNorthern Arm, and on a small esker of Peters River.
Drainage
These soils are generally well to rapidly drained, with good internal drainage. On the flat coastal terraces ponding may occur in depressions .
Vegetation
The Pleurozium-balsam fir forest is the dominant forest type for this map unit. It is characterized by a dense balsam fir forest with scattered white birch and black spruce. The moss species Pleurozium schreberi is dominant in the moss layer. These forests are usually poorly developed and are typical for dry soils where seepage is absent.
Soil classification
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
Organic surface horizons ofthe High Point soils are generally relatively thin (5 to 10 cm). They have a thin (1 to 5 cm), often discontinuous Ae horizon overlying a thick (15 to 30 cm) B horizon. Textures of the Ae and B horizons are usually loamy sand. These horizons grade into sometimes weakly cemented sandy and gravelly, BC and C horizons. Massive ortstein layers may occur, but more often the soils are friable to loose. Soil development is usually deep (60 to 100 cm). Surface stoniness of these soils varies considerably and may range from slightly stony to exceedingly stony.
Associated soils
The imperfectly to poorly drained Porters Cove soils and the very poorly drained Muddy Hole Brook soils occur on level to depressional areas whereponding occurs. The Muddy Hole Brook soils have a 10 to 40 cm thick organic surface layer consisting of moderately to strongly decomposed sedge, grass, moss and woody peat overlying a permanently waterlogged dark gray, coarse textured mineral subsoil. Properties for the Muddy Hole Brook soils are described in more detail in the section for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm complex map unit. Properties for the Porters Cove soils are described in the section for the Porters Cove map unit.
JESSE COVE MAP UNIT (41 ha)
Location
Jesse Cove soils occur northeast ofBurnt Arm and west ofNorthern Arm, on the lower parts of extremely steep slopes where drainage water accumulates. - 46-
Parent Material
The soils have developed from the growth and decomposition ofmosses, and forest litter such as needles, twigs, leaves and wood fragments which have been derived from a dense forest growth on very poorly drained sites, influenced by relatively nutrient-rich ground water.
Topography
The map unit occurs predominantly on the lower parts ofslopes, with slopes ranging from 2% to more than 45%. It also occurs on level to nearly level depressional areas under dense forest growth.
Drainage
The map unit is generally poorly drained with nutrient-rich seepage water flowing close to the surface. Often, open water occurs as small shallow pools in depressions formed by the extremely hummocky forest floor.
Vegetation
Vegetationofthismap unit consists predominantly ofablack spruce forest with speckled alder, white birch and mountain maple. Bog laurel and leather leaf form the most common dwarf shrub vegetation. The ground cover consists of sphagnum mosses and sedges. Typical fen vegetation consisting of grasses and sedges occur in open, wetter areas.
Soil classification
Typic and Terric Humisol.
Range in characteristics
Depthofthe peat material ranges between 40 and 100 cm and occasionally deeper. The surface layer consists of relatively dry moderately to strongly decomposed mosses and forest litter. Underneath, a strongly to very strongly decomposed, very dark grayish brown to black colored, greasy woody peat is found, containing many large roots, branches and often tree trunks. The substrate is either glaciofluvial material or bedrock rubble.
Associated soils
Michael's Harbour, soils occur within the map unit in wetter areas under a typical fen vegetation. Muddy hole Brook soils are found where the organic material isless than 40 cm thick. These soils are described in the description for the Michael's Harbour-Muddy Hole Brook map unit. - 47-
KITE COVE MAP UNIT (40 ha)
Location
Kite Cove soils are found dominantly along the east shore of Kite Cove near Laurenceton .
Parent Material
These soils have developed in a 20 to 100 cm thick loamy sand to sandy and gravelly veneer ofglaciofluvial origin over bedrock. The material is derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts ofgranites and volcanic rocks.
Topography
The landform consists of a slightly hummocky veneer over hummocky and ridged bedrock. Slopes range from 2% to 5%. Low lying, relatively flat areas occur closer to the shore. Bedrock outcrops are common in this map unit.
Drainage
The soils ofthis map unit are dominantly moderately well drained. Closeness ofthe bedrock to the surface impedes the downward movement of water, resulting in seepage. Lower slope positions, depressions and flat areas occur frequently. These areas usually are poorly to very poorly drained with watertable levels at or near the surface.
Vegetation/land use
Most of the map unit is occupied by a residential area belonging to the community of Laurenceton . Grassland is the main vegetation. The northern part ofthe map unit supports a good stand of balsam fir. However, most of this has been logged. Wet alder swamps and some fen vegetation occurs on the very poorly drained sites.
Soil classification
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithic phase and shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
Thickness ofthe soil ranges from 20 to 100 cm, but usually is between 20 and 50 cm. Textures are generally gravelly loamy sands, sands and gravels. However, gravelly sandy loams occur frequently, especially in areas that are under cultivation. Bedrock rubble and angular gravels are often found immediately above the bedrock on upper slope positions. These areas are generally very to exceedingly stony on the surface. Due to cultivation, the profiles are generally disturbed. A thick (15-30 cm) mineral-organic surface horizon overlies the reddish brown Bf horizon of varying thickness, which grades into a gravelly and rubbly BC horizon and sometimes a C horizon over bedrock. A very thin grayish leached Ae horizon may be present in the deeper soils. - 48-
Associated soils
The Muddy Hole Brook and Mint Pond soils occur in the very poorly drained depressions and flat areas. Their properties are described in the section for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm complex map unit and the Mint Pond map unit.
MICHAEL'S HARBOUR MAP UNIT (1051 ha)
Location
The Michael's Harbour map unit has been identified in many places throughout the entire map area.
Parent Material
These soils are developed from the growth and decomposition of sedges, grasses, mosses, woody material and other hydrophytic vegetation.
Topography
The map unit occurs mainly on horizontal and slope fens which have developed in shallow depressions in meltwater channels and along intermittent drainage channels. Slopes range from 0% to 25%.
Drainage
The soils ofthis map unit are generally very poorly drained with water table at the surface and, during spring runoff and after heavy rainfall, often above the surface.
Vegetation
The dominant vegetation consists ofsedges, grasses and rushes for the open fen types, while fens which receive more nutrient-rich water, often support a more varied vegetation with black spruce, speckled alder, willow, swamp birch, maple and ericaceous shrub such as bog laurel, sheep laurel and leatherleaf in the tree and shrub layer and sedges, grass and rushes with mosses in the ground cover.
Soil classification
Terric Fibric and Terric Mesic Humisol; Shallow Typic, Shallow Fibric and Shallow Mesic Humisol. - 49-
Range in characteristics
Depth ofthe peat material generally ranges between 40 and 100 cm. The surface layers consists of almost undecomposed to slightly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat or matted sedge peat. Underneath is strongly to very strongly decomposed very dark grayish brown to almost black colored, slightly greasy, sedge, grass, moss and woody peat. The substrate consists of sandy loam to silt loam or bedrock.
Associated soils
Mint Pond soils occur where the peat material is less decomposed. Peaty phase Orthic Gleysols and Rego Gleysols such as Dogberry Brook, Bulley's Cove and Muddy Hole Brook soils occur where the peat material is less than 40 cm thick. These soils are described in the sections for the Mint Pond, Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour, Barry's Pond-Bulley's Cove and Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm map units respectively. Bedrock outcrops with or without thin till veneer can be found within the map unit.
MICHAEL'S HARBOUR-MUDDY HOLE BROOK MAP UNIT (78 ha)
Location
The Michael's Harbour-Muddy Hole Brook map unit occurs at the head ofBurnt Arm.
Parent Materials
The Michael's Harbour soils have developed from the growth and decomposition of sedges, grasses, mosses, woody material and other hydrophytic vegetation. The Muddy Hole Brook soils have developed from deep stratified glaciofluvial sands and gravels derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites. They have an organic surface horizon developed from similar material as that ofwhich the Michael's Harbour soils have been developed from.
Topography
The Michael's Harbour-Muddy Hole Brook map unit consists of an organic veneer over an eroded glaciofluvial outwash plane. The landform is hummocky to undulating with slopes ranging 0.5% to 2.5%.
Drainage
The map unit is dominantly very poorly drained, with the watertable at or near the surface. Ponding occurs in the extensive depressions and flat areas between the hummocks. Seepage occurs on slopes of hummocks. The water table is perched on top ofthe mineral soil. - 50-
Vegetation
Vegetation consists predominantly ofblack spruce shrub, with speckled alder, willow, swamp birch, maple and ericaceous shrub such as bog laurel, leatherleaf, sheep laurel and Labrador tea. The ground cover usually consists of sedges, grasses, rushes and mosses. Small hummocks of mineral soil, or areas with the mineral soil close to the surface, support a better growth of black spruce and white birch.
Soil classification
The Michael's Harbour soils are classified as Terric Humisol. The Muddy Hole Brook soils are classified as Rego Gleysol, peaty phase.
Range in characteristics
Depth of the peat material ranges between 40 cm and 120 cm for the Michael's Harbour soils and between 10 and 40 cm for the Muddy Hole Brook soils. The Michael's Harbour soils occupy 50% to 60% ofthe map unit. Their surface layerconsists ofvery weakly decomposed, matted sedge, grass and moss peat. Underneath is strongly to very strongly decomposed very dark grayish brown to almost black colored, slightly greasy sedge, grass, moss and woody peat. The substrate consists of sands and gravels. The Muddy Hole Brook soils are different from the Michael's Harbour soils in the thickness of the peat material. The underlying mineral soil is gray in color and consists of stratified sands and gravels. Few or no stones or cobbles occur in this mineral substrate. Usually a very dark brown to almost black colored layer of 10, to 15 cm thickness occurs immediately under the organic overburden. This mineral horizon has a high content oforganic matter, which has been leached from the overlying organic horizon.
Associated soils
Porters Cove soils occur throughout the map unit as small hummocks ofmineral soil. Mint Pond soils occupy areas where the organic material is less well decomposed and consists ofweakly to moderately decomposed, matted sedge, grass and sphagnum peat. These soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions.
MILL POND MAP UNIT (198 ha)
Location
Mill Pond soils occur dominantly east ofMill pond. They arethe imperfectly drained members ofthe Northern Arm catena. - 5 1-
Parent Material
These soils have developed in a shallow (20-50 cm) sandy loam till overburden, overlying sands and gravels of glaciofluvial or washed till origin, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites, shale, slate and pyroclastic rocks.
Topography
Mill Pond soils occur on the subdued slopes of undulating and rolling terrain. Slopes range between 2 and 9%.
Drainage
The Mill Pond soils are imperfectly drained. The underlying sands and gravels act as an impermeable layer due to the large increase in porosity. The finer textured soil overlying the sands and gravels must become nearly saturated before water will move down through the larger pores of the subsoil.
Vegetation
The black spruce-moss forest is theprevalent foresttype on these soils. Occasionally immature balsam fir forests occur on these soils. The black spruce stands are usually mature and some small scale logging has occurred.
Soil classification
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol or Gleyed Humo-Ferric podzol.
Range in characteristics
Thickness ofthe till overburden ranges from 20 to 50 cm. Major soil development takes place in this layer. Beneath a 5 to 10 cm thick organic surface layer is a relatively thin grayish leached Ae horizon. Faint mottling may occur in the Ae horizon, but is usually absent. The B horizon ranges in thickness from 10 to 45 cm depending on the thickness ofthe overburden. The underlying sands and gravels usually have less soil development. Texture ofthe till overburden is a gravelly sandy loam. Texture ofthe subsoil varies considerably even over short distances, ranging from gravelly sandy loam to gravels. Faint to distinct mottling occurs invariably immediately above the coarse textured subsoil . The Mill Pond soils are very stony and cobbly, with sandstone flagstones often occurring immediately under the organic surface horizon.
Associated soils
The well drainedNorthern Arm soils occur in more elevated positions in the landscape. These soils are usually less stony than their imperfectly (Mill Pond) and poorly drained (Melvins Point) catena members. The poorly drained soils, Melvins point, are characterized by their organic surface - 52- horizons, dull colors and high amount of cobbles and sandstone flagstones in the till overburden. Properties of the Northern Arm soils are described in the section for the Northern Arm-Alderburn map unit. The Melvins Point soil is described in more detail as an associated soil in the section for the Alderburn-Northern Arm map unit.
MILL POND-DOGBERRY BROOK MAP UNIT (556 ha)
Location
This map unit occurs only in a large tract north ofNorris Arm. It occupies the upper part of the area which slopes down from the plateau towards the coast.
Parent Material
The Mill Pond soils have developed in a shallow (20-50 cm) sandy loam till overburden, overlying washed till oroutwash sands andgravels. Thesematerials are derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites, shale, slate and pyroclastic rocks. The Dogberry Brook soils have a surface layer ofmatted and fibrous, weakly decomposed sedge, grass and moss peat over a 10 to 40 cm thick layer of moderately to strongly decomposed sedge, grass, moss and woody peat overlying gravelly loamy sands, sands and gravels derived from reddish sandstone, with granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks.
Topography
The Mill Pond-Dogberry Brook map unit occupies hummocky terrain which inclines towards the south and the west. Slopes are generally between 6% and 9%.
Drainage
These soils are influenced by a slow movement of seepage water down the long irregular slopes. Ponding occurs where the movement of water is impeded due to irregularities in the slope such as hummocks and ridges. Also, the sandy and gravelly subsoil act as an impermeable layerdue to the large increase in porosity. Consequently these soils are imperfectly (Mill Pond soils) to very poorly (Dogberry Brook soils) drained.
Vegetation
This map unit supports a Balsam fir-white birch forest vegetation with a ground cover dominated by Hylocomium mosses. This forest type consists of a dense balsam fir forest with scattered white birch throughout the stand. Black spruce occurs occasionally. It occurs mainly on the imperfectly drained Mill Pond soils where seepage occurs. The soil surface is usually very irregular with a thick moss carpet covering old logs and stumps. The very poorly drained Dogberry Brook soils are occupied by black spruce shrub and occasionally a dense alder vegetation. - 5 3-
Soil classification
The Mill Pond soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol or Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol. The Dogberry Brook soils are classified as Rego Gleysol-peaty phase.
Range in characteristics
The Mill Pond soils occupy 50% to 60% of the map unit. Major soil development has taken place in the sandy loam till overburden. Beneath the thick moss carpet is a 5 to 10 cm thick organic surface horizon consisting offorest litter and moderately decomposed mosses. The grayish leached Ae horizon, ranging in thickness from 2 to 5 cm, may have faint mottling. The underlying B horizons range in thickness from 10 to 45 cm depending on the thickness ofthe overburden. Colors of the B horizons are usually yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown and mottling in these horizons is often difficult to distinguish. Textures range from coarse sandy loam to loam, with the finer textures occurring in the Ae and upper Bf horizon. Textures ofthe subsoil vary greatly from place to place, even over short distances. They may range from very coarse gravel to gravelly loamy coarse sand. Faint to distinct mottling occurs invariably in the upper part or immediately above the coarse textured subsoil. These soils are generally very stony, with sandstone flagstones and granitic cobbles occurring in the upper part of the profile. Dogberry Brook soils occupy 40 to 50% of the map unit. These soils have a 10 to 40 cm thick organic surface layer, consisting of moderately to strongly decomposed sedge, moss, grass and woody peat, which overlies a brownish gray to gray colored, very gravelly and cobbly, loamy sand subsoil. Mottles usually do not occur in these subsoils as they are waterlogged for most of the year.
Associated soils
The poorly drained Melvins Point soils occur extensively within the map unit. They usually occur on lower slope positions and on the borders ofthe shallow fens and marshes, where they grade into the Dogberry Brook soils. These soils are characterized by thick organic surface horizons overlying thick (15-20 cm) mottled grayish Ae horizons. The underlying B horizons are usually dull colored with distinct mottles. The gravelly and sandy subsoil is often dark gray colored and has prominent, reddish brown mottles. Well drained Northern Arm soils can be found occasionally on upper slopes and tops ofhummocks. These soils are described in the section for the Northern Arm- Alderbum map unit. Two Mile Brook soils, which are characterized by a 10 to 60 cm thick organic layer of weakly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat, are found on shallow fens with sphagnum, sedge and ericaceous shrub vegetation. The properties ofthe Two Mile Brook soil are described in more detail as an associated soil in the section forthe Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour map unit. Michael's Harbour and Mint Pond soils, occupying slope fens, occur frequently throughout the map unit. Their properties are described in the sections for Michael's Harbour and Mint Pond map units. - 54-
MILORD ARM MAP UNIT (93 ha)
Location
Milord Arm soils are found in scattered locations in the Brown's Arm area and on the Burnt Arm peninsula.
Parent Material
The Milord Arm soils have developed from deep, stratified glaciofluvial sands and gravels, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites. These soils contain moderate amounts ofrounded stones and cobbles.
Topography
This map unit occupies usually level to depressional areas. Onthe Burnt Arm peninsula these soils occur on a highly dissected and eroded part of a glaciofluvial terrace with slopes ranging from 6% t0 9%.
Drainage
Drainage ofthe Milord Arm soil is dominantly imperfect. However, poorly drained areas occur extensively within the map unit. On the level to depressional areas, these soils are wet, due to ponding. On slopes, seepage occurs over slightly cemented and compacted subsoils.
Vegetation/land use
Most ofthe map unit occurs in the communities ofBrown's Arm and Laurenceton. The area on the Burnt Arm peninsula supports a Hvlocomium- balsam fir type forest on the slopes where nutrient rich seepage water occurs. Black spruce shrub and white birch occur on the poorly drained areas.
Soil classification
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range .ia characteristics
Drainage of the map unit ranges from imperfect to poor, with the imperfectly drained sites being dominant. The organic surface horizons are relatively thick (10-20 cm). Underneath is a leached Ae horizon which varies considerably in thickness (1-20 cm), and which may or may not have mottles, depending on the drainage. The texture ofthe Ae horizon ranges from sandy loam to loam. The underlying B horizons are usually gravelly sandy loam in texture, but gravelly loamy sands and gravelly sands occur. They have distinct to prominent mottles. The B and BC horizons - 55- grade into mottled and stratified sandy and gravelly parent materials. Surface stoniness ranges from slight to moderate.
Associated soils
The poorly drained Gills Point soils occur extensively throughout the map unit. These soils resemble the Milord Arm soils, except for slightly darker matrix colors, and mottling which starts immediately under the surface. Muddy Hole Brook soils occur in areas with watertables at or near the surface. They are characterized by a 10-40 cm thick layer ofmoderately decomposed sedge peat over a darkish gray subsoil. Properties ofthe Muddy Hole Brook are described in more detail in the section for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm map unit.
MILORD ARM BROOK MAP UNIT (43 ha)
Location
Milord Arm Brook soils occur mainly along the west shore of Milord Arm.
Parent Material
They have developed in a 20 to 50 cm thick, moderately coarse to coarse textured, glaciofluvial overburden over medium textured glaciomarine material. The material of the glaciofluvial overburden is derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites.
Topography
Land form ofthismap unit is a gently sloping glaciofluvial veneer over a marineterrace. Small boulders (60-100 cm in diameter) occur.
Drainage
The Milord Arm Brook map unit is dominantly well drained, although poorly drained areas occur in depressions and at the foot of the slope where seepage water collects.
Vegetation/land use
Approximately 50% of this map unit has been cleared and small garden plots have been established. The forest vegetation consists of black spruce and balsam fir with white birch, trembling aspen and alder as common occurrences.
Soil classification
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol. - 56-
Range in characteristics
A relatively thin (5-10 cm) organic surface horizon overlies a 5 to 10 cm thick grayish leached Ae horizon. When under cultivation, a 20 to 30 cm thick plow layer (Ap) occurs. Textures of the Ae and Ap horizons are generally sandy loam or loam. The underlying B horizons usually have gravelly sandy loam textures. These grade into loamy and silty loam BC and C horizons. The subsoils often show signs ofstratification. Surface stoniness is generally very to exceedingly stony.
Associated soils
The imperfectly to poorly drained Brown's Arm Brook soils occur in depressions and on the lower slope. Their properties are described in the section for the Brown's Arm Brook map unit.
MINT POND MAP UNIT (760 ha)
Location
The Mint Pond map unit occurs on slope fens in over 60 different locations throughout the map area. Their size is generally less than 10 ha and seldom more than 20 ha.
Parent Material
Mint Pond soils are developed from the growth and decomposition of sedges spp. with some grasses and sphagnum mosses, on very poorly drained sites which are influenced by relatively nutrient-rich ground waters.
ju 7. Figure 8. Soil Profile of a Cicyed *ij.s-.,-ii u,',-«-i ie , ic "onmyFerric PodzuL AJ&rbtare suU. Humo-ferric Pudzol, Burnt Arm soil Hunt-Ferric Podzol, Peters runt soil
- 59-
Topography
They occur mainly on horizontal fens developed in shallow depressions, on sloping fens which have developed on gentle slopes with enough moisture for the development of peat and on stream fens, developed along intermittent drainage channels. Slopes range from 0.5% to 2.5%.
Drainage
The soils are poorly to very poorly drained. The water table is usually at or near the surface. Many mud ponds; locally called "flashets", occur. These may be randomly distributed on horizontal fens or occur in rows with their longest axis perpendicular to the slope on sloping fens.
Vegetation
The vegetation of this map unit is dominated by sedges and grasses with minor amounts of rushes and reeds. Sphagnum mosses often occur as small hummocks. Scattered stunted black spruce, larch, junipers and ericaceous shrub such as bog laurel, sheep laurel and leatherleaf are almost always present (Fig. 9).
Soil classification
Terric Fibrisol, Terric Mesic Fibrisol and Terric Mesisol.
Range in characteristics
Depth of the peat material ranges from 60 to 160 cm. A 10 to 30 cm thick very weakly to occasionally moderately decomposed matted, sphagnum and sedge peat overlies a generally moderately decomposed and matted sedge peat. The sedge leave and Erio hp orum plant remains are readily identifiable. The peat contains large amounts of very fine roots of sedge plants and Eriophorum plants. Decomposition ofthe peat material generally increases with depth. The bottom layer, which ranges in thickness from 15 to more than 30 cm, is usually moderately to strongly decomposed. The texture ofthe substrate varies from gravelly loamy sand to very gravelly and often exceedingly stony silt loam.
Associated soils
Peaty phase Orthic Gleysols and Rego Gleysols such as the Dogberry Brook, Bulley's Cove and Muddy Hole Brook soils occur where the peat material is less than 40 cm thick. Red CliffPond soils are often found in the center of horizontal fens where the depth of the peat is more than 160 cm. Michael's Harbour soils occur extensively within the Mint Pond map unit, especially along the edge of the fens. The properties of these associated soils are described in their respective single and complex map unit descriptions. - 60-
MUDDY HOLE BROOK-MILORD ARM MAP UNIT (349 ha)
Location
This complex map unit occurs on the east side of the Burnt Arm peninsula, and along the northern shore ofNorris Arm.
Parent Material
The soils ofthis map unit have developed from deep stratified glaciofluvial sands and gravels derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites. They contain moderate amounts of rounded stones and cobbles. The Muddy Hole Brook soils have an organic surface horizon derived predominantly from the growth and decomposition ofmosses, sedges, other hydrophytic vegetation and heath plants.
Topography
The Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm map unit occupies eroded glaciofluvial terraces and outwash plains. Landform is hummocky with slopes ranging from 0.5% to 9%.
Drainage
The map unit is imperfectly to very poorly drained. Ponding ofwater from upland areas occurs in the extensive depressions and flat areas in between the hummocks. Seepage occurs on slopes of hummocks over a slightly cemented and compacted subsoil.
Vegetation
Forest types on the sites, that have not developed into fens, are the black spruce forests on the Milord Arm soils and the alder-black spruce swamps on the Muddy Hole Brook soils. The first type consists of an open stand of black spruce with stunted balsam fir trees and scattered larch. The Alder-Black spruce swamp consists ofblack spruce with scattered larch and a single stunted balsam fir in the tree layer and an open shrub layer of poorly growing alder.
Soil classification
The Muddy Hole Brook soils are classified as Rego-Gleysol peaty phase and the Milord Arm soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
Muddy Hole Brook soils occupy 50% to 60% ofthe map unit. These soils are the very poorly drained members ofthis map unit. They are characterized by a thick (10-40 cm) layer ofmoderately to strongly decomposed sedge, moss and woody peat, overlying a reduced gray colored subsoil. Mottling in the subsoil is often absent due to the permanent waterlogged condition. Texture ofthe - 6 1- subsoil ranges from gravelly loamy sands to sands and gravels. Often a dark brown to almost black colored Bhg horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick exists immediately underneath the peat layers. This mineral horizon has a high content of organic matter which has been leached in from the overlying organic horizon. A relatively thin (10-15 cm) layer of weakly decomposed mosses, grasses and sedges may form the uppermost organic layer. The imperfectly drained Milord Arm soils occur on middle and upper slope positions of the hummocks. These soils have a relatively thick (10-20 cm) organic surface horizon, overlying a leached grayish Ae horizon which varies considerably in thickness. The texture ofthis horizon may range from sandy loamto loam. The underlying distinctly to prominently mottled B horizons usually have gravelly sandy loam textures, but gravelly loamy sands and sands occur. These horizons grade into mottled and stratified sandy and gravelly parent materials. The Milord Arm soils are generally very stony on the surface.
Associated soils
The poorly drained Gills Point soils occur extensively throughout the map unit on middle slopes ofhummocks, and onthe flat areas where buildup oforganic material is not extensive. These soils resemble the Milord Arm soils, except for slightly darker matrix colors and mottling which starts immediately under the surface. The poorly drained Porters Cove soils occur where gravelly loamy sand, sandy and gravelly solum textures occur. Well drained High Point soils occur scattered throughout the map unit, occupying well drained sites of the landscape with usually sandy and gravelly solum textures. The Porters Cove and High Point soils are described in the sections ofthe Porters Cove and High Point map unit respectively.
NORRIS ARM MAP UNIT (592 ha)
Location
Norris Arm soils are found throughout the survey area where they occur in association with Alderburn and Burnt Arm soils. Large concentrations ofthese soils occur north ofNorris Arm and west ofPhillips Head.
Parent Material
The soils are developed in deep, coarse textured glacial till, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone, intermixed with various amounts ofmaterial derived from granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks.
Topography
Norris Arm soils occupy middle and lower slope positions of undulating terrain with long, uniform or concave slopes and hummocky areas with relatively low hummocks with long slope. - 62-
Drainage
These soils are poorly drained with stagnating or very slowly moving water near the surface for most of the year. Usually the ground water is perched on a slightly cemented and compacted subsoil.
Vegetation
The sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forest is the dominant forest type on the Norris Arm soils. These forests are unproductive. Occasional stands ofbalsam fir occur on somewhat drier sites with more pronounced seepage water. Black spruce shrub and Alder-black spruce forests occupy depressional areas on gentle slopes, and bog borders where seepage water is present.
Soil classification
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
The Norris Arm soils are characterized by a relatively thick (10-20 cm) organic surface layer, which consists dominantly of sphagnum and feather mosses and herbaceous fragments. Underneath is a dark grayish to brown leached layer, with a high organic matter content and which may have distinct to prominent reddish brown mottles. This Ae horizon is underlain by one or more mottled, dull reddish brown to almost dark gray B horizons. Occasionally a thin humus rich layer occurs directly beneath the leached Ae horizon. But more often this layer is absent. The B horizons merge into a mottled BC horizon, then into a compact, slightly cemented C horizon with fine, prominent, bright red mottles. Solum thickness ranges from 50 to 70 cm. Texture of the solum ranges from gravelly sandy loam to gravelly silt loam. These soils are moderately to very stony .
Associated soils
Alderburnand BurntAnn soils occur within the Norris Arm map unit. Alderbum soils occupy the well drained hill tops and tops ofhummocks. The imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils are often found in upper slope positions. Peaty phase Dogbeny Brook soils occur in depressions where alder and alder-black spruce swampshave formed. These associated soils are described in their respective single and complex map unit descriptions.
NORRIS ARM-ALDERBURN MAP UNIT (737 ha)
Location
This map unit occurs in an area between Northern Arm Brook and Rowsell's Lake and north ofRowsell's Lake along the New Bay River. It also occurs northeast ofGills Point, which is located on the coastjust northwest ofNorris Arm North. - 63-
Parent Material
These soils have developed in deep (more than 100 cm) coarse textured till derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts of granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks. The proportion of stones and cobbles in the profile as well as on the surface is usually high, although some of the well drained sites may have relatively few stones and cobbles.
Topography
The Norris Arm-Alderburn complex map unit occurs on hummocky terrain with slopes ranging from 2 to 9%. The hummocks are usually small with short and relatively steep slopes. The areas in between the hummocks are often wide with long gentle slopes.
Drainage
TheNorris Arm soils are poorly drained. They occur inthe depressions in betweenhummocks, where seepage water and surface runofffrom the surrounding area collects, and where the laterally moving water table is perched on top ofthe compacted subsoil. The Alderburn soils are well drained. These soils occupy the upper slopes and tops ofhummocks. The Alderbum soils that occupy the tops ofthe hummocks are often friable and deep with good internal drainage.
Vegetation
Hylocomium-balsam fir forests are dominant in this map unit. They occur on the long gentle slopes where relatively rich ground water moves laterally over the compacted and slightly cemented subsoil. The tops ofthe hummocks are occupied by the Pleurozium-balsam fir forest type. Both forest types are the original forests for these areas. The trees are usually mature to overmature. A thick moss carpet covers old logs and stumps making the forest floor very irregular. Black spruce and white birch are common occurrences. Wetter sites, where ground water stagnates, support poor stands of black spruce and black spruce shrub. A small amount of logging has occurred in these areas. Vegetation of this map unit located northeast of Norris Arm North consists dominantly of black spruce and white birch, with extensive areas destroyed by insects.
Soil classification
The Norris Arm soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol and the Alderburn soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
The poorly drained Norris Arm soils occupy 50 to 70% of the map unit. These soils have a relatively thick (10-20 cm) organic surface layer, consisting of mosses overlying a grayish leached Ae horizon with distinct to prominent mottles. Underneath occur one or more mottled, dull reddish brown to brownish gray colored B horizons, over a compacted and slightly cemented subsoil. This subsoil, which usually occurs at a depth of 30 to 50 cm below the surface, often has fine prominent mottles in the upper part. Textures range from gravelly silt loam to very gravelly sandy loam, with - 64- the finer textures in the Ae and upper B horizons. Gravel content increases with depth. These soils are often excessively stony in the profile, with bleached sandstone flagstones lying horizontally immediately under the organic surface layer. The well drained Alderburn soils occupy approximately 30 to 50% of the map unit. They usually have an organic surface layer of about 10 cm thick, overlying a thin (2 to 5 cm) grayish leached Ae horizon with a distinct reddish tinge. Textures ofthe Ae horizon and upper B horizon range from gravelly fine sandy loam to sometimes silt loam. Solum thickness is generally 30 to 50 cm. Solum texture is usually gravelly sandy loam but may vary from gravelly coarse sandy loam to silt loam. Gravel, cobble and stone content ofthese soils may vary considerably over short distances, but is usually very high. Granitic and reddish sandstone boulders are common throughout the area.
Associated soils
The imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils occupy some upper and middle slope positions. These soils are characterized by a relatively thick grayish leached Ae horizon which usually lacks mottles. The underlying B horizons are dull reddish brown colored with faint to distinct mottles. Vegetation on these soils is usually similar to that found on the Norris Arm soils. Two Mile Brook and Dogberry Brook soils occur in depressions and in gullies where a thick (20 to 60 cm) layer of peat has formed. These soils are very poorly drained, with water table levels at or near the surface during most of the year. Properties of the Two Mile Brook and the Dogberry Brook soils are described in the section for the Dogberry Brook- Michael's Harbour map unit.
NORRIS ARM-DOGBERRY BROOK (730 ha)
Location
The Norris Arm-Dogberry Brook complex map unit occupies areas north ofNorris Arm, east of Mill Pond and between Phillips Head and New Bay River.
Parent Material
They have developed in deep (more than 100 cm) coarse textured till derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts ofgranites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks. These soils are usually very to exceedingly stony.
Topography
This map unit occupies hummocky and sloping terrain withlow, small hummocks interspersed by many depressions, swales, gullies and melt water channels. Slopes range from 2% to 5% with many nearly level areas in between the hummocks.
Drainage
Soils ofthe Norris Arm-Dogberry Brook map unit are poorly to very poorly drained. Seepage water is present on most of the gentle slopes, while stagnating water occurs in the depressions, - 65- gullies and channels. These areas generally serve as collection basins for the surrounding upland areas.
Vegetation
Balsam fir forests are dominant on the complex map unit. The composition of the tree layer ofthese forests varies greatly. Balsam fir with scattered white birch and black spruce constitute the undisturbed stands. Black spruce is abundant and after disturbance it may become the dominant tree species. Sometimes exceptionally well developed larch occur. The forest floor is usually very irregular with many small hollows and hummocks. The hollows have standing water for most ofthe year. Muck development is especially evident in these hollows. Lower lying, very wet areas with thick, moderately to highly decomposed organic surface horizons, often support alder-black spruce swamps, consisting of poorly growing black spruce with an open shrub layer of speckled alder, scattered larch and single stunted balsam fir. More nutrient-rich areas with relatively thick, highly decomposed organic surface horizons are occupied by alder thickets with scattered balsam fir trees. The speckled alder always forms a dense and vigorous shrub layer.
Soil classification
The Norris Arm soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol and the Dogberry Brook soils are classified as Rego Gleysol, peaty phase.
Range in characteristics
60% to 70% of this complex map unit is occupied by the poorly drained Norris Arm soils. These soils are characterized by a relatively thick (10- 20 cm) organic surface layer consisting of mosses and moderately well decomposed forest litter, overlying a grayish leached Ae horizon with distinct to prominent mottles. Often, a thin, black, greasy mineral-organic layer can be found immediately underneath the organic surface layer. Mottled, dull reddish brown to brownish gray colored B horizons overlie the compacted and slightly cemented subsoil. Fine, prominent mottles often occur in the upper part ofthis subsoil. Textures ofthe Ae and upper B horizons range from fine sandy loam to silt loam. The lower B and BC horizons as well as the subsoil usually have a gravelly to very gravelly sandy loam texture, but may range from gravelly coarse sandy loam to silt loam. Gravel content usually increases with depth. Stone and cobble content of these soils is very high, with bleached sandstone flagstones lyinghorizontally under the organic surface layer. The very poorly drained Dogberry Brook soils occupy 30 to 40% of this map unit. These soils have a 10 to 40 cm thick organic surface layer consisting ofmoderately to highly decomposed sedge, moss, grass and woody peat, overlying a brownish gray to gray colored very gravelly and very to exceedingly stony and cobbly sandy loam mineral subsoil; small prominent mottles may occur in the upper part of this horizon. Often the upper 10 cm ofthe subsoil has a finer texture, ranging from loam to silt loam. This subsoil grades into a compact subsoil which tends to be impermeable to the downward movement ofwater. - 66-
Associated soils
Two Mile Brook soils occur extensively within this map unit. They often occur on bog borders and in alder swamps. These soils are characterized by a thick (less than 60 cm) slightly to moderately decomposed peat layer consisting of sphagnum mosses, sedges and minor amounts of woody peat. The upper 10 to 20 cm usually contains weakly decomposed sphagnum mosses and sedges. At the interface of the mineral and organic layer, usually -highly decomposed woody peat occurs. The subsoil is a dark grayish brown, very stony and cobbly, gravelly sandy loam. Michael's Harbour and Mint Pond organic soils are found in the many small slope fens that occur in this map unit. Their properties are described in the sections for Michael's Harbour and Mint Pond map units.
NORRIS ARM-HIGH POINT MAP UNIT (99 ha)
Location
The Norris Arm-High Point map unit occurs along the north shore of Norris Arm, east of Melvins Point.
Parent Material
Norris Arm soils have developed in deep, coarse textured glacial till. High Point soils have developed from glaciofluvial sands and gravels. Both soils have been derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts of granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks.
Topography
Norris Arm soils occupy hummocky moraine with very gentle slopes (2-5% slopes), the High Point soils are found on remnants of glaciofluvial terraces which occur along brooks that flow from the upland plain to the north. Red sandstone rock outcrops occur in the area.
Drainage
The Norris Arm soils occupy approximately 60 to 70% of the map unit. They are poorly drained with stagnating or slowly moving seepage water near the surface for most ofthe year. The ground water is perched on a compacted and slightly cemented subsoil. These soils occur dominantly on the long and gentle slopes and in depressions . The High Point soils occupy approximately 30 to 40% of the map unit. They are well to rapidly drained due to the permeable nature of their coarse textures and due to their elevated position in the landscape.
Vegetation
The black spruce forests are dominant on the Norris Arm soils. Balsam fir and white birch are usually present, with white birch becoming more frequent towards the coast. Alder swamps and black spruce shrub occur in very poorly drained depressions with stagnating, nutrient-poor water. - 67-
The High Point soils generally support immature stands ofbalsam fir with apleurozium moss ground cover.
Soil classification
The Norris Arm soils are classified as Orthic Gleysol or Gleyed Humo- Ferric Podzol. The High Point soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
The Norris Arm soils have a relatively thick (15-20 cm) organic surface layer, consisting of sphagnum and feather mosses. Underneath, a brown to dark gray, leached and mottled Ae horizon may or may not be present. The underlying B horizons are usually brown to grayish brown. These horizons don't always qualify as Bfhorizons. The B horizons merge into a mottled BC horizon, then into a compact and slightly cemented C horizon. - Textures of the solum are gravelly medium to coarse sandy loam but may range from gravelly sandy loam to silt loam. However, the Ae, ifpresent, and the upper B horizons often have textures ranging from very fine sandy loam to silt loam. The High Point soils have a 5 to 10 cm thick organic surface horizon overlying a very thin (less than 5 cm) light grayish leached Ae horizon. The underlying B and BC horizons are usually dark brown to brown in color. Their textures range from fine gravel to gravelly loamy sands, with the finer textures occurring in the upper B horizons. Textures for the Ae horizon may range from gravelly loamy coarse sands to gravelly coarse sandy loam. Solum thickness is oftenmore than 75 cm. Stone and cobble content of these soils is generally very high, with bleached sandstone flagstones lying horizontally immediately under the surface ofthe Norris Arm soils.
Associated soils
Along the coast marine influenced soils occur. These soils consist of light gray colored, fine gravelly loamy sand. They are generally deep. Large subrounded stones occur in the profile. These soils are usually moderately well to well drained. Dogberry Brook soils occur in very poorly drained depressions, where a thick organic surface layer has formed consisting of sedge, moss, grass and woody peat. These soils are described in more detail in the section for the Dogberry Brook- Michael's Harbour map unit. Burnt Arm andAlderburn soils occurto a minor extent on upper slope positions and on tops ofhummocks. Theirproperties are described in the sections forthe Burnt Arm map unit and Alderburn map unit respectively.
NORTHERN ARM-ALDERBURN NON-STONY PHASE MAP UNIT (357 ha)
Location
This map unit occurs dominantly in an areanorth ofNorthern Arm Brook andto a lesser extent in an area east ofMill Pond. - 68-
Parent Material
These soils have developed in coarse textured till, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts ofgranites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks. TheNorthern Arm soils are underlain by coarse textured, poorly sorted and often compacted outwash material of mixed origin at depths ranging from 20 to 50 cm.
Topography
This combination of soils is dominantly found on inclines that form the upper slopes of an extensive kame terrace with a till overburden of various thickness. These slopes have a southerly to southwesterly aspect and range from 6% to more than 30%.
Drainage
The Northern Arm and Alderburn soils are moderately well to well drained due to the pervious nature ofthe material. Imperfectly drained areas occur where the underlying sands and gravels act as an impermeable layer, due to a large increase in porosity.
Vegetation
Forest vegetation occurring onthis map unit is dominantly black spruce with scattered balsam fir and white birch. However, more or less pure stands ofusually immature balsam fir are common occurrences. Most likely, these forests originated after fire. Logging has taken place in most ofthe area occupied by the Northern Arm-Alderbum map unit in recent years, and a forest fire in the summer of1979 has destroyed the vegetation ofa large part of this map unit. Consequently most of the unit supports a vegetation ofshrubs such as speckled alder, choke cherry and ericaceous shrubs. Blueberry is abundant on the recently burnt-over areas.
Soil classification
The Northern Arm and the Alderburn soils are both classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
The Northern Arm soils occupy 50% to 60% of this complex map unit. These soils have developed in a 20 to 50 cm thick till overburden, over somewhat compacted gravelly and sandy washed till or glacio-fluvial material. They have a 10 to 20 cm thick organic surface layer when under vegetation. This surface layer has almost disappeared on the burnt over areas. Underneath is a very thin, usually less than 5 cm, leached Ae horizon with a distinct reddish tinge. Total thickness ofthe underlying Bf and BC horizons range from 20 to 50 cm (Fig. 10). Textures of the Ae and upper Bfhorizons are usually finer than that ofthe lower Bf and BC horizons. They range -from fine sandy loam to loam, while textures for the lower solum are gravelly and very gravelly sandy loams. The glaciofluvial or washed till subsoils range from sands and gravels to gravelly loamy coarse sands. The Alderburn soils have developed in a thicker till overburden. They are different from the Norris Arm soils in the texture ofthe C horizon, which usually is gravelly sandy - 69- loam. Differentiating thetwo soils often is difficult where distinction between tills andpoorly sorted fluvial materials or washed tills is unclear - for instance, when loamy coarse sand subsoils are found with a high amount ofsubrounded gravel. Stone and cobble content ofthe profile is generally slight for both soils with stones occurring mainly on the surface. However, patches with very stony soils occur throughout the map unit.
Associated soils
Imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils and Mill Pond soils occur on lower slope positions where seepage water occurs. Norris Arm and Melvins Point soils occur in the poorly drained depressional areas, where watercollects from the surrounding areas. Melvins Point soils usually have thick (10-20 cm) organic surface horizons consisting of mosses, overlying a thick (15-20 cm), light grayish, mottled Ae horizon. The underlying B horizons are usually dull colored with distinct mottles. The subsoil has a gravelly loamy coarse sand to sandy texture, is usually dark gray and has prominent reddish brown mottles. Properties of Burnt Arm, Mill Pond and Norris Arm soils are described in the sections for their map unit descriptions.
PETERS ARM MAP UNIT (865 ha)
Location
Peters Arm soils occur extensively in the Brown's Arm Area, on the Burnt Arm Peninsula and along the shore between Burnt Arm and Norris Arm North.
Parent Material
The soils have developed in deep, stratified glaciofluvial sands and gravels, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts ofgranites. They.are usually moderately stony and cobbly. Stones tend to be small.
Topography
The Peters Arm soils occur dominantly on glaciofluvial and coastal terraces, where deposition by glacial outwash predominates over marine deposition. These terraces are often dissected and eroded, resulting in a hummocky landform. Their elevation is generally not more than 15 m above sea level. Fluvial ridges occur at higher elevations (60 - 75 m above sea level) in Brown's Arm and Burnt Arm. Their tops are flat, indicating that these ridges may be remnants of a previous terrace, which can be traced from Peters Pond through the Kings Ridge in Botwood and the ridges in Burnt Arm and Brown's Arm. These ridges are flat topped in most locations, but can be dissected or peaked where erosion and slump from both sides has occurred. The sides of these deposits are generally very steep with slopes ranging from 45% to more than 100%. - 70-
Drainage
Drainage of the Peters Arm soils is moderately good to good. Due to the sandy loam texture of the solum, they generally have sufficient water holding capacity for plant growth. The coastal terraces are often in a receiving position for water coming from upland areas. Poor drainage often occurs when this runoff ponds on the flat terraces.
Vegetation/land use
The dominant forest types occurring in this map unit are the kalmia- black spruce and black spruce-moss forests. The kalmia-black spruce forests consist of open black spruce stands with balsam fir as the subdominant species. Ericaceous shrub such as sheep laurel and blueberry, together with pleurozium mosses, form the ground cover. The black spruce - moss forests are characterized by a dense ground cover of pleurozium moss and good stands of black spruce. These forests are generally a succession to Pleurozium-balsam fir forests after fire. White birch stands, and poorly developed black spruce stands occur in scattered locations. Traditionally, these soils have been favoured for agriculture, because oftheir relatively low stone content, theirflatness and the ease with which they can be cultivated. The majority of the agricultural activity within the study area takes place on this map unit. Vegetables, such as potatoes, turnip, cabbage and carrots, are being grown in Brown's Arm, Portersville and Laurenceton . The majority ofthe cleared land is used as pasture and hayland.
Soil classification
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
Peters Arm soils are characterized by a gravelly loamy sand to sandy loam texture ofthe solum and a stratified sandy and gravelly subsoil (Fig. 11). Texture ofthe grayish leached Ae horizon is often loamy. Its thickness varies widely, from 1 to as much as 15 cm. Thickness of the underlying B horizons generally ranges from 15 to 30 cm. These horizons grade into usually massive BC and C horizons which are often weakly cemented by silica. Stone content of these soils is usually moderate and the stones tend to be small (less than 15 cm in diameter).
Associated soils
Gills Point and Muddy Hole Brook soils occur when runoff from upland areas ponds on the flat terraces. Gills Point soils are characterized by a relatively thick (10-20 cm) organic surface horizon consisting dominantly ofmosses, which overlies a grayto pale brown pehorizonwhich may be mottled. The underlying B horizons have distinct to prominent rust colored mottles. The Muddy Hole Brook soils have a thick (10-40 cm) layer of moderately decomposed to highly decomposed sedge, moss and woody peat, overlying a grayish subsoil. Mottling is usually absent in these soils as they are saturated with water for most of the year. Muddy Hole Brook and Gills Point soils are described in more detail in the section for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm map unit. Well to - 71- rapidly drained High Point soils occur in areas where the solum texture is coarser than sandy loam. Properties of the High Point soils are described in the section for the High Point map unit.
PETERS ARM - MILORD ARM MAP UNIT (125 ha)
Location
This map unit occurs west of Milord Arm, on the southern part of the Burnt Arm peninsula, and in Northern Arm.
Parent Material
These soils have developed from deep, stratified glaciofluvial sands and gravels, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts ofgranites. They are moderately stony and cobbly.
Topography
The map unit occupies eroded and dissected glaciofluvial and coastal terraces where glacial outwash deposits predominate over marine deposits. They are usually level to gently sloping, with slopes ranging from 0.5% to 2 .5%. At Norris Arm the unit is part of the river terrace and deltaic deposit ofthe Northern Arm Brook.
Drainage
Drainage ranges from moderately well forthe Peters Arm soils to imperfect for the Milord Arm soils. Poorly drained areas occur within this map unit quite frequently, especially in depressions and lower slope positions. These areas are occupied by the Gills Point soils. The imperfectly and poorly drained soils have water moving laterally over a somewhat cemented subsoil, when they occur on slopes.
Vegetation
Forest types on these map units are mostly kalmia-black spruce forests on the drier sites and sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forests on the wetter sites having stagnating ground water. These forest types consist of open black spruce stands with balsam fir being present in almost all stands. The balsam fir is usually stunted when on the wetter sites, where it occurs in combination with larch. Alder-black spruce swamps occur on poorly drained sites with seepage water. They consist ofblack spruce with an open shrub layer ofpoorly growing alder. Scattered larch and_single stunted balsam fir occur.
Soil classification
The Peters Arm soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol and the Milord Arm soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol. Range in characteristics
Peters Arm soils occupy 60 to 70% of the map unit. They have a 5 to 10 cm thick organic surface horizon, overlying a grayish leached Ae horizon of varying thickness and varying textures. The underlying Bfhorizon ranges in texture from gravelly loamy sand to very gravelly sandy loam. This horizon grades into coarser textured massive BC and C horizons which are often slightly cemented by silica. Stone content ofthese soils is usually moderate. The Milord Arm soils occupy approximately 30 to 405 ofthe map unit while the Gills Point soils occupy the remaining 10% ofthe map unit. The Milord Arm soils differ from the Peters Arm soils in that they have relatively thick (10-20 cm) organic surface horizons and yellowish brown mottling which starts at about 20 cm below the surface. The poorly drained Gills Point soils resemble the Milord Arm soils, except for slightly darker matrix colors and mottling which starts immediately under the surface.
Associated soils
Muddy Hole Brook soils occur in areas with ponding. They have a thick (10-40 cm) layer of moderately to highly decomposed sedge, moss and woody peat, overlying a dark grayish subsoil. The Muddy Hole Brook soils are described in more detail in the section for the Muddy Hole Brook Milord Arm map unit. Good to rapidly drained High Point soils, and imperfectly to poorly drained Porters Cove soils occur where solum textures are coarser than sandy loam to loamy sand. Their properties are described under the sections for the High Point map unit and the Porters Cove map unit respectively.
PETERS POND MAP UNIT (380 ha)
Location
Peters Pond soils are mainly found west of Phillips Head and east of Mill Pond. The Peters Pond map unit usually occurs in similar areas where the Coopers Pond map unit has been mapped.
Parent Material
Peters Pond soils have developed from very shallow (20-50 cm) till veneers over bedrock. The coarse textured till has been derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts of granites, shales, slates and volcanic rocks. These soils are exceedingly channery and stony, with a high proportion of flagstones. They usually contain much mica throughout the profile.
Topography
The topography of the Peters Pond soils is that of the underlying bedrock-hummocky with relatively short and steep slopes ranging from 10 to 30%. South of Milord Arm these soils are associated with a crag-and-tail deposit. - 73-
Drainage
Peters Pond soils are moderately well to imperfectly drained, with ground water moving laterally over the bedrock.
Vegetation
Vegetation ofthe Peters Pond map unit is very similar to that of the Coopers Pond map unit, which is the black spruce-moss forest type. Balsam fir and white birch are common occurrences . Large areas have been logged and invasion ofthese areas by dwarf shrubs slows down regeneration ofthe forest.
Soil classification
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
Solum thickness, which coincides with the depth to bedrock, ranges from 20 to 50 cm. Thickness ofthe organic surface horizon is usually about 5 cm. The underlying leached Ae horizon ranges in thickness from 5 to 10 cm. Texture ofthe Ae horizon is gravelly fine sandy loam. Beneath this are one or two Bf horizons with textures ranging from very channery sandy loam to very channery coarse sandy loam. Proportion of channery coarse fragments increases with depth. The lower B horizon or BC horizon usually has much fragmented bedrock. Faint mottling occurs immediately above the bedrock and may be observed throughout the profile for the wetter sites.
Associated soils
Phillips Head soils occur in wetter positions in the landscape, such as depressions and lower slopes where seepage water, running over the bedrock, collects. Coopers Pond soils are found on some middle slope positions were the till is deeper. Whetstone Hill soils occur in wetter depressions, and on lower slopes with a more than 50 cm deep till overburden. Properties ofthese associated soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions.
PHILLIPS HEAD MAP UNIT (342 ha)
Location
The Phillips Head map unit occurs predominantly west and south west ofPhillips Head, with its main concentration along the coast between Phillips Head and Northern Arm. - 74-
Parent Material
The Phillips Head soils have developed in similar material as the Peters Pond soils; very shallow (20-50 cm), coarse textured till veneer, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts of granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks.
Topography
The topography of the Phillips Head soils is strongly controlled by the underlying bedrock. Along the coast, southwest of Phillips Head, they occur on moderate to strongly sloping terrain (10- 30%) which slopes towards the coast. In more inland positions these soils occur on middle and lower slopes ofhummocky terrain.
Drainage
These soils are generally in a receiving position for seepage water and surface runoff moving down the slope. Due to their shallow nature and their position in the landscape, they are poorly drained.
Vegetation
The black spruce-balsam fir-white birch forest is dominant on these soils. Despite their shallowness and wetness, these soils often support productive stands, a result of nutrient rich water seeping from upper slopes. Sphagnum mosses form the ground cover ofthis forest type.
Soil classification
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol or Gleyed Dystric Brunisol, very shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 50 cm depending on the depth to bedrock. Thickness of the organic surface horizon is usually around 10 cm. Underneath the organic surface horizon is a relatively thick (10-20 cm) leached Ae horizon with distinct mottling. Texture of this horizon is usually finer than that of the underlying B horizons, and may range from fine sandy loam to silt loam. B horizons are usually dull reddish brown to grayish brown. Faint mottling may be present. Often these horizons are saturated with water for such long periods that mottling may not be apparent. Textures ofthe solum range from very channery sandy loam to very channery coarse sandy loam. Proportions of channery coarse fragments increase with depth. These soils often contain a very high amount of cobbles and flagstones throughout the profile, with fragmented bedrock occurring immediately above the bedrock.
Associated soils
Peters Pond soils occur in drier positions in the landscape, such as tops of hummocks, upper slope positions and crests ofridges. Whetstone Hill soils occur in areas where the till overburden
- 75-
is more than 50 cm deep. Dogberry Brook soils are found when shallow sedge, moss and woody peat has formed in depressions where seepage water and surface water stagnates or moves very slowly . Properties of these soils are described in their respective single and complex map unit descriptions.
PITTS POND MAP UNIT (256 ha)
Location
This map unit occurs northeast of Point Leamington and south and east ofMill Pond.
Parent material
The Pitts Pond soils have developed in deep well stratified, glaciofluvial sands and gravels of mixed lithologic origin.
Topography
The position and morphology of the deposits, occupied by the Pitts Pond map unit, indicates that they may be remnants of a kame terrace. They border a major valley train and could have been formed between a large valley glacier and the valley wall. These remnants of a kame terrace are eroded and dissected, resulting in a hummocky and undulating topography with slopes ranging from 0.5% to 5%.
Drainage
The soils ofthis map unit are generally well drained. Their coarse textured nature gives them good internal drainage but leaves them susceptible to drought.
Vegetation/land use
The major foresttypes on this map unit are kalmia-black spruce and black spruce-moss forests. These forest types consist ofan open black spruce stand with balsam fir as subdominant tree species. The kalmia-black spruce forests have a ground cover of dwarf shrubs, dominated by kalmia angustifolia. The black spruce-moss forests have a thick moss layer as ground cover with Pleurozium schreberi as the most abundant moss. Logging has occurred throughout this map unit. Northeast of Point Leamington areas have been cleared for agriculture. These soils, although low in fertility and susceptible to drought, are easy to manage and sustain moderate yields in years of normal rainfall. -
Soil classification
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol or Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol.
- 76-
Range in characteristics
The surface horizons of Pitts Pond soils often show little evidence of stratification and have finer textures compared to their parent materials, which are coarse textured and highly stratified. Upper horizons often resemble till in fabric, content of angular stones and uniformity. Pitts Pond soils have organic surface horizons ofvarying thickness, depending on the vegetation and forest type occurring on the soil. The underlying leached Ae horizon is usually thin (2-5 cm), and has a loam texture. The Bf horizons are often slightly cemented and extend 30 to more than 50 cm deep. Textures ofthe B horizons range from sandy loam to sand, depending upon the stratification ofthe deposit. The Bfhorizons grade into an often slightly cemented BC horizon and then into a stratified C horizon. However, the BC horizon may be absent. These soils are generally very cobbly but they do not contain high proportions of stones (rock fragments larger than 15 cm in diameter).
Associated soils
Imperfectly drained Point Leamington soils occur on lower slopes. Their properties are described in the section for the Point Leamington map unit. Poorly drained soils occur in depressions and on flat areas where water from upland areas stagnates. These soils have thick organic surface horizons (10-30 cm) overlying a dull gray, mottled, leached Ae horizon. The B horizons are also dull in color and often contain more organic matter than the Pitts Pond soils.
POINT LEAMINGTON-SOUTH WEST ARM MAP UNIT (113 ha)
Location
The Point Leamington-South West Arm map unit occurs along the east shore of South West Arm and in a small area south of Mill Pond.
Parent Material
They have developed in deep, well stratified, glaciofluvial sands and gravels of mixed lfhologic origin.
Topography
This map unit occupies a coastal terrace where deposition by glacial outwash predominates over marine deposition. It also occurs on remnants of a kame terrace in the New Bay River valley. The terraces are generally eroded, resulting in a hummocky to undulating topography with slopes ranging from 0.5% to 5%. Shale rock outcrops are common in this map unit east of Point Leamington. - 77-
Drainage
The soils of the Point Leamington-South West Arm map unit are generally imperfectly to poorly drained. Well drained soils occur mainly on upper slope positions and tops ofhummocks. Seepage is generally absent and water table levels experience considerable seasonal changes.
Vegetation
Dominant forest types ofthis map unit are the sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forests and the alder-black spruce swamps. The first type occurs on imperfectly to poorly drained sites with stagnation ofnutrient-poor water and considerable seasonal changes in water level. It consists of an open stand of black spruce with scattered larch and stunted balsam fir and a ground cover of dwarf shrubs, dominated by kalmia angustifolia. The moss layer consists of mostly sphagnum mosses. The alder-black spruce swamps occur in areas bordering uplands where seepage water contributes to the nutrient content ofthe soil water. They differ from the sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forest in that they have an open shrub layer of poorly growing alder. Wet alder swamps occur as poorly and very poorly drained sites. They consist of dense and vigorous speckled alder shrub with scattered balsam fir, black spruce, red maple and balsam poplar. Logging has occurred in this map unit and small plots have been cleared and are used as pastures and hayland.
Soil classification
The Point Leamington soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol and the South West arm soils are classified as Orthic Gleysol.
Range in characteristics
The imperfectly drained Point Leamington soils occupy approximately 60% to 70% ofthe map unit consisting ofsphagnum moss and sedges. These soils have a thick (10-30 cm) organic surface horizon overlying a very thin dull gray, often slightly mottled leached Ae horizon, which may be absent. The B horizons are dull in color and are often relatively high in organic matter. These grade into mottled BC and C horizons. The upper 30 to 50 cm are usually finer textured than the underlying, stratified parent material and often resemble till in fabric, uniformity and content of angular stones. Textures ofthese horizons are usually very gravelly sandy loam to loam. Textures ofthe subsoil vary considerably due to the stratified nature ofthe deposit, and may range from sands and gravels to very gravelly loam. The poorly drained South West Arm soils resemble the Point Leamington soils closely, except for amore prominent mottling in the Ae horizon. Stone and cobble content of the profile as well as surface stoniness for the Point Leamington-South West Arm map unit vary considerably even over short distances and range from slightly stony to exceedingly stony.
Associated soils
Very poorly drained soils occur throughout the map unit in depressions and lower slope positions. These soils have a 10 to 60 cm thick, usually highly decomposed woody fen peat layer over a dark brown to dark grayish, reduced mineral subsoil. Texture ofthe subsoil may range from sands and gravels to loam, but more often is a loamy coarse sand. Water tables of these soils are -7s- often at or near the surface but may be as deep as 50 cm below the surface during prolonged dry periods. Well drained Pitts Pond soils occur on better drained sites, such as tops of hummock and upper slope positions. Their properties are described in the section for the Pitts Pond map unit.
PORTERS COVE MAP UNIT (56 ha)
Location
The Porters Cove soils are the poorly drained member of the High Point catena. They occur behind the residential area ofNorthern Arm and on the river terraces along Northern Arm Brook.
Parent Material
The soils have developed from deep glaciofluvial sands and gravels, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites and volcanic rocks.
Topography
The Porters Cove map unit occurs on glaciofluvial or fluvial, level, river terraces and on the eroded and dissected glacio-fluvial delta of the Northern Arm Brook. Land form of this delta is hummocky with slopes ranging from 2% to 5%.
Drainage
These soils are generally poorly to imperfectly drained due to ponding ofwater flowing from upland areas.
Vegetation
Immature stands of balsam fir and open stands of black spruce shrub occur on this map unit. Some small stands of overmature black spruce can be found on the imperfectly drained sites. Parts of the map unit have been cleared previously, however, much of this has been invaded by alder shrub.
Soil classification
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Range in characteristics
Organic surface horizon is generally relatively thick (10-30 cm). Underneath is a 10 to 20 cm thick, grayish brown to pale brown Ae horizon which may or may not have mottles, overlying mottled Bf horizons. When cultivated, a 10 to 20 cm thick dark brown to brown mineral-organic surface horizon overlies an often relatively thin (less than 10 cm) pale brown Ae horizon. Textures ofthe B horizons vary considerably from gravelly coarse sands to gravelly sandy clay loams. The - 79-
B horizons grade into coarse textured, grayish, reduced BC and C horizons. Mottling is often absent in this subsoil because ofthe permanent waterlogged condition. Surface stoniness ranges from very to exceedingly stony.
Associated soils
Very poorly drained Muddy Hole Brook and well drained High Point soils occur within the Porters Cove map unit. The Muddy Hole Brook soils occupy depressions where water tables are at or near the surface. They have a 10 to 40 cm thick organic surface layer consisting ofmoderately to highly decomposed sedge, moss and woody peat, overlying a dark grayish permanently waterlogged, coarse textured mineral subsoil. The well drained HighPoint soils occupy the tops ofthe hummocks and ridges. Properties for the Muddy Hole Brook and High Point soils are described in the sections for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm and High Point map units.
RED CLIFF POND MAP UNIT (150 ha)
Location
The Red CliffPond map unit has been identified in approximately 20 locations throughout the map area. This map unit occurs on fens which are usually between 5 and 15 ha large.
Parent Material
The soils ofthis map unit are developed from the growth and decomposition of sedges with some grasses (Eriophorum spp. and sphagnum mosses, on very poorly drained sites which are influenced by relatively nutrient-rich ground waters).
Topography
They occur predominantly on slope fens which have developed in depressions . Slopes range from 0.5% to 2.5% and occasionally up to 5%.
Drainage
The map unit is poorly to very poorly drained with water tables at or near the surface. Open water, locally called "flashets" occur.
Vegetation
The vegetation consists predominantly of sedges, grasses (Eriophorum spp) and sphagnum mosses which occur on small hummocks. Scattered larch and juniper are usually present.
Soil classification
Typic Mesisol and Fibric Mesisol. - 80-
Range in characteristics
These soils resemble the Mint Pond soils except for the depth ofthepeat material which ranges between 160 and 300 cm, occasionally even deeper. A 10 to 30 cm thick surface layer ofvery weakly to weakly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat overlies weakly to moderately to strongly decomposed and matted sedge peat. Sedge leaves and Eriophorum plant remains are readily identifiable and the peat material contains a large amount ofvery fine sedge and Eriophorum roots. Decomposition of the peat material generally increases with depth. The texture of the substrate ranges from very gravelly loamy sand to gravelly silt loam and is often very to exceedingly stony and cobbly. Occasionally, fractured bedrock forms the substrate.
Associated soils
Mint Pond soils are often found within the Red Cliff Pond map unit. They occur where the depth to the mineral substrate is less than 160 cm. Mint Pond soils are described in the section for the Mint Pond map unit.
SHARRONS POND MAP UNIT (89 ha)
Location
This map unit has been identified in only two places; on the Burnt Arm peninsula and just east ofNorthern Arm.
Parent Material
The soils of Sharrons Pond map unit are developed from the growth and decomposition of mainly sphagnum mosses, with small amounts ofmaterial from ericaceous shrub, spruce and larch. They have developed on poorly and very poorly drained sites with nutrient-poor ground water.
Topography
The map unit occurs on horizontal to slightly domed bogs. They have no pond development . Slopes ranges from 0% to 25%.
Drainage
They are poorly to imperfectly drained, with water table levels ranging from 10 to 30 cm below the surface.
Vegetation
The vegetation ofthis map unit consists of a ground cover of sphagnum mosses with some sedges and a dense ericaceous shrub layer consisting ofbog laurel and sheep laurel. Stunted black spruce is always present. - 8 1-
Soil classification
Terric Fibrisol, Terric Humic Fibrisol.
Range in characteristics
Thickness of the peat deposit ranges from 60 to 160 cm. A 10 to 20 cm thick surface layer consisting ofalmost undecomposed, sphagnum mossesoverlies very weakly to weakly decomposed fibrous sphagnum peat. Often a layer ofmoderately to strongly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat overlies the mineral substrate. The substrate consists ofglaciofluvial gravelly loamy sands and sands.
Associated soils
Muddy Hole Brook soils occur where the peat material is less than 60 cm thick. These soils consist ofa moderately decomposed layer of sphagnum and sedge peat overlying a grayish, reduced loamy sand to sandy substrate. Mint Pond soils occur where the peat material is more decomposed. Their properties are described in the sections for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm and Mint Pond map units.
TURTLE CREEK - NEW BAY RIVER MAP UNIT (160 ha)
Location
This map unit occurs east of Brown's Arm and northeast and east of Rowsell's Lake. It is a complex map unit consisting ofthe very shallow lithic Turtle Creek soils and the shallow lithic New Bay River soils. The Turtle Creek soils occupy 60% of this map unit, the New Bay River soils occupy the remainder.
Parent Material
These soils have developed in shallow to moderately deep, coarse textured till derived predominantly from medium grained granites, granodiorites, diorites, volcanic rocks and varying amounts of reddish sandstone. They are usually very to extremely stony in the profile as well as on the surface, with many granitic boulders.
Topography
Landforms of this map unit consist oftill veneers over hummocky and ridged bedrock with gentle to extreme slopes. Bedrock outcrops are abundant. Hummocks and ridges are irregularly distributed, with many shallow peat deposits in between granitic, volcanic and dioritic bedrock outcrops with or without a thick moss cover. - 82-
Drainage
Drainage is dominantly moderately well for both soils, with occasional seepage occurring over the bedrock. These soils occur on the tops and sides ofthe hummocks and ridges. Poorly and very poorly drained conditions prevail on the lower slopes and in the depressions between hummocks and ridges.
Vegetation
Open stands of black spruce with poorly developed balsam fir constitute the dominant vegetation ofthe map unit. White birch and larch are common occurrences withthe larch occupying the poorly drained lower slope position. Ericaceous species such as Labrador tea, bog laurel, sheep laurel and leather leaf dominate the shrub layer.
Soil classification
The Turtle Creek soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithic phase. The New Bay River soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 50 cm for the Turtle Creek soils and from 50 to 100 cm for the New Bay River soils. Thickness of the organic surface horizon varies from 5 to 20 cm. The texture ofthe solum varies from loamy sands to sandy loam, with high amounts of angular gravel. The texture of the grayish, leached Ae horizon is usually finer. Often a layer of bedrock rubble overlies the bedrock. Mottling occurs immediately above the bedrock or bedrock rubble. These soils often contain a high proportion ofmaterial derived from reddish sandstone, and distinction of these soils from Peters Pond and Coopers Pond soils can be difficult.
Associated soils
Extremely shallow lithic soils and moss overbedrock occur ontop ofthe hummocks andridges and on upper slopes. The extremely shallow lithic soils have a 10 to 20 cm gravelly loamy sand till layer over the bedrock. Their organic surface horizon consists of mosses and forest litter. These soils are usually well drained. Poorly drained soils occur on lower slope positions and depressions. These soils are characterized by thick (20-30 cm) organic surface horizons consisting ofdominantly sphagnum mosses, overlying dark gray to very dark gray colored very gravelly and very to exceedingly stony sandy loam. Textures of the underlying parent material, if present, vary from gravelly loamy sands to angular gravels. - 83-
WHETSTONE HILL MAP UNIT (83 ha)
Location
The Whetstone Hill map unit occurs in three locations: east of South West Arm, southwest of Phillips Head and east of Rowsell's Lake.
Parent Material
These soils have developed in 50 to 100 cm deep, moderately stony, gravelly and channery, coarse textured till, derived from reddish sandstone, shale, slate, volcanic rock and some granites, overlying bedrock.
Topography
The topography ofthe Whetstone Hill mapunit is largely controlled by the underlying bedrock. The soils occupy hummocky terrain with slopes ranging from 2 to 9%. Rock outcrops are common within the map unit.
Drainage
The Whetstone Hill map unit is poorly drained with the bedrock or a slightly cemented and compacted subsoil impeding downward movement of water. These soils have stagnating or very slowly moving water near the surface for most ofthe year.
Vegetation
The dominant forest type of this map unit is the sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forest, consisting of black spruce with balsam fir and often white birch and larch. Pure stands of balsam fir occur on somewhat drier sites, with more pronounced seepage. Black spruce shrub and alder black spruce forests occupy depressional areas on gentle slopes, and bog borders where seepage water is present.
Soil classification
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
Whetstone Hill soils have a relatively thin (10-15 cm) organic surface horizon, compared to the poorly drained, deeper Norris Arm soils of the same soil association. These overlie relatively thin (5-10 cm) grayish leached Ae horizons with distinct to prominent reddish mottles. This Ae horizon is often discontinuous and broken up by the red sandstone flagstones which are abundant immediately below the surface, and often continue in layers down into the Bfand BC horizons. Bf and BC horizons are usually dull colored with distinct to prominent reddish and grayish mottles and streaks. They merge into the C horizon which is often slightly compacted and cemented and which - 84- has high amounts ofrock fragments from the underlying bedrock rubble. These soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions. These soils are very stony with red sandstone flagstones and granitic cobbles and stones in the upper part of the profile and bedrock rubble lower in the profile.
Associated soils
Coopers Pond soils occur in dryer positions in the landscape such as middle and upper slopes of hummocks. The very shallow lithic Peters Pond and Phillips Head soils occur where bedrock is closer to the surface. These soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions. Rock outcrops occur in the Whetstone Hill map unit.
WISEMAN HEAD MAP UNIT (769 ha)
Location
The Wiseman Head map unit occurs throughout the mapping area, where areas of ridged and hummocky bedrock occur at the surface.
Parent Material
The soils of the map unit have developed from 10 cm or more organic material derived from forest litter and mosses over the bedrock.
Topography
These soils occur on ridged, hummocky and steeply sloping bedrock outcrops with very steep to extreme slopes ranging from 45 to more than 100%.
Drainage
The soils are generally moderately well to well drained on the crests and upper slopes and imperfectly to poorly drained on the middle and lower slopes of the ridges and hummocks.
Vegetation
Natural vegetation consists of stunted black spruce with very little balsam fir and a thick feather moss ground cover. On the sides of the slopes, where a thin layer of glacial till has accumulated and nutrient rich seepage water occurs over the bedrock, the more productive balsam fir- black spruce forests have developed. On the more poorly drained lower slopes, larch and sheep laurel are found.
Due to the shallow nature ofthe soil, rooting depth is severely restricted. Tree roots generally follow shallow infilled pockets and crevasses in the bedrock and are often partially exposed. - 85-
Soil classification
Hemic Folisol or Orthic Regosol, extremely shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
The Wiseman Head soils consist of a 10 to 20 cm thick layer of weakly to moderately decomposed forest litter and mosses over bedrock. A thin layer, less than 20 cm thick, of mineral soil often occurs between the bedrock and the organic material (Fig. 12). The texture ofthis material may range from silt loam to coarse sand, depending on the lithology of the underlying bedrock. These soils are generally very to exceedingly stony.
Associated soils
Soils consisting of a very thin (10-20 cm) veneer of till over bedrock occur in the Wiseman Head map unit. On lower slope positions where drainage is poor, a thin layer of organic material derived from sphagnum mosses and feather mosses occur, overlying less than 20 cm grayish till over bedrock. Exposed bedrock is common throughout the map unit.
WISEMAN HEAD-BARRY'S POND MAP UNIT (7 ha)
Location
This map unit is a complex ofrock outcrops and very shallow soils. It occurs in an area which stretches from Brown's Arm to Laurenceton. Rock outcrops occupy approximately 60 to 70% ofthe map unit, 20 to 30% of the map unit consists of the very shallow Barry's Pond soils and the remainder consists of the poorly drained Crow Cliff soils.
Parent Material
Soils occurring in this map unit have developed in a less than 50\cm, medium to moderately coarse textured, thick till veneer over bedrock. This till veneer has been derived from shale, slate, sandstone and siltstone. These soils usually contain a high proportion of slaty and shale fragments. The underlying bedrock is often fragmented. They have high amounts of stones, cobbles and boulders. The Rock outcrops are usually covered with organic material derived predominantly from mosses with minor amounts of forest litter such as needles, leaves, twigs and branches.
Topography
The map unit occupies terrain that is dominated by rock ridges with steep and very steep slopes. Shallow and deep, poorly and very poorly drained organic soils occur in between the ridges and hummocks. - 86-
Drainage
Drainage of the map unit ranges from well to very poor depending on the position in the landscape. Soils occurring on top of ridges and hummocks, and on upper slopes are generally moderately well drained. Those occurring on lower slopes and in the depressions in between hummocks and ridges are usually poorly to very poorly drained.
Vegetation
Pleurozium and Hylocomium - balsam fir forests are the dominant forest types on this map unit. They occupy well to imperfectly drained sites with shallow and very shallow soils, where rooting is restricted. These forest types consists of dense, poorly growing, balsam fir forests with scattered white birch and black spruce. Abundance of Pleurozium and Hvlocomium is greatly influenced by soil drainage, stand density and air humidity. The growth ofdense young stands has often stagnated. Tops ofhummocks and crests ofridges, have a sparse growth ofblack spruce shrub growing in a moss layer which is dominated by Reindeer lichen Cladonia ran iferina). The black spruce originates mainly from layers. The shallow organic deposits support black spruce swamps, alder-black spruce swamps and alder swamps. They consist ofwell to poorly growing black spruce and speckled alder shrub with scatted larch and single stunted balsam fir.
Soil classification
Wiseman Head soils are classified as Hemic Folisols or Orthic Regosols, extremely lithic phase. The Barry's Pond soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric and Orthic Ferro-Humic, very shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
Rock outcrop with athick cover ofmosses and raw humus and the Wiseman Head soils occupy 60 to 70% ofthe map unit. The moderately well drained Barry's Pond soils and the imperfectly to poorly drained Crow Cliff soils occur mainly on middle and lower slope positions where soil depths range from 20 to 50 cm. These soils cover approximately 30 to 40% of the map unit. Wiseman Head soils occupy sites with a soil depth of less than 20 cm. Barry's Pond soils have a 5 to 10 cm thick organic surface layer overlying a relatively thin (less than 10 cm) grayish leached Ae horizon with a fine loamy texture. The underlying B horizon may range in texture from gravelly loam to gravelly clay loamand sometimes clay. Occasionally a dark colored, organic matter richBhfhorizon occurs below the Ae horizon. Faint mottling often occurs immediately above the bedrock. These soils have high proportions of shaly and slaty rock fragments. Crow Cliffsoils resemble the Barry's Pond soils, except for somewhat duller colors and mottling which start between 10 to 20 cm below the surface. The Wiseman Head soils have a solum thickness ofless than 20 çm. They usually have a 10 to 15 cm thick organic surface horizon, consisting ofweakly to moderately decomposed mosses and forest litter, overlying very gravelly and slaty or shaly loam to silt loam, which is usually mottled. Soil development ofthese soils is usually restricted due to their shallowness . - 87-
Associated soils
Bulley's Cove and Mint Pond soils occur in the depressions in between rock ridges and hummocks, where peat has formed. Bulley's Cove soils consist of a 20 to 40 cm thick layer of moderately decomposed mosses over a thin veneer of gravelly loam to silt loam or over bedrock. This veneer is usually reduced-gray colored. Mottling is normally absent, due to the permanent waterlogged condition ofthe soil. Properties ofthe Bulley's Cove soil are described in more detail in the section forthe Barry's Pond-Bulley's Cove map unit. MintPond soils occupy areas where peat development is deeper than 40 cm. Their properties are described in the section for the Mint Pond map unit.
WISEMAN HEAD-COOPERS POND MAP UNIT (822 ha)
Location
This complex map unit consists mainly ofrock outcrop land interspersed with shallow and very shallow soils. It occurs predominantly in an area which forms a large triangle between Phillip's Head, Northern Arm and Rowsell Lake.
Parent Material
The soils that occur in this map unit have developed in a less than 100 cm thick moderately stony, gravelly and channery, coarse textured till, derived from reddish sandstone and varying amounts of shaly, slaty, volcanic and granitic rock, which overlies bedrock. Rock outcrops are usually covered with organic material derived from mosses, with minor amounts ofneedles, leaves, twigs and branches.
Topography
The map unit occupies hummocky and ridged rockland with gentle to very strong slopes. Shallow and very shallow soils occur dominantly on the gentle to moderate slopes. Organic deposits have formed in the depressions in between the hummocks and ridges.
Drainage
Drainage of the map unit ranges from good to very poor depending on the position in the landscape. Soils on top ofthe ridges and hummocks are generally well drained. Soils occurring on lower slopes and in depressions in between the hummocks and ridges are poorly and very poorly drained. Seepage occurs over the bedrock on the slopes.
Vegetation
The dominant forest type on this map unit is the black spruce-moss forest. It consists ofa well stocked black spruce stand with white birch and scattered balsam fir, with a thick moss layer, dominated by Pleurozium or Hylocomium, the abundance of which is influenced by soil drainage, - 88- stand density and air humidity. This forest type occurs under a wide variety of soil conditions. Upper and middle slopes support black spruce forests on the shallow and very shallow soils with seepage over bedrock. Tops of rock ridges and hummocks support a black spruce stand which originates mainly from layers. The soil consists of a thick layer ofraw humus overlying the bedrock which is sometimes covered with a thin layer (less than 20 cm) oftill. Black spruce swamps, alder- blackspruce swamps and alder swamps occupy the shallowto deep organic deposits in between rock outcrops and hummocks. These forest types consist of well to poorly growing black spruce with a shrub layer of speckled alder and with scattered larch and single stunted balsam fir.
Soil classification
Wiseman Head soils are classified as Hemic Folisols or Orthic Regosols, extremely lithic phase. The Coopers Pond soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
Red sandstone and volcanic bedrock outcrop with a thick cover of weakly to moderately decomposed mosses and forest litter occupy 60% to 70% ofthe map unit. These are identified as the Wiseman Head soils. They usually occur on strong to steep slopes, with stones and boulders.
The Coopers Pond soils occupy 30 to 40% ofthe map unit. They usually have a relatively thin, grayish leached Ae horizonwith a distinct reddish tinge overlying very stony, gravelly and channery sandy loam B horizons. The Ae and upper B horizon often have finer textures, ranging from silt loam to very fine sandy loam. The lower B horizon grades into a somewhat compacted BC horizon which overlies the bedrock. These soils usually contain much mica throughout the profile. Solum depth ofthe Coopers Pond soils usually ranges from 50 cm to 70 cm. Peters Pond soils occur where depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 50 cm. These soils occur extensively in association with the Coopers Pond soils. Their soil characteristics are much the same as those for the Coopers Pond soils, except for a higher content ofchannery coarse fragments. The lower B horizon or BC horizon usually contains much fragmented bedrock. Faint mottling occurs immediately above the bedrock. The Coopers Pond soils and Peters Pond soils are generally very to extremely stony and cobbly, often with red sandstone flagstones lying horizontally underneath the organic surface layer.
Associated soils
The poorly drained Whetstone Hill and Phillips Head soils occur extensively in middle and lower slope positions, where seepage water occurs on top ofthe bedrock or compacted BC horizon. These soils have an organic surface layer which is usually around 10 cm thick, overlying a relatively thick (10-20 cm) leached Ae horizon with distinct mottling. Textures ofthis horizon range from fine sandy loam to silt loam. The underlying B horizons are usually dull colored with faint mottling. Often the mottling is absent due to prolonged reduced conditions. Solum depths ranges from 50 to 100 cm for the Whetstone Hill soils and from 20 to 50 cm for the Phillips Head soils. These soils have very to exceedingly high stone contents, often with bleached sandstone flagstones lying immediately under the organic surface layer. Properties of the Phillips Head and Whetstone Hill soils are described inmore detail in the sections for their respective map unit descriptions. Two Mile Brook, Dogberry Brook and Mint Pond soils occur in depressions in between the hummocks and - 89- ridges. Two Mile Brook soils consist of a less than 60 cm thick layer of slightly decomposed peat derived predominantly from sphagnum mosses and sedges. The Dogberry Brook soils have a less than 40 cm thick peat layer consisting of moderately to well decomposed sedge, moss, grass and woody peat. Underneath the peat layer, both soils have a thin, reduced gray colored, till veneer over the bedrock. Sometimes a very dark brownto almost black B horizon, high in organic matter, occurs immediately below the peat overburden. Properties of the Two Mile Brook and Dogberry Brook soils are described in more detail in the section for the Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour map unit. Mint Pond soils occur where peat development is deeper. Their properties are described in the section for the Mint Pond map unit.
WISEMAN HEAD-MICHAEL'S HARBOUR MAP UNIT (567 ha)
Location
The Wiseman Head-Michael's Harbour map unit occurs in several locations around Burnt Arm and north ofNorthern Arm.
Parent Material
Wiseman Head soils have developed in a thick (more than 20 cm) layer of forest litter and mosses over bedrock. Michael's Harbour soils have developed in a more than 40 cm thick layer of hydrophytic vegetation such as sedges, grasses and mosses.
Topography
The Wiseman Head-Michael's Harbour map unit is dominated by bedrock ridges and dykes with very strong slopes. The Wiseman Head soils occur on the middle and lower slopes ofthe rock ridges. Michael's Harbour soils occur in the bowl and sloping fens found in the depressions in between the ridges.
Drainage
Wiseman Head soils are generally moderately well to well drained due to their position on the slopes. The organic Michael's Harbour soils are very poorly drained with water table levels at or near the surface.
Vegetation
The vegetation on these soils is dominated by ericaceous shrub such as bog laurel, sheep laurel, leatherleaf and Labrador tea and by stunted black spruce trees or shrub. Fen vegetation such as sedges and grasses, together with ericaceous shrubs and larch dominate the vegetation of the fens. Reindeer lichen cover most of the crests ofthe rock ridges. - 90-
Soil classification
Wiseman Head soils are classified as Hemic Folisols and Orthic Regosols, extremely shallow. Michael's Harbour soils are classified as Typic and Fibric Humisols.
Range in characteristics
The Wiseman Head soils occupy approximately 50 to 60% of the map unit. They consist of a 10 to 20 cm thick layer ofweakly to moderately decomposed forest litter and mosses over bedrock. A thin layer of mineral soil, less than 20 cm thick, often occurs immediately below the organic material. These soils are generally very stony with many boulders. The Michael's Harbour soils occupy approximately 40 to 50% ofthe map unit. Thickness of the Michael's Harbour soils ranges from 40 to more than 120 cm. The surface layers usually consists ofweakly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat or matted sedge peat. Underneath is a strongly to very strongly decomposed black colored, slightly greasy sedge and woody peat over the bedrock.
Associated soils
Bare rock and rock covered with Reindeer lichen and feather mosses, as well as soils consisting ofa 10 to 50 cm thick veneer of glacial till occur within the map unit.
WISEMAN HEAD-TURTLE CREEK MAP UNIT (132 ha)
Location
This complex map unit occurs north and west of Rowsell's Lake.
Parent Material
Wiseman Head soils have developed from forest litter and mosses over bedrock. Turtle Creek soils have developed from a thin veneer (20-50 cm) of till derived predominantly from medium grained granites, granodiorites, diorites and volcanic rocks and various amounts of reddish sandstone.
Topography
This map unit occupies areas where hummocky bedrock outcrops with strong slopes are dominant. Slopes range from 15% to 30%.
Drainage
The Wiseman Head-Turtle Creek map unit is generally moderately well to well drained. Wetter areas occur in depressions between rock outcrops, where runoff water accumulates and on lower slopes. - 91-
Vegetation
The vegetation consists ofblack spruce with very little balsam fu. The black spruce originates mainly from layering. In areas where a thin layer of till exists, often the more productive black spruce-balsam fir forests have developed. Tamarack and ericaceous shrub exist on the more poorly drained sites. White birch occurs scattered throughout the area.
Soil classification
Wiseman Head soils are classified as Hemic Folisols and Orthic Regosols, extremely shallow lithic phase. Turtle Creek soils are classified as very shallow lithic Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols, very shallow lithic phase.
Range in characteristics
The Wiseman Head soils consist ofa 10 to 20 cm thick layer of forest litter and mosses over bedrock. A thin layer ofmineral soil, less than 20 cm thick often occurs between the organic surface layer and the bedrock. This layer usually consists of very coarse sand derived mainly from the granitic and granodioritic bedrock underneath. These soils occupy approximately 60% ofthe map unit. The Turtle Creek soils occupy approximately 60% of the map unit. These soils have a 20 to 50 cm thick layer of till between the organic surface horizon and the bedrock. Thickness of the organic surface horizon varies from 5 to 20 cm. The texture ofthe underlying soil is generally very gravelly loamy sand to sandy loam. The gravel is angular in shape. A layer ofbedrock rubble often overlies the bedrock. Mottling occurs immediately above the bedrock or bedrock rubble. These soils often contain high proportions of material derived from reddish sandstone and distinction of these soils from Peters Pond soils can be difficult. The Turtle Creek soils occupy approximately 40% ofthe map unit. They are generally very stony and bouldery. Rock outcrops occupy 25 to 50% ofthe area covered by Turtle Creek soils.
Associated soils
Shalloworganic soils such as Michael's Harbour soils and Mint Pond soils occur in depressions between the hummocks where surface runoff water and seepage water collects. Michael's Harbour and Mint Pond soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions.
PART TWO
INTERPRETATION OF MAP UNITS FOR VARIOUS USES
Suitability rating system of mineral soil map units for farmland, woodland, recreation and source of material
The map units are rated according to their degree of suitability for various uses, by evaluating soil properties that influence the various uses. Four degrees of soil suitability are used:
- 92-
Good - The map unit is suitable for a particular use. The soils ofthe map unit are relatively free ofproblems or limitations, or, ifthey exist, they can be easily overcome.
Fair - The map unit is marginally suitable for a particular use. The soils of the map unit have problems or limitations which can be overcome with good management and careful design. Input costs should be carefully assessed.
Poor - The map unit is poorly suited for a particular use. The soils of the map unit have problems or limitations which are severe enough to make use questionable, because ofcosts of overcoming them or ofcontinuing problems expected with such use.
Unsuitable - The map unit is unsuitable for a particular use. The soils of thë map unit have problems or limitations which are so severe, that the input required to utilize the soil is too great to justify the effort under existing conditions.
The map units containing mineral soils have been rated as to their suitability for the following uses : production offorage crops, production ofvegetables (potatoes, cole crops, carrot and parsnip, turnip and rutabagas), septic tank systems, manure and waste application, areatype sanitary landfill, recreation (tent and trailer parks and picnic areas), source material for topsoil and woodland uses (access roads and equipment use). In addition, soil susceptibility to windthrow, erosion and frost action have been estimated for each map unit. Map units made up of organic soils have been rated as to their suitability for agriculture (vegetable production and forage crop production), horticultural peat (peat moss) and fuel peat.
The suitability ratings are based only on soil and landscape characteristics. The ratings indicate the suitability ofthe soils and landscape ofthe map units for various uses. Size and shape ofthe map unit delineations, as they occur on the map, are not taken into consideration. Socio-economic factors, such as availability ofmarkets, development opportunities and recreation potential, are not considered.
These interpretations make it possible to select from the soils map those areas that are best suited for each of the above uses. Allowance must be made for other soils that are included in the map unit. These soils can be identified from the descriptions of "associated soils" in the map unit descriptions in Part One of the report.
Use of the soil suitability tables
The degree of suitability (good, fair, poor or unsuitable) is determined by the most restrictive or severe rating assigned to any of the listed soil properties. The severity of the restriction of individual soil properties can have an accumulative effect, which can downgrade the degree of suitability ofa map unit. This depends on the severity ofthe combined effects ofseveral restrictive soil properties. The decision to downgrade the degree ofsuitability ofa map unit is arbitrary and left up to the discretion ofthe interpreter. - 93-
Limitations of the soil suitability interpretations
One cannot assume that each ofthe major soil properties influencing use has an equal effect. However, the degree to which a soil property influences a particular use has not been taken into account.
Many ofthe major soil properties, used to determine the degree of suitability of a map unit, have been described in literature from outside the island ofNewfoundland, as influencing certain uses.
The class limits for the degree ofsuitability ofindividual soil properties are arbitrary and need to be tested under Newfoundland conditions. The interpretations ofthe soil suitability ofmap units should be viewed as a guide, however, factors not considered in the suitability interpretations may change the suitability of a certain area for a particular use.
Climate is one of the most important factors affecting suitability ratings for crop production. Although it is understood that micro- climatic differences exist in the survey area, due to lack of information, this has not been taken into account.
The good to poor rating of the map units may reflect the best and the poorest soil within the surveyed area. Comparing suitability ratings of map units ofother survey areas may not always be valid.
Soil suitability for farmland
Soil interpretations for farmland have been divided into forage crops and vegetable crops. No ratings were established for pasture lands. The soil suitability criteria for forage crops in Table 6 are based on the "Soil Capability Classification for Agriculture", The CanadaLand Inventory Report No. 2,1965; Queen's Printer, Ottawa. The soil properties used in the ratings are based on limitations recognized at the subclass level, and range limits are set accordingly . Table 7 indicates the suitability of the map units for forage crops.
Because of the variability in soil requirements of vegetable crops, suitability ratings for individual vegetable crops are included. Only the more common vegetable crops, grown on the island ofNewfoundland, are considered. Tables 8,10,12 and 14 give the soil suitability criteria for potatoes, cole crops, carrots and parsnip, and turnips and rutabagas respectively. The soil suitability criteria for these crops are based on the "soil limitations for vegetable crops" as used in "Soils ofthe Rogersville-Richibucto Region ofNew Brunswick, Report No. 9,1983; Min. Supply and Services, Canada" and "Climate and soil requirements for economically important crops in Canada, Min. Supply and Services, Canada."
The soil suitability ratings for farmland deal with the soils ability to produce forage and vegetable crops on a viable commercial basis, using mechanization . Home gardening and small scale market gardening is a different matter. These gardens are relatively small in size, receive more intensive soil manipulation, use more manual labour and most important, are not governed by the "produce or else" aspect ofthe business. Although the interpretations for forage and vegetable crops - 94- can be used as a guide to locate soil units most suitable for home gardens and small market gardens, relatively suitable plots can usually be established within the boundaries of the poorer grade map units.
Tables 9,11,13 and 15 show the soil suitability ratings with an indication ofthe major limiting factor of each map unit (mineral soils) for potatoes, cole crops, carrot and parsnip, and turnip and rutabagas respectively. Table 16 is a summary table of soil suitability for farmland development.
Soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields
Septic tank absorption fields are subsurface systems of tile or perforated pipe that distribute effluent from a septic tank into the natural soil. A septic tank absorption field that is badly designed and located, can lead to considerable nuisance and expense, and may seriously endanger health. In particular the installation must be so planned and built that surface and ground water supplies do not become contaminated and that effluent does not pond on the surface. The depth of the tile line is generally about 50 to 60 cm. Only the soil between 50 cm and 150 cm is considered in making the ratings. Major soil properties affecting the movement of effluent from a septic tank are the permeability ofthe soil between 50 cm and 150 cm (inferred from texture and structure) and slope. Other soil properties, such as depth to bedrock, depth to seasonal high ground water table, depth to impervious layer, drainage, seepage and stoniness are related to the construction and maintenance or the prevention of contamination ofwater supplies.' The criteria for soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields in Table 17 are based on criteria used in the "Guide for Interpreting Engineering Uses of Soils, USDA Soil Conservation Service, 1971" and criteria established by "Wall, G.J. and L.R. Webber (1970). Table 18 indicates the soil suitability ratings given to each map unit with an indication ofthe major limiting factor. - 95-
Table 6. Degrees of soil suitability for forage crops Degree of Suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good Fair Poor Depth to compact or greater than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 cm cemented layer Transmissibility greater than 0.5 cm/h 0.1-0.5 cm/h less than 0.1 cm/h Available moisture not affected by drought occurs in drought occurs droughtiness some years almost every year Drainage well and moderately imperfectly poorly drained well drained drained Surface rock fragments: S0, S l, S2 S3 S4 stones Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm To-z. era h % slope 0-9% 9-15% more than 15%
A fourth degree ofsoil suitability for forage crops is defined as unsuitable: Bedrock less than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 45%, excessively stony (SS), very poorly drained soils. -96-
Table 7. Suitability of map units for forage crops Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(!) Alderburn good to fair (fair if stoniness is S3) Alderburn-Burnt Arm fair - stoniness Alderburn-Northern Arm fair - stoniness (poor if slope is more than 15%) Barry's Pond-Bulley's Cove fair (50-60%) - depth to bedrock and topography; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wet Brown's Arm Brook fair to poor - drainage (poor if poorly drained) Burnt Arm fair - drainage, stoniness Burnt Arm-Mill Pond poor - slope Burnt Arm-Norris Arm fair (50-60%) - drainage and stoniness; poor (40-50%) - drainage
Coopers Pond fair - drainage, stoniness Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - drainage and stoniness; unsuitable (30- 40%) - permanently wet Dogberry Brook - Michael's unsuitable - permanently wet Harbour Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point fair (60-70%) - drought hazard; unsuitable (30-40%) - drainage Gander - Wing Pond good (50%) (fair if stoniness is S3); fair (50%) - drainage High Point fair - droughtiness and stoniness Kite Cove fair - depth to bedrock and droughtiness
Mill Pond fair - drainage (poor if stoniness is S4) Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair (50-60%) - drainage (poor if stoniness is S4); unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wet Milord Arm fair - drainage, stoniness Milord Arm Brook fair - stoniness (poor if stoniness is S4) Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet; fair (40-50%) - drainage, stoniness
Norris Arm poor - drainage -97-
Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor s Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage; fair (30-50%) - stoniness Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wet Norris Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage; fair (30-40%) - stoniness Northern Arm - Alderburn good to fair (fair if stoniness is S3); (poor if slope is more than 15%)
Peters Arm good Peters Arm - Milord Arm good Peters Pond fair - drainage, stoniness Phillips Head poor - drainage, stoniness, slope Pitts Pond good Point Leamington - South West fair (60-70%) and poor (30-40%) - drainage Arm Porters Cove fair to poor - drainage Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill poor - drainage Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - too steep, too shallow, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - too steep, too shallow, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Michael's unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, Harbour too wet. Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and roc -98-
Table 8. Degrees of soil suitability for potatoes Degree of Suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good Fair Poor Depth to compact or greater than 50 cm 30-50 cm less than 30 cm cemented layer Transmissibility greater than 0.5 cm/h 0.1-0.5 cm/h less than 0.1 cm/h Solum texture loam, sandy loam loamy sand, sand other Available moisture not affected by drought occurs in drought occurs droughtiness some years almost every year Drainage well and moderately imperfectly poorly drained well drained drained Surface rock fragments : cobbles less than 3% 3-15% more than 15% stones S0, Sl S2 S3 Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm Topography % sloe 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%
A fourth degree of soil suitability for potatoes is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock less than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly stony (S4), very poorly drained soils. -99-
Table 9. Suitability of map units for potatoes Ma Unit F Suitability rating and limiting factors s Alderburn good to fair (fair if more than 3% cobbles and stoniness is S3) Alderburn - Burnt Arm fair - drainage, stones and cobbles and topography Alderburn - Northern Arm fair - stoniness (poor if slope is more than 9%) Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - depth to bedrock, stoniness; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wet Brown's Arm Brook poor - drainage, stones and cobbles Burnt Arm fair - drainage, stones and cobbles Burnt Arm - Mill Pond unsuitable - slope Burnt Arm - Norris Arm fair (50-60%) - drainage, stones and cobbles; poor (40- 50%) - drainage, stones and cobbles Coopers Pond fair - depth to bedrock, stoniness, drainage Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - depth to bedrock, stoniness, drainage; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wet Dogberry Brook - Michael's unsuitable - permanently wet Harbour Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point unsuitable - drainage, texture Gander - Wing Pond good (50%) (fair if slope is more than 5%); fair (50%) - drainage, slope High Point fair to poor - cobbliness
Kite Cove poor - depth to bedrock Mill Pond fair to poor - drainage (poor ifmore than 15% cobbles) Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair to poor - (50-60%) - drainage, cobbliness; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wet Milord Arm poor - cobbliness Milord Arm Brook poor - cobbliness, stoniness Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet; poor (50%) - cobbliness, stoniness Norris Arm poor - drainage, cobbliness -100-
Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factors s Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage, cobbliness; fair (30-50%) - stoniness, cobbliness Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage, cobbliness; unsuitable (30- 40%) - permanently wet Norris Arm - High Point poor - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness Norris Arm - Alderburn poor to unsuitable - stoniness, cobbliness, slope (unsuitable if slope is more than 15%) Peters Arm fair to poor - cobbliness Peters Arm - Milord Arm fair to poor - cobbliness, drainage Peters Pond poor - depth to bedrock, cobbliness, topography Phillips Head poor - depth to bedrock, drainage, topography Pitts Pond fair to poor - texture, stoniness, cobbliness Point Leamington - South West fair (60-70%); poor (30-40%) - drainage Arm Porters Cove fair to poor - drainage, stoniness Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill unsuitable - too shallow, too steep Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Cooper's Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Michael's unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, Harbour too wet Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and roc Table 10. Degrees of soil suitability for cole crops (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprout) Degree of suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good Fair Poor Depth to compact or greater than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 cm cemented layer Transmissibility greater than 0.5 cm/h 0.1-0.5 cm/h less than 0.1 cm/h Available moisture not affected by drought occurs in drought occurs droughtiness some years almost every year Drainage well and moderately rapidly and poorly drained well drained imperfectly drained Surface rock fragments: cobbles less than 15% 15%-50% more than 50% stones S0, S1 S2, S3 S4 Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm Topography % sloe 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%
A fourth degree of soil suitability for cole crops is defined as unsuitable: Bedrock less than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly stony (S5), very poorly drained. -102-
Table 11 . Suitability of map units for cole crops Ma Unit F77;itability rating and limiting factors Alderburn good to fair (fair if stoniness is S2, S3) Alderburn - Burnt Arm fair - drainage, stoniness, slope Alderburn - Northern Arm fair - stoniness, slope (poor if slope is more than 9%) Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - depth to bedrock, stoniness; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wet Brown's Arm Brook fair to poor - drainage, cobbliness Burnt Arm fair - drainage Burnt Arm - Mill Pond poor - slope Burnt Arm - Norris Arm fair (50-60%) - drainage; poor (40-50%) - drainage Coopers Pond fair - depth to bedrock, drainage Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - depth to bedrock, drainage; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wet Dogberry Brook - Michael's unsuitable - permanently wet Harbour Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point unsuitable - drainage, texture Gander - Wing Pond good (50%); fair (50%) - drainage High Point good to fair (fair-when sands and gravels) Kite Cove fair - depth to bedrock Mill .Pond fair to poor - drainage, stoniness
Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair to poor - (50%-60%) - drainage, stoniness; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wet Milord Arm fair to poor - drainage, stoniness, (poor if more than 50% cobbles) Milord Arm Brook fair - stoniness, cobbliness, topography Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet fair to poor (40- 50%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness Norris Arm poor - drainage Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage; fair (30-50%) - stoniness -103-
Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor s l' Noms Arm - DogbenY Brook poor (60-70%) - drainageewnsuitable; (30-40%)- permanently wet Norris Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage; fair (30-40%) - cobbliness, stoniness Northern Arm - Alderburn fair (50-60%) - stoniness, cobbliness; good (40-50%) Peters Arm fair - cobbliness Peters Arm - Milord Arm fair - cobbliness, drainage Peters Pond poor - depth to bedrock, topography Phillips Head poor - depth to bedrock, drainage, topography Pitts Pond fair - stoniness and cobbliness Point Leamington - South West fair (60-70%); poor (30-40%) - drainage Arm Porters Cove fair to poor - drainage Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill poor - drainage Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet
Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet
Wiseman Head - Michael's unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, Harbour too wet
Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet -104-
Table 12. Degrees of soil suitability for carrots and parsnip Degree of suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good T Fair Poor Depth to compact or greater than 50 cm 30-50 cm less than 30 cm cemented layer Transmissibility greater than 0.5 cm/h 0.1-0.5 cm/h less than 0.1 cm/h Solum texture carrots loamy sand, loam, sands other sandy loam parsnip sandy loam, loam loamy sand, sand other Available moisture not affected by drought occurs in drought occurs droughtiness some years almost every year Drainage well and moderately rapidly and poorly drained well drained imperfectly drained
Surface rock fragments: cobbles less than 3% 3-15% 15-30% stones S0, S1 S2 S3 Gravel content of upper 30 less than 20% by 20-50% by more than 50% by cm volume volume volume Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm To ta wa h % sloe 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%
A fourth degree ofsoil suitability for carrots and parsnip is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock less than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly stony (S5), very poorly drained. -105-
Table 13. Suitability of map units for carrots and parsnip Ma Unit F Suitability rating and limiting factor(s) Alderburn fair to poor - gravel, cobbles and stones (poor if stoniness is S3) Alderbum - Burnt Arm poor - stoniness Alderburn - Northern Arm poor - stoniness Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - soil depth, stones, gravel; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wet Brown's Arm Brook poor - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness Burnt Arm poor - stoniness Burnt Arm - Mill Pond unsuitable - slope Burnt Arm - Norris Arm poor - stoniness, drainage Coopers Pond poor - stoniness Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour poor (60-70%) - stoniness; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wet Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - permanently wet Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point unsuitable - drainage, texture Gander - Wing Pond good to fair (50%) (fair if stoniness is S2 and slope more than 5%); fair to poor (50%) - drainage, stoniness High Point fair - texture, stones, cobbles, gravel Kite Cove poor - depth to bedrock
Mill Pond fair to poor - drainage, stones, cobbles and gravel Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor - (50-60%) - stoniness, cobbliness; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wet Milord Arm poor to unsuitable - stones, cobbles and gravel Milord Arm Brook poor - stones, cobbles and gravel Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm poor to unsuitable - drainage, stones, cobbles and gravel Norris Arm poor - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness -106-
Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor s Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness; fair to poor (30-50%) - stoniness, cobbliness Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wet Norris Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness; fair (30-40%) - texture, stones, cobbles, gravel Northern Arm - Alderburn poor (50-60%) - stoniness, cobbliness; good (40- 50%)
Peters Arm poor - cobbliness, gravel content Peters Arm - Milord Arm poor - cobbliness, gravel content Peters Pond poor - depth to bedrock, stones, cobbles and gravel Phillips Head poor - depth to bedrock, drainage Pitts Pond poor - stoniness and cobbliness Point Leamington - South West Arm fair (60-70%); poor (30-40%) - drainage Porter's Cove fair to poor - drainage Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill poor - drainage Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet
Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet
Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet
Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and roc ; too wet -107-
Table 14. Degrees of soil suitability for turnips and rutabagas Degree of suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good 7 Fair Poor Depth to compact or greater than 50 cm 30-50 cm less than 30 cm cemented layer Transmissibility greater than 0.5 cm/h 0.1-0.5 cm/h less than 0.1 cm/h Solum texture loam, clay loam sandy loam other loamy sand Available moisture not affected by drought occurs in drought occurs droughtiness some years almost every year Drainage well and moderately rapidly and poorly drained well drained imperfectly drained Surface rock fragments: cobbles less than 3% 3-15% 15-30% stones S0, S 1 S2 S3 Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm Topography (% sloe 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%
A fourth degree ofsoil suitability for turnips and rutabagas is defined as unsuitable: Bedrock less than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly stony (S4). -108-
Table 15. Suitability of map units for turnips and rutabagas Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s Alderburn fair to poor - texture (poor if stoniness is S3) Alderburn - Burnt Arm poor - stoniness Alderburn - Northern Arm ' poor - stoniness Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - soil depth, drainage; unsuitable (40- 50%) - permanently wet Brown's Arm Brook poor - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness Burnt Arm poor - stoniness Burnt Arm - Mill Pond unsuitable - slope Burnt Arm - Norris Arm poor - stoniness, drainage Coopers Pond poor - stoniness Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour poor (60-70%). - stoniness; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wet Dogberry Brook - Michael's unsuitable - permanently wet Harbour Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point unsuitable - drainage, texture Gander - Wing Pond good to fair (50%) (fair if stoniness is S2 and slope more than 5%); fair to poor (50%) - drainage, stoniness High Point fair - texture, stones, cobbliness Kite Cove poor - depth to bedrock
Mill Pond fair to poor - texture; drainage, stoniness Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor - (50-60%) - stoniness, cobbliness; unsuitable (40- 50%) - permanently wet Milord Arm poor - stoniness, cobbliness Milord Arm Brook poor - stoniness, cobbliness Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet; poor (40-50%)- stoniness, cobbliness Norris Arm poor - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness -109-
Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s) Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness; fair to poor (30-50%) - stoniness, cobbliness Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wet Northern Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness; fair (30-40%) - texture, stoniness, cobbliness Northern Arm - Alderburn poor (50-60%) - stoniness, cobbliness; good to fair (40- 50%) - texture, stoniness, cobbliness Peters Arm fair to poor - texture, stoniness, cobbliness Peters Arm - Milord Arm fair to poor - texture, drainage, stoniness, cobbliness Peters Pond poor - depth to bedrock, stoniness, cobbliness Phillips Head poor - depth to bedrock, drainage Pitts Pond fair to poor - texture, drainage, stoniness, cobbliness Point Leamington - South West fair to poor - texture, stoniness, cobbliness Arm Porters Cove fair to poor - texture, drainage, cobbliness Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill poor - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet
Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet
Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, too wet Wiseman Head - Michael's unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, Harbour too wet Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek - unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky, 11 too wet Table 16. Summary table of soil suitability for farmland development Carrots Turnips Cole and and Ma Unit Forage Potatoes Crops Parsnip Rutabagas Alderburn G-F G-F G-F F-P F-P Alderburn - Burnt Arm F F F P P Alderburn - Northern Arm F F F P P Barry's Pond - Bulley's FSU FSU FV FSU FV Cove Brown's Arm Brook F-P P F-P P P Burnt Arm F F F P P Burnt Arm - Mill Pond P U P U U 6P4 6P4 6P4 Burnt Arm - Norris Arm F F F P P Coopers Pond F F F P P 6 4 6 4 p6 4 p6U4 Coopers Pond - Michael's F6U4 F U F U U Harbour Dogberry Brook - U U U U U Michael's Harbour Evan's Point - Lower F7U3 U U U U Sandy Point Gander - Wing Pong GSFS GY GY GY GY High Point F F-P G-F F F Kite Cove F P F P P Mill Pond F F-P F-P F-P F-P psUs Mill Pond - Dogberry FSUS FSUS FSUS psUs Brook Milord Arm F P F-P P-U P Milord Arm Brook F P F P P Usps Muddy Hole Brook - USFS Usps U'F' USPS Milord Arm Norris Arm P P P P P Carrots Turnips Cole and and Ma Unit Fora e Potatoes Crops Parsnip Rutabagas Norris Arm - Alderburn P'F3 P'F3 P'F3 P P Norris Arm - Dogberry P'U3 P'U3 P'U3 P'U3 P'U3 Brook Norris Arm - High Point PSF3 P P'F3 P'F3 P'F3 Northern Arm - Alderburn G-F P-U F6G4 F6G4 P6F4 Peters Arm G F-P F P P Peters Arm - Milord Arm G F-P F P F-P Peters Pond F P P P P Phillips Head F P P P P Pitts Pond G F-P F P F-P Point Leamington - South F'P3 F'P3 F'P3 P F-P West Arm Porters Cove F-P F-P F-P F-P F-P Turtle Creek - New Bay U U U U U River Whetstone Hill P U P P P Wiseman Head U U U U U Wiseman Head - Barry's U U U U U Pond
Wiseman Head - Coopers U U U U U Pond
Wiseman Head - U U U U U Michael's Harbour
Wiseman Head - Turtle U U U U U Creek
Explanation: G = good; F = fair; P = poor; U = unsuitable; G-F = good to fair; GSFS= 50% good and 50% fair. Table 17. Degrees of soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields Degree of suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good T Fair Poor Depth to bedrock greater than 150 cm 150-100 cm 100-50 cm Depth to seasonal high more than 150 cm 150-100 cm 100-50 cm ground water table Depth to impervious layer more than 150 cm 150-100 cm 100-50 cm Drainage well and moderately imperfectly drained poorly drained well drained Seepage absent absent present Texture silt loam, loam coarse sands, very course sands, sandy loam, loamy gravels, silts very fine sands, sand, fine sands gravels, silts, clay Structure granular, porous weak structure structureless Slope less than 9% 9-15% 15-30% Surface stoniness S0, S1, S2 S3 S4, S5
A fourth degree of soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields is defined as unsuitable: Bedrock less than 50 cm below the surface, less than 50 cm to seasonal high ground water table and/or impervious layer, very poor drained soils, slopes greater than 30%. Table 18. Suitability of map units for septic tank absorption fields Ma unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s)
I Alderburn fair seasonal high water table Alderburn - Burnt Arm fair to poor - seasonal water table Alderburn - Northern Arm fair - seasonal high water table Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove unsuitable - depth to bedrock Brown's Arm Brook poor - seasonal high water table Burnt Arm poor - seasonal high water table Burnt Arm - Mill Pond poor to unsuitable - seasonal high water table, slope Burnt Arm - Norris Arm poor - seasonal high water table, seepage Coopers Pond poor - depth to bedrock Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour poor (60-70%) - depth to bedrock; unsuitable (30- 40%) - organic soil Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - organic soils Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point unsuitable - drainage Gander - Wing Pond fair to poor - seasonal high water table High Point fair - seasonal high water table, structure Kite Cove unsuitable - depth to bedrock Mill Pond poor - seasonal high water table Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor - (50-60%) - seasonal high water table; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wet
Milord Arm poor - seasonal high water table Milord Arm Brook fair - seasonal high water table Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet; poor (40- 50%) - seasonal high water table Norris Arm unsuitable - seasonal high water table Norris Arm - Alderburn unsuitable (50-70%) and fair (30-50%) seasonal high water table Ma unit Suitability rating and limiting factor s Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook unsuitable - seasonal high water table and permanent wet Norris Arm - High Point unsuitable (60-70%) - seasonal high water table; fair (30-40%) - seasonal high water table, structure Northern Arm - Alderburn good to fair (fair is seasonal high water table is within 150 cm) Peters Arm fair - seasonal high water table, structure Peters Arm - Milord Arm fair (60-70%) - seasonal high water table, structure; poor (30-40%) - seasonal high water table Peters Pond unsuitable - depth to bedrock Phillips Head unsuitable - depth to bedrock Pitts Pond fair - structure Point Leamington - South West Arm fair to poor - drainage, seasonal high water table Porters Cove poor - seasonal high water table Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill - poor - depth to bedrock, drainage Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rocky
Soil suitability for manure and food processing waste application
Manure is excrement of livestock and poultry. The consistency ofmanure changes in storage or treatment, and it depends upon bedding used and upon whether the manure is diluted or allow to dry. Food processing wastes consists of fish offal or the peelings, leaves and soil particles of vegetables removed in food preparation.
Manure and food processing wastes have variable nitrogen content. The material is either solid, slurry or liquid. Application rates are governed by the nitrogen content. High nitrogen contents will limit the application rates. Proper application rates for various nitrogen levels are not considered in the soil suitability ratings. Toxic or otherwise dangerous wastes are outside the meaning of manure and food processing wastes as used here.
The soil suitability rating is based on utilizing the nutrients in the waste for crop production. Application can be by tank wagon for liquid wastes or by surface or subsurface application of solid and slurry wastes.
The soil properties considered in Table 19 reflect soil absorption, contamination hazard to surface water and ground water supplies, and susceptibility to water erosion. Criteria used to establish the degree of suitability for manure and food processing waste application are based on criteria used in the "National Soils Handbook, USDA, Soil Conservation Service 1983"! Soil properties that affect absorption are solum texture, depth to a seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock or an impervious layer. Drainage, seepage, depth to seasonal high ground water table and slope are soil properties that affect the contamination hazard of water supplies. Slope and erosion factors indicate the susceptibility to water erosion. Surface stoniness, slope and depth to seasonal high water table can interfere with application ofthe waste. Table 20 lists the soil suitability ratings for each map unit and indicates the major limiting factor Table 19. Degrees of soil suitability for manure and food processing waste application Degree of suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good Fair Poor Depth to bedrock greater than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm Depth to seasonal high more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm ground water table Depth to impervious layer more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm Drainage well and moderately imperfectly drained poorly drained well drained
Seepage absent absent present Texture sandy loam, loam silty clay loam, clay silty clay, clay silt loam, sandy loam, sandy clay, gravel, sand clay, loam loamy sand organic soils Slope less than 9% 9-15% 15-30% Surface stoniness S0, S1, S2 S3 S4, S5 Erosion factor (k x % less than 3 3-7 greater than 7 sloe of surface layer I-
A fourth degree of soil suitability for is defined as unsuitable: Depth to bedrock less than 20 cm below the surface, less than 20 cm to seasonal high water table and/or impervious layer, slopes greater than 30%. Table 20. Suitability of map units for manure and food processing waste application Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s) Alderbum good to fair (fair if stoniness if S3) Alderbum - Burnt Arm good (50-60%), poor (40-50%) - seepage Alderburn - Northern Arm good (50-60%), fair to poor (40-50%) - texture Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - depth to bedrock; unsuitable (40- 50%) - permanently wet Brown's Arm Brook poor - depth to seasonal high water table Burnt Arm fair to poor - depth to seasonal high water table Burnt Arm - Mill Pond poor to unsuitable - slope Burnt Arm - Norris Arm fair (50-60%) and poor (40-50%) - depth to seasonal high water table Coopers Pond poor - seepage Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour poor (60-70%) - seepage; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wet Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - permanently wet Evans Point - Lower`Sandy Point unsuitable (60-70%) - drainage; poor (30-40%) - texture Gander - Wing Pond good (50%); poor (50%) - seepage High Point fair to poor - texture Kite Cove poor - depth to bedrock
Mill Pond poor - depth to seasonal high water table Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor - (50-60%) - depth to seasonal high water table; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wet Milord Arm poor - seepage Milord Arm Brook fair - depth to seasonal high water table Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet; poor (40- 50%) - seepage
Norris Arm unsuitable - depth to seasonal high water table Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor s Norris Arm - Alderburn unsuitable (50-70%) - depth to seasonal high water table; good (30-50%) Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook unsuitable - permanently wet Norris Arm - High Point unsuitable (60-70%) - depth to seasonal high water table; fair (30-40%) - texture Northern Arm - Alderburn good Peters Arm good to fair (fair if texture is loamy sand) Peters Arm - Milord Arm good to fair (60-70%) (fair iftexture is loamy sand); poor (30-40%) - seepage
Peters Pond poor - seepage Phillips Head unsuitable - depth to seasonal high water table Pitts Pond good to fair - texture Point Leamington - South West Arm fair to poor - drainage, depth to seasonal high water table Porters Cove poor - depth to seasonal high water table Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill poor - drainage Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rocky Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and roc Soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfill
Area type sanitary landfill is a method of solid waste disposal. Successive layers ofrefuse are spread out on the surface ofthe soil, compacted and covered with a thin layer of soil. A final cover of about 50 cm soil is placed over the completed land fill.
The soil suitability rating is based on soil properties that influence trafficability and the risk of pollution of the ground water. Thorough evaluation ofthe hydrology ofthe site is essential. It may be possible to install barriers (berms). A seasonal high water table may be controlled by a perimeter drain.
The soil properties considered in Table 21, which reflect the contamination hazard of ground water supplies are depth to high ground water table, depth to bedrock or impervious layer, seepage and transmissibility. Soil properties influencing trafficability are slope and surface stoniness. Criteria used to establish the degree ofsuitability for area-type sanitary land fill are based on criteria used in the "National Soils Handbook, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, 1983", and in "Soils ofthe Rogersville-Richibucto Region ofNew Brunswick, Report No. 9,1983 ; Min. Supply and Services, Canada" .
Table 22 lists the soil suitability ratings for each map unit and indicates the major limiting factor.
Table 21 . Degrees of soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfill Degree of suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good Fair Poor Depth to bedrock greater than 150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm Depth to seasonal high ground water table apparent more than 150 cm 100-150 cm less than 100 cm perched more than 100 cm 100-50 cm less than 50 cm Depth to impervious layer more than 150 cm 100-150 cm less than 100 cm . Seepage absent absent present Transmissibility less than 5 cm/hr less than 5 cm/hr more than 5 cm/hr Slope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% 11 Surface stoniness S0, Sl, S2, S3 S4 S5
A fourth degree of soil suitability for area-type land fill is defined: Depth to bedrock less than 50 cm, transmissibility more than 25 cm, slope greater than 30%. -120-
Table 22. Suitability of map units for area-type sanitary land fill Ma Unit 71- Suitability rating and limiting factor(s) Alderburn fair - high water table Alderburn - Burnt Arm fair (50-60%), poor (40-50%) - high water table Alderburn - Northern Arm fair - high water table Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - seepage; unsuitable (40-50%) - organic soils
Brown's Arm Brook poor - high water table Burnt Arm poor - high water table, seepage Burnt Arm - Mill Pond poor to unsuitable - slope, high water table Burnt Arm - Norris Arm poor - high water table, seepage Coopers Pond poor - high water table, seepage Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour poor (60-70%) - high water table, seepage; unsuitable (30-40%) - organic soil Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - organic soil Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point unsuitable - drainage, transmissibility Gander - Wing Pond fair (50%) and poor (50%) - high water table, seepage High Point good Kite Cove unsuitable - depth to bedrock Mill Pond poor - high water table Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor (50-60%) and unsuitable (40-50%) - high water table Milord Arm poor - high water table Milord Arm Brook fair - high water table, stoniness Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) and poor (40-50%) - high water table Norris Arm poor - high water table Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) and fair (30-50%) high water table Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) and unsuitable (30-40%) - high water table Map Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s) Noms Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - high water table; good (30-40%) Northern Arm - Alderburn good Peters Arm fair - high water table Peters Arm - Milord Arm fair (60-70%) and poor (30-40%) - high water table; seepage Peters Pond unsuitable - depth to bedrock Phillips Head unsuitable - depth to bedrock Pitts Pond good Point Leamington - South West Arm poor - high water table Porters Cove good Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill poor - high water table Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too rocky, too wet Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too rocky and wet Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too rocky and wet Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too rocky and wet Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too roc and wet
Soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areas
The soils of the map units are rated according to their suitability for camp areas and park-type roadside stops under intensive use. Location and accessibility of the area, scenic quality, sewage disposal, water supply, access to public service lines, the ability ofthe soil to support vegetation and possible hazards to fragile plant communities are not considered in the ratings; however, these features are important in evaluating a site. Soils subject to flooding are limited for recreational use depending on the duration of flooding and the season when it occurs. On-site assessment of the duration and frequency of flooding is essential in evaluating a site.
Camp and picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Vehicular traffic is assumed to be confined to access roads and parking lots. Because construction is limited to shaping and leveling of areas for tents and trailers and stabilizing roads and parking areas, the soil properties of greatest concern are those that interfere directly with the intended use, and those that affect maintenance . Drainage related to depth to water table during the period ofuse, transmissibility ofthe soil to water -122- related to absorbing rainfall, slope, surface rock fragments (gravel, cobbles, and stones) and depth to bedrock are soil properties that affect the development and use of camp and picnic sites. Transmissibility of the soil to water, available moisture for adequate vegetation growth and surface texture related to trafficability are soil properties that affect the maintenance ofcamp and picnic sites. The criteria for these soil properties, as they appear in Table 23 are based on criteria used in "Rose, R.D., et al. Use of soils in the fourteen-county Appalachia region of New York State", "National Soils Handbook, USDA, Soil Conservation Service 1983" and "Holland, W.D. and G.M. Coen. 1976, Soils of Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta". Tables 24A and B summarize the soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areas for each map unit respectively and indicate the major limitations.
Table 23. Degrees of soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areas Degree of suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good Fair Poor Drainage (depth to water rapidly, well and imperfectly drained poorly drained table during use) moderately well (water table (water table less drained (water table between 0.75 and than 0.5 m) deeper than 0.75 mm) 0.5 mm) Transmissibility greater than 1 .0 cm/hr 1 .0 cm/hr-0.1 cm/hr less than 0.1 cm/hr Slope - tent and trailer 0.5% 5-9% 9-15% park picnic area 0-9% 9-15% 15-30% Depth to bedrock or greater than 0.5 m 0.2-0.5 m less than 0.2 m cemented layer Available moisture not affected by drought occurs in drought occurs droughtiness some years almost all years
Surface texture sandy loam, loam silt clay loam, sandy sandy clay, silty loam clay, loamy sand, clay, clay, loose stable sand sand Surface rock fragments: gravel and cobbles less than 20% 20-50% greater than 50% Stones S0, Sl, S2 S3 S4
A fourth degree of soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areas is defined as unsuitable: permanently wet areas, slopes greater than 15% for tent and trailer parks and more than 30% for picnic areas, excessively stony (S5). -123-
Table 24A. Suitability of map units for tent and trailer parks Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s) Alderburn good to fair (fair if stoniness is S3) Alderburn - Burnt Arm fair - drainage, stoniness, slope Alderburn - Northern Arm fair - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope (poor or unsuitable if slope is more than 9%) Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove fair (50-60%) - depth to bedrock, stones, slope; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet land Brown's Arm Brook fair to poor - drainage Burnt Arm fair - drainage, stones, cobbles and gravel Burnt Arm - Mill Pond unsuitable - slope Burnt Arm - Norris Arm fair (50-60%), poor (40-50%) - drainage, stones, cobbles and gravel Coopers Pond fair - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet lands Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - wet land Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point fair (60-70%) - surface texture; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wet Gander - Wing Pond good to fair - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope, drainage High Point fair - cobbles, gravel Kite Cove fair - depth to bedrock, surface texture
Mill Pond fair - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravel, slope Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair (50-60%) - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravel; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet land Milord Arm fair - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravel, slope Milord Arm Brook fair - stônes, cobbles, gravel, slope Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - wet land; fair (40-50%) - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope Norris Arm poor - drainage -124-
Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s) Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50%-70%) - drainage; fair (30-50%) - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope
Norris Ann - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet land Norris Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage; fair (30-40%) - cobbles, gravel
Northern Arm - Alderburn fair - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope Peters Arm fair - cobbles, gravel, texture Peters Ann - Milord Arm fair - drainage; cobbles, gravel, texture Peters Pond fair to poor - depth to bedrock, stones, cobbles, gravel, slope (poor if slope is more than 9%)
Phillips Head poor - drainage; slope Pitts Pond fair - cobbles, gravel, texture Point Leamington - South West Ann fair (60-70%), poor (30-40%) - drainage Porters Cove fair to poor - drainage Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill poor - drainage Wiseman Head unsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet lands Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet lands Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet lands Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet lands Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - sloe, depth to bedrock, wet lands -125-
Table 24B. Suitability of map units for picnic areas Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor s Alderburn good to fair (fair is stoniness is S3) Alderburn - Burnt Arm fair - drainage, stoniness Alderburn - Northern Arm fair - stones, cobbles, gravel (poor or unsuitable if slope is more than 9%) Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove fair (50-60%) - depth to bedrock, stones; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet land Brown's Arm Brook fair to poor - drainage Burnt Arm fair - drainage, stones, cobbles, and gravel Burnt Arm - Mill Pond poor to unsuitable - slope Burnt Arm - Norris Arm fair (50-60%), poor (40-50%) - drainage, stones, cobbles and gravel Coopers Pond fair - stones, cobbles, gravel Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - stones, cobbles, gravel; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet lands Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - wet lands Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point fair (60-70%) - surface texture; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wet Gander - Wing Pond good to fair - stones, cobbles, gravel, drainage High Point fair - cobbles, gravel Kite Cove fair - depth to bedrock, surface texture
Mill Pond fair - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravel Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair (50-60%) - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravel; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet land Milord Arm fair - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravel Milord Arm Brook fair - stones, cobbles, gravel Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - wet land; fair (40-50%) - stones, cobbles, gravel Norris Arm poor - drainage -126-
Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor s Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage; fair (30-50%) - stones, cobbles, gravel Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet land Norris Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage; fair (30-40%) - cobbles, gravel Northern Arm - Alderburn fair - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope Peters Arm fair - cobbles, gravel, texture Peters Arm - Milord Arm, fair - drainage; cobbles, gravel, texture Peters Pond fair to poor - depth to bedrock, stones, cobbles, gravel, slope (poor if slope is more than 15%)
Phillips Head poor - drainage; slope Pitts Pond fair - cobbles, gravel, texture Point Leamington - South West Arm fair (60-70%), poor (30-40%) - drainage Porters Cove fair to poor - drainage Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill poor - drainage Wiseman Head unsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet lands Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet lands Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet lands
Wiseman Head : Michael's Harbour unsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet lands Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet lands - 127-
Soil suitability as a source for topsoil
The suitability ofa soil for use as topsoil relates to its use to cover an area so as to improve soil conditions for establishment and maintenance oflawns, gardens, road banks, and other landscaped sites.
It is assumed that only the upper 40 to 60 cm (A and B horizons) are used as topsoil. It is also assumed that due to the low organic matter content of most of the soils on the island of Newfoundland, some kind ofsoil conditioner (peat or mulch) will be used as a mix with the topsoil.
The soil suitability rating is based on soil properties that influence the ease of excavation, loading and spreading, and the quality ofthe material. The soil properties considered in Table 25, which reflect the ease of excavation, are the thickness of the material, surface rock fragments (cobbles and stones), slope and drainage. Properties that influence the quality ofthe material are the moist consistence, texture, and gravel content.
The criteria used to establish the degree ofsuitability of soils as used for topsoil are based on criteria used in the "National Soils Handbook, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, 1983", and in "Soils of the Rogersville-Richibucto Region of New Brunswick, Report No. 9,1983, Min. Supply and Services, Canada".
Table 26 lists the soil suitability ratings for each map unit and indicates the major limiting factor.
Table 27 summarizes the soil suitability of the map units for waste disposal (septic tank absorption fields, manure and food processing waste application, area-type sanitary landfill), recreation (camping, trailer- park and picnic area) and source of topsoil. - 128-
Table 25. Degrees of soil suitability as a source for topsoil Degree of suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good T Fair Poor Moist consistence very friable, friable loose, firm very firm Texture sandy loam, loam clay loam, silty clay sand, loamy sand silt loam loam
Thickness ofmaterial greater than 40 cm 40-20 cm 20-10 cm (generally A and/or B horizons) Gravel content less than 20% by 20-50% by volume 50-80% by volume volume Surface rock fragments cobbles less than 3% 3-15% 15-30% stones S0, S1, S2 S3 S4 Slope 0-5% 5-9% 9-15% Drainage better than poorly better than very very poorly drained poorly drained drained
A fourth degree of soil suitability for topsoil is defined: less than 10 cm material, greater than 80% gravel 2-75 mm, more than 30% soil surface covered by cobbles (75-25 cm) ; excessively stony surface (S5); slopes greater than 15%. -129-
Table 26. Suitability of map units as a source for topsoil Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factors Alderburn fair - stone, cobble and gravel content Alderburn - Burnt Arm fair - stone, cobble and gravel content Alderburn - Northern Arm fair - (50-60%) - stone, cobble, gravel content; poor (40-50%) - texture Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove fair (50-60%) - stone and gravel content; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet land Brown's Arm Brook fair to poor - stone, cobble and gravel content Burnt Arm fair - stone, cobble and gravel content Burnt Arm - Mill Pond fair (60-70%) - stone, cobble and gravel content; poor (30-40%) - texture, stone and cobble content Burnt Arm - Norris Arm fair - stone, cobble and gravel content Coopers Pond fair - stone, cobble and gravel content Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - stone, cobble and gravel content; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet lands Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - wet land Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point unsuitable - texture, flooding Gander - Wing Pond good to fair (fair if stoniness is S3) High Point poor - texture Kite Cove poor - depth to bedrock, texture
Mill Pond poor - texture, stone and cobble content Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor (50-60%) - texture, stone and cobble content; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet land Milord Arm unsuitable - cobble content Milord Arm Brook poor - stone, cobble and gravel content Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable - drainage, cobble content Norris Arm fair to poor - stone, cobble and gravel content Norris Arm - Alderburn fair - stone, cobble and gravel content -130-
Ma Unit Suitabili rating and limiting factor(s) Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - stone, cobble and gravel content; unsuitable*(30-40%),-.wet land .,_
Norris Arm - High Point fair (60-70%) - stone, cobble and gravel content; poor (30-40%) - texture Northern Arm - Alderburn poor (50-60%) - texture; fair (40-50%) - gravel content Peters Arm unsuitable - gravel and cobble content Peters Arm - Milord Arm unsuitable - gravel and cobble content Peters Pond poor - depth to bedrock Phillips Head poor - depth to bedrock Pitts Pond poor - texture Point Leamington - South West Arm poor - gravel, cobble and stone content Porters Cove poor - gravel, cobble and stone content Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill fair - gravel, cobble and stone content Wiseman Head unsuitable - too shallow, too stony, too steep Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too stony, too steep Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - too shallow, too stony, too steep Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - too shallow, too stony, too steep Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - too shallow, too stony, too ste Table 27. Summary table of soil suitability for waste disposal, recreation and source of topsoil Manure and food processing Area-type Tent and Septic tank waste sanitary land trailer parks, Source for Ma Unit absorption fields application fill picnic areas topsoil Alderburn F G-F F G-F F 6P4 6P4 Alderburn - Burnt Arm F G6P4 F F F Alderburn - Northern Arm F G6F4 F F F6P4 Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove U P6U4 P6U4 F6U4 F Brown's Arm Brook P P P F-P F-P Burnt Arm P F-P P F F Burnt Arm - Mill Pond P-U P-U P-U U F6P4 Burnt Arm - Norris Arm P F6P4 P F6P4 F Coopers Pond P P P F F 6U4 F6U4 F6U4 Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour p6U4 p P6U4 Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour U U U U U Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point U U'P3 U F7U3 U G F Gander - Wing Pond Fsps sps sps G-F G-F High Point F F-P G F P Kite Cove U P U F P Mill Pond P P P F P p6U4 6 4 Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook p6U4 P U F6U4 P6U4 -132-
Manure and food processing Area-type Tent and Septic tank waste sanitary land trailer parks, Source for Ma Unit absorption fields ay, lication fill picnic areas topsoil Milord Ann P P P F U Milord Ann Brook F F F F P USPS UsPs USFS U MuddyHole Brook - Milord Ann UPS Norris Ann U U P P F-P Norris Ann - Alderburn U7F3 U7G3 F7F3 P'F3 F Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook U U P'U3 P'U3 F'P3 Norris Ann - High Point U7F3 U'F3 P'G3 P'F3 F'P3 Northern Ann - Aldérburn G-F G G F P6F4 Peters Ann F G-F F F U FSPS FSPS Peters Ann - Milord Ann F'P' F U Peters Pond U P U F-P P Phillips Head U U U P P Pitts Pond F G-F G F P Point Leamington- South West Ann F-P F-P P F'P3 P Porters Cove P P G F-P F Turtle Creek - New Bay River U U U U U Whetstone Hill P P P P F Wiseman Head U U U U U -133-
Manure and food processing Area-type Tent and Septic tank waste sanitary land trailer parks, Source for Ma Unit absorption fields application fill picnic areas topsoil
Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond U U U U U
Wiseman Head - Cooper's Pond U U U U U
Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour U U U U U
Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek U U U U U -134-
Soil suitability for woodland uses
The soil suitability interpretations as presented here are related to woodlandmanagement. Soil suitability ratings are provided for construction ofaccess roads and equipment use. In addition, soil susceptibility ratings are provided for windthrow hazard. Soil suitability interpretation for forestry has not been included as this information is available through the Department of Forest Resources and Lands of the Province ofNewfoundland and Labrador.
Access road construction
Road construction is a major part ofall woodlands operations. Roads are required to provide access to the work area. They are usually constructed ofon-site material with little or no hauling of fill. Ignoring soil properties may lead to increased costs of construction and maintenance. By identifying areas with less desirable soil properties, access roads can be planned to take advantage ofmore suitable routes, or they can be built and used duringthe time ofthe year when soil conditions are more favourable. The criteria to rate soils according to their suitability for access road constructions in Table 28 are based on criteria used in "Wang, C. and H.W. Rees,1983 . Soils of the Rogersville-Richibucto Region of New Brunswick". Table 29 rates the map units according to suitability for access road construction and indicates the major limitations.
Equipment use
Soil suitability for equipment use ratings indicate the degree to which topographic conditions such as slope and soil characteristics (drainage, texture and stoniness) affect the use ofrubber-tired skidders used in woodland operations, based on both degree ofdifficulty ofmachine operation and potential soil damage. The criteria used to rate soil suitability for equipment use, as outlined in Table 30 are based on criteria used in "Wang, C. and H.W. Rees,1983. Soils ofthe Rogersville- Richibucto Region ofNew Brunswick". Table 31 indicates the suitability ofsoils for equipment use for each map unit.
Table 28. Degrees of soil suitability for construction of access roads Major soil properties Degree of suitability influencing uses Good Fair Poor Material according to GW, GP, GM, GC CL (PI less than 15) CL (PI greater Unified Classification SW, SP, SM, SC than 15) ML, CH, System MH. Drainage rapidly, well and imperfectly drained poorly and very moderately well poorly drained drained Slope 0-5% 5-15% 15% or greater Stoniness Sl, S2, S3 S4 S5
- 13 5-
A fourth degree of soil suitability for construction of access roads is defined as unsuitable: Organic soils or slopes greater than 20%.
1 . Unified Classification System is a textural soil classification system used by engineers. In this system all material up to 7.5 cm in diameter is classified. Sandy and gravelly soils are classified according to particle size, clayey and silty soils are classified based on their liquid limit (Soil Conservation Service, U.S.D.A. 1970). Table 48 in Part Three of the report gives the sieve analyses used to arrive at the Unified Classification System for selected soil profiles.
Table 29. Suitability of map units for construction of access roads Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s) Alderburn good Alderburn - Burnt Arm fair - slope, drainage Alderburn - Northern Arm good to poor (poor ifslope is greater than 15%) Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove good to poor (50-60%) (poor is slope is greater than 15%); unsuitable (40-50%) - wet land Brown's Arm Brook good to fair (fair if imperfectly drained) Burnt Arm fair - drainage Burnt Arm - Mill Pond fair - drainage, stoniness, slope Burnt Arm - Norris Arm fair to poor - particle size distribution, drainage Coopers Pond fair to poor - particle size distribution, slope Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair to poor (60-70%) - particle size distribution, slope; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet lands Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - wet lands Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point good (60-70%); unsuitable (30-40%) - wet land Gander - Wing Pond poor - particle size distribution High Point good Kite Cove good Mill Pond good to fair - stoniness, slope Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair (50-60%) - slope; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet land Milord Arm fair - slope Milord Arm Brook fair - slope -136-
Map Unit Suitability rating and limiting factors) Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - wetland; fair (40-50%) - drainage
Norris Arm poor - drainage Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage; good (30-50%) Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet land Norris Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage; good (30-40%) Northern Arm - Alderburn fair to poor - particle size distribution (poor if slope is greater than 15%)
Peters Arm good Peters Arm - Milord Arm good (60-70%); fair (30-40%) - drainage Peters Pond good to poor (poor if slope is greater than 15%) Phillips Head poor - drainage, slope Pitts Pond good Point Leamington - South West Arm fair (60-70%), poor (30-40%) - drainage Porters Cove fair to poor - drainage Turtle Creek - New Bay River unsuitable - slope Whetstone Hill poor - drainage Wiseman Head unsuitable - slope, wet lands Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond unsuitable - slope, wet lands Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond unsuitable - slope, wet lands Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - slope, wet lands Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - sloe, wet lands -137-
Table 30. Degrees of soil suitability for forestry equipment use Major soil properties Degree of suitability influencing uses Good T Fair Poor Soil drainage class less than 35% rapidly, well, poorly drained very poorly silt and clay moderately well, and drained imperfectly drained 35-70% silt and clay well, moderately imperfectly drained very poorly well drained and poorly drained drained more than 70% silt and well, moderately imperfectly drained poorly and very clay well drained poorly drained Slope 0-9% 9-15% more than 15% Stoniness Sl, S2, S3 S4 S5
Table 31. Suitability of map units for forestry equipment use Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor s Alderburn good Alderburn - Burnt Arm good (50-60%), fair (40-50%) - drainage Alderburn - Northern Arm good to poor (poor if slope is greater than 15%) Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove good to poor (50-60%) (poor if slope is more than 15%); unsuitable (40-50%) - wet land Brown's Arm Brook fair - drainage
Burnt Arm fair - drainage Burnt Arm - Mill Pond poor - slope Burnt Arm - Norris Arm fair - drainage Coopers Pond good to fair (fair if drainage is imperfect) Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour good to fair (60-70%) (fair is drainage is imperfect); unsuitable (30-40%) - wet lands Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour unsuitable - wet lands
Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point good (60-70%); unsuitable (30-40%) - wet land -138-
Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor s Gander - Wing Pond good (50%), fair (50%) - drainage High Point good Kite Cove good Mill Pond fair - drainage, stoniness Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair (50-60%) - drainage, stoniness; unsuitable (40- 50%) - wet lands
Milord Arm fair - drainage 11 Milord Arm Brook good to fair (fair if stoniness is S4) Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - wetland; fair (40-50%) - drainage
Norris Arm fair - drainage Norris Arm - Alderbum fair (50-70%) - drainage; good (30-50%) Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet land
Norris Arm - High Point fair (60-70%) - drainage; good (30-40%) Northern Arm - Alderburn fair to poor (poor is slope is more than 15%) Peters Arm good Peters Arm - Milord Arm good (60-70%); fair (30-40%) - drainage Peters Pond fair to poor - drainage, slope (poor if slope is more than 15%)
Phillips Head fair to poor - drainage Pitts Pond good Point Leamington - South West Arm fair - drainage Porters Cove good to fair - drainage Turtle Creek - New Bay River poor - slope Whetstone Hill fair - drainage Wiseman Head poor - slope Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond poor - slope - 139-
Map Unit Suitability rating and limiting factors) Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond poor - slope Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour poor - slope Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek poor - slope
Soil susceptibility to windthrow hazard
The roots of a tree support the above ground portion of the tree. If the rooting system is insufficiently developed, due to restricting soil properties, the tree may become uprooted whenthat tree becomes openly exposed to the elements, such as along edges ofright-of-ways or clearings. The suitability of a soil for root growth is related to depth of suitable mineral soil, soil aeration, ease of root penetration and, to a minor extent, available moisture and nutrients. Restricting layers, such as ortstein layers, compacted till and bedrock, restrict the depth of suitable mineral soil and make root penetration difficult. Soil drainage affects the rooting depth by reducing aeration. It also affects the mechanical strength ofthe soil. Stoniness reduces the space available for proper root growth. These criteria, as they appear in Table 32 are based on criteria used in "Wang, C. and H.W. Rees,1983. Soils of the Rogersville- Richibucto Region of New Brunswick" . Table 33 lists the potential windthrow hazard of soils for each map unit.
Table 32. Degrees of soil suitability to windthrow Windthrow susceptibility classes Low Moderate L High Depth to bedrock more than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 cm Depth to restricting more than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 cm layer Soil drainage rapidly, well, poorly drained very poorly drained moderately well, and imperfectly drained Stoniness S1, S2, S3 S4 S5
- 140-
Table 33. Soil susceptibility of map units to windthrow Map Unit I Suitability rating and limiting factor(s) Alderburn I low Alderburn - Burnt Arm I low Alderburn - Northern Arm I low Barry's.Pond - Bulley's Cove low (50-60%); high (40-50%) - drainage Brown's Ann Brook low to moderate - drainage Burnt Arm low Burnt Arm - Mill Pond low to moderate - stoniness Burnt.Arm - Norris Arm low to moderate - drainage Coopers Pond low Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour low (60-70%), high (30-40%) - drainage Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour high - drainage Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point low (60-70%); high (30-40%) Gander -Wing Pond low High Point . ' i low Kite Cove I moderate - depth to bedrock Mill Pond I low to moderate - stoniness Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook low to moderate (50-60%) - stoniness; high (40-50%) - drainage
Milord Arm low Milord Arm Brook low to moderate - stoniness Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm high (50-60%) - drainage; low (40-50%) Norris Arm I moderate - drainage Norris Arm - Alderburn moderate (50-70%) - drainage; low (30-50%) Norris. Arm - Dogberry Brook moderate (60-70%) and high (30-40%) - drainage Norris.-Ann - High Point moderate (60-70%) - drainage; low (30-40%) Northern Arm - Alderburn I low Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factor s Peters Arm low Peters Arm Milord Arm low Peters Pond moderate - depth to bedrock Phillips Head moderate - depth to bedrock Pitts Pond low Point Leamington - South West Arm low (60-70%); moderate (30-40%) - drainage Porters Cove low to moderate - drainage Turtle Creek - New Bay River moderate (60%) - drainage; low (40%) Whetstone Hill moderate - drainage Wiseman Head high - depth to bedrock Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond high (60-70%) - depth to bedrock; low (30-40%) Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond high (60-70%) - depth to bedrock; low (30-40%) Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour high - depth to bedrock and drainage Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek high (60%) - depth to bedrock; moderate (40%) - drainage
Soil susceptibility to erosion and frost action
Soil erosion and frost action are hazards to which soils in Newfoundland are susceptible due to the relatively high precipitation, cold climate and lack of adequate snow cover during the winter months. Both soil erosion and frost action have damaging effects to the soil and to crops or structures in the soil. Although soil erosion and frost action hazards have not been directly taken into account in rating soils for various uses, they should be included in the decision-making process.
Soil susceptibility to erosion
Soil erosion can be defined as the process of detachment, entrainment and transport of soil particles caused by the forces of nature, such as wind and water. or precipitation. Due to the high precipitation in Newfoundland (1000-1500 mm/yr), and the relatively steep slopes which are being cleared either for farming or in the course of woodland operations, erosion by water is the most significant. Many ofthe soils on the island ofNewfoundland are low in organic matter, have a weak structure, a compact subsoil or cemented layer which prevents infiltration and they are subject to a freeze-thaw cycle in the spring, where soil may thaw out on the surface while remaining frozen below. This makes them particularly susceptible to erosion by water. Soil erosion, besides the loss - 142- of adequate depth of topsoil and the loss of plant nutrients and fertilizers resulting in crop yield reduction, causes pollution of streams and ponds, thereby threatening fish habitats.
Table 34 gives the estimated K-factors for the upper horizons of selected soil profiles. The K- factors or soil erodibility factors have been computed using the soil erodibility nomograph as presented by Wischmeier et. al. 1971. The K-factors have been further adjusted for rock fragments, to reflect the degree of protection afforded by these fragments, as outlined in the "National Soils Handbook, USDA - Soil Conservation Service, 1983". Actual soil erosion is a factor of the erodibility ofthe soil as well as slope gradient, slope length, rainfall index and land use or cropping index.
Figure 13 is used to determine whether a high or low erosion potential exists, using the K-factors ofTable 34 and slope gradients. Erosion potential is determined for different rooting or soil depths. The figure assumes an average slope length of 30 m, and the rainfall erosion index, adjusted for winter conditions has been determined for Gander as 1260 by Wall, G.J., et. al., 1983 . The curves have been calculated for a maximum allowable annual soil loss of2 tons/ha for soils less than 20 cm deep, 4 tons/ha for soils 20 to 50 cm deep, and 6 tons/ha for soils more than 50 cm deep (National Soils Handbook, USDA, 1983) under a continuouspotato cultivation with rows running up and down the slope. Soil depth in this context refers to depth of rooting zone. Table 35 lists the soil erosion potential for the map units. - 143-
SLOPE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
0.01 LOW EROSION 0.02 POTENTIAL 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 HIGH EROSION 0.12 POTENTIAL 0.13 Y 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25
NOTE: ' hopdepth tobedrock. compacted tiw orcemented layercurvesarebasedon 3omaverage slops length, R -1260.
Low erosion potential gtheintersect ofthe K"facorand the % slops falls to the left of the curve for the appropriate soudepth.
High erosion potential H the intersect ofthe K-factor and the %scope fallsto theright of the cumefor the appropriate soil depth. Figure 12. Erosion potential of soils -144-
Table 34. K-factors and slope gradients for selected soil profiles Soil Name Depth % Sloe K- Factor Alderburn (80-0042) 0-5 2-5 .04 5-12 .03 12-22 .05 22-34 .04
Alderburn (80-0044) 0-6 2-5 .06 6-18 .03 18-28 .06 28+ .07 Alderburn (80-0045) 2-16 .5-2 .03 16-36 .04
Alderburn (80-0058) 4-16 6-9 .08 16-27 .16 27-38 .11
Àlderburn, ns (80-0061) 0-5 2-5 .11 5-20 .12 20-42 .06 Alderburn (80-0065) 0-8 2-5 .24 8-14 .13 14-21 .16 21-40 .18
Alderburn (80-0067) 0-30 10-15 .05 30-44 .05 Alderburn (80-0068) 0-7 .5-2 .30 7-21 .16 21-34 .21
Alderburn (80-0070) 0-7 6-9 .10 7-24 .05 24-39 .06 Alderburn (80-0074) 7-21 16-30 .06 21-36 .10 Barry's Pond (80-0054) 0-12 6-9 .01 (taxadjunct) 12-32 .01 Brown's Arm Brook* 0-26 0-.5 .28 (84-0002) 26+ .36 -145-
Soil Name Depth % Slope I K- Factor
I BulleY's Cove (80-0052) 0-35 16-30 .02 .01 Burnt Arm (80-0073) 0-9 10-15 .16 9-26 .05 26-45 .04 Coopers Pond (80-0051) 0-4 12 .15 4-32 .17 Gander (80-0055) 0-10 6-9 .39 (taxadjunct) 10-22 .20 22-31 .30 Gills Point (80-0059) 4-18 .5-2 .04 4-18 .07 High Point (80-0062) 0-5 .5-2 .11 5-29 .03 29-50 .02 High Point (80-0064) 1-25 .5-5 .01 25-40 .01 Mill Pond (84-005) 2-19 0-.5 .05 19-36 .05 Milord Arm (80-0043) 0-12 2-5 .11 12-20 .08 20-45 .10 Milord Arm Brook (80-0041) 0-20 .5-2 .04 20-33 .02
Milord Arm Brook (80-0046) 0-12 2-5 .06 (taxadjunct) 12-27 .03 27-42 .03 Milord Arm Brook (80-0066) 0-9 6-9 .50 9-33 .16 Muddy Hole Brook* (80-0003) 0-30 0 .42
Norris Arm (84-001) 0-5 0-.5 .16 5-30 .10 - 146-
Soil Name Depth % Sloe K- Factor Northern Arm (80-0063) 0-7 16-30 .17 7-24 .07 24-33 .03 Northern Arm (80-0069) 2-10 16-30 .08 10-24 .12 14-23 .10 23-45 .05 Peters Arm (80-0050) 0-7 10-15 .01 7-15 .01 15-25 .09 25-37 .04 i Peters Arm 80-0056 9-17 0-.5 .02 17-40 .01
Peters Arm (80-0057) 0-7 .5-2 .07 7-22 .02 22-30 .03
Peters Pond (80-0072) 0-5 6-9 .04 5-15 .02 15+ .01
Phillips Head (80-0071) 0-16 .5-2 .06 16-31 .07 Point Leamington* (84-0004) 0-20 .5-2 .02 20-32 .01 Porters Cove (80-0049) 0-16 .5-2 .07 16-37 .06
Wiseman Head (80-0053) 0-11 2-5 .04
* K-factors calculated for subsoils underlying peat surface horizons. -147-
Table 35. Soil susceptibility of map units to erosion Ma unit Soil susceptibility rating Alderburn low Alderburn - Burnt Arm low Alderburn - Northern Arm low to high (high if slope is more than 10%) Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove low to high (high if slope is more than 15%) Brown's Arm Brook low Burnt Arm low Burnt Arm - Mill Pond high Burnt Arm - Norris Arm low Coopers Pond low to high (high if slope is more than 5%) Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour high (60-70%), low (30-40%) Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour low Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point low Gander - Wing Pond high High Point low Kite Cove --- Mill Pond low Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook low Milord Arm low
Milord Arm Brook low Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm low Norris Arm low Norris Arm - Alderburn low Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook low - Norris Arm - High Point low Northern Arm - Alderburn low to high (high if slope is more than 10%) Peters Arm low to high (high if slope is more than 30%) - 148-
F- Ma unit Soil susceptibility rating Peters Arm - Milord Arm low Peters Pond high Phillips Head high Pitts Pond low Point Leamington - South West Arm low Porters Cove low Turtle Creek - New Bay River low Whetstone Hill low Wiseman Head high Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond high Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond high . Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour high (50-60%), low (40-50%) Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek high
Soil susceptibility to frost action
Frost action is the upward or lateral movement of soil by the formation of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the subsequent loss ofsoil strength upon thawing. The upward movement ofsoil or frost heave can be particular damaging to pavements, concrete foundation slabs or shallow footings, which can crack or tip. Thawing causes collapse ofthe surface and produces free water which cannot drain through the still frozen soil underneath, resulting in a reduction of the strength of the soil. Exposed back slopes and side slopes of cuts and fills in frost-susceptible soils have a tendency to slough during thawing. Frost heave may cause injury to crops during cold weather. Tree seedlings and young clover plants are sometimes raised out of the soil by frost heave or their root systems are broken.
Temperatures below OOC, free soil water besides capillary water in voids and absorbed water on particles, and soils where the pores or voids are fine enough to hold quantities ofwater under tension but coarse enough to transmit water to the freezing front, are needed for the formation of segregated ice lenses. Ice crystals form in the larger pores first since capillary water and water absorbed on soil particles freezes at lower temperatures. This super-cooled water is strongly attracted to the ice crystal, moves toward it, and freezes on contact. The resulting ice lens continues to grow in width and thickness until all available water that can be transported by capillarity has been added to the ice lens. Table 36 states the criteria used to rate soils according to their susceptibility to frost action. Drainage indicates the amount offree water present in the soil; the family particle size classes give an indication of the pore sizes and distribution available for the formation of ice lenses. Table 37 - 149- rates the soils for each map unit according to their susceptibility to frost action. The following classes are used: low - soils are rarely susceptible to the formation ofice lenses; moderate - soils are susceptible to the formation of ice lenses, resulting in frost heave and subsequent loss of soil strength; high - soils are highly susceptible to the formation ofice lenses, resulting in frost heave and subsequent loss of soil strength (National Soils Handbook, Soil Conservation Service, USDA).
Table 38 summarizes the suitability ofmap units for woodland uses (access road construction, forestry equipment use), and susceptibility ofmap units to windthrow, erosion and frost action.
Table 36. Degrees of soil susceptibility to frost action Frost action classes Drainage Low ~ Moderate ~ High J Very poorly and Fragmental Sandy Coarse loamy poorly drained Sandy-skeletal Fine-loamy Course-silty Fine-silty Loamy-skeletal Clayey and clayey skeletal Imperfectly drained Fragmental Coarse-loamy Coarse-silty Sandy Fine-loamy Fine-silty Sandy skeletal Loamy-skeletal Clayey and clayey skeletal Moderately well and Fragmental Coarse-loamy well drained Sandy Fine-loamy Sandy-skeletal Coarse-silty Clayey Fine-silty Clayey-skeletal Loamy-skeletal _150-
Table 37. Soil susceptibility of map units to frost action Ma unit T Soil susceptibility rating Alderburn moderate Alderburn - Burnt Arm moderate Alderbum - Northern Arm moderate Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove moderate (50-60%); not rated (40-50%) -organic soil
Brown's Arm Brook moderate to high Burnt Arm moderate Burnt Arm - Mill Pond moderate Burnt Arm - Norris Arm moderate (50-60%); high (40-50%) Coopers Pond moderate Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour moderate (60-70%); not rated (30-40%) - organic soil Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour high (50%); not rated (50%) - organic soil Evans Point - Lower Sandy Point low Gander - Wing Pond moderate High Point low Kite Cove low Mill Pond moderate Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook moderate (50-60%); high (40-50%) Milord Arm moderate Milord Arm Brook moderate Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm not rated (50-60%) - organic; moderate (40-50%) Norris Arm high Norris Arm - Àlderburn high (50-70%); moderate (30-50%) Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook high Norris Arm - High Point high (60-70%); low (30-40%) Northern Arm - Alderbum moderate Ma unit Soil susceptibility rating Peters Arm low Peters Arm - Milord Arm low (60-70%); moderate (30-40%) Peters Pond moderate Phillips Head high Pitts Pond low Point Leamington - South West Arm low (60-70%); moderate (30-40%) Porters Cove low to moderate Turtle Creek - New Bay River high (60%); moderate (40%) Whetstone Hill low Wiseman Head not rated - organic soil Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond not rated (60-70%) - organic soil; moderate (30- 40%) Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond not rated (60-70%) - organic soil; moderate (30- 40%) Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour not rated - organic soil Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek not rated 60% - organic soil; high 40% -152-
Table 38. Summary table of soil suitability for woodland uses and soil susceptibility to windthrow, erosion and frost action Access road Forestry Susceptibility Susceptibility Susceptibility to construction equipment use to windthrow to erosion frost action
Alderburn G G L L M Alderburn - Burnt Arm F G6F4 L L M Alderburn - Northern Arm G-P G-P L L-H M 6 4 6 4 Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove (G-P)6U4 (G-P) U L H L-H M6 n/r4 Brown's Arm Brook G-F F L-M L M-H Burnt Arm F F L L M
Burnt Arm - Mill Pond F P L-M H M Burnt Arm - Norris Arm F-P F L-M L M6H4 Coopers Pond F-P G-F L L-H M 6 4 6 4 M6 n/r4 Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour (F-P) U (F-P) U L6H4 H6L4 Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour U U H L H5 n/r5 Evan's Point - Lower Sandy Point G7U3 G7U3 L7U3 L L 5 5 Gander - Wing Pond P G F L H M High Point G G L L L Kite Cove G G M L L Mill Pond G-F F L-M L M 6 4 6 4 Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook G6U4 F6U4 L M L M H Milord Arm F F L L M -153-
Access road Forestry Susceptibility Susceptibility Susceptibility to construction e q _ ' -pment use to windtbrow to erosion frost action Milord Arm Brook F G-F L-M L M Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm UTS USF5 H5LS L n/rs MS Norris Arm P F M L H Norris Arm - Alderburn P'G3 ' F7G3 M7H3 L H7M3 Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook P'U3 F'U3 M7H3 L H Norris Arm - High Point P'G3 F7G3 M7L3 L H7L3 Northern Arm - Alderburn F-P G-P L L-H M Peters Ann G G L L-H L Peters Arm - Milord Arm GSFS GSF5 L L LSMS Peters Pond G-F F-P M H M Phillips Head P F-P M H H Pitts Pond G G L L L Point Leamington-South West Ann F7P3 F L7M3 L L7M3 Porters Cove F-P G-F L-M L L-M Turtle Creek - New Bay River U P MSL5 L HSMS Whetstone Hill P F M L L Wiseman Head U P H H. n/r Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond U P H7L4 H n/r7 M3 Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond U P H7L3 H n/r7 M3 -154-
Access road Forestry Susceptibility Susceptibility Susceptibility to construction equipment use to windthrow to erosion frost action Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour U P H H60 n/r WisemanHead - Turtle Creek U P H6M° H n/r6 H4
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Soil suitability rating system of organic soil map units for agriculture and mining
The organic soil map units are rated according to their degree of suitability for agriculture (vegetable production and forage crop production), horticultural peat (peat moss) mining and fuel peat mining. Little is known about the soil requirements of organic soils for various crops. Therefore, no attempt is made to rate soils oforganic soil map units according to their suitability for single crops. Instead a general rating of suitability for agriculture is presented.
Development difficulty of organic soils
Development difficulty ratings recognize that soils of different organic soil map units may have similar suitability for a particular use, but may have different reclamation requirements. The ratings are based on evaluation of the organic soil map units in their natural state, and express the amount of effort required to reclaim the organic soil map units for agriculture or mining. Three relative degrees of development difficulty are recognized.
Minor development difficulty - Minor reclamation is required to prepare a map unit for use as agricultural land or for mining. Apart from installation of surface or subsurface drainage, major reclamation activities include installation ofperipheral ditches and roto- cutting the surface layer.
Moderate development difficulty, reclamation warranted - Moderate reclamation is required to prepare a map unit which is rated good or fair as to the degree of suitability for agriculture or mining. Apart from installation ofsurface or subsurface drainage and roto-cutting the surface, major reclamation activities include clearing ofbrush and trees, levelling rough surface, removing woody material such as tree stumps and large branches, construction of water-control works and infilling of ponds.
Major development difficulty, reclamation seldom warranted - Major reclamation is seldom warranted because the cost ofovercoming certain limitations is too great or they constitute some continuing limitation that reduces the suitability for a particular use.
Certain soil properties that affect the suitability of organic soils for agriculture or mining also affectthe degree ofdevelopmentdifficulty. However, the relative importance ofthese soil properties may have to be adjusted when development difficulty is rated. Features oforganic soils and their landform characteristics, important to rating the degree ofdevelopment difficulty are listed in Table 39. These include: vegetative cover which indicates the amount of landclearing necessary, excess water and inundation hazard, indicating special drainage and water control works requirements, surface roughness which dictates the amount of land levelling required, percentage open water specifies the amount ofpools to be filled in, percentage coarse wood fragments indicates the amount of tree stumps and branches to be removed. Depth of deposit gives an indication ofthe life span of the deposit and thickness after settlement. It also indicates special water- control requirements. Water movement in the organic material can be considered independent of the more or less impermeable substrata if the deposit is more than 120 cm thick after drainage. Criteria for the landform and soil characteristics as they appear in Table 39 are based on criteria presented in Mills, G.F. et al. (1977), which were adapted for Eastern Canadian conditions using "Parent, L.E. (1981). - 156-
Organic landforms for each map unit are rated according to the degree of development difficulty in Table 40, regardless of their suitability for agriculture or mining.
Soil suitability of organic soils for agriculture, horticultural peat and fuel peat
The organic soil map units are rated according to their degree of suitability for agriculture, horticultural peat and fuel peat. On the island ofNewfoundland, organic soils have been used mainly as pastures and only a limited number of attempts are being made to utilize organic soils for vegetableproduction. Since little is known about crop requirements on organic soils, no attempt has been made to rate organic soil map units according to their suitability for single crops. Horticultural peat or peat moss has been mined on the island ofNewfoundland for quite some time, usually as small scale operations satisfying local demands. Mining organic soils for fuel peat has only started recently on a large scale. However, much interest has been shown in peat as an alternative source ofenergy. A peatland inventory covering the study area was completed in 1980 by the Department ofForest Resources and Lands, Province ofNewfoundland and Labrador (Dept. ofForest Resources and Lands, Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1980. Peatland Inventory, Eastern Newfoundland). Tables 41, 43 and 45 list the ranges in soil properties for the suitability ratings of organic soils for agriculture, for horticultural peat mining and for fuel peat mining respectively. The soil properties used to rate the organic soils for the various uses are: depth of deposit if underlain by till or bedrock or if underlain by sand, clay or marl, origin of the peat material and degree of decomposition.
Depth ofdeposit. After drainage, organic soils are subject to subsidence, caused by shrinkage that result from drying, compaction, oxidation and erosion. The effect of each of these on the rate of subsidence increases with increased as the depth ofthe water table level increases. Maintaining the water table at levels that are best for crop production (60 cm for vegetable production and 30 cm for pasture) or for horticultural or fuel peat mining is less difficult ifthe water regime ofthe organic deposit is independent from the water regime of the surrounding area and not restricted by underlying impermeable or less permeable layers. Water movement in the organic deposit can be considered independently ofthese underlying impermeable or less permeable layers ifthe thickness of the deposit, after drainage, is 120 to 160 cm.
The underlying materials affect the suitability ofthe deposit for subsurface drainage. Tile must generally be laid at 100 cm depth. A sand substrate presents a drainage problem ifthe tile is laid in the sand. The sand due to its much larger pores compared to pores in the organic material creates an "impervious layer due to increased porosity" and continuous flow ofwater is possible only under saturated conditions. Tile laid in a clay or marl substrate creates a drainage problem due to the impervious nature of the material.
An important aspect ofthe thickness ofthe depôsit is related to the life span ofthe soil. Mining for horticultural peat or fuel peat will deplete the deposit eventually, leaving a substrate behind which may not be suitable for crop production or forestry. Organic deposits, when used for agriculture, even with the best water control, will eventually disappear and the land base will be lost from production.
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Origin ofpeat material. Peat owes its origin to the growth and decomposition ofmosses, sedges, ericaceous shrubs and other hydrophytic vegetation. The kind of vegetation and consequently the kind ofpeat material depends largely on the acidity and the nutrient status ofthe deposit. Bog peats tend to be very acidic and low in nitrogen, whereas fen peats are less acidic and relatively rich in nitrogen. Sphagnum mosses prefer the high acidity and low nutrient status of bogs, while sedges, grasses and ericaceous shrub are more commonly found on the somewhat less acidic and more nutrient rich fens. The presence ofcoarse wood fragments found in peats derived from vegetation with large amounts ofconifers andbirch will clog agricultural implements, drainage equipment, peat moss shredders and equipment used in fuel peat mining. Rhizomes ofcotton grass are very slowly decomposed. Its tough fibers form a matted peat material which has a low hydraulic conductivity and is hard to work. Alder peat and peat of ericaceous shrub have no coarse fragments and are suitable for agriculture if they are sufficiently decomposed and have good hydraulic conductivity. Sphagnum peat, when slightly decomposed has a high hydraulic conductivity which is favourable for Newfoundland conditions. Sphagnum peat also forms the prime material for horticultural peat. Peat derived from sedges and reed grasses, when slightly decomposed, has lower hydraulic conductivities than sphagnum peat, and has a relatively rapid rate of decomposition. Well decomposed peat derived from sedges, reed grasses, alder and ericaceous shrub is suitable as fuel peat, but often leaves high ash contents after burning.
Degree of decomposition. The degree of decomposition of the organic material affects permeability, capillary rise of water and rate of subsidence. Undecomposed peat materials have higher hydraulic conductivity rates than decomposed peat materials. Capillary rise ofwater in the profile improves with increaseddegree ofdecomposition. Subsidence, which to a large extent is due to decomposition ofthe peat material, will consequently be higher in undecomposed peat materials.
The very nature ofthe peatmoss material requires it to be fibric. Slightly decomposed sphagnum mosses with von Post scale rating of 2 and 3 and slightly decomposed reed grass and sedge grass with von Post scale rating of 4 are considered to be suitable as material for horticultural peat (See Table 43). Similarly, fuel peat requires a well decomposed organic material with high BTU and low ash content. Sphagnum peats with von Post scale rating of4 or more and sedge and reed grass peat with von Post scale rating of 6 or more are considered suitable as material for fuel peat (See Table 45).
Water control. Water control can be considered the most important factor effecting suitability of peat material for crop production. Slightly decomposed sphagnum peats have the highest hydraulic conductivity rates. They are, in a high rainfall climate such as on the island of Newfoundland, best suited to agriculture. The exception is peat derived from Sphagnum. cuspidatum which is very leafy and has low permeability (Parent 1981). Slight decomposed sedge and reed grasses are often too matted and have low vertical hydraulic conductivity. Peat material derived from sedge and reed grass is therefore better suited to agriculture when at an intermediary stage of decomposition (von Post scale rating 4 to 7). The degree of decomposition ofthe rooting zone is probably of less importance than that of the lower profile. The surface 40 cm, because it will be drained, cultivated, aerated and fertilized, will experience active microbial degradation and as a result will become decomposed more rapidly. The degree of decomposition for agricultural soils is assessed for the peat material between 40 and 120 cm below the surface. - 15 8-
Tables 42, 44 and 46 show the soil suitability ratings, using the above criteria, for each organic soil map unit, for agriculture, horticultural peat mining, and fuel peat mining. The major limiting factor is indicated for each rating. Table 47 is a summary table ofsoil suitability of organic soils for agriculture, horticultural peat and fuel peat mining.
Table 39. Degrees of development difficulty of organic soils
Degree of development difficulty Moderate: -- - -Major: Major physical feature reclamation reclamation affecting development Minor warranted seldom warranted Vegetative cover light: grasses, moderate: brush, heavy: many large sedges, reeds small trees trees, heavy shrub I Excess water No underground Underground seepage seepage and and surface runoff -- surface runoff from surrounding from surrounding areas areas Inundation hazard none slight severe Surface roughness none hummocks and holes and mounds mounds (30-60 cm (60 cm micro micro relief) relief)
open water 10% 10-30% 30% coarse wood 1% 1-5% 5% fragments Depth of deposit if underlain by: till or bedrock 160 cm 120-160 cm 120 cm sand, clay or marl 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm - 15 9-
Table 40. Development difficulty of organic soil map units Ma unit Development difficulty rating and limitin factor s Dead Wolf Pond minor Jesse Cove major - vegetation, coarse wood fragments, soil depth Michael's Harbour major - soil depth, coarse wood fragments Mint Pond moderate to major - soil depth Red Cliff Pond moderate - underground seepage, surface roughness Sharrons Pond moderate - soil depth
Table 41. Degrees of soil suitability for agriculture for organic soils Degree of suitability Major soil properties influencing uses Good Fair F- Poor Depth of peat material if underlain by: till or bedrock more than 160 cm 120-160 cm 80-120 cm sand, clay or marl more than 120 cm 80-120 cm 40-80 cm Origin ofpeat material slightly decomposed reed grass, sedges, decomposed sphagnum, reed alder sphagnum, grass, alder cottongrass Degree of decomposition fibric for sphagnum, mesic for humic (40-120 cm) mesic for reed grass sphagnum, fibric and sedges for reed grass and sedges.
A fourth degree ofsoil suitability foragriculture for organic soils is defined as unsuitable: Depth ofpeat material less than 80 cm when underlain by till or bedrock or less than 40 cm when underlain by sand, clay or marl. -160-
Table 42. Suitability of organic soil map units for agriculture Ma unit Suitability rating and limiting factor(s) Dead Wolf Pond good Jesse Cove poor to unsuitable - soil depth, degree of decomposition Michael's Harbour unsuitable - soil depth Mint Pond fair to poor - soil depth, origin of peat material, degree of decomposition Red CliffPond good Sharrons Pond fair - soil depth
Table 43. Degrees of soil suitability for horticultural peat for organic soils Major soil Degree of suitability properties II influencin uses Good Fair Unsuitable Depth to deposit if underlain by: till or bedrock 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm sand, clay or marl 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm Origin ofpeat slightly decomposed slightly decomposed material sphaghnum, cotton decomposed, reed sphagnum, grass grass and sedge decomposed reed grass grass and sedge grass, alder
Degree of fibric (H2-3) fibric (H4) mesic and humic decomposition (HS-7) (entiret' depth) Table 44. Suitability of organic soil map units for horticultural peat Ma unit T Suitabili rating and limiting factor(s) Dead Wolf Pond good Jesse Cove unsuitable - degree of decomposition, soil depth Michael's Harbour unsuitable - depth of deposit Mint Pond unsuitable - degree of decomposition Red Cliff Pond fair - origin or peat, degree of decomposition Sharrons Pond fair - degree of decomposition
Table 45. Degrees of soil suitability for fuel peat for organic soils Degree of suitability I Major soil properties influencing uses Good Fair Unsuitable Depth of deposit if underlain by: till or bedrock 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm sand, clay or marl 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm Origin of peat material decomposed slightly cottongrass sphagnum, decomposed, decomposed reed grass sphagnum peat and sedge grass (if low sedge grass in ash and friable) Degree of humic, mesic (H6) mesic (H5), fibric (H1-3) decomposition fibric (H4) entire depth) -162-
Table 46. Suitability of organic soil map units for fuel peat Ma unit Suitability rating and limiting factorW Dead Wolf Pond unsuitable - degree of decomposition Jesse Cove unsuitable - origin of peat material Michael's Harbour unsuitable - depth of deposit Mint Pond fair - degree of decomposition Red CliffPond fair - degree ofdecomposition Sharrons Pond fair - degree of decomposition
Table 47. Summary table ofsuitability of organic soil map units for agriculture and mining Horticultural peat Ma unit Agriculture mmin Fuel eat mining Dead Wolf Pond good good unsuitable Jesse Cove poor to unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable Michael's Harbour unsuitable unsuitable unsuitable Mint Pond fair to poor unsuitable fair Red Cliff Pond good fair fair Sharrons Pond fair fair fair -163-
PART THREE
SOIL PROFILES - DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES
Explanation of terms used in the description of soil profiles
Important characteristics of the horizons are color, texture, structure, consistence, root distribution and porosity. Color is an easily determined feature for soil identification. Colors in soil horizons are usually good indications oforganic matter content, drainage, iron content and leaching effects. Poor drainage is usually indicated by grayish, brownish and reddish mottling.
Soil texture refers to the proportions ofsand, silt and clay ofwhich the soil material less than 2 mm in diameter is composed. When coarser (i.e. >2 mm), soil particles constitute 20 to 50% or more than 50% of the soil volume, the terms gravelly and very gravelly are used respectively. Figure 14 shows the soil textural classes expressed as percentages of sand, silt and clay.
Soil structure and porosity are the most important characteristic of the soil profile influencing plant growth, drainage and susceptibility to degradation and erosion. The form, size and durability of the soil aggregates and the abundance and size ofpores determine aeration, moisture- holding capacity, and distribution of plant roots within the soil. A soil horizon may have blocky, platy, or granular structure, or it may be structureless, that is, non-aggregated.
Soil consistence is related to texture and refers to the attractive forces between soil particles. Depending on texture and moisture conditions, soils may be loose, hard or very hard when dry; loose, friable or firm when moist; nonsticky or sticky whenwet; nonplastic or plastic when saturated. Soils may be cemented when cementing agents such as silica and iron in combination with organic matter are present. Soil consistence indicates the ease with which a soil can be worked. A heavy textured soil generally becomes sticky when wet. In this state it is hard to work with machinery.
Additional features of the horizons are distinctness and form of the lower horizon boundary; abundance, size, and distribution of roots; and the size, form, and abundance of coarse fragments such as gravel, cobbles and stones.
Organic soil horizons are characterized by the stage of decomposition of the material. . The decomposition ofthe organic material is determined by observing the ease with whichplant remains can be distinguished, the nature of the fibers, the form the samples takes, the color of the water expressed and the proportion ofthe original sample thatremains in the hand after squeezing a sample. within the closed hand. Ten classes are defined in the "von Post" scale of decomposition. Class 1 to 4 range from undecomposed to weakly decomposed and are generally called fibric, class 5 and 6 are moderately and strongly decomposedrespectively and are called mesic,class 7 to 10 range from strongly decomposed to completely decomposed which are generally indicated as being humic.
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0 loo
Figure-'I 3.. A diagram showingthe ranges in percentages ofsand, silt and clay in the textural classes.
Explanation of the chemical and physical soil analyses
Foil most of the soil profiles described in this section, chemical and physical analyses are presented .Physicaland chemical analyses give quantitative expressionto constituents and properties ofthesoil ândto the nutrient status ofthe soil. The analyses also aid in the classification ofthe soils . according to the Canadian System ofSoil Classification. This report contains over 1750 soil analyses and particle size distribution determinations. Most soil analyses were performed by the Service Laboratory of the Land Resource Research Institute ofAgriculture Canada, Ottawa and a number ofsoil analyses were performed in the soils laboratory ofthe Newfoundland Forest Research Center. Consequently, slight differences in methods of analyses will exist.
Soil-reaction
The reaction of soils is usually expressed as pH, which is determined in a 0.01 M CaCl2 solution n or in water. The pH measurements in water are usually slightly higher than those measured. i CaC12. '. The pH measurements range from a low of 3 .4 in an Ae horizon to a high of 5.5 in â. subsurface horizon. In general pH increases with depth, due to greater leaching in the surface horizons...Most agricultural crops grow best within the pH range 5.8 to 6.1, indicating that the soils of the-Bay of Exploits area are generally too acid and need amendment through addition of limestone. For organic soils, the pH is determined on moist soil, using 0.015 M CaCl2 and ranges from about 3 .0 to 4.0. Bogs usually have the most acidic peat. Fen peats generally have a pH greater than 4.2. . - 165-
Total carbon
Total carbon in soils refers to the total of organic carbon and inorganic carbon in the form of carbonate minerals. However, in humid regions, such as Newfoundland, where the profile is subject to leaching, total carbon exists predominantly or entirely as organic carbon.
Organic matter content ofa soil is related to organic carbon content by a factor of 1.724 (Organic Matter = °lo Org. C x 1.724). Organic Matter consists of organic materials in various stages of decomposition. The well decomposed, colloidal organic material forms with the clay the colloidal complex, the site for most of the chemical reactivity in the soil. Organic matter is also the :site for microbial activity in the soil. Organic matter is usually highest in the B horizon or the horizon of illuviation, and lowest in the C horizon or parent material. In general the organic matter contents in the soils of the Bay ofExploits area can be considered as relatively low.
Total nitrogen and C/N ratio
The nitrogen in soils depends on organic matter content, its rate of decomposition by microbial activity, and the conversion of nitrogen into soluble forms that are used or lost from the soil. The use ofnitrogen depends on microbial activity, which in turn depends on the organic matter content. Thus the nitrogen content of a soil is directly related to the organic carbon content of the soil and total nitrogen status ofthe soil. Therefore, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is often used to express the relationship between the nitrogen status and the organic matter content in the soil. C/N ratios between 10 and 15 for mineral surface horizons usually indicate a relative stable condition. The percentage oftotal nitrogen being removed equals the percentage oftotal carbon being lost. Ratios of 15 to 30 indicate that the microbial activity is above normal and the organic matter content ofthe . soil is undergoing reduction. Ratios of more than 30 indicate a relatively large supply of.organic matter, intense microbial activity and rapid reduction ofthe organic matter content. Ratios below 10 indicate low organic matter contents and little microbial activity. These ratios are normally found only in subsoils. For the soils ofthe survey area, C/N ratios for most ofthe A and B horizons range from 10 to 25, indicating stable conditions to an annual increase in organic matter from vegetation. Fororganic surface horizons and peat material the situation is different. Organic soils gerierally have a high carbon- nitrogen ratio.
Available phosphorus
Phosphorus in soils occurs as organic phosphates and rockphosphates. Phosphate is very slowly soluble, especially under acid conditions, and only a small proportion of it is in a form which is available to plants. However, unlike other plant nutrients, almost no phosphate is leached out ofthe soil. With the possible exception of nitrogen, phosphorus is the most important element for plant growth. It regulates processes in the plant such as flowering and fruiting, seed formation; crop' maturation and root development . The availability ofphosphorus to plants isdetermined by the pH. For most soils, the availability of phosphorus to plants is maximum at a pH of around 6. For vegetable production the optimal available phosphorus content is considered to be in the range of--- 5.0, to 75 ppm. Available phosphorus contents in the Bay ofExploits area range between 20 and 30 ppm for most ofthe cultivated soils, and well below 20 ppm for soils under forest vegetation. High phosphate levels are found in organic surface horizons.
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Lime.requirement indicates the amount of limestone with 60% immediately available CaC03, that is needed to raise the soil pH to 6.5 to a 15 cm depth. Lime requirement does not only take into -accountthe soil acidity due to Hydrogen-ion concentration, but also takes into account the exchange ~aeidity.,due to the Aluminum-ion concentration in the soil solution.
Iron, aluminum and manganese
- Iron and aluminum are extracted using three different methods: extraction by the sodium pyrophosphate, ammonium oxalate and the dithionite citrate methods. It is thought that the dithionite citrate extracts most ofthe crystalline and amorphous iron (Fe)-oxides and hydroxides as well as iron (Fe)-salts and iron (Fe)-organic complexes, while the iron extracted with ammonium oxalate. cipsely parallels the amorphous iron content. Ammonium oxalate is considered to extract most ofthe amorphous forms ofaluminum (Al) in the soil. Sodium phyrophosphate only extracts the iron and aluminum that are associated with organic matter.
Pyrophosphate-, oxalate- and dithionite- extractable iron and aluminum values are useful in . studies of soil genesis and classification. The oxalate values, especially, give an indication ofthe degree of. accumulation of amorphous products of recent weathering in soils that vary, widely in texturd; 'Olour, soil reaction, organic matter content and total iron oxides content. The phyrophosphate extractable iron and aluminum is used to confirm the presence of podzolic B horizons in order to classify the soils according to the Canadian System of Soil Classification . . (Canada Soil Survey Committee 1978). A podzolic B horizon must have an extractable Fe + Al. value of0.6% or more for textures finer than sand, and 0.4% or more for sands. Dithionite citrate is thought to extract the manganese- compounds in the soil that is not retained in the silicate crystal lattice. . Manganese generally follows the same trend as iron under oxidation and reduction. Both iron and manganese become soluble underreduced conditions and relocation ofthese soluble forms . may occur, Iron andmanganese often segregate into concretions in the upper horizons ofsoils where oxidation-reduction conditions alternate, which is at the contact of the A and B horizons.
Cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations
The cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the storage capacity of the colloidal complex for exchangeable cations or, simpler, how much nutrient the soil can hold in storage for _ plantgrowth. The cation exchange capacity ofa soil varies with pH. Therefore, the cation exchange capacity has been measured at the pH of the soil (CEC Perm.). Besides being pH dependent, the cation exchange capacity values increase with clay content and organic matter content. Consequently the coarser textured soils and the horizons low in organic matter have the lowest exchange capacity. Many ofthe B horizons have moderately high to high cation exchange capacity values, while the overlying, leached out, Ae horizons and the underlying parent materials have low values:- Calcium and aluminum are generally the dominant exchangeable bases. Potassium and magnesium are present in smaller amounts. A low cation exchange capacity within the top 30 cm . ofthe soil indicates a low nutrient status and the soil fertility will have to be supplemented to avoid reduced crop yields.
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Gravel content and particle size distribution
Coarse fragments of2 mm or greater in diameter are referred to as gravel, cobbles or stones. Soil texture is determined by the proportion ofparticles ofdifferent size grades over the soil particles less than 2 mm effective spherical diameter. Three basic size grades or fractions are used: clay (less than 0.002 mm effective spherical diameter), silt (0.002 - 0.05 mm) and sand (0.05 - 2 mm). The sand fraction has been subdivided into five fractions: very coarse sand (1- 2 mm), coarse sand (0.5 -1 mm), sand (0.25 - 0.5 mm), fine sand (0.1- 0.25 mm) and very fine sand (0.05 - 0.1 mm). Figure 14 shows the soil textural names, given to various combinations of the three basic fractions.
Engineering particle size classes are approximated using sieve analyses ofparticles greater than 2 mm effective spherical diameter, and the percentages very fine sand (0.05 - 0.1 mm), silt (0.002 - 0.05 mm) and clay (less than 0.0002 mm) are calculated over the total sample weight. Sieve analyses, percentages very fine sand, silt and clay are presented in Table 48, together, with the approximated percentages passing No. 4 and No. 200 sieves. Fromthis the Unified Engineering Soil Classification is determined for selected soil profiles.
Pyrophosphate-soluble organic matter
The pyrophosphate-soluble organic matter index for organic soils is a measure ofthe degree of humification of the organic material. A pyrophosphate index ofless than 40 is generally expected for undecomposed to weakly decomposed organic material; between 40 and 60 for moderately to strongly decomposed organic material; more than 60 for very strongly to completely decomposed organic material (Schintzer and Desjardins,1965).
Ash content
Ash content for organic soils, expressed as the percentage of ash over the original weight gives an indication ofthe degree ofhumification or the organic material. The more humified the organic material is, the higher the ash content is. It also gives an indication ofthe suitability of the organic material for fuel peat. Ash content of fuel peat should be as low as possible and preferably around 2.5%. - .
Methods of soil analyses
The following methods were used to analyse the soil samples: pH Soil pH was determined in a 1:2 soil to 0.01M CaCl2 ratio with 10 gram of2 mm material and in a 1:1 soil to water ratio with 20 gram of 2 mm material. The readings were taken at the -end .ôf .30, minutes. (Methods 3.11 and 3.13). _ Total Carbon The percentage total carbon by weight was determined using a LECO induction furnace equipped with purifying train, and carbondeterminator. (Method 3 .611.) After 1984, total carbonwas determined using the C-N Analyser.
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Organic Carbon The organic carbon was determined for a number of samples by - loss on ignition (Method 3 .81). Total carbon was calculated from . this by dividing by a factor of1.7. . Total Nitrogen The semi-micro Kjeldahl method, Not and No5 not included. (Method 3.621.) After 1984, total nitrogen was determinéd using . . . . . the C-N Analyser. . Extractable Iron Three extraction procedures were used. Extraction by sodium and Aluminum pyrophosphate (Method 3 .53), the dithionite- citrate-bicarbonate method (Method 3.51) and the acid ammonium oxalate method (Method 3.52). Extractable Manganese The acid ammonium oxalate method was used (Method 3 .52). Cation Exchange Exchangeable cations were extracted using NaC1 . Capacity and Amounts of Ca, Mg, K and Al were measured using an Atomic Exchangeable Cations Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model 1200 Varian Techtron) . (Method 3 .31). Cation exchange capacity (Permanent charge) is the sum ofthe cations measured. "vailable-Phôsphorus Phosphorus extracted by 0.03 N NH4F + 0.025 M HC1 . . Phosphorus extracted is measured using an auto-analyser (Method 4.45).
Lime requirements Lime requirement was determined using the buffer method. (Method 4.71). Lime requirements are expressed in quantities of ; limestone in tons required to raise the soil pH to 6.5 to a 15 cm depth. Particle size distribution is determined using the pipet method on less than 2 mm material with pretreatments to remove carbonates, organic matter and soluble salts (Method 2.11). Particle size distribution for some of the analyses was determined using the Hydrometer method on less than 2 mm material (Method 2.12). Sieve analysis ofparticles coarser than 2 mm for selected profiles used the following sieves: 2, 4, 8,16 and 31.5 mm. ' Pyrophosphate Soluble Determination of the amount of organic matter in solution with Organic Matter Index Sodium pyrophosphate using a spectrophotometer (Method, for Organic Soils 3 .615). _ Extractable K. Ca and The cations are extracted with ammonium acetate (NH4 Ac). Mg f~or, ;anic soils Amounts of K, Ca, and Mg were measured using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model IL 951) (Method 4.51).
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Extractable P for P is extracted with a "strong" Bray extract (0.05 N NH4F + O.1N organic soils HCl). Amounts of P are measured using an Auto-Analyzer. (Method 4.46.) Organic C for Using a muffle furnace at 4200C for 1.5 hours. The result is the organic soils Loss on Ignition which provides an estimate of organic matter. This has been converted into organic carbon content (Method 3.81).
pH for organic soils Soil pH was determined using 4 ml of 0.015 M CaC12 with '/2 teaspoon of moist with U2 teaspoon of moist peat sample. The reading was taken at the end of 15 minutes using a portable pH meter (Method 3 .12). Fiber content for Rubbed and unrubbed fiber content was determined with the organic soils syringe method. The sample volume is measured in the modified syringe, then washed on a 100 mesh sieve and. the remaining material is measured again using the syringe to arrive at percent (%) unrubbed fiber content. Rubbed fiber content uses the same procedure, however, the material is lightly rubbed between the fingers when washed on the 100 mesh sieve (Method 2.72).
Method numbers between brackets refer to methods in "Manual on Soil Sampling and Methods ofAnalysis", McKeague, J.A. Ed., 1976, LRRI.
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SOIL PROFILE: Alderbum (07-80-0044-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E6 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 3590 5825
ELEVATION: 45 m above MSL SOIL SITE : Parent Material: Coarse loamy and coarse silty; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal till, sandstone lithology. Landform: Morainal, cobbly and bouldery, inclined. Slope: Simple slope ofclass 3 (2-5%), facing north; site at middle slope position; severely mounded microtopography; slope length 400 m. Soil Moisture Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; moderate and Drainage: surface runoff; seepage present. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Very stony, moderately rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland. VEGETATION: Picea manana, Abies balsamea; Populus tremuloides; Pleurozium spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy, mixed non- clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
LF 14 to 0 cm; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material derived predominantly from needles, small twigs and other wood fragments; plentiful, medium roots; wavy abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 6 cm; gray brown 910YR 512, matrix moist) gravelly loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; sticky, friable, slightly hard, plastic consistence; plentiful, medium roots; many, fine and medium, random, inped and exped pores; 50% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bfl 6 to 18 cm; brown to dark brown (7.5YR 414, matrix moist) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence; few, fine roots; many, fine, random, inped and exped pores; 60% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
Bfl 18 to 28 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 414, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak medium to coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, nonplastic consistence; few, fine roots; many, fine, random inped and exped pores; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
BC 28 cm plus; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 414, matrix moist) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak, medium to coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly sticky, very friable, soft, slightly plastic consistence; many, very fine and fine, random inped pores; 50% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. - 172-
Alderburn: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Lime Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Reg. pH 100 Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn kg/ha 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 Horizon cm CaC 1 0/o /o ratio "m /o /o /o /o /o 15 cm 1 LF 14-0 __ -_ -______- _- __ _- 2 Ae 0-6 3.7 2.4 0.1 24 4.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.1 tr 11 3 Bfl 6-18 4.3 3 .5 0.2 18 7.7 0.5 1 .0 0.6 1 .5 1 .4 1 .1 tr 16 4 Bf2 18-28 4.6 1 .9 0.1 19 8.5 0.1 0.5 0.2 1 .5 0.7 0.6 tr 14 r 5 1 BC I 28+ I 4.5 I 1 .2 0.1 12 + 0.1 0.3 0.2 . 1 .0 . 0.7 0.5 tr 1 11 ~i
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations CEC meq/100 g Perm Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. meq/ Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. Ash 0 0 o 0 0 0 Ca M~?, K Al 100 . /o /0 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25_.1 .1_.OS /o /o O.M. /o /o
2 1 .25 0.91 0.08 0.89 3.13 64 41 .1 8 .8 6.0 3.6 8.4 14.2 44.3 14.7 - - - - 3 0.67 0.46 0.09 1 .22 2 .44 75 57 .7 19.8 11 .7 5.9 9.3 11 .1 28.4 13.9 - - - - 4 0.39 0.30 0.07 tr 0.76 48 56.5 10.6 12.1 6.6 12.8 14.6 32.1 11 .3 - - - - 5 0.46 0.36 0.08 0.42 1 .32 56 54.2 5.8 7 .7 6.3 15 .2 19.3 13.4 13.4 - - - -
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SOIL PROFILE: Barry's Pond (07-81-0015-1-07) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 1849 5530 ELEVATION: Between 90 and 105 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Skeletal and fme loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal till; shale lithology. Landform: Morainal, rubbly, hummocky. Slope : 5% slope, facing south; site at middle slope position; moderately mounded microtopography; slope length 100 m. Soil Moisture Moderately well drained; medium transmissability; moderate and Drainage: surface runoff, seepage present. Depth to Bedrock: 50 cm. Stoniness and Very stony, moderately rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Logged over. Vegetation: Prunus vir iniana, Alnus rugosa, Kalmia spp, Pleurozium spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol, very shallow lithic phase, loamy skeletal, mixed nonclay mineralogy; acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
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LF 4 to 0 cm; range 3 to 5 cm; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derived from needles, leaves, feathermosses and wood fragments; abundant, very fine and fine vertical roots; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 3 cm, range I to 4 cm; gray (5YR 5/1, matrix moist), pale brown (IOYR 6/3, matrix dry), gravelly silty clay loam; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure; sticky, very friable, hard, plastic consistence; plentiful, very fine and fine roots; common, medium, random pores; 30% by volume slaty coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bhf 3 to 12 cm; range 7 to 10 cm; dark reddish brown to dark red (2.5YR 3.5/6, matrix moist), brownish yellow (IOYR 6/6, matrix dry), very gravelly clay; very weak to weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure; weak to moderate, fine to medium granular secondary structure; sticky, friable, slightly hard, plastic consistence; plentiful, very fine and fine roots; common, fine and medium random pores; 50% by volume slaty coarse fragments; irregular, clear horizon boundary.
Bf 12 to 36 cm; range 20 to 30 cm; yellowish red (SYR 5/6, matrix moist), brownish yellow (l0YR 6/8, matrix dry), very gravelly clay; very weak to weak, fine, subangular blocky structure; weak, fine to medium granular secondary structure; sticky, firm, slightly hard, plastic consistence; few, very fine and fine roots; common, fine and medium, random pores; 70% by volume slaty, coarse fragments; irregular, clear horizon boundary.
BC 36 cm plus; dark brown to brown (7.SYR 4/4, matrix moist), yellow (IOYR 7/6, matrix dry), very gravelly sandy clay loam; very weak, very fine granular structure; slightly sticky, friable, soft, slightly plastic consistence; very few, very fine roots; 60% by volume slaty and stony coarse fragments. - 175-
Barry's Pond: Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol.
Sodium pH Pyrophosphate Depth, 1 :1 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Horizon cm H,O CaCI % % ratio " "m 1 LF 4-0 2 Ae 0-3 - _- -______- 3 Bhf 3-12 4.9 4.1 7.4 0.1 74 tr 0.4 0.6 4 Bf 12-36 5.4 4.9 3.6 0.1 36 tr 0.3 0.6 5 BC 36+ 5 .3 4.9 3 .5 0.1 35 tr -- --
Exchangeable Cation g. CEC Particle Size Distribution rm meq.l Gravel Sand Silt Clay Bulk Ca WK Al 1100g.1 % % % % Density
2 55 17 50 33 - 3 tr 0.12 0.06 9.91 10.09 72 26 30 44 -- 4 tr 0.12 0.17 1 .56 1 .84 84 36 24 40 5 tr 0.07 0.11 0.53 0.75 80 62 18 20
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SOIL PROFILE: Brown's Arm Brook (07-84-0002-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E6 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 3380 5710
ELEVATION: Less than 15 m above MSL SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Fine silty; extremely to strongly acidic marine; mixed lithology. Landform: Marine, loamy, level. Slope: Simple slope of class 1(0 - 0.5%). Soil Moisture Very poorly drained, low transmissiblity, slow surface runoff, and Drainage: seepage present. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Non-stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Stream swamp. Vegetation: Alnus rugos_, Carex spp, Juncus spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol, peaty phase, fine silty, mixed non- clay mineralogy, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
Om 20 to 0 cm; black (l0YR 2/1, wet) strongly decomposed woody peat intermixed with minor silty clay loam, abundant, fme, medium and coarse roots; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bhfg 0 to 26 cm; very dark gray (10YR 3/1, natural wet), gravelly loam; very weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fme to medium granular secondary structure; slightly sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; plentiful, fine roots; highly porous horizon; less than 10% by volume gravelly rock fragments; smooth, abrupt, horizon boundary.
IICg 26 cm plus; gray (10YR 6/1, matrix moist) silty clay loam; many, medium, prominent, yellowish brown (l0YR 6/6) mottles; massive structure; sticky, very firm, hard, plastic consistence ; slightly porous horizon; less than 10% by volume gravelly rock fragments. - 177-
Brown's Arm Brook: Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite pH Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Lime Req. Depth 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 . Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % Ratio é)m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 Om 20-0 4.5 21 .2 1.4 15 31 .8 0.36 1 .16 ------2 Bhfg 0-26 4.8 8.4 0.5 17 12.3 0.31 1 .63 ------3 IIC 26+ 5 .2 0.4 tr - 1 .5 0.07 0.04 ------
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations CEC meq/100 g Perm Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Fibre Content meq/ Gravel Sand Silt Clay J[Ca~ffl- K Al .100g. . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 % % Unrubbed Rubbed 1 30.0 5.43 0.42 2.00 37.85 0 3 .9 ------67.6 28.5 64 10 2 9.30 2.02 0.13 0.48 11 .93 6 32.4 2.7 3.5 3 .0 9.5 13.7 49.4 18.2 -- -- 3 5 .45 2.36 0.11 0.00 7.92 4 5 .8 ------61 .3 33.0 -- --
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SOIL PROFILE: Bulley's Cove (07-80-0052-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil Grid: 21 UXE 3065 5400 ELEVATION: Between 45 and 60 m above MSL SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Skeletal and coarse loamy;--extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); Igneous coârseacid lith616gy.
Landform: Morainal, rubbly, veneer. Slope: Complex slope of class 6 (16-30%), facing southwest; site at crest position.
Soil Moisture Very poorly drained; medium transmissibility; moderate surface and Drainage: runoff; seepage present. Depth to Bedrock: 35 cm. Stoniness and Exceedingly stony; very rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Productive woodland. Vegetation: Abies balsamea. Picea mariana, Betula panvrifera. SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Rego Gleysol, very shallow lithic, loamy skeletal, mixed non-clay mineralogy, shallow lithic, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
Of 18 to 0 cm; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material consisting offeathermoss (60%) and soft to slightly hard wood fragments (40%) 2 to 3 cm in size; abundant, medium and coarse, horizontal roots; wavy abrupt horizon boundary.
Cg 0 to 35 cm; gray (5YR 511, matrix moist) gravelly fine sandy loam; very weak to weak, medium to coarse, granular structure; very weak to weak, fine, granular secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; abundant, medium and coarse, horizontal roots; 40% by volume angular coarse fragments; irregular, clear horizon boundary.
R 35 cm plus; igneous, coarse acid bedrock. - 179-
Bulley's Cove: Rego Gleysol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Lime Req. pH Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio è m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 Of 18-0 3.5 53 .1 1 .2 44 144.0 tr tr tr tr tr tr tr -- 2 0-35 3.9 l 2.5 ` 0.1 I 25 3 .5 I tr I tr I 0.1 I tr I 0.3 tr I tr 8
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations CEC Pyroph meq/100 g Perm Total % sand/particle size in nun. Total Sol. meq/ Gravel Sand Clay O.M. Ash Ca K TAI 100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 1 .25-.1 1 .1-.05 silt
1 12.15 2.02 0.06 - 14.23 ------] - 5 .6 6.6 2 1 .00 0.26 0.04 -- 9.14 45 51 .9 12.7 10.4 6.5 11 .3 11 .0 41 .5 6.6 -- --
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SOIL PROFILE: Burnt Arm (07-80-0073-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 1540 4730 ELEVATION: 125 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Skeletal and coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal till; sandstone lithology. Landform: Morainal, blocky, hummocky . Slope: Simple slope of class 5 (10-15%),. facing southeast; site at middle slope position.
Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained, medium transmissibility; moderate surface and Drainage: runoff; seepage present. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Very stony; non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland. Vegetation: Picea mariana; Betula pauvrifera; Populus tiemuloides; Prunus vir ig niana; kalmia spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non- clay mineralogy; acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
LF 10 to 0 cm; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derived from mosses, needles, leaves, herbaceous fragments and wood fragments; abundant, medium and coarse roots; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 9 cm; dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2, matrix moist), fine sandy loam; weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; abundant, medium and coarse roots; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bf 9 to 26 cm; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2, matrix moist) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak, medium to coarse, subangularblocky structure; weak, fine, subangularblocky secondary structure; sticky, friable,hard, non-plastic consistence; plentiful, medium roots; very few, medium pores; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bfgjl 26 to 45 cm; reddish brown (SYR 4/4, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam; few, coarse, distinct, yellowish brown mottles; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fine, granular secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non- plastic consistence ; few, fine roots; few, medium and coarse pores; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bfg2 45 to 55 cm plus; reddish brown (5YR 4/3, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam; common, fine, faint, yellowish red mottles; fine to medium, subangularblocky structure; very weak, fine, granular secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. - 182-
Burnt Arm: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe AI Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % .ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 LF 10-0 ------,-- -- 2 Ac 0-9 3.4 2.4 0.1 24 1 .8 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.1 tr 15 3 Bf 9-26 4.1 4.8 0.2 24 2.7 1 .1 0.8 1 .4 0.8 2.2 0.7 tr 17 4 Bfgj l 26-45 4.5 3 .1 0.2 16 2.7 0.3 1 .0 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 tr 11 5 Bf j2 45-55 4.6 1 .3 0.1 13 -- 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.5 tr 10
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cation meq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. Ash Ca M K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25- .1 .1-.05 % % O.M. 1 ------2 0.88 0.41 0.06 1 .50 2.85 21 56.2 7.5 7 .5 5.4 15.1 20.6 30.4 13.5 -- -- 3 1 .23 0.27 0 .19 2.25 3 .94 52 59.4 10.8 10.3 6.6 13.9 17 .7 27.0 13.6 -- - 4 0.43 0.06 0.07 0.70 1 .26 50 56.5 13.1 11 .8 6.9 10.1 14.7 33 .0 10.4 -- -- 5 0.98 0.16 0.06 0.56 1 .76 60 72.5 28.2 15 .9 7.9 9.4 11 .1 19.0 8.4 -- --
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SOIL PROFILE: Coopers Pond (07-80-0051-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 31715500 ELEVATION: Between 30 and 45 m above MSL SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Skeletal and coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); sandstone lithology. Landform: Morainal, cobbly and bouldery. Slope: Simple slope of 12%, facing southeast, site at middle slope position. Soil Moisture Moderately well drained; slow surface runoff; seepage present. and Drainage: Depth to Bedrock: Between 50 and 100 cm. Stoniness and Very stony, moderately rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Productive woodland. Vegetation: Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Sorbus americana, Poa spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase, loamy skeletal, mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime. - 184-
FH 6 to 0 cm; moderately to highly decomposed organic material predominantly derived from needles and leaves with 20% soft wood fragments, approximately 1 cm in size; irregular, abrupt horizon boundary.
0 to 4 cm; brown (lOYR 5/3, matrix moist) gravelly loam; weak, very coarse, angular blocky structure; weak, medium, subangular blocky secondary structure; non-sticky, friable, extremely hard, non- plastic consistence; plentiful, fine and medium, random inped roots; common, fine, random pores; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; irregular clear horizon boundary.
Bfl 4 to 32 cm; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, matrix moist) gravelly silt loam; very weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; plentiful, fine and medium, random, inped roots; many, very fine and fine, random pores; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, gradual horizon boundary.
Bfl 32 to 46 cm; dark brown to brown (7.SYR 4/4), gravelly fine sandy loam; very weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fine to medium platy secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; few, very fine and fine, random exped roots; common, very fine and fine, random exped pores; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
BC 46 cm plus; dark brown to brown (IOYR 4/3), gravelly fine sandy loam; slightly compacted; moderate, medium to coarse subangular blocky structure; very weak, medium to coarse, angular blocky secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non- plastic consistence; very few, very fine, random, exped roots; few, very fine horizontal pores; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. - 185-
Coopers Pond : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite pH Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe AI Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm Cacl % % ratio e~Rim % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 FH 6-0 4.0 5.2 2.1 2.5 8.0 tr tr tr tr 0.1 tr tr - 2 Ae 0-4 4.2 0.7 tr - 5.0 0.1 tr 0.1 tr 0.5 0.1 tr 15 3 Bfl 4-32 4.1 4.4 0.2 22 7.7 0.6 1.0 0.6 1 .2 2.3 1 .2 tr 17 4 Bf2 32-46 4.4 2.1 0.1 21 -- 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.2 0.7 tr 9 5 BC 46+ 4.9 1 .1 tr j -- -- 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.8 -L0.8 0.4 tr 5
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cation meq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. Ash Ca M K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 % % O.M. % 1 18.75 5 .23 0.18 0.0 24.16 ------7.9 9.15 2 2.74 0.42 ' 0.05 0.0 3.21 38 43.7 13 .2 6.8 3.6 6.0 14.0 47.5 8.8 -- - 3 f 0.91 0.23 0.07 1.95 3.16 34 37.4 7.6 5.3 3.1 6.7 14.6 54.5 8.2 -- -- 4 1 .50 0.19 0.04 0 .0 10 .69 41 45.3 8.9 6.6 4.2 8.3 17.3 48.0 6.6 -- -- 5 1 .49 0.20 0.04 0 .0 6 .21 48 55 .9 14.3 9.5 5.3 9.7 17.1 38.9 5.2 -- -
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SOIL PROFILE: Dead Wolf Pond (07-81-0010-1-07) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid. : 21 UXE 3049 4410 ELEVATION: 60 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material : Organic material predominantly derived from sphagnum mosses. Wetland Classification: Moss, domed bog, 2-5% slope. Area of Wetland: 2 ha. Soil Moisture Poorly drained. and Drainage: Water Table: Apparent water table 10 to 30 cm below surface. Depth ofPeat: 450 cm. Vegetation: Sphag spp, Kalmia lifoli Kalmia an ustifolia, Ledum groenlandicum, Picea mariana (1-3 m high, 5-10 cm D.B.H.), Cladoma, spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Typic Fibrisol, sphagnic, dysic, cold aquic.
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Ofl 0 to 15 cm; light yellowish brown (IOYR 614, dry), undecomposed sphagnum peat; von Post scale of humification 1.
Oft 15 to 60 cm; dark brown (IOYR 3/3, dry), very weakly decomposed fibrous sphagnum peat; von Post scale ofhumification 3.
00 60 to 380 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 3/4, dry), weakly decomposed fibrous sphagnum peat; von Post scale ofhumification 4.
Om 380 to 450 cm; very dark brown (IOYR 212, dry), moderately decomposed fibrous sphagnum peat; von Post scale of humification 5.
Cg 450 cm plus; gravelly silt loam.
Dead Wolf Pond: Typic Fibrisol.
Fiber content, % Ph Extractable (ppm) Depth, .015M C H orizon cm unrubbed rubbed CaCI % P Ca IM-- K I Ofi 0-15 ------2 Oft 15-60 80 76 3.2 45 209.0 268.0 19.1 3 Of3 60-380 88 70 3.2 35 170.2 164.6 7.3 4 Om 380-450 56 34 3.9 30 1773 .6 169.7 2.8
SOIL PROFILE: Dogberry Brook (07-80-0060-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid. : 21 UXE 2500 4255 ELEVATION : Between 30 and 45 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material l : Extremely to strongly acidic; organic; sphagnum peat. Parent Material 2: Coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); sandstone lithology. Landform: Morainal, mesic and loamy, inclined. Slope: Simple slope ofclass 3 (2 to 5%), facing west; site at middle slope position; slope length 400 m. Soil Moisture Very poorly drained, seepage present. and Drainage: Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Moderately stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland. Vegetation: Alnus rueosa, Kalmia spp, spha spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Rego Gleysol, peaty phase, coarse loamy, mixed non- clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumic moisture regime.
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Ofl 0 to 16 cm; dark brown, slightly decomposed sphagnum and carex peat; abundant, medium and coarse roots; smooth, clear horizon boundary.
02 16 to 24 cm; dark reddish brown, slightly to moderately decomposed sphagnum and woody peat; abundant fine and medium roots; smooth, clear horizon boundary.
Oh 24 to 40 cm; black highly decomposed woody peat; plentiful fine roots; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
cg 40 to 60 cm plus; dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2, natural wet/reduced) gravelly coarse sandy loamy; weak, fine, subangular blocky structure; weak, fine, granular secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, hard, non-plastic consistence; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. -190-
Dogberry Brook: Rego Gleysol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe AI Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon m CaCI % % ratio i,m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 Ofl 0-16 3.6 47.2 1 .3 36 -- tr tr tr tr tr tr tr -- 2 Oft 16-24 4.1 50.0 1 .2 42 -- tr tr tr tr tr 0.1 tr -- 39 tr 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 tr -- 3 Oh 24-40 5 .4 32.4 1 .1 30 i 4 C~ 40-60+ 5.2 0.4 I tr -- I -- I 0.1 I 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.1 0.6 0.2 , tr ' --
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cation meq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. Ash Ca M~ K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 % % O.M. 1 12.30 2.74 0.98 0.0 16.02 7.1 3.3 2 36.90 13 .69 : 0.58 0.0 51 .17 ------17.4 5 .4 3 8.28 23 .04 0.52 0.0 31 .84 ------81 .0 20.9 14 1 .41 0.36 0.06 0.0 1 .83 31 65.7 16.6 13 .2 8 .7 13.4 14.3 25.9 8.4 -- --
SOIL PROFILE: Gander (07-81-0013-1-07) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid. : 21 UXE 1160 4576 ELEVATION: 125 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material : Skeletal and fine loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); sandstone lithology. Landform: Morainal, cobbly, undulating. Slope: Complex slope of class 3 (2-5%), facing southeast; site at upper slopeposition; moderately moundedmicrotopography; slope length 100 m. Soil Moisture Well drained, medium transmissibility; slow surface runoff, and Drainage: seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and very stony; non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Logged over. Vegetation: Prunus virginiana; Alnus rugosa, Pleurozium spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal mixed non- clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
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LF 5 to 0 cm; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist) slightly decomposed organic material containing feathermoss (50%) and slightly hard wood fragments (50%) 0.5 cm in size, plentiful, medium and coarse roots; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 8 cm; brown (7.5YR 5/2, matrix moist), pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2, matrix dry), silt loam; weak to moderate medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; weak, fine to medium subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable and firm, slightly hard, plastic consistence; plentiful, medium and coarse roots; many medium, random, inped pores; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bfl 8 to 32 cm; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, matrix moist), reddish yellow (7 .5YR 7/6, matrix dry) silt loam; weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence; plentiful, fine and medium roots; many, fine, random, inped pores; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
Bfl 32 to 45 cm; dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), pink (7 .5YR 7/4, matrix dry) loam; weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence; very few, fine roots; many, fine and medium, random, inped pores; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
BC 45 to 60 cm plus; dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), light yellowish brown (IOYR 6/4, matrix dry) gravelly loam; weak, medium to coarse subangular blocky structure; weak to moderate, coarse, granular secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, soft, slightly plastic consistence; very few, very fine roots; common, fine, random, inped pores; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. Gander: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium pH Pyrophosphate
Depth, 1 :1 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Horizon cm H20 CaCI 0/o olo ratio m 0/o 0/o
1 Lf 5-0
2 Ae 0-8 4.1 3 .5 0.7 0.2 4 tr -- - 3 Bfl 8-32 5.3 5 .0 4.2 0.2 21 tr 0.4 0.7 4 Bf2 32-45 5.1 4.7 4.5 0.1 45 tr 0.4 1 .0 5 BC 45-60 5.0 4.5 1 .2 0.1 12 tr -- --
Exchangeable Cation meq./100 g. Particle Size Distribution CEC Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Bulk Ca M K Al me /100 . % % % % Density
2 tr 0.30 0.22 8.22 8.75 28 35 45 20 --
3 tr 0.03 0.11 0 .22 0.37 31 44 36 20 0.9 4 tr 0.03 0.10 0.62 0.76 39 47 34 19 1 .0 5 tr 0.03 0.10 1 .02 1 .15 64 47 34 19 --
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SOIL PROFILE: Gills Point (07-80-0059-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map : 2E3 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 2440 4630 ELEVATION: Less than 15 m above MSL . SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Skeletal and coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial; sandstone lithology. Landform: Glaciofluvial, loamy, inclined. Slope: Simple slope of class 2 (0.5-2%), facing west; site at middle slope position. Soil Moisture Poorly drained; medium transmissability; slow surface runoff; and Drainage: seepage present. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Moderately stony, slightly rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Productive woodland. Vegetation: Picea mariana SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non- clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
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LF 20 to 0 cm; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derived from needles, sphagnum mosses, herbaceous fragments and wood fragments; abundant, medium and coarse roots; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 4 cm; pale brown (l0YR 6/3, matrixmoist), gravelly sandy loam; moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; moderate, fine, granular secondary structure; sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; abundant, medium roots; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bfgj 4 to 18 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam; many, coarse, distinct, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; few, fine roots; many, medium and coarse, random, exped pores; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
BCgj 18 to 34 cm; brown (IOYR 5/3, matrix moist), gravelly, coarse sandy loam; common, medium, distinct, brownish yellow (lOYR 6/8) mottles; weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; very few, very fine roots; common, fine and medium, exped pores; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Cgj 34 to 50 cm plus; very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2, matrix moist), gravelly coarse sandy loam; few, medium, distinct, yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; very weak, fine to medium granular structure; slightly sticky; friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. - 196-
Gills Point: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 , LF 20-0 2 Ae 0-4 3 Bfgj 4-18 3 .6 2.8 0.1 28 6.2 0.6 tr 0.9 0.1 1 .3 0.1 tr 17 4 BCgj 18-34 4.0 0 .7 tr -- 5 .5 0.3 tr 1 .0 0.1 0.1 0.1 tr 8 5 34-50 4.3 0.7 tr -- -- 0.1 tr 0.1 tr tr 0.1 tr 5
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cation me4/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. Ash Ca M~v; K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 % % O.M.
2 3 1 .21 0.76 0.06 14.70 16.73 51 60.5 25.3 17.8 4.4 5.4 7.5 25.1 14.4 -- -- 4 0.76 0.29 0.04 0.00 1 .09 46 70.9 34.6 19.4 4.4 5.5 6.9 12.2 16.9 -- -- 5 1.49 0.46 0.06 5.28 7.29 50 78.5 19.3 21.2 9.6 15.6 12.8 13 .2 8.3 ' -- --
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SOIL PROFILE: High Point (07-80-0062-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid. : 21 UXE 2550 3920 ELEVATION: Less than 15 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Skeletal and sandy; extremely to strongly acidic, glaciofluvial; sandstone lithology . Landform: glaciofluvial, sandy, hummocky. Slope: Complex slope of class 2 (0.5-2%), facing south. Soil Moisture Moderately well drained, medium transmissibility, slow surface and Drainage: runoff, water table at 70 cm. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Very stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland (logged over). Vegetation: Prunus pensvlvanica, Betule papyriferg, Alnus rugosa; Populus tremuloides SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixed non- clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
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LF 9 to 0 cm; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derived from needles, leaves, feathermoss and wood fragments; abundant, medium and coarse roots; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 5 cm, range 2 to 10 cm; gray to light gray (IOYR 6/l, matrix moist), gravelly coarse sandy loam; moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; moderate, medium, granular secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; abundant, medium andcoarse roots; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; irregular, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bf 5 to 29 cm, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, matrix moist) gravelly loamy coarse sand; weak, medium, subangularblocky structure; weak, medium, granular, secondary structure; non- sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; abundant, medium roots; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; irregular, diffuse horizon boundary.
Bfj 29 to 50 cm; dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), very gravelly loamy coarse sand; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; weak, medium, granular, secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; abundant, mediumroots; 50% by volume gravelly and flaggy coarse fragments; smooth, gradual horizon boundary.
BC 50 to 67 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sand; moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure; moderate, medium, subangular blocky secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; plentiful, fine and medium roots; 60% by volume gravelly, flaggy and stony coarse fragments; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
C 67 to 80 cm plus; very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2, matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sand; single grain structure; non-sticky, loose, non-plastic consistence; very few, very fine roots; 60% by volume gravelly, flaggy and. stony coarse fragments. - 199-
High Point: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio i~.-im % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 LF 9-0 __ -______- __ __ -_ -- -_ __ _- 2 Ae 0-5 3 .4 0.8 0.1 8 11 .5 0.2 tr 0 .3 0.1 0.4 0.1 tr 14 3 Bf 5-29 4.3 1 .2 0.1 12 19.5 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 1 .3 0.5 tr 15 4 Bfj 29-50 4.6 1 .6 0.1 16 24.2 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.7 1 .4 0.7 tr 7 5 BC 50-67 4.8 0.4 tr -- -- tr 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.3 tr 8 6 C 67-80 5.0 0.6 tr -- -- tr 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.3 tr 5
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cation 0 meq/100 g CEC Total /o sand/particle size m mm. Total PyroPh. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. Ash Ca In-- I K Al me /100 . °/° °/0 2-1 1-.5 1-----.5-.25 T.25-.1 .1-.OS °o% %°o O.M.
2 0.84 0.48 0.13 18.9 22.28 44 53.8 15 .7 16.7 4.0 6.9 10.4 35 .1 11 .1 -- -- 3 0.98 0.35 0.24 15.0 16.57 57 82.1 40.7 28.7 4.3 4.3 4.1 9.3 8 .6 -- -- 4 0.86 0.35 0.12 5.0 6.33 66 86.4 34.1 32.4 9.0 6.0 4.9 7.3 6.3 -- -- 5 0.80 0.29 0.10 0.0 1 .19 54 91 .8 21 .3 37.5 23 .0 6.3 3.7 8.2 tr -- -- 6 0.48 0.18 0.11 0.0 0.77 55 96.0 16.5 40.1 31 .2 7 .0 1 .1 tr 4.1
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SOIL PROFILE: Lower Sandy Point (07-84-0007-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid. : 21 UXE 5200 2390 ELEVATION: Less than 15 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Fragmental; extremely to strongly acidic; marine; mixed lithology. Landform: Marine, gravel, sandspit. Slope: Simple slope of class 1(0-0.5%) level. Soil Moisture Rapidly drained, hightransmissibility, slow surface runoff, seepage and Drainage: absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Slightly stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Natural grazing. Vegetation: Poa spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humic Regosol, fragmental, mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
Ah 0 to 7 cm; black (l0YR2/1, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak, fine granular structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; abundant, very fine and fine vertical roots; highly porous horizon; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy abrupt horizon boundary.
Cl 7 to 12 cm; very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2, matrix moist) sands, gravels and cobbles; abundant, very fine and fine, random roots; highly porous horizon; irregular, clear horizon boundary.
C2 12 to 30 cm plus; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, matrix moist) sands, gravels and cobbles; highly porous horizon. - 20 1-
Lower Sandy Point: Orthic Humic Regosol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req . Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio Xoim % % % % % 0/0 % 15 cm 1 Ah 0-7 4.2 8.7 0.8 10.9 45 .6 0.32 0.14 ------2 Cl 7-12 __ -_ _- __ _- _- __ 3 C2 12-30+ -_ _- -- _- _- __ -- -_ -_ -_ -_ -- -_
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cation meq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. Ash Ca ]M-- [ K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25-.1 .1-.05 % % O.M. % % 1 5.70 3.11 0.58 0.78 10.17 46 78 .2 22.0 33.8 12.6 6.1 3.7 12.2 9.6 -- - 2 __ _- __ -- _ 98 __ __ -- _- -_ _- _- _- __ 98
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SOIL PROFILE: Michael's Harbour (07-81-0007-1-07) LOCATION : NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid. : 21 UXE 2890 5212 ELEVATION: 60 m above MSL. SOI L SITE: Parent Material: Organic material, predominantly derived from sphagnum mosses, grasses, sedges and wood fragments. Wetland Classification: Tall shrub, slope fen, 1% slope. Area of Wetland: Approximately 1 ha. Soil Moisture Very poorly drained. and Drainage : Water Table Apparent water table, 0 to 20 cm below surface. Depth of Peat: 70 cm. Vegetation: Carex spp, sphagnum spp, Sci us spp, Kalmia olp ifolia, Kalmia angustifolia, Ledum groenlandicum, Alnus ru osa, Larix laricina SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Fibric Humisol, sphagnic, ecic, cold aquic, shallow.
Ofl 0 to 10 cm; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry), almost undecomposed sphagnum and sedge peat; von Post scale of humification 2.
Oft 10 to 30 cm; dark brown to brown (10YR 4/3, dry), very weakly decomposed, matted, sedge peat; von Post scale of humification 3.
Oh 30 to 70 cm; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, dry) strongly to very strongly decomposed woody peat; von Post scale of humification 7 to 8.
R 70 cm plus; bedrock.
Michael's Harbour: Fibric Humisol. Fiber content, % Ph _ Extractable (ppm) Depth, .015 M C Horizon cm unrubbed .1 rubbed CaC12 % P Ca K I 1 On 0-10 ------35 353.9 115.7 133.7 2 Of2 10-30 80 58 4.1 45 1012.9 241 .6 40.0 3 Oh 30-70 34 6 4.9 90 2700.0 369.7 13 .5 II'
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SOIL PROFLLE : Mill Pond (07-84-0005-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E6 Mil Grid.: 21 UXE 1725 6125 ELEVATION: 30 to 45 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material 1 : Skeletal and coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); siltstone and sandstone lithology. Parent Material 2: Stratified and sandy skeletal; extremely to strongly acidic ; glaciofluvial ; coarse basic, siltstone and sandstone lithology. Landform: Morainal, loamy and gravelly, level. Slope: Simple slope of class 1(0-05%); level. Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained; medium transmissibility; slow surface runoff; and Drainage: seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Very stony, moderately rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Logged over. Vegetation: Kalmia ang~ustijzolia, Prunus pensylvanica, Rubus idaeus, Vacinium angustifolium. SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
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FH 8 to 0 cm; black (lOYR 2/1, matrix moist), moderately to well decomposed organic material derived predominantly from mosses, needles, small twigs and other wood fragments; abundant, medium and coarse roots; irregular, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 2 cm; light brownish gray (IOYR 6/2, matrix moist), fine sandy loam; weak, fine, subangular blocky structure; weak, very fine to fine, granular secondary structure, non- sticky, friable, soft, non- plastic consistence; abundant, medium and coarse roots; highly porous horizon; less than 10% angular gravelly coarse fragments; irregular, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bfl 2 to 19 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine to medium granular structure; non- sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; abundant, fine and medium roots; highly porous horizon; 30% by volume angular gravelly and angular cobbly coarse fragments; irregular gradual horizon boundary.
Bfl 19 to 36 cm; yellowish brown (IOYR 5/4, matrix moist) very gravelly fine sandy loam; weak, fine to medium, granular structure; non- sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, fine and medium roots; highly porous horizon; 50% by volume angular gravelly and angular cobbly coarse fragments; irregular, gradual horizon boundary.
BC 36 to 54 cm; brown (lOYR 5/3, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak to moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure; weak to moderate, fine to medium subangular blocky secondary structure; non-sticky, friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; few, fineroots; moderatelyporous horizon; 30% by volume angulargravelly and angular cobbly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
IICg 54 cm plus; brown to dark brown (IOYR 5/3, matrix moist) gravelly sandy loam; many, fine, distinct, yellowish brown (IOYR 5/8) mottles; very weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fine, granular secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; very few, very fine and fine roots; moderately porous horizon; 40% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments. - 205-
Mill Pond: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite pH Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha % % Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio e po m % T % % osa osa 15 cm 1 FH 8-0 _- 2 Ac 0-2 3 Bfl 2-19 4.8 1 .9 0.1 19 0.0 0.14 0.40 ------4 Bf2 19-36 4.5 1 .7 0.1 17 0.8 0.29 0.42 ------i 5 BC 36-54 4.6 1 .5 0.1 15 1 .9 0.13 0.44 ------6 IIC 54+ 4.8 0.7 tr -- 7 .5 0.06 0.24 ------
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cation meq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. Ash Ca K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 % % O.M. 1 ______-_ __ _- __ __ _- _- __ 2 3 0.18 0.06 0 .08 0.19 0.51 47 61 .1 11 .2 10.2 7.2 15.7 16.9 23.4 15 .5 -- -- 4 0.17 0.06 0.12 0.72 1 .07 73 55 .0 12.8 10.6 5.3 13 .1 13.2 33.3 11 .7 -- -- 5 0.18 0.05 0.08 0 .25 0.56 49 64.8 15.1 10.9 7.2 14.7 16.9 29.9 5 .4 -- -- 6 0.26 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.46 59 63 .4 11 .5 11.3 8 .0 16.4 16.3 31 .7 4.9 -- --
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SOIL PROFILE: Milord Arm (07-80-0043-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E/6 Mil. Grid. : 21 UXE 3580 5886 ELEVATION: 15 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Coarse loamy and coarse silty; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial ; sandstone lithology. Landform: Fluvial; gravelly and sandy; hummocky. Slope: Simple slope ofclass 3 (2-5%), facing northeast; site at lower slope position. Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained; medium transmissibility; slow surface runoff; and Drainage: seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Very stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Productive woodland. Vegetation: Picea mariana SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy, mixed non- clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
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LF 18 to 0 cm; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material, predominantly derived from needles, small twigs and other wood fragments; abrupt, smooth horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 12 cm; light brownish gray (lOYR 6/2, matrix moist); fine sandy loam; moderate to strong, medium, subangular blocky structure; sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; plentiful, fine and medium roots; common, medium and coarse, random, inped pores; 10 to 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bf 12 to 20 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR'/4, matrix moist), coarse sandy loam; weak to moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; non-sticky, friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; common, fine and medium roots; common, fine and medium horizontal pores; 10 to 20% gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, gradual horizon boundary.
Bfjgjl 20 to 45 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 3/4, matrix moist), gravelly fine sandy loam; common, medium, distinct, yellowish brown (IOYR 5/8) mottles; moderate, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure; slightly sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; few, fine roots; 20 to 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, gradual, horizon boundary.
Bfj gj2 45 cm plus; dark yellowish brown (l0YR 4/4, matrix moist), gravelly coarse sandy loam; common, fine and medium, distinct, yellowishbrown (IOYR 5/8) mottles; moderate, fine, subangular blocky structure; slightly sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. - 208-
Milord Arm: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio i -eim î % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 LF 18-0 2 Ac 0-12 3.5 1 .5 tr 3.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 tr l l 3 Bf 12-20 4.1 3.3 0.1 33 5 .0 0.2 1 .1 0.2 1 .0 0.6 0.4 tr 12 4 Bfjgj 1 20-45 4.6 1 .4 tr 4.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 1 .8 0.4 0.4 tr 12 5 Bf '2 45+ 4.4 1 .3 tr 0.1 0.3 0.2 1 .0 0.5 0.4 tr 12
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cation o Total . me9/100 g CEC Total /o sand/Particle size in mm. PyroPh Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. Ash Ca . K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1- .05 % % O.M.
2 0.37 0.46 0.05 1 .22 2.10 31 53.0 10.9 8.6 5.8 12 .1 15.5 32.2 14.8 -- -- 3 0.18 0.06 0.05 0.64 0.93 32 62 .5 13 .7 12.5 8 .4 14.3 13 .6 24.3 13.2 -- -- 4 0.37 0.27 0.05 tr 0.69 39 59.9 9.2 10 .3 7.2 15.1 18.1 29.8 10.9 -- 5 0.33 0.25 0.05 0.61 1 .24 53 63.4 13.2 13 .9 8.1 13 .8 14.4 25.4 11 .2 -- --
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SOIL PROFILE: Milord Arm Brook (07-80-0066-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 1740 4800 ELEVATION: 75 m above MSL. SOIL SITES: Parent Material: Coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial; sandstone lithology. Landform : Glaciofluvial; sandy; hummocky. Slope: Complex slope ofclass 4 (6-9%), facing south; site at lower slope position. Soil Moisture Well drained; medium transmissibility; moderate surface runoff; and Drainage: seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Slightly stony, non-rocky. Rockiness : Present Land Use: Productive woodland. Vegetation: Picea mariana, Betula papyrifera, Alnus rugosa, Pleurozium spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy mixed non- clay; acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
- 21 0-
LF 7 to 0 cm, range 7 to 8 cm; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material derived predominantly from needles, leaves, feathermoss and wood fragments; abundant, medium, oblique roots; smooth abrupt, horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 9 cm, range 6 to 12 cm; light brownish gray (IOYR 6/2, matrix moist), white (IOYR 811, matrix dry) loam; weak to moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; moderate, fine to medium, granular secondary structure; slightly sticky, very friable, soft, non plastic consistence; plentiful, medium, oblique roots; many, medium pores; irregular, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bf 9 to 33, range 23 to 27 cm; strong brown (7 .5YR 4/6, matrix moist), light yellowish brown (IOYR 6/4, matrix dry), gravelly, very fine sandy loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; weak, very fine to fme, granular secondary structure; slightly sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; few, medium, oblique roots; highly porous horizon with many, fine and medium pores; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear, horizon boundary.
BCl 33 to 47 cm, range 14 to 15 cm; brown to dark brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), pale brown (IOYR 6/3, matrix dry), gravelly, fine sandy loam; moderate to strong, medium, angular blocky structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; very few, fine, horizontal roots; common, medium and coarse pores; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, gradual horizon boundary.
BC2 47 to 77 cm, range 28 to 33 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist), pale brown (IOYR 6/3, matrix dry), gravelly, very fme sandy loam; moderate to strong, medium to coarse, angular blocky structure; non-sticky friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; many, very fine, pores; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear, horizon boundary.
C 77 cmplus; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist), darkyellowish brown (IOYR 6/4, matrix dry), gravelly loam; moderate to strong, medium to coarse, angular blocky structure; non-sticky, firm, hard, non-plastic consistency; very few, very fine pores; 20% by volume coarse fragments. Milord Arm Brook: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe AI Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 LF 7-0 __ -_ 2 Ae 0-9 3.6 0.4 tr -- 4.8 0.1 tr 0.2 tr 0.3 tr tr 6 3 Bf 9-33 4.5 1 .6 tr -- 15.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 1 .1 0.9 0.7 tr 12 4 BC1 33-47 4.5 0.2 tr -- -- tr 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.2 tr 4 5 BC2 47-77 4.7 0.2 tr -- -- tr 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 tr 4
.1 6 1 C 77+ 4.3 0.1 tr -- -- tr tr 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.1 tr 7
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cation meq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. I Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. Ash Ca M.- I K Al me l100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25- .1 .1-.OS % % O.M. °l°
2 0.15 0.10 . 0.05 0.72 1 .02 0 46.4 2.9 2.2 2.3 12.9 26.1 45.4 8.2 -- -- 3 0.22 0.14 0.09 0.89 1 .34 51 59.0 4.7 5.9 5 .0 15.9 27.5 32.4 8.6 -- -- 4 0.37 0.19 0.08 0.50 1 .14 45 54.6 6.5 6.3 5 .1 14.6 22.1 33.3 12.1 -- -- 5 0.20 0.11 0.05 tr 0.36 29 69.0 3.5 3.2 3 .0 21.1 38.2 26.2 4.9 -- -- 6 0.35 0.34 0.10 0.64 1 .43 27 50.4 6.5 6.0 4.2 13.2 20.5 37.9 11 .7 -- -- Ili
- 21 2-
SOIL PROFILE: Mint Pond (07-81-0008-1-07) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E6 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 3575 5860
ELEVATION: Between 15 and 30 m above MSL SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Organic material predominantly derived from sedges and grasses. Wetland Classification: Sedge, slope fen; 0.5-2.5 slope. Area of Wetland: 8 ha. Soil Moisture Very poorly drained. and Drainage: Water Table: Apparent water table 0 to 10 cm below the surface. Depth of Peat: 120 cm. Vegetation: Carex spp, Eriophorum spp, Sphagnum spp, Kalmia olifoli Larix laricina (1-1.5 m high, 3-5 cm D.B.H.) SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Terric Mesisol, fennic, euic, cold peraquic, coarse loamy, moderately deep.
Of 0 to 15 cm, dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry), very weakly decomposed, matted, sedge peat; von Post scale ofhumification 3.
Oml 15 to 70 cm; brown (10 YR 5/3, dry), moderately decomposed, matted, sedge peat; von Post scale ofhumification 4 to 5.
Om2 70 to 120 cm; brown (10YR 5/3, dry), moderately decomposed, matted, sedge peat; von Post scale ofhumification 5.
Cg 120 cm plus; gravelly silt loam.
Mint Pond: Terric Mesisol. Fiber content, % Ph Extractable (ppm) Depth, .015M C Horizon cm unrubbed rubbed CaC12 % P Ca 'FM- K 1 Of 0-15 80 52 5 .3 62 1218.5 242 .1 11 .2 2 Oml 15-70 88 36 4.6 55 890.5 169.1 5 .6 3 Om2 70-120 60 36 4.7 70 856.2 141 .6 3 .9
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SOIL PROFILE: Muddy Hole Brook (07-84-0003-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 1740 4750 ELEVATION: Between 15 and 30 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Skeletal and sandy; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial ; sandstone lithology. Landform: Low shrub, horizontal fen. Slope: level (0%) Soil Moisture Very poorly drained; low transmissibility; ponding, seepage absent; and Drainage: apparent water table at 3 cm. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Non-stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Fen. Vegetation: Poa spp., Sphagnum spp., Eriophorum chamissonis, Potentilla fructosa; Alnus rugosa; Picea mariana; Larix laricina. SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Rego Gleysol, peaty phase, sandy, mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
Of 27 to 11 cm; very dark gray (10YR 3/l, wet) weakly decomposed organic material consisting of sphagnum mosses and cotton grass; abundant, medium and coarse roots; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
Oh 11 to 0 em; black (10YR 2/1, wet) strongly decomposed organic material consisting of sphagnum mosses, cotton grass, sedges and soft and slightly hard wood fragments; abundant, medium and coarse roots; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
Cgj 0 cm plus; brown to dark brown (l0YR 4/3, natural wet) loamy fine sand; massive structure; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. - 21 4-
Muddy Hole Brook: Rego Gleysol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio ous.m % % % % % % % 15 cm _- -_ _- __ __ _ 1 Of 27-11 ______- -- 2 Oh 11-0 -_ -_ _- _- __ __ -_ __ __ -_ __ __ -- :1 13 C ' 0-30+ 4.6 -- ,0.6 0.01 59 - 0.04 0.19 ------
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cation meq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total fiber content Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Ca K ] Al me /100 % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 = % % Unrubbed Rubbed 100 40 2 ______- 56 4 3 1 .03 0.08 0.05 0.11 1 .27 9 78.8 1 .2 2.2 2.2 31 .0 42 .2 16.9 4.3 -- --
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SOIL PROFILE: New Bay River (07-81-0023-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 1180 5080 ELEVATION: 105 m above MSL SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); coarse acid lithology. Landform: Morainal; loamy; hummocky. Slope : Complex slope ofclass 5 (10-15%) Soil Moisture Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; slow surface and Drainage: runoff; seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: 50 to 100 cm. Stoniness and Moderately stony, very rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Logged over. Vegetation: Prunus vir iniana, Alnus rugosa, Kalmia spp, Pleurozium spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy, mixed non- clay mineralogy; acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
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LF 8 to 0 cm; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material, predominantly derived from needles, feathermoss, herbaceous fragments and wood fragments; abundant, fine andmedium roots; wavy abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 5 cm; light brownish gray (IOYR 6/2, matrix moist), pinkish gray (IOYR 7/2, matrix dry), silt loam; moderate to strong, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; moderate to strong, fine to medium, angular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ; few, fine and medium pores; many, very fine and fine, inped pores; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; broken, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bhf 5 to 22 cm; yellowish red (5YR 5/6, matrix moist), reddish yellow (IOYR 6/8, matrix dry), loam; strong, very coarse, subangular blocky structure; moderate to strong, medium to coarse, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly, friable, slightly hard, non- plastic consistence; few, fine and medium roots; many fine and medium, random, inped pores; 10 to 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bf 22 to 37 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist), brownish yellow (IOYR 6/6, matrix dry), sandy loam; moderate to strong, coarse, subangular blocky structure; moderate to strong, fine to medium subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; very few, fine roots; many, fine and medium, random, inped pores; 10 to 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
BC 37 to 60 cm plus; dark gray brown (IOYR 4/2, matrix moist); very pale brown (IOYR 7/4, matrix dry), gravelly sandy loam; moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure; moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, soft, non- plastic consistence; many, fine and medium, random, inped pores; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. -217-
New Bay River: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium pH Pyrophosphate Depth, 1 :1 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Horizon cm H O CaCI % % ratio Km, 1 LF 8-0 2 Ae 0-5 3 Bhf 5-22 5.2 4.5 7.4 0.1 74 tr 0.5 0.9 4 Bf 22-37 5.4 5.0 3.0 tr -- tr 0.1 0.6 5 BC 37-60+ 5.4 4.9 1 .9 tr -- tr -- --
Exchangeable Cation meq./100 g. Particle Size Distribution CEC Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Bulk Ca I K Al me ./100 . Densi
2 ------25 33 46 21 -- 3 tr 0.05 0.10 1 .43 1 .58 33 50 35 15 -- 4 tr 0.02 0.06 0.40 0.49 25 60 30 10 --
5 tr - 0.06 0.49 0.58 35 60 31 9 --
- 21 8-
SOIL PROFILE: Norris Arm LOCATION: NTS Map : 2E6 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 3490 5690 ELEVATION: 80 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); sandstone lithology. Landform: Morainal; loamy and blocky; level Slope: Simple slope of class 1(0-0.55). Soil Moisture Poorly drained medium transmissibility, slow surface runoff, and Drainage: seepage present. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Exceedingly stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland. Vegetation: Picea mariana, Sorbus americana, Betula panvrifera, Alnus ru osa, kalmia spp, s hagnum spp.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy, mixed non- clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
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FH 10 to 0 cm, range 5 to 25 cm; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, dry) moderately decomposed organic material, predominantly derived from mosses and herbaceous fragments; abundant fine and medium roots; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ahe 0 to 5 cm; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, matrix moist), silt loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; weak, medium granular secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; plentiful, fine and medium roots; highly porous horizon with more than 5% medium and coarse pores; 10% by volume gravelly rock fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bfgj 5 to 30 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR4/4, natural wet), gravelly silt loam; many, medium, distinct, strong brown(7.5YR 5/8) mottles; weak, coarse, subangularblocky structure; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, very friable, slightly hard consistence; abundant, medium and fine roots; highly porous horizon with more than 5% medium and coarse pores; 30% by volume gravelly rock fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary .
BCgj 30 to 46 cm; brown (IOYR 5/3, natural wet) gravelly silt loam; many, fine and medium, faint, brownish yellow (IOYR 6/8) mottles; weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; few, very fine roots; highly porous horizon with more than 5% medium and coarse pores; many, fine, spherical, dark yellowish brown (IOYR 3/4) iron- manganese concretions throughout the matrix; 25% by volume gravelly rock fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
BCg 46 cm plus; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2, matrix moist) gravelly sandy loam; many, coarse, prominent, brownish yellow (IOYR 6/8) mottles; weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky secondary structure; non-sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; slightly porous horizon with less than 2% fine and medium pores; 20% by volume gravelly rock fragments. - 220-
Noms Arm: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate
pH Lime Req. Depth, 1:2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe AI Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm . CaC % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm) 1 FH 10-0 3.2 41.8 0.7 59.7 26.5 0.01 0.06
2 Ahe 0-5 4.1 5.4 0.3 18.0 0.0 1 .18 1.62
3 Bfgj 5-30 4.4 1.6 0.1 , 16.0 0.0 0.29 0.51 4 Bcgj 30-46 4.5 1 .0 0.1 10.0 1 .9 0.16 0.33 ------5 Bc 46-65 4.7 0.6 0.1 6.0 8.6 0.06 0.25 ------
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ca ~ K ~ A~ meq/100 g. ~ /o I /0 2_1 1-.5 .5_.25 .25_.1 .1 _.OS /o I /o I /o ~ /o
1 34.80 11 .84 0.83 2.00 49.47 ------
2 0.86 0.24 0:14 2.98 4.22 21 39.1 4.8 4.3 3 .7 9.7 16.6 53.1 7 .8 -- -
3 0.26 0.08 0.05 1.17 1 .56 47 37.5 4.8 5.0 3.8 9.4 14.6 52.9 9.6 -- - I 4 0.37 0.08 0.06 0.58 1 .09 35 42.5 7.0 8.0 5.3 12.9 9.4 50.6 6.9 -- -
5 0 29 0.07 0.05 0.22 0.633 299 64.6 13.1 10.3 6.9 14.5 19.7 31 .8 3 .6 __ _ :1
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SOIL PROFILE: Northern Arm (07-80-0063-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid. : 22 UXE 2570 4047 ELEVATION: 60 m above MSL SOIL SITE: Parent Material 1 : Skeletal and sandy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); sandstone lithology. Parent Material 2 : Fragmental; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial; mixed lithology. Landform : Morainal; gravelly; hummocky and inclined. Slope: Simple slope ofclass 6 (16-30%), facing south; site at toe position. Soil Moisture Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; slow surface and Drainage: runoff; seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Very stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Productive woodland. Vegetation: Abies balsamea, Betula pApyrifera, Cornus canadensis, Hypnum hylocomium SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
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LF 20 to 0 cm; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derived from needles, leaves, feathermoss, harbaceous fragments and wood fragments; abundant, medium and coarse roots; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 7 cm; gray (lOYR 5/1, matrix moist) gravelly loam; moderate, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; sticky, friable, slightly hard,- slightly plastic consistence; abundant, medium and coarse roots; common, fine and medium pores; 30% by volume gravelly and stony coarse fragments; irregular abrupt horizon boundary.
Bf 7 to 24 cm; stony brown (7.5YR 4/6, matrix moist), gravelly fine sandy loam; moderate, mediumto coarse, subangular blocky structure; moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; plentiful, fine and medium roots; 40% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments; irregular, clear horizon boundary.
BC 24 to 33 cm; brown to dark brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), gravelly, coarse sandy loam; moderate to weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; fine, granular, secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; few, fine roots; 40% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments; wavy clear horizon boundary.
11C 33 to 45 cm plus; very coarse gravel; structureless . - 223-
Northern Arm : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1:2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm
1 Lf 20-0
2 Ae 0-7 3.5 0.9 tr - 5.5 0.2 tr 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 12 3 Bf 7-24 4.6 2.8 0.1 28 1 .3 0.2 0.5 0.2 2.7 1 .5 0.9 tr 14 4 BC 24-33 5.0 1 .3 tr -- 5.2 tr 0.2 0.3 1 .6 0.7 0.4 tr 8
15 IIC 33-35 4.9 0.5 0.1 5 -- tr 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.2 tr 5
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Canons meq/100 g. GEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol.O.M. Ash Ca K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 %
i 2 0.83 0.43 0.08 17.24 18.58 35 46.8 2.6 4.0 4.7 13.8 21 .7 43.3 9.9 i
3 0.78 0.26 0.09 6.39 7.52 47 59.1 12.0 7.9 0.2 16.9 22.2 33.0 7.9 -- --
4 0.80 0.29 0.09 0.00 1 .18 48 75.1 19.8 14.1 8.9 16.7 15.6 17.7 7.1 -- -- 5 00.81 0 0.06 0.00 1 .13 83 ------
- 224-
SOIL PROFILE : Peters Arm (07-80-0056-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 2410 5190 ELEVATION: Less than 15 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material 1 : Skeletal and coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial ; sandstone lithology. Parent Material 2: Skeletal and sandy, extremely to strongly acidic, glaciofluvial, sandstone lithology. Parent Material 3 : Skeletal and coarse loamy, extremely to strongly acidic, glaciofluvial, sandstone lithology.
Landform: Glaciofluvial, cobbly, level. Slope: simple slope ofclass 1(0-0.5%) Soil Moisture Well drained; medium transmissibility; moderate surface runoff; and Drainage: seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Very stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Productive woodland. Vegetation: Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Betula panvrifera. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non- clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
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Ah 0 to 9 cm; very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2, matrix moist), very gravelly sandy loam; weak, fine, granular structure; plentiful, fine and medium roots; 80% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
9 to 17 cm; pale brown (IOYR 6/3, matrix moist), very gravelly loam; very weak, very fine, granular structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence;plentiful, fine and medium roots; 80% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bf 17 to 46 cm; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak to moderate, fine, granular structure; single grain secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; few, fine roots; 80% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy gradual horizon boundary.
IIBC 46 to 54 cm; dark brown to brown(IOYR 4/3, matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sand, single grain structure; non-sticky, loose, non-plastic consistence; very few, fme roots; 80% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, gradual horizon boundary.
IIIC 54 cmplus; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 3/4,matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sandy loam; slightly compact; single grain structure; non-sticky, loose, non-plastic consistence; 80% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. - 226-
Peters Arm: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % l5 cm
1 Ah 0-9 __ _- ______-- 9-17 3.7 2.0 0.1 20 23.4 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.1 1 .5 0.1 tr 15 2 Ae i III 3 Bf 7-46 4.2 4.0 0.2 20 52.0 0.8 0.8 1 .6 1 .4 3.8 1 .2 tr 16 4 IIBC 46-54 4.7 1 .0 tr -- -- 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1 .5 0.5 tr 3
5 IIIC 54+ 4.8 0.5 tr -- -- tr 0.1 0.3 0.4 1 .3 0.3 tr 2
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05
2 1 .30 10.59 0.07 0.94 2.90 84 45.2 18.1 6.5 3.2 7.3 10.1 41 .4 13.3 -- --
3 0.81 0.34 0.09 1.08 2.32 87 69.4 59.7 4.4 1 .0 1.6 2.7 17.4 13.2 -- -- 4 0.51 0.33 -0.07 0.00 0.91 86 88.5 75.2 8.2 1.2 1 .8 2.1 7.6 3.8 -- --
5 0.59 0.35 0.07 000 1 .01 83 51.0 44.7 1 5.3 I 0.4 I 0.3 I 0.3 147.4 1 1 .6 --
- 227-
SOIL PROFILE: Peters Pond (07-80-0072-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Maps: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 1850 5240 ELEVATION: 90 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Skeletal and coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); sandstone lithology. Landform: Morainal; cobbly and blocky; hummocky. Slope: Complex slope of class 4 (6-9%) Soil Moisture Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; slow surface and Drainage: runoff; seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 50 cm. Stoniness and Exceedingly stony, moderately rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Logged over. Vegetation: Prunus vigr inana, Alnus rugosa, kalmia spp, Pleurozium spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATON: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithic, loamy skeletal, mixednon-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
LF 6 to 0 cm; moderately decomposed organicmaterial consisting ofneedles (60%) and soft and slightly hard wood fragments (40%) 0.5 cm in size; abundant, fine and medium roots; clear, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 5 cm; grayish brown (lOYR 5/2, matrix moist); gravelly fine sandy loam; moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure; moderate, medium, subangular blocky secondary structure; non- sticky, friable, hard, non-plastic consistence; plentiful, fine and medium vertical roots; common, fine and medium, random pores; 40% by volume channery coarse fragments; broken, clear, horizon boundary.
Bfl 5 to 15 cm; reddish brown (5YR 4/3, matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak, medium to coarse, subangularblocky structure; weak, medium to coarse, granular secon structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; abundant fine and medium, horizontal roots; common, fine, random pores; 50 to 60% by volume, channery, coarse fragments; wavy, diffuse horizon boundary.
Bfl 15 cm plus; reddish brown (5YR 4/4, matrix moist) very gravelly, coarse sandy loam; weak, medium to coarse, subangularblocky structure; weak, medium to coarse, granular secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; common fine, random pores; 80% by volume channery coarse fragments. - 228-
Peters Pond. Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate PH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI /o /o ratio m /o /o /° /o /o /° /0 15 cm
1 LF 6-0 3.6 41 .9 0.3 140 112.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 -- 2 Ae 0-6 3.4 1.3 0.1 13 3 .9 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.1 tr 12
3 Bfl 5-15. 4.5 1 .7 0.2 9 8.2 0.6 1 .0 1.1 2.5 3.2 1.5 0.1 15 4 M 15+ 4.6 L 3 .1 0.2 16 101550.3I 0.6 0.9 r 1.2 2.9 1.1 0.1 l5
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash C Ca I Mg I K ' A1 + meq/100 8. % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 1 13.2 4.69 1 .43 0.00 19.32 ------4.9 12.2
2 0.23 0.31 0.05 0.70 1 .29 53 51.6 8.1 4.8 3.8 14.3 20.6 36.7 11 .8 -- -- 3 0.74 0.27 0.12 0.83 1.96 71 54.2 15.7 9.6 5.7 10.4 13.3 32.9 12.9 -- -- 14 1 13- 0.21 0.14 10.14 I 2.20 I 93 ' 55.9 27.0 19.1 3.8 7.5 ' 8.5 24.8 19.3 --
- 229-
SOIL PROFILE: Phillips Head (07-80-0071-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 1945 5090 ELEVATION: Between 140 and 155 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); sandstone lithology. Landform: Morainal; blocky; hummocky. Slope: Complex slope of class 2 (0.5-2%) Soil Moisture Poorlydrained; medium transmissibility; very slow surface runoff; and Drainage: seepage present. Depth to Bedrock: 31 cm Stoniness and Very stony, moderately rocky. Rockiness : Present Land Use: Logged over. Vegetation: Alnus ruQosa, kalmia spp, sphagnum spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol, very shallow lithic, coarse loamy, mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
LF 10 to 0 cm; slightly decomposed organic material consisting ofneedles (30%), feathermoss (40%) and soft and hard wood fragments (30%) 0.5 cm in size; plentiful, fine and medium roots; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
Aegj 0 to 16 cm; light brownish gray to pale brown (l0YR 6/2.5, matrix moist) silt loam; many, medium, distinct (5YR 5/8) mottles; weak, coarse, angular blocky structure; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, non- plastic consistence ; abundant, fine roots; few, very fine and fine pores; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; smooth, clear horizon boundary.
Bm 16 to .31 cm; strong brown.. (7.5YR 4/6,. .matrix moist) fine sandy loam; weak, coarse subangularblocky structure; weak, fine, subangularblocky secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; very few, very fine, horizontal roots; common, very fine and fine pores; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments.
R 31 cm plus; bedrock. - 230-
Phillips Head: Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1:2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio :gym % % % % % % % 15 cm
1 LF 10-0 3 .6 51 .2 1 .2 43 127.2 tr 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 tr --
2 Aegj 0-16. 3 .4 1 .6 tr -- 3.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 tr 10 3 Bm 16-31 4.2 1 .7 tr -- 9.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 tr 8
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca =I]K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 1 10.80 9.52 2:06 6.00 28.38 ------5.1 10.4 0.07 1 .83 2.68 25 29.0 2.5 1.3 1.4 6.6 17.2 59.4 j 11 .6 -- -- 2 0.45 0.33 _ 3 0.11 0.02 0.04 0.44 0.61 21 69.7 7.8 6.6 6.0 21 .5 27.7 23.2 7.1 -- -- li~
- 23 1-
SOIL PROFILE : Pitt's Pond (07-81-0027-1-07) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E6 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 1745 6026 ELEVATION: Between 45 and 60 m above MSL SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Skeletal and sandy; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial; mixed lithology . Landform: glaciofluvial; cobbly and gravelly; inclined. Slope: Simple slope of class 5 (10-15%); site at upper slope position. Soil Moisture Well drained; high transmissibility; slow surface runoff; seepage and Drainage: absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Very stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Logged over. Vegetation: SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixed non- clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
- 232-
LF 12 to 0 cm; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derived from needles, feathermoss, herbaceous fragments and wood fragments; abundant, coarse roots; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 3 cm, range 2 to 10 cm; grayish brown (IOYR 5/2, matrix moist), light gray (IOYR 7/1; matrix dry), very gravelly loam; weak to moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, soft, slightly plastic consistence; abundant, medium and coarse roots; highly porous horizon with many medium and coarse random pores; 70% by volume gravelly rock fragments; irregular, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bhf 3 to 37 cm, range 32 to 39 cm; yellowish red (5YR 4.5/6, matrix moist), brownish yellow (IOYR 6/6, matrix dry), very gravelly sandy loam; weak to moderate, coarse, subangular, blocky structure; weak to moderate, medium subangularblocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, fnm, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence; plentiful, medium roots; moderately porous horizon with many, very fine, random pores; 50% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bf 37 to 59 cm; dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/2, matrix moist), very pale brown (IOYR 7/4, matrix dry), very gravelly sand; massive structure; non-sticky, firm, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; weakly cemented by iron; few, fine roots; moderately porous horizon with common, medium and coarse random pores; 60% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
IIC 59 to 72 cm; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2, matrix moist), light gray (IOYR 7/1, matrix dry) very gravelly loamy sand; massive structure; non-sticky, firm, hard, non-plastic consistence; weakly cemented by iron; moderately porous horizon with common, medium and coarse, random pores; 80% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
IIIC 72 to 105 cm; cobbles and coarse gravel; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
IVC 105 cm plus; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2, matrix moist), light gray (IOYR 7/1, matrix dry) very gravelly sand; single grain structure; non-sticky, loose, non-plastic consistence; 80% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments. - 233-
Pitt's Pond: Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol.
Sodium pH Pyrophosphate Depth, 1 :1 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Horizon cm H,O CaCl % % ratio . . m 0/0 0/0 1 LF 12-0 -______-- 2 Ae 0-3 5.4 4.7 6.5 0.1 65 tr 0.6 . 1 .2 3 Bhf 3-37 5.8 5 .0 1 .3 tr -- tr 0.1 0.6 4 Bf 37-59 5 .7 4.9 1 .1 tr -- tr 0.0 0.2
______5 IIC 59-72 -- -- 6 IIIC 72-105 7 IVC 105+ _-
Exchangeable Cation meq./1.00 g. Particle Size Distribution CEC Perm. Gravel Sand Silt Clay Bulk Ca MZ K Al me ./100 g. % % % % Density 2 0.34 0.02 0.20 0.70 1 .23 85 34 42 24 -- 3 0.16 0.07 0.10 0.40 0.72 72 70 18 12 -- 4 0.06 0.04 0 .10 0.20 0.42 55 90 5 5 -- 5 ------91 78 15 7 -- 6 95 -- 7 88 90 5 5 __
- 234-
SOIL PROFILE: Point Leamington (07-84-0004-1-12) LOCATION : NTS Map: 2E6 Mil. Grid. : 21 UXE 171649 ELEVATION: 50 m. SOIL SITE: Parent Material 1 : Stratified and sandy skeletal; extremely to strongly acidic ; glaciofluvial ; mixed lithology .
Parent Material 2: Stratified and loamy skeletal; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial; mixed lithology.
Landform: Glaciofluvial ; cobbly and gravelly; inclined. Slope: Simple slope of class 2 (0.5-2%) facing west; site at upper slope position. Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained; high transmissibility; slow surface runoff; and Drainage: seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Moderately stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Old field complex. Vegetation: Poa spp, Alnus rugosa, carex spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
- 23 5-
Of 28 to 18 cm; black (7.5YR 2/0, moist) weakly to moderately decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat; abundant, medium and coarse, vertical roots; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Om 18 to 0 cm; black (5YR 2.5/1, moist) strongly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat; abundant, medium, vertical roots; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bhf 0 to 20 cm; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, matrix moist), very gravelly loam; very weak, very fine to fine granular structure; non- sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; abundant, fine and medium, random exped roots; highly porous horizon; 80% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
Bfl 20 to 32 cm; dark brown (10YR 3/3, matrix moist), very gravelly loamy coarse sand; very weak, very fine to fine, granular structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; few, fine and medium, random, exped roots; highly porous horizon; 70% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
Bfl 32 to 60 cm; grayishbrown (2.5Y 5/2, matrix moist), very gravelly loamy coarse sand; weak, fine to medium, granular structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence; very few, fine, random, exped roots; highly porous horizon; 50% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
IIBCg 60 cm plus; grayish brownto dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4.5/2, matrix moist), gravelly coarse sandy loam; common, medium, prominent, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; moderate, medium, pseudo-platy structure; weak to moderate, fine, subangular blocky, secondary structure; non-sticky, firm, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; slightly porous horizon; 25% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments. - 23 6-
Point Leamington: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate ', pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm
1 Of 28-18
2 Om 18-0 3 Bfh 0-20 5 .7 5.3 0.3 17.7 1 .9 1 .01 0.34 ------
4 Bfl 20-32 5.4 3.4 0.3 11 .3 5.2 0.63 0.35 ------5 Bf2 32-60 5.0 2.0 0.2 10.0 6.7 0.51 0.39 ------
6 IIBC 60+ 4.8 0.6 tr -- 7.9 0.09 0.11 ------
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations Fiber content meq/100 g. % sand/particle size in mm. CEC Total Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca M K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 % % % I _- _- __ -- _- -- -- _- __ _- __ -_ __ - 100 40
2 100 28
3 16.34 2.07 0.11 0.00 18.52 92 47.9 24.0 8.6 3.2 5 .6 6.4 45 .3 6.8 -- -- 4 7.50 0.94 0.09 0.00 8.53 85 77.7 51.9 16.7 2.5 3.1 3.5 4.1 18.2 -- --
5 3.78 0.0 0.08 0.00 4.46 67 79.8 40.9 25.6 3.5 4.3 5.5 13.5 6.7 -- 1 .71 0.18 0.07 0.08 2.04 41 63.4 12.4 15.9 8.2 10.0 17.0 30.7 6.0 , -- --
- 237-
SOIL PROFILE : Porters Cove (07-80-0049-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2136 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 3290 5760 ELEVATION: Less than 15 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material 1: Stratified and loamy skeletal; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial; sandstone lithology. Parent Material 2: Stratified and sandy skeletal; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial ; sandstone lithology. Landform: Glaciofluvial ; gravelly; level. Slope: Simple slope of class 2 (0.5-2%). Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained; medium transmissibility; slow surface runoff; and Drainage: seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Moderately stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Abandoned farmland. Vegetation: Poa spp, Alnus rugosa SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, fine loamy oversandy skeletal, mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
- 238-
Ah 0 to 16 cm; dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), gravelly coarse sandy loam; moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; moderate, medium, granular, secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, slightly plastic consistence; plentiful, medium roots; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
Ae 16 to 19 cm; very pale brown (IOYR 7/3, matrix moist), gravelly sandy loam; weak, medium, subangularblocky structure; weak, medium, granularsecondary structure; plentiful, medium roots; broken, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bfgj 19 to 37 cm; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, matrix moist), gravelly sandy clay loam; many, medium and coarse, distinct, yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; weak to moderate, fme to medium subangular blocky structure; weak, fine to medium, granular secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence; plentiful, medium roots; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; smooth, clear horizon boundary.
IIBfgj 37 to 48 cm; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, matrix moist) very gravelly coarse sand; common, fine, distinct, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles; single grain structure; non-sticky, loose, non- plastic consistence; plentiful, medium roots; common, fine, horizontal pores; 60% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; smooth abrupt horizon boundary.
IICg 48 cm plus; gray (5YR 5/1, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sand, single grain structure; non- sticky, loose non-plastic consistence; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. - 239-
Porters Cove: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pg Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 Ah 0-16 4.0 3.7 0.2 19 11.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 2.0 0.6 tr 17
2 Ae 16-19
3 Bfgj 19-37 4.3 3.7 0.1 37 3.5 0.5 1 .0 0.7 2.5 2.5 1 .4 tr 17 4 ilBfgj 37-48 4.7 1.3 tr -- -- 0.1 0.3 0.4 1 .4 0.1 0.6 tr 11
5 IIC 48+ 5.0 0..5 tr -- -- tr 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.3 ---l tr 5
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations Fiber content meq/100 g. % sand/particle size in mm. i CEC Total Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash 0 0 0 Ca M K Al me 1100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.OS % % /o /o
1 0.71 0.20 0.09 0.95 1.95 50 64.4 20.3 19.6 9.1 7.3 8.1 23.3 12.3 -- -- 2
3 0.54 0.27 0.06 0.86 1 .73 46 70.7 19.8 25 .8 13.6 5.0 6.4 tr 30.3 -- --
4 0.46 0.30 0.06 -- 0.82 70 98.2 37.5 37.5 16.4 4.4 2.4 tr 4.1 -- -- 54 92.1 21.6J36.6 24.2 7.7 2.0 4.3 3.5 -- -- -5 0.48 0.29 0.07 -- 0.84
- 240-
SOIL PROFILE: Purbeck (07-84-0006-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid. : 21 UXE 176 467
ELEVATION: Less than 15 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Fine loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; marine; indifferentiated lithology.
Landform: Marine; loamy; level. Slope: Simple slope ofclass 1(0-0.5); level. Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained; lowtransmissibility; moderate surfacerunoff; and Drainage: seepage absent. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Slightly stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Productive woodland. Vegetation: Picea marinn Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Chamaedaphne calyculata, kalmia gng~ustifolia, Hvvum spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol, fine loamy, mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
- 241 -
LF 10 to 0 cm; very dark brown (IOYR 2/2, moist), slightly and moderately decomposed organic material, predominantly derived from needles, small twigs and other wood fragments, abundant, medium and coarse, horizontal roots; smooth, abrupt, horizon boundary.
Ae 0 to 7 cm; light brownish gray (IOYR 6/2, matrix moist), gravelly silt loam; weak to moderate, medium, platy structure; weak to moderate, fine to medium subangular blocky secondary structure; sticky friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence; plentiful, medium, horizontal roots; moderately porous horizon; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bmgj 7 to 23 cm; brown (IOYR 5/3, matrix moist) silt loam; many, fine, faint, dark yellowish brown (IOYR 3/4) mottles; weak to moderate, medium, angular blocky structure; weak to moderate, very fine to fine angular blocky secondary structure; sticky, firm, hard, slightly plastic consistence; very few, fine, horizontal roots; moderately porous horizon; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
BCgj 23 to 41 cm; brown to dark brown (IOYR 4.5/3, matrix moist) silt loam; many, fine, faint, dark yellowish brown(IOYR 3/4) mottles; weak, medium, subangularblocky structure; weak, very fineto fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ; slightly porous horizon; less than 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
Cg 41 cm plus; grayish brown (IOYR 5/2, matrix moist) silt loam; many, fine, prominent, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; massive structure; slightly porous horizon; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments. - 242-
Purbeck: Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pg Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm Caci % % ratio m % % % osa % % % 15 cm 1 Lf 10-0
2 Ae 0-7 . 3.4 2.3 tr -- 7.5 0.04 0.11 ------3 Bmgj 7-23 4.0 1.2 tr -- 24.3 0.14 0.26 ------
4 BCgj 23-41 4.1 0.9 tr -- 61.3 0.15 0.29 ------5 C 41+' 4.4 j 0.2 tr -- 9.4 0.15 0.05 ------
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations Fiber content meq/100 g. % sand/particle size in mm. CEC Total Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca T M K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05
2 0.44 0.29 0:05 4.75 5.53 35 22.2 1.7 1 .6 1 .2 6.2 11 .5 64.9 12.9 -- --
3 0.44 0.21 , 0.12 2 .45 3.22 20 22.0 2.6 3.2 2.3 4.7 9.1 61 .7 16.3 -- -- 4 0.59 0.25 0.12 1 .33 2.29 17 25.7 3.4 3.6 2.2 4.5 12.1 59.4 15.0 -- --
5 2.98 1.48 0.11 0.19 4.76 20 19.2 1 .9 1 .9 1 .5 3.7 10.2 61 .8 19.0 -- --
-243-
SOIL PROFILE: Red CliffPond (07-81-0005-1-07) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil Grid. : 21 UXE 3120 5480 ELEVATION: Between 30 and 45 m above MSL SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Organic material predominantly derived from sedge. Wetland Classification: Sedge, slope fen, 0.5-2 .5% slope. Area of Wetland: 12 ha. Area of Open Water: 0.5 ha. Soil Moisture Poorly drained. and Drainage: Water Table: Apparent water table 0 to 10 cm below the surface. Depth of Peat: 280 cm. . Vegetation: Carex spp, Eriophorum spp, S12ha num spp, Larix laricina, 3uniperus spp. SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Typic Mesisol, mesic, euic, cold aquic .
Oral 0 to 15 cm; dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry), weakly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat; von Post scale of decomposition 4.
Om2 15 to 220 cm; dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry), moderately decomposed, matted, sedge peat; von Post scale of decomposition 4.
Om3 220 to 280 cm; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, dry) moderately decomposed, matted sedge peat; von Post scale ofdecomposition 5 .
Cg 280 cm plus; gravelly silt loam.
Red CliffPond: Typic Mesisol.
Fiber content, % Ph Extractable (ppm) Depth, .015M C Horizon cm unrubbed rubbed CaCl2 % P Ca K 1 Omi 0-15 64 38 5 .3 45 2528.1 267.4 37.1 2 Om2 15-220 60 32 4.8 35 1449.4 118.0 3.9 i 3 Om3 220-280 58 34 4.7 35 2528.1 233.7 3 .4
-244-
SOIL PROFILE: Sharrons Pond (07-81-0009-1-07) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid.: 21 UXE 2456 5110 ELEVATION: Between 15 and 30 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Organic material predominantly derived from sphagnum mosses. Wetland Classification: Domed bog, low shrub, 2 to 5% slope. Area of Wetland: 5 ha. Soil Moisture Poorly drained. and Drainage: Water Table: Apparent water table 10 to 30 cm below surface. Depth ofPeat: 140 cm. Vegetation: Sphan-urn spp, Carex spp, Kahnia polifolia, Kalmia angustifolia, Ledum groenlandicum, Piceamariana(0.5 mhigh, 1-3 cm D.B .H.), Cladonia spp, Rubus chamaemorus, Sarracenia DgMurea. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Terric Humic Fibrisol, sphagnic, dysic, cold peraquic, sandy- skeletal, moderately deep.
Ofl 0 to 20 cm, yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4, dry), almost undecomposed, fibrous, sphagnum peat; von Post scale ofhumification 2.
Of2 20 to 60 cm; yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4, dry), very weakly decomposed, fibrous, sphagnum peat; von Post scale of humification 3 .
Of3 60 to 100 cm; yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4, dry), weakly decomposed, sphagnum peat; von Post scale ofhumification 4.
Oh 100 to 140 cm; very dark brown (10YR 2/2, dry), strongly decomposed, slightly sticky, sphagnum and sedge peat; von Post scale ofhumification 7.
Cg 140 cm plus; gravelly loamy sand.
- 245-
Sharrons Pond: Terric Humic Fibrisol.
Fiber content, % Ph Extractable (ppm) Depth, .015M C Horizon cm unrubbed rubbed CaCl2 0/o P Ca rK 1 Ofl 0-20 94 80 3 .2 35 125.8 64.6 8.4 2 Of2 20-60 78 70 3 .0 33 46.6 61 .2 2.8 3 Of3 60-100 84 76 3.2 35 108.4 125 .3 5.6 4 Oh 100-140 36 4 3.4 30 272.5 148.9 5.6
SOIL PROFILE: Wing Pond (07-81-0028-1-07) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E6 Mil. Grid. : 21 UXE 1700 6460 ELEVATION: 30 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Skeletal and coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic; morainal (till); mixed lithology. Landform: Morainal; rubbly; level. Slope: 1% simple slope; level microtopography. Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained; medium transmissibility; moderate surface and Drainage : runoff; seepage present. Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm. Stoniness and Slightly stony, non-rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland. Vegetation: Picea Manana, Abies balsamea, Betula pap~rifera; Populus balsamifera, Populus tremuloides . Sorbus americana. SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non- clay mineralogy; acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.
- 246-
LF 23 to 0 cm, range 17 to 28 cm; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derived from feathermoss, needles, leaves, herbaceous fragments and wood fragments; abundant, medium and coarse roots; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
Bf 0 to 18 cm, range 16 to 20 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist), yellowish brown (IOYR 5/6, matrix dry), gravelly loam; very weak to weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence; plentiful, medium roots; highly porous horizon with common, medium and coarse random pores; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary.
Bfjgj 18 to 34 cm, range 16 to 18 cm; dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2, matrix moist), brown (IOYR 5/3, matrix dry), gravelly sandy loam; few, fine, faint mottles; very weak to weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fine, subangular secondary structure; slightly sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non- plastic consistence; few, fine roots; highly porous horizon with many, medium, random pores; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.
BCgj 34 to 50 cm plus; grayish brown (IOYR 5/2, matrix moist), light gray (IOYR 7/2, matrix dry) very gravelly silt loam; many, medium, distinct mottles, weak to moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure; weak medium, subangular blocky secondary structure; sticky, friable, very hard, plastic consistence; very few, very fine roots; slightly porous horizon, with few, very fine, horizontal pores. - 247-
Wing Pond: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.
Sodium pH Pyrophosphate Depth, 1 :1 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Horizon cm H,O CaCI % % ratio yV#m 1 LF 23-0 ______-_ -- 2 Bf 0-18 5.9 5.3 3.2 0.07 46 tr 0.7 0 .3 3 Bfjgi 18-34 6.1 5.4 1 .3 0.03 43 tr 0.2 0.3 4 BC' 34-50 6.7 5.5 1 .0 0.01 100 tr -- --
Exchangeable Cation meq./100 g. Particle Size Distribution CEC Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Bulk Ca Mg K Al me ./100 . % % % % Density
2 4.40 0.71 0.09 0.19 5.39 58 58 21 21 -- 3 2.98 0.26 0.10 0.18 3.52 43 66 20 14 -- 4 4.60 0.57 0.14 0.18 4.95 10 27 59 14 --
-248-
SOIL PROFILE: Wiseman Head (07-80-0053-1-12) LOCATION: NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 2900 5270 ELEVATION: 60 m above MSL. SOIL SITE: Parent Material: Organic material predominantly derived from feathermosses and forest litter. Landform: Organic veneer over bedrock. Slope: Complex slope ofclass 3 (2-5%), facing southeast; site at middle slope position. Soil Moisture Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; slow surface and Drainage: runoff; seepage present. Depth to Bedrock: 11 cm. Stoniness and Exceedingly stony, very rocky. Rockiness: Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland. Vegetation: Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Betula panvrifera, Sorbus americana.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION: Hemic Folisol, silvic, dysic, cold, perhurnid.
LF 12 to 0 cm; weakly to moderately decomposed organic material consisting offeathermosses (70%), herbaceous fragments (10%), soft wood fragments 2 to 3 cm in size and hard wood fragments up to 10 cm in size (20%); abundant fine, medium and coarse random roots; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.
Cgj 0 to 9 cm; reddish gray (5YR 5/2, matrix moist) gravelly silt loam; few, fine, faint (5YR 5/3) mottles; weakto moderate, mediumto coarse, granular structure; weakto moderate, very fine to fine, granular secondary structure; slightly sticky, very friable, slightly hard and hard, slightly plastic consistence; plentiful very fine random, inped roots; common, fine and medium, random pores; 50% by volume angular gravelly, coarse fragments; irregular, clear horizon boundary. -
R 9 cm plus; igneous, coarse acid bedrock. - 249-
Wiseman Head: Hemic Folisol.
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pg Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe AI Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 LF 12-0 3.8 41 .9 1 .4 30 101.4 tr 0.1 0.1 tr 0.2 0.1 0.1 -- 2 0-9 3.6 2.0 0.1 20 12.9 0.1 lx 0.1 0.1 0.2 tr tr 14
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations Pyroph. meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Sol. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay O.M. Ash Ca K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 1701i ' % % %
1 21.00 5.21 0.16 -- 26.37 ------7.9 15.0 2 0.60 0.33 0.04 0.50 2.48 59 35.8 4.3 4.8 4.4 9.9 12.5 51 .2 13.0 -- - -250-
Table 48. Engineering particle size classes for selected soil profiles. Sieve Analyses
v.f. Unifi Sand Depth ed % Pass % Pass % Clay % Silt (0.05-01 2-4 mm 4-8 mm 8-16 mm 16-31 .5 mm 31 .5 mm 11 Soil Name cm Class. No. 4 No. 200 2 u 2-5 u mm Alderburn 34+ SM 78 18 7.7 4.6 11 .1 19 11 5 2 4 (80-0042)
Alderburn 38-53 SM 56 29 6.7 19.4 6.4 16 13 18 11 2 (80-0058) Alderburn 42-60 GM 46 18 3.3 11 .4 6.1 7 10 12 15 18 (80-0061) Alderburn 21-40 SM 77 21 4.0 12.3 8.8 31 13 7 5 -- (80-0065)
Alderburn 52=70 SM 53 12 2.5 5.3 8.6 14 24 18 4 -- (80-0067)
Alderburn 34+ SM 76 32 4.3 19.4 17.2 8 6 6 6 6 (80-0068)
Alderburn 41+ SM 65 -- 4.9 14.7 -- 16 8 8 8 11 (81-0018)
Brown's Arm Bk. 36+ GM 42 48 13 33 3.4 20 13 8 3 4 (80-0048) Burnt Arm 45-55 GM 51 13 3.3 7.4 4.3 12 14 20 13 2 (80-0073) Dogberry Brook 45-60 SM 80 29 5.8 18.0 10.0 11 9 7 3 --
Gills Point 34-50 SM 61 14 4.2 6.6 6.4 10 11 11 8 9 (80-0059)
I High Point 50-67 SP 56 5 0.0 3 .8 1 .7 9 11 10 19 4 (80-0062) 76-80 SP 54 2 1 .8 0.0 0.4 9 10 9 13 14 -251 -
Sieve Analyses
v.f. Unifi Sand Depth ed % Pass % Pass % Clay % Silt (0.05-01 % % % Soil Name cm Class. No. 4 No. 200 2 u 2-5 u mm 2-4 mm 4-8 nun 8-16 mm 16-31 .5 mm 31 .5 mm
High Point 40-60 SP 62 2 1.8 0.0 1 .0 29 19 11 7 0 (80-0064)
Milord Arm 45+ SM 63 21 5.2 12.0 6.8 16 11 8 8 11 (80-0043)
Milord Arm Bk. 45+ SM 52 23 5.4 15.2 4.0 20 14 17 10 7 (80-0041)
Milord Arm Bk. 42-75 SM 82 27 3.5 18.8 27.4 10 10 5 3 - (80-0066) Northern Arm 33-35 GP 26 ------8 4 5 8 57 (80-0063) Peters Arm 47+ SM 53 9 2.3 5 .0 2.5 11 11 12 15 9 (80-0050)
Pitt's Pond 59-72 GW 28 - 1.4 3 .0 - 7 7 7 4 54 (81-0027)
105+ SW 70 - 2.2 2.2 - 24 16 8 4 2 APPENDIX
Additional Soil Profile Descriptions
and
Analyses for Selected Soils
-255-
SOIL NAME: Alderburn (07-80-0042-1-12)
Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Fine loamy and cobbly morainal till; sandstone lithology; hummocky NTS Map: 2E/6 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 3670 5745 Slope: Complex slope of 2-5%, facing north; site at middle slope position Elevation: Between 45 and 60 m above MSL Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility Present Land Use: Cleared land Stoniness/Rockiness : Exceedingly stony, slightly rocky Vegetation: --
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
LF 15-0 -- needles (60%V), wood fragments (10% V), loamy aggregates (30% V)
Ae 0-5 gray brown gravelly fine very weak medium subangular very friable -- abundant, (IOYR 5/2) sandy loam to coarse blocky medium
Bf 5-12 dark yellowish gravelly fine weak medium subangular very friable -- plentiful, brown sandy loam blocky fine (IOYR 3/4)
Bm 12-22 str6ng brown gravelly fine weak medium subangular very friable -- plentiful, (7.5 YR 4/6) sandy loam to coarse blocky fine
BC 22-23 yellowish brown gravelly fine very weak medium subangular very friable -- few, very (1OYR 5/4) sandy loam to coarse blocky fine
C 34+ dark brown to gravelly fine weak coarse subangular friable -- -- brown sandy loam blocky l OYR 4/3 - 256-
Alderburn (07-80-0042-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N , P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % . ratio lm % % % % % % % 15 cm
1 LF 15-0 3 .6 26.7 0.8 33 79.8 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.2 tr --
2 Ae 0-5 , 3.5 0.8 0.1 8 8.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 tr 9 3 Bf 5-12. 4.2 3.2 0.2 16 7.8 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.8 2.0 1 .0 tr 17
4 Bm 12-22 4.8 1 .5 0.1 5 7.2 tr 0.3 0.2 1.6 0.6 0.5 tr 11 5 BC 22-34 5.2 0.5 tr -- 6.2 tr 0.1 0.2 1 .2 0.5 0.3 tr . 7
6 C 34+, 5.9 0.2 tr -- -- tr 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 tr 3
Particle Size Distribution '. Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total sand/Particle size in mm. Total 'PYroPh. . Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca M K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.US % % ' r 15.5 46.2 1 7.50 4.96 0.64 0.00 13.10 ------
2 0.33 2.09 0:06 1.00 3.48 43 55.3 6.3 5.7 5.3 16.7 21 .3 34.5 10.2 -- --
3 0.40 0.30 0.12 1.33 2.15 34 59.9 9.8 8.3 6.6 16.0 19.3 25.6 14.5 -- -- 4 0.34 0.26 0:08 0.00 0.68 30 61.7 11 .3 9.7 6.9 15.4 18.4 27.9 . 10.4 -- --
5 0.31 0.23 0.08 0.00 0.62 41 64.7 9.2 9.8 7.3 17.8 20.6 28.2 7.1 -- -- 6 0.31 0.23 0.07 0.00 0.61 42 69.7 9.8 12.3 10.0 18.7 18.8 11 .4 18.9 -- --
- 257-
SOIL NAME: Alderburn (07-80-0065-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and coarse loamy morainal till; sandstone lithology NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 790 5480 Slope: Simple slope of 2-5%, facing north; site at Crest position Elevation: Between 100 and 125 m above MSL Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland Stoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, non-rocky Vegetation: Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Ponulus tremuloides, Pleurozium spp.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
LF 8-0 -- needles, feathermoss, abundant, herbaceous fragments, wood medium and fragments coarse
Ae 0-8 dark grayish brown gravelly loam weak coarse and subangular very friable -- abundant, (10 YR 4/2) very coarse blocky medium and coarse
Bf 8-14 dark yellowish gravelly loam very weak fine to subangular very friable -- abundant, brown medium blocky medium (1 OYR 4/6)
Bm 14-21 , strong brown gravelly fine very weak fine to subangular very friable -- common, fine (7.5 YR 4/6) sandy loam medium blocky and medium
BC 21-40+ brown to dark brown gravelly fine very weak fine subangular very friable -- few, fine roots I OYR 4/3 sand loam block
-258-
SOIL NAME : Alderburn (07-80-0045-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Coarse loamy, bouldery and cobbly morainal till; sandstone lithology; level NTS Map: 2E/6 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 3496 5715 Slope: Simple slope of 0.5-2% Elevation: Between 60 and 70 m above MSL Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility Present Land Use: Productive woodland Stoniness/Rockiness : Exceedingly stony, non-rocky Vegetation: Betula payyrifera, Abies balsamea
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
LF 18-0 -- leaves, needles, twigs, wood abundant, fragments medium
Ae 0-2 gray brown gravelly fine very weak medium subangular -- abundant, (IOYR 5/2) sandy loam blocky medium
Bfl 2-16 strong brown gravelly fine very weak medium to subangular -- plentiful, (7.5 YR 4/6) sandy loam coarse blocky medium
Bf2 16-36 brown to dark brown gravelly fine very weak medium to subangular friable -- plentiful, fine (7:5 YR 4/4) sandy loam coarse blocky
BC 36+ yellowish brown gravelly fine very weak coarse subangular very friable -- few, fine lOYR 5/4 sand loam block - 25 9-
Alderburn (07-80-0045-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1:2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % l5 cm 1 LF 18-0
2 Ae 0-2 3 Bfl 2-16 4.2 4.5 0.2 23 5.1 0.7 0.9 0.9 2.3 2.4 1 .4 tr 17
4 Bf2 16-36 4.2 1 .9 0.1 19 5.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.4 1 .3 0.9 tr 14 5 BC 36+ 4.6 0.9 0.1 9 -- tr 0.2 0.3 1.3 0.7 0.3 tr 6
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash .Ca ]M-- K AI me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05
2
3 0.56 0.36 0.08 1 .75 2.75 46 54.2 5.8 7.7 6.3 15.2 19.3 32.4 13.4 -- -- 4 0.32 0.25 '0.06 0.56 1 .19 27 54.2 7.5 7.8 5.6 14.6 18.6 33.2 12.7 -- --
1510.22 I 0.20 0.05 1 tr I 0.47 I 39 I 55.7 1 7.4 1 8.1 1 6.7 1 14.7 L 18.8 1 34.0 1 10.3 -- I __
-260-
SOIL NAME: Alderburn (07-80-0058-1-12)
Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and coarse loamy morainal till, sandstone lithology; hummocky NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 2547 4670 Slope: Complex slope of 6-9%, facing west; site at upper slope position Elevation: 30 m above MSL Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland Stoniness/Rockiness : Moderately stony, moderately rocky Vegetation: Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Betula panyfera
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
LH 10-0 -- needles (40%), feathermoss abundant, (40%), soft wood fragments medium and (20%) coarse
Ae 0-4 brown gravelly massive -- - -- abundant, (7.5 YR 5/4) sandy loam medium and coarse
Bfl 4-16 strong brown gravelly fine massive -- -- friable -- plentiful, (7.5 YR 4/6) sandy loam medium and coarse
Bf2 16-27 dark yellowish brown gravelly very fine very weak medium subangular friable -- few, medium (IOYR 4/4) sandy loam blocky
130 27-38 yellowish brown gravelly loam very weak coarse subangular friable -- few, medium (I0YR 5/4) blocky
BC 38-53 light olive brown gravelly loam weak coarse subangular very firm - very few, fine l0YR 4/3 sand loam block - 261-
Alderbum (07-80-0058-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 LFH 10-0 4.1 25.6 1 .0 26 24.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.3 tr --
2 Ae 0-4
3 Bfl 4-16 4.3 3.5 0.2 18 3 .5 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 .5 2.2 1 .2 tr 17 4 Bf2 16-27 4.6 1 .6 0.1 16 5 .7 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.3 0.8 0.6 tr 11 5 Bf3 27-38 4.4 1 .6 tr -- -- 0.2 0.4 0.3 1 .1 0.7 0.5 tr 14 6 BC 38-53+ 4.4 0.5 tr -- -- tr 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2 tr 7
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Penn Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca M K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 1 21 .75 3.77 1.43 0.00 26.95 ------10.2 42.2 2
3 1.21 0.29 0.12 11 .90 13.52 43 70.4 9.6 12.2 9.2 21 .8 17 .5 23 .9 5.7 -- -- 4 0.88 0.22 -0.08 5.84 7.02 32 66.7 3 .4 4.6 4.6 27.4 25 .3 30.2 3.1 -- --
5 0.74 0.23 0.08 8.90 10.18 59 40.5 3.0 3 .0 3 .0 13.0 18.4 48.8 10.7 -- --
6 1.10 0.59 0.0$ 7.22 8.98 60 34 .6 3 .8 3 .8 3 .8 7.9 16.1 48.5 16.9 -- --
- 262-
SOIL NAME: Alderbum - non-stony (07-80-0061-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and coarse loamy morainal till; sandstone lithology; inclined NTS Map : 2E6 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 2650 4398 Slope: Simple slope of 2-5%, facing west; site at lower slope position Elevation: 75 m above MSL Drainage: Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; seepage Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland Stoniness/Rockiness : Moderately stony, non-rocky Vegetation: Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Betula pauvrifera, Prunus vir ig n,~iana
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon / (cm) l (most) 1 Texture 1 Grade t Size t Kind t moist Mottles Roots
LF 14-0 -- needles, leaves, feathermoss, ------abundant, wood fragments medium and coarse
Ae 0-5 dark gray gravelly loam very weak medium subangular friable - abundant, (IOYR 4/1) blocky medium and coarse
plentiful, Bhf 5-20 dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam weak medium to subangular friable -- (IOYR 4/6) coarse blocky medium
Bfl 20-42 yellowish brown very gravelly very weak medium to subangular very friable -- few, fine (I0YR 5/6) fine sandy loam coarse blocky
Bf2 42-60 dark brown to brown gravelly coarse very weak medium subangular friable -- IOYR 5/4 sand loam block -- - 263-
Alderburn (07-80-0061-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate PH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm
1 LF 14-0 ------2 Ae 0-5 3.4 2.5 0.1 25 4.8 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.2 tr 15
3 Bhf 5-20 4.2 6.5 0.3 22 3.9 1 .0 1 .5 1 .1 3.1 2.8 2.1 tr 17 4 Bfl 20-42 4.5 3 .0 0.1 30 3.9 0 .4 0.8 0.6 1.7 1.6 1 .2 tr 16
5 Bf2 42-60 4.8 2.9 0.1 29 -- 0.4 0.8 0.7 2.1 1 .2 0.9 tr 17
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 1 ------
2 0.81 0.47 0.07 14.5 15.92 43 46.9 4.8 4.5 4.3 13.6 19.7 39.6 13.5 -- -- 3 0.71 0.24 0.10 27.2 28.25 40 51 .8 8.6 7.4 5 .7 12.9 17.2 37.4 10.8 -- --
4 0.86 0.19 0.14 4.44 5.63 75 55.8 12.9 9.2 6.1 12.2 15.5 34.6 9.5 -- --
5 1 .14 0.31 0.08 6.39 7.92 63 61 .3 14 .5 10.1 6.6 14.0 16.1 29.9 8.8 - --
- 264-
SOIL NAME: Alderburn (taxadjunct(07-80-0067-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and sandy morainal till; sandstone and shale lithology; inclined NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 1810 4830 Slope: Simple slope of 10-15%, facing southeast; site at middle slope position Elevation: 45 m above MSL Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility Present Land Use: Abandoned farmland Stoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, slightly rocky Vegetation: Picea mariana, PWulus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Alnus rueosa, Poa spp.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
Ah 0-30 dark brown gravelly coarse, sandy loam very weak very fine to granular very friable - abundant, (IOYR 3/3) fine medium and fine
Bf 30-44 dark reddish brown very gravelly very weak fine to granular very friable -- few, fine (5YR 3.4) coarse sandy medium ' loam
Bfcj 44-52 dark yellowish brown very gravelly very weak fine to granular very firm -- very few, very (IOYR 3/4) loamy coarse medium fine and fine sand
BCcj 52-70 very dark grayish very gravelly very weak fine to granular very firm -- -- brown loamy coarse medium lOYR 3/2 sand - 265-
Alderburn (07-80-0067-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate PH Lime Req. Depth, 1:2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % 15 cm
1 Ah 0-30- 4.4 5 .3 0.3 18 5.5 0.7 0.4 1 .3 0.7 2.6 0.8 tr 15 2 Bf 30-44 4.3 4.5 0.2 23 -- 1 .5 1 .0 2.5 1 .4 3.8 1 .5 tr 15
3 Bfcj 44-52 4.7 2.3 0.1 23 -- 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.9 1 .1 0.7 tr 10 14 BCc' 52-70+ 4.9 0.7 tr -- -- 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 tr 5
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Penn Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca M ; K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 ] .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 % 1 3.85 0.41 0.11 1 .17 5.54 74 58.5 21.2 9.1 4.8 11 .3 12.0 26.3 15.2 -- -- 2 3.05 0.38 0.04 1 .61 5 .08 79 68.2 20.3 8.5 5 .0 14.0 20.4 23.7 8.1 -- --
3 3.30 0.33 0.09 0.56 4 .28 68 83.8 31 .0 11.9 5 .4 14.8 20.8 9.Q 7.2 -- -- 4 1 .38 0.22 0.06 tr 1.66 61 80.2 22 .4 12.6 7.4 16.1 21 .7 13.5 6.3 -- --
- 266-
SOIL NAME: Alderburn (07-80-0068-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Coarse loamy, morainal till; sandstone lithology; level NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 1940 5060 Slope: Simple slope of 0.5-2% Elevation: 160 m above MSL Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility Present Land Use: Logged over Stoniness/Rockiness : Moderately stony, non-rocky Vegetation: Prunus vir iana, Alnus ru osa, kalmia spp.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Roots Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles
LF 6-0 - needles (70%), feathermoss (20%), wood fragments (10%) fine Ae 0-7 light brownish gray very fine very weak coarse and subangular friable - plentiful, (IOYR 6/2) sandy loam very coarse blocky and medium plentiful, fine Bf 7-21 dark brown loam very weak coarse angular very friable -- (7.5YR 3/4) blocky and medium plentiful, fine Bf 21-34 strong brown fine sandy very weak coarse subangular very friable -- block 7.5YR 4/6) loam _ few, fine BC 34+ ] reddish brown gravelly fine very weak coarse platy very friable -- 5YR 4/4 sand loam - 267-
Alderbum (07-80-0068-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm
1 LF 6-0 3.2 53 .4 1 .0 53 14.0 tr tr tr tr 0.1 0.1 tr -- 2 Ae 0-7 3.6 0.7 tr -- 3.9 tr tr tr tr 0.2 0.1 tr 6
3 Bf 7-21 4.1 3.4 3.1 1 4.2 0.8 1 .0 1 .5 1 .4 2.0 1.2 tr 17 4 BFj 21-34 4.5 1 .3 0.1 13 9.0 0.1 0.4 0.4 1 .2 0.5 0.5 tr 10 5 BC 34+ 4.6 0.4 tr -- -- tr 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 tr 5
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca M K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 1 0.09 0.32 0.25 0.00 0.66 ------7.4 86.7
2 1.34 0.15 0.05 1 .28 2.82 15 54.2 1 .4 1 .8 2.6 17 .9 30.6 40.8 5 .0 -- 3 0.14 0.17 0.10 2.47 2.88 21 47.2 5.0 4.3 3.5 13 .0 21.3 43 .9 8.9 -- --
4 0.18 0.10 0.07 0.72 1.07 26 60.9 71 .7 7.6 5.0 15 .4 25.1 32.3 6.8 -- -- 5 0.14 0.11 0.07 0.53 0.85 33 65.0 9.0 8.0 5.6 17.0 25 .4 28.7 6.3 -- --
-268-
SOIL NAME : Alderburn (07-80-0070-1-12?
Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Coarse loamy, stony morainal till; sandstone lithology; inclined NTS Map : 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 1400 4530 Slope: Simple slope of6-9%, facing south; site at upper slope position Elevation: Between 45 and 60 m above MSL Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility Present Land Use: Stoniness/Rockiness : Exceedingly stony, non-rocky Vegetation:
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
I Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
LF 15-0 -- needles, feathermoss, wood abundant, fragments medium
Ae 0-7 grayish brown very fine very weak medium subangular friable -- plentiful, fine (IOYR 5/2) sandy loam blocky
Bf 7-24 dark yellowish brown gravelly very fine very weak medium to subangular very friable -- few, fine (IOYR 4/6) sandy loam coarse blocky
Bfj 24-39 strong brown gravelly fine weak medium to subangular friable -- very few, fine . (7.5 YR 5/6) sandy loam coarse blocky
BC 39-46 brown gravelly fine weak medium to subangular friable -- -- I0YR 5/3 sand loam coarse block - 269-
Alderburn (07-80-0070-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pg Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe AI Fe A1 Fe AI Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % l5 cm
1 LF 15-0 2 Ae 0-7 3.5 1.1 tr -- 4.2 , 0.2 tr 0.2 tr 0.4 0.1 tr 9
3 Bf 7-24 4.1 2.1 0.1 21 5.2 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.9 1 .5 0.8 tr 13 4 BFj 24-39 4.6 1.2 0.1 12 4.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 1 .0 0.8 0.7 tr 12 5 BC 39-46 4.4 0.6 tr -- -- tr 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 tr 7
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca = K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05
2 0.21 0.21 0.05 1 .06 1 .53 26 53.9 3.2 4.4 5 .1 16.5 24.7 38.4 7.6 3 0.16 0.19 0.08 1 .67 2.10 36 69.0 7.5 8.5 8.2 19.6 25.2 24.1 6.9
4 0.18 0.13 0.07 0.44 0.82 35 70.2 7.1 8.4 8.8 21 .9 23.9 23 .6 6.2 5 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.44 0.81 32 68.2 6.7 9.6 8.8 21 .2 21 .9 24.7 7.1 - 270-
SOIL NAME: Alderburn (taxad unct) (07-80-0074-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and coarse loamy, cobbly and - blocky morainal till; sandstone lithology; NTS Map : 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 1372 4697 hummocky
Elevation: Between 135 and 155 m above MSL Slope: Complex slope of 16-30%, facing northwest; site at lower slope position Present Land Use: Logged over Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility Vegetation: Prunus vir iniana, Alnus rugosa, Poa spp. Pleuroziumg` spp. Stoniness/Rockiness : Very stony, non-rocky
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Roots Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles
LF 10-0 -- - needles, herbaceous fragments, abundant, wood fragments medium and coarse
friable - abundant, Ae 0-7 grayish brown gravelly very fine very weak fine to subangular very (IOYR 5/2) sandy loam medium blocky medium and coarse
-- plentiful, Bf 7-21 dark reddish brown gravelly loam very weak medium to subangular very friable (SYR 3/3) coarse blocky medium and coarse
plentiful, Bfj 21-36 strong brown gravelly fine very, weak fine granular very friable - (7.5YR 4/6) sandy loam medium very friable -- -- BC 36-48 dark brown to brown very gravelly very weak very fine subangular (7.SYR 4/4) fine sandy blocky loam - 271-
Alderburn (07-80-0074-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe Al Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm
1 LF 10-0 2 Ae 0-7 ______- ______--
3 Bf 7-21 4.2 8.8 0.4 22 2.7 1 .1 2.4 1.5 3.5 2.9 3.3 tr 17 4 BFj 21-36 4.6 1 .8 0.1 18 5 .2 0.2 0.5 0.3 1 .4 0.6 0.8 tr 14
5 BC 36-48 4.6 0.9 tr -- -- 0.1 0.3 0.2 1 .0 0.6 0.4 tr 11
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in nun. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol.O.M. Ash Calm-- K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05
2 __
3 0.75 0.25 0.17 3 .14 4.31 46 45.2 11.2 8.0 4.2 8.4 13.4 40.1 14.7 -- -- 4 0.32 0.21 0.07 0.67 1 .27 42 55.9 9.5 9.1 6.0 13.2 18.3 36.0 8.1 -- --
5 0.30 0.11 0.0612d 1 .00 98 52.9 8.2 7.5 5 .8 13 .5 17.9 38.6 8.5 -- --
- 272-
SOIL NAME: Alderburn (taxadjuncl) (07-81-0018-1-07)
Classification : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and coarse loamy, morainal till; sandstone lithology; level NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 1790 5278 Slope: Simple slope of 0.5%, facing west; site at upper slope position Elevation: Between 75 and 90 m above MSL Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility Present Land Use: Logged over Stoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, non-rocky Vegetation: Prunus virgiana, Alnus Mg sa, kalmia spp, Pleurozium spp.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon (cm) (moist) Texture Grade Size Kind / (moist) Mottles Roots J
LF 7-0 - needles, leaves, feathermoss, plentiful, fine wood fragments and medium fine Ae 0-6 light brownish gray loam weak fine to subangular very friable - plentiful, (IOYR 6/2) medium blocky and medium
Bhfj 6-17 yellowish red sandy loam very weak fine to subangular very friable -- few, fine and (5YR 4.5/4) medium blocky medium few, fine BC1 17-41 yellowish brown gravelly very weak coarse subangular friable -- very (IOYR 5/4) sandy loam blocky - few, fine BC2 41+ dark yellowish brown gravelly weak medium to pseudo friable very (IOYR 4/4) sandy loam coarse angular block - 273-
Alderburn (07-81-0018-1-07)
Sodium pH Pyrophosphate Depth, 1 :1 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Horizon cm IH O CaCl % % ratio m 1 LF 7-0 __ _- ______2 Ae 0-6 4.1 3 .3 0.8 0.1 8 tr -- -- 3 Bhfj 6-17 5.0 4.6 8.8 0.2 44 tr tr 0.4 4 BC1 17-41 5.5 5 .1 2.0 tr -- tr tr 0.3 5 BC2 41+ 5.7 5 .1 0.9 tr -- tr -- --
Exchangeable Cation meq./100 g. Particle Size Distribution Perm meq./ Gravel Sand Silt Clay Bulk Ca M K A1 100 . [ % % % % Density
2 tr 0.19 0.10 3.81 4.10 24 40 45 15 -- 3 0.06 0.06 0.10 1 .02 1 .24 31 55 29 16 0.9 4 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.18 0.30 42 55 35 10 1 .5 5 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.19 0.29 51 j 30 30 10 1 .8
- 274-
SOIL NAME: Barry's Pond Taxa junct (07-80-0054-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and coarse loamy, blocky and cobbly morainal till veneer; igneous, NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 2910 5245 coarse acid lithology; hummocky
Elevation: Between 45 and 60 m above MSL Slope: Complex slope of 6-9%
Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland Drainage: Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; seepage
Vegetation: Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Stoniness/Rockiness: Exceedingly stony, very rocky Prunus vir iniana g-
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Roots [Horizon ~ (cm) ~ (moist) ~ Texture ~ Grade ~ Size I Kind I (moist) 1 Mottles I I abundant, LF 13-0 -- needles (60%), feathermoss 30%), wood fragments (10%) medium and fine plentiful, fine Ae 0-12 gray very gravelly very weak medium to granular very friable -- (IOYR 5/1) coarse sandy loam coarse few, very fine l3hf 12-32 reddish brown very gravelly very weak fine to granular very friable -- (5YR 4/4) coarse sandy loam medium and fine
R 32+ igneous, coarse acid bedrock and bedrock rubble T - 275-
Barry's Pond (07-80-0054-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1:2 C N C-N P Fe AI Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 LF 13-0 3.3 51 .8 1 .0 52 111 .0 tr tr tr tr 0.1 tr tr --
2 Ae 0-12 3 .3 3 .3 0.1 33 12.9 0.3 tr 0.3 0.1 1 .0 0.1 tr 17 3 Bhf 12-32 4.1 7.2 0.3 34 . 31 .9 . 1 .1 I 1 .7 I 2.7 I 3 .7 I 7.2 I 2.6 0.1 I 12
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca M K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 1 6.90 3.00 0.15 -- 10.05 ------3 .6 4.8
2 0.25 0.50 0.09 0.95 1 .79 94 66.9 29.2 13 .6 5.9 9 .2 9.0 22.3 10.8 -- --
3 0.19 0.24 0.07 1 .36 1 .86 91 64.0 37.6 13.0 4.5 4.9 4.0 19.5 16.5 -- --
- 276-
SOIL NAME: Gander (Taxadjunct) (07-80-0055-1-12)
Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Coarse loamy morainal till veneer; mixed lithology; hummocky NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 2927 5180 Slope: Complex slope of 6-9% Elevation: 60 m above MSL Drainage: Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; seepage Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland Stoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, non-rocky Vegetation: Picea mariana, Prunus virginiang, Abies balsamea, Betula panyrifera
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
LF 4-0 -- , needles (60%), feathermoss (30%), soft wood fragments (30%)
Ae 0-10 gray gravelly silt very weak coarse and angular friable --- plentiful, fine (IOYR 5/1) loam very coarse blocky and medium
Bf 10-22 strong brown gravelly loam weak medium to subangular very friable -- plentiful, fine (7.5 YR 4/6) coarse blocky and medium
BC 22-31 yellowish brown gravelly fine very weak coarse and subangular friable -- few, fine and (IOYR 5/8) sandy loam very coarse blocky medium
C 31+ yellowish brown gravelly fine very weak coarse and subangular friable - few, very fine lOYR 5/4 sand loam very coarse block and fine - 277-
Gander (07-80-0055-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pg Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % °/o 15 cm 1 LF 4-0 3.6 38.1 1.0 38 70.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 tr --
2 Ae 0.10 3 .5 0.3 tr -- 5.8 0.1 tr 0.1 tr 0.2 tr tr 8 3 Bf 10-22 4.3 2.5 tr -- 7.8 0.4 0.5 0.7 2.0 2 .3 0.1 tr 16
4 BC 22-31 4.8 0.4 0.1 4 5.1 tr 0.1 0.3 1 .0 0.8 0.3 tr 5 5 C 31+ 4.8 0.3 tr -- -- tr__] 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.2 tr 4
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Penn Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca M K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 1 12.00 3.31 0.09 0.00 15 .40 ------8.6 27.0
2 0.17 0.13 0-04 0.72 1 .06 30 39.5 5.1 3.4 2.8 9.4 18.8 53 .8 6.6 -- -- 3 0.22 0.16 0.07 0.64 1 .09 27 43.4 9.8 7.3 4.3 8.2 13.8 48.0 8.6 -- --
4 0.28 0.16 0.06 0.00 0.50 27 49.7 14.3 8.5 5.5 9.3 12.0 45.6 4.7 -- --
5 0.26 0.19 0.07 0.00 0.52 29 52.8 11 .5 10.1 6.1 11 .5 13 .7 43.9 3 .3 -- --
- 278-
SOIL NAME: Hi Point (07-80-0064-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and sandy glaciofluvial; sandstone lithology; hummocky NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 1670 4610 Slope: Complex slope of 0.5-5%, facing south; site at lower slope position Elevation: Less than 15 m above MSL Drainage: Moderately well drained; high transmissibility Present Land Use: Productive woodland Stoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, non-rocky Vegetation: Picea mariana, Betula Papyrifera, Alnus rugosa, Abies balsamea, Pleurozium spp.
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
LF 9-0 -- needles, leaves, feathermoss, herbaceous fragments, wood fragments
Ae 0-1 pinkish gray gravelly loamy amorphous - single loose -- plentiful, (7.5 YR 6/2) coarse sand grain medium and coarse
Bf 0-25 reddish brown gravelly loamy amorphous - single loose -- few, very fine (5YR 4/4) coarse sand grain
BCI 25-40 dark brown to gravelly coarse amorphous -- single loose -- very few, fine brown sand grain (7.5YR 4/4)
BC2 40-60 dark brown gravelly coarse amorphous -- single loose - -- 7.5 YR 3/4 sand gain - 279-
High Point (07-80-0064-1-12) Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe Al Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha 0 Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm
II' 1 LF 9-0 i 2 Ae 0-1
3 Bf 1-25, 4.5 2.3 0.1 23 11 .0 0.2 0.4 0.8 1 .1 1.9 0.9 0.2 9 I 4 BC1 25-40 4.7 0.8 tr -- 20.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.4 tr 6 i tr 7 ~ 5 BC2 40-60 4.7 0.9 tr -- -- 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca M!~, K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 °lo % °lo 1 ______._ __ _- ______
3 0.68 0.18 0.07 tr 0.83 57 87.3 49.0 32.3 3.2 1 .6 1 .2 0.8 11 .8 -- - 4 0.32 0.26 0.07 tr 0.65 61 92.1 53.5 34.8 1 .9 1 .1 0.8 tr 8.8 -- --
5 0.76 0.22 0.07 tr 1.05 67 94.6 57.8 34.2 1 .6 0.6 0.4 tr 5 .4 -- --
- 280-
SOIL NAME: Milord Arm Brook (07-80-0041-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and coarse loamy glaciofluvial; mixed lithology NTS Map: 2E6 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 3717 5860 Slope: Simple slope of 0.5-2%, facing southeast; site at middle slope Elevation: Less than 15 m above MSL position
Present Land Use: Cropland Drainage: Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; seepage
Vegetation: - Stoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, non-rocky - 28 1-
Milord Arm Brook (07-80-0041-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm
1 Ap 0-20 4.4 4.1 0.2 21 52.0 1 .0 0.6 1 .2 0.7 2.3 0.8 tr 16 2 Ape 20-33 __ _- __ -_ _- ______- ______--
3 Bf 23-33 4.2 3.1 0.2 16 11.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1 .8 0.9 tr 17 4 BC 33-45 4.2 0.7 0.1 7 -- 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 tr 8
5 C 45+ 4.5 0.4 tr -- -- 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 tr 7
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in nun. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand alit Clay Sol.O.M. Ash Ca M t~, K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .1-.05 ] % % % %
1 2.94 1 .20 0.16 1.06 5.36 82 49.2 18.8 7.4 3.3 8.5 11 .3 38.1 12.7 -- -- 2
3 0.98 0.44 0.08 1 .58 3.08 80 55.5 23.8 9.0 3 .9 8.3 10.5 34.6 9.8 -- -- 4 0.46 0.23 0.06 0.64 1.29 59 47.2 9.2 7.3 4.6 10.4 15.7 43.1 9.7 -- --
5 0.83 0.38 0.08 0.58 1 .87 68 35.8 5.1 5.8 4.2 8.2 12 .5 47.4 16.7 -- --
- 282-
SOIL NAME: Milord Arm Brook (variant) (07-80-0046-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and coarse loamy glaciofluvial; over skeletal and clay marine; sandstone NTS Map: 2E6 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 3480 5745 lithology; hummocky
Elevation: Between 45 and 60 m above MSL Slope: Complex slope of 2-5%, facing northwest; site at upper slope position, slope length 125 m Present Land Use: Productive woodland Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility Vegetation: Picea mâriana Stoniness/Rockiness : Exceedingly stony, slightly rocky
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
LF 15-0 - needles, small twigs, wood abundant, fragments coarse
Bhf 0-12 dark brown silt loam moderate medium to subangular friable -- plentiful, (IOYR 3/3) coarse blocky coarse
Bfl 12-27 dark brown gravelly loam weak medium subangular friable -- plentiful, (16YR 3.3) blocky medium
BfZ 27-42 brown gravelly loam weak medium subangular friable -- few, fine (16YR 5/3) blocky
IIBC 42+ gray brown gravelly moderate medium to subangular very friable - -- (lOYR 5/2) sandy clay coarse blocky - 283-
Milord Arm Brook (07-80-0046-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pg Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe Al Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm
1 LF 15-0 2 Bhf 0-12 5.7 7.4 0.5 19 11 .0 1 .2 1 .2 1.6 1 .9 2.5 1 .6 0.5 8
3 Bfl 12-27 5.6 4.3 0.3 14 11 .6 1 .1 1 .1 1 .2 1 .4 2.1 1 .3 0.3 7 4 Bf2 27-42 5.2 1 .3 0.1 13 -- 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.4 tr 5 5 IIBC 42+ 5.2 1 .0 0.1 10 -- 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 tr 2
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca M,a, K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05
2 12.50 3.42 0.27 0.00 16.19 6 26.9 0.8 1 .0 1 .0 6.1 18.0 60.3 12.8 -- --
3 12.93 1 .55 0.16 0.00 14.64 63 37.0 7.4 5.8 3.9 8.3 11 .6 45.2 17.8 -- -- 4 4.29 0.78 0.11 0.00 5.18 60 50.4 13.6 10.0 5.9 9.6 11 .3 34.7 14.9 -- --
5 3.80 0.73 0.10 0.00 4.63 56 54.0 11 .0 10.3 6.9 12.3 13.6 9.6 36.4 -- --
- 284-
SOIL NAME: Northern Arm (07-80-0069-1-12)
Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and coarse loamy, blocky and cobbly morainal till over skeletal and NTS Map: 2E6 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 1210 4370 sandy, glaciofluvial; sandstone lithology
Elevation: Between 1,5 and 30 m above MSL Slope: Simple slope of 16-30%, facing northwest; site at middle slope position Present Land Use: Logged over Drainage: Well drained Vegetation: Kalmia snp, Prunus vir ing-iana, Po ulus tremuloides Stoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, non-rocky
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
LF 7-0 - needles, leaves, feathennoss, abundant, herbaceous fragments, wood fragments coarse
Ae 0-2 - loam very weak medium subangular friable abundant, blocky coarse
Bf 2-10 dark yellowish gravelly fine very weak medium to subangular friable abundant, brown sandy loam coarse blocky fine (IOYR 3/6)
Aeb 10-14 brown gravelly fine very weak medium to subangular friable abundant, (IOYR 5/3) sandy loam coarse blocky fine
BC 14-23 yellowish brown gravelly coarse weak medium to subangular very friable plentiful, (IOYR 5/8) sandy loam coarse blocky fine I IIBC 23-45 yellowish brown gravelly loamy amorphous -- single grain very friable -- few, fine IOYR 5/6 coarse sand - 285-
Northern Arm (07-80-0069-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate PH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 LF 7-0 .
2 Ae 0-2 3 Bf 2-10 4.2 3.8 0.1 38 18.8 0.4 0.8 0.8 1.9 1 .8 1.1 tr 17
4 Aeb 10-14 4.3 1 .2 tr -- 13.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.3 tr 11 5 BC 14-23 4.8 1 .2 tr -- 4.2 tr 0.3 0.5 2.1 1 .8 0.9 tr 14 6 IIBC 23-45+ 5 .1 0.2 tr -- -- tr 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.2 tr 5
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca K A1 me 1100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.U5
2
3 0.23 0.16 0.10 2.30 2 .79 38 64.3 11 .5 9.0 6.1 18.5 19.2 26.0 9.7 -- -- 4 0.19 0.11 '0-08 1 .64 2.02 34 60.1 8.4 8.6 6.3 17.1 19.6 31 .0 8.9 -- --
5 0.32 0.14 0.06 tr 0.52 44 54.1 14.4 10.9 5.1 11 .6 12.1 39.4 6.5 -- -- 6 0.28 0.18 0.06 tr 0.62 65 87.4 14.3 20.4 12.5 21 .7 18.4 6.7 5.9 -- --
- 286-
SOIL NAME: Peters Ann (07-80-0050-1-12)
Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and sandy, cobbly glaciofluvial; sandstone lithology; terraced NTS Map: 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 3260 5650 Slope: Simple slope of 10-15%, facing south; site at upper slope position Elevation: 60 m above MSL Drainage: Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; seepage Present Land Use: Abandoned farmland Stoniness/Rockiness : Moderately stony, non-rocky Vegetation: Poa spp, Pleurozium spp, Alnus regosa Betula papyrifera, Picea mariana
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade size Kind moist Mottles Roots
AM 0-7 dark gray brown gravelly coarse very weak to fine to granular very friable -- abundant, (IOYR 4/2) sandy loam weak medium medium and coarse
Ah2 7-15 strong brown gravelly loam very weak to coarse subangular friable -- abundant, (7.5YR 4/6) weak blocky fine and medium
Ae 15-25 grayish brown gravelly coarse very weak medium to subangular very friable -- plentiful, (IOYR 5/2) sandy loam coarse blocky fine and medium
Bft 25-37 strong brown gravelly coarse very weak medium to subangular very friable - plentiful, (7.5 YR 4/6) sandy loam coarse blocky very fine and fine
Bf2 37-54 brown to dark brown very gravelly amorphous - massive very friable -- plentiful, (7.5 YR 4/4) loamy coarse very fine sand and fine
Bfc 54+ pale brown very gravelly loamy moderate fine to granular strongly -- -- l0YR 6/3 coarse loam medium cemented - 287-
Peters Arm (07-80-0050-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 Ahl 0-7 3.9 4.6 0.4 12 2.8 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.2 1 .2 0.4 tr 15
2 Ah2 7-15 3.8 3.1 0.2 16 15 .0 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 1 .2 0.3 tr 15 3 Ae 15-25 3.4 0.4 0.1 4 10.2 0.2 tr 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 tr 10
4 Bfl 25-37 4.0 2.7 0.1 27 26.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 1 .0 2.5 0.8 tr 10 5 Bf2 37-54 4.4 1 .6 0.1 16 0.1 0.3 0.3 1 .2 1 .5 0.6 tr 11 6 Bfc 54+ 4.7 1 .4 0.1 14 0.1 0.3 0.2 1 .2 1 .0 0.5 tr 6
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5-.25 .25-.1 .1-.05 % % °lo 1 1.79 0.40 0.13 0.47 2.79 -- 63 .7 16.4 21 .7 6.8 9.6 9.2 24.5 11 .8 25-.2 82.8
2 1.75 0.44 0.10 1 .56 3.85 52 44.4 9.4 15 .2 5 .3 7.4 7.1 47 .4 8.2 -- -- 3 0.78 0.36 0.07 1 .14 2.35 32 59.9 10.0 17.7 7.5 12.0 12.7 30.6 9.5 -- --
4 0.46 0.25 10.06 1 .22 1 .99 36 69.9 19.4 28.7 8.3 7.3 6.2 17.7 12.4 -- --
5 0.41 0.30 0.07 0.00 0.78 67 78.7 23.1 38.2 8.7 5 .9 2.8 13.4 7.9 -- 61-0.75 0.33 0.07 0.00 1 .15 60 85.5 29.3 32.2 8.7 9.2 6.1 8 .7 5.8 -- --
- 288-
SOIL NAME: Peters Arm (07-80-0057-1-12)
Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and sandy, cobbly and blocky glaciofluvial; sandstone lithology; inclined NTS Map : 2E3 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 2608 4810 Slope: Simple slope of 0.5-2% Elevation: Less than 15 m above MSL Drainage: Well drained; medium transmissibility; seepage Present Land Use: Unproductive woodland Stoniness/Rockiness : Very stony, moderately rocky Vegetation: Abies balsamea, Picea mariana
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth Color Consistence Horizon ~ (cm) ~ (moist) ~ Texture ~ Grade ~ Size ~ Kind / (most) ~ Mottles ~ Roots
LF 10-0 -- needles, feathermoss, herbaceous abundant, fragments, wood fragments medium and coarse
Ae 0-7 grayish brown gravelly loam weak fine granular very friable -- abundant, (IOYR 5.2) medium and coarse
-- few, fine Bf 7-22 dark brown very gravelly coarse weak fine to subangular very friable (7.5YR 3/4) sandy loam medium blocky -- few, fine BC 22-30 dark brown to gravelly loamy weak medium subangular very friable brown coarse sand blocky (7.5YR 4/4)
C 30-35+ reddish brown very gravelly amorphous -- single loose - -- 2.5YR 4/4 coarse sand rain - 289-
Peters Arm (07-80-0057-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % °/0 15 cm 1 LF 10-0 __ _- -_ __ -_ __ _- __ __ --
2 Ae 0-7 3.6 0.8 tr -- -- 0.3 tr 0.7 0.1 0.9 0.1 tr -- 3 Bf 7-22 4.3 3.8 0.2 19 5.1 0.7 0.7 1 .9 2.3 4.3 1.6 tr 16 4 BC 22-30 4.8 0.7 tr -- 12.5 tr 0.3 0.4 0.7 1 .0 0.4 tr 9
5 C 30-35 4.8 0.7 tr -- -- tr 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 tr 7
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Ca = K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5-r .5-.25 .25- .1 .1- .OS °%o % % %
2 1.18 0.49 0.06 1 .42 3 .15 65 49.2 17.5 8.0 3.9 8.0 11 .8 41 .6 9.2 -- --
3 0.99 0.30 0.06 11 .12 12.47 78 60.6 36.1 11.3 3.5 3.8 5.9 26.8 12.6 -- -- 4 0.43 0.19 0.05 0.00 9.63 65 83.6 48.1 18.7 5.5 6.5 4.7 12.0 4.4 -- --
5 0.33 0.17 10.05 0.00 7.87 65 87.7 29.9 19.3 14.5 17.7 6.3 9.2 3.0 -- --
- 290-
SOIL NAME: Purbeck (07-80-0048-1-12)
Classification: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform: Skeletal and fine loamy, blocky marine; indifferentiated lithology; level NTS Map: 2E6 Mil. Grid: 21 UXE 3380 5716 Slope: Simple slope of 0-0.5%. Elevation: Less than 15 m above MSL Drainage: Imperfectly drained; medium transmissibility Present Land Use: Productive woodland Stoniness/Rockiness : Very stony, non-rocky Vegetation: Picea mariana
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
Structure Depth , Color Consistence Horizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots
Ah 0-10 black silt loam amorphous -- massive very friable -- plentiful, (10YR 2/1) medium
Ae 10-12 light yellowish silt loam moderate medium subangular friable -- plentiful, brown blocky medium (I0YR 6/4)
Bf 12-30 yellowish brown silt loam moderate medium to subangular friable -- plentiful, (I0YR 3/4) coarse blocky fine and medium
Bfj 30-46 brown gravelly weak to fine to subangular friable -- few, fine (16YR 5/3) silt loam moderate medium blocky
BC 46+ grayish brown gravelly weak to fine to subangular friable - -- IOYR 5/2 silt loam moderate medium block - 29 1-
Purbeck (07-80-0048-1-12)
Sodium Ammonium Dithionite Pyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate pH Lime Req. Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/ha Horizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm 1 Ah 0-10 5 .6 15.7 0.9 18 25.5 0.8 1 .3 1 .0 1 .6 1 .6 1 .4 0.4 --
2 Ae 10-12 __ -______- __ __ --
3 Bf 12-30 4.0 2.5 0.1 25 4.2 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 1 .1 0.4 0.1 15 0 0.7 0.2 tr 11 4 1 Bfj 30-46 4.0 0.8 tr -- 8.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 .3 j 5 BC 46+ 4.5 0.4 tr -- -- 0.1 tr 0.2 0.1 0.8 0. 1 tr 6
Particle Size Distribution Exchangeable Cations meq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph. Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol. O.M. Ash Cja~K ~ A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25-.1 1 14.80 2.52 0.20 -- 17.52 -- 35.7 2.0 3 .6 4.4 11 .1 14.6 51 .2 13.1 49.5 64.4 2
3 1 .11 0.31 0.08 0.97 2.47 27 22.0 6.4 4.2 2.0 3.3 6.0 56.1 21 .9 -- --
4 0.50 0.27 .0.08 0.89 1 .74 50 14 .7 1 .2 2.0 1 .4 2.3 7.7 63.3 22.0 -- --
5 2.98 1 .86 0.11 0.00 4.95 47 12.4 1.3 1 .6 1.3 1.8 6.4 62 .8 24.8 -- --
- 292-
REFERENCES
Agriculture Canada. 1976. Agroclimatic Atlas-Canada. Agrometeorology Research and Service Section, Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Canada Soil Survey Committee, Subcommittee on Soil Classification. 1978 . The Canadian system of soil classification. Agric. Can.Pub1.1646. Supply and Services Canada, Ont. 164 pp.
Coleman, A.P. 1926. The Pleistocene ofNewfoundland. Jour. Geology 34:193-223.
Damman, A.W.H. 1975. Unpublished manuscript. Major characteristics of the ecoregions of Newfoundland. 16 pp.
Dean, P.L. 1977. A report on the geology and metallogeny of the Notre Dame Bay Area. Newfoundland Department ofMines and Energy, Report 77-10. 17 pp.
Decks Awash 1981. Botwood and out the bay. Vol. 10, No. 5, Publ. Extension Services M.U.N.
Dube, P.A. 1981. Climate and soil requirements for economically important crops in Canada. Editors: E. Small, J. Dumanski, J. Lendvay- Zwickl, Research Branch, Agric. Canada.
Dyke, A.S . 1972 . A geomorphological map and description of an emerged pleistocene delta, Eastport peninsula, Newfoundland. Maritime Sediments 8 :68-72.
Forest Resources and Lands, Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Dept. of, 1980. Peatland inventory, Eastern Newfoundland (prepared by Northland Associates Ltd.).
Geological Survey of Canada. 1969. Botwood, Sheet 2E/3 . Geophysics paper 4472.
Geological Survey of Canada. 1969. Point Leamington, Sheet 2E/6 Geophysics paper 4461.
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COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES OF PLANTS Common Names Latin Names alder, mountain Alnus cris a (Ait.) Pursh alder, speckled Alnus Mgosa (Du Roi) k. Spring. ash, American mountain Sorbus americana Marsh. aspen, trembling Ponus tremuloides Michx. bake apple Rubus chamaemorus birch, swamp Betula pumila L. var. birch, white Betula panyrifera Marsh. blueberry Vaccinium ang-ustifolium Ait. Bulrush, tufted Scirpus cespitosus L. var. callosus Bigel. Bunchberry Cornus canadensis L. cherry, choke Prunus virginiana L. cherry, pin Prunus pensvlvanica L.f. Cinquefoil, shrubby Potentilla fruiticosa L. fir, balsam Abies balsamea, L. Mill. grass, russet cotton- Eriophorum chamissonis C.A. Mey grass, wood- Scimus atrocinctus Fern. grasses Poa spp. juniper, common Juniperus communis L. var deppressa Pursh Labrador-tea Ledum Uoelandicum Oedr. laurel, bog kalmia polifolia Wang. laurel, sheep kalmia anaustifolia L. leatherleaf Chameadanhne cal,, cyulata (l .) Moench maple, mountain Acer, spicatum Lam. - maple, red Acer rubrum L. moss, club Lycopodium spp. moss, feather Hypnum hylocomium moss reindeer Cladonia spp. -296-
COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES OF PLANTS Common Names Latin Names moss, sphagnum Sphagnum spp. moss, Schreber's Pleurozium schreberi moss, step Hylocomium splendens pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea poplar, balsam Populus balsamifera L. raspberry Rubus idaeus L. rush Juncus spp. sedge Carex spp. spruce, black Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP tamarack Larix lancina (Du Roi) K. Koch willow salix s